Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
VA Staat Vatikanstadt, Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano, État de la Cité du Vatican, Stato della Città del Vaticano, State of the Vatican City, (esper.) Vatikano
eXterne Wortlisten, (esper.) eksteruloj vortlistoj
XNEWAD - New Advent - The Catholic Encyclopedia - www.newadvent.org

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A Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Aachen - In French, Aix-la-Chapelle, the name by which the city is generally known; in Latin Aquae Grani, later Aquisgranum Aarhus, Ancient See of - Located in Denmark Aaron - Brother of Moses, and High Priest of the Old Law Abachum, Audifax, Martha, and Maris, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife Abaddon - A Hebrew word signifying: ruin, destruction (Job 31:12); place of destruction; the Abyss, realm of the dead (Job 26:6; Proverbs 15:11) Abandonment - A term used by writers of ascetical and mystical books to signify the first stage of the union of the soul with God by conforming to His Will Abarca, Pedro - Theologian (1619-1693) Abarim - A mountain range across Jordan Abba - Aramaic word for father Abbadie, Antoine d' - Astronomer, geodetist, genographer, physician, numismatist, philologian (1810-1897) Abban of Magheranoidhe, Saint - Irish monastic founder, d. 620 Abban of New Ross, Saint - Contemporary of St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, and often confused with St. Evin of Rosglass Abban the Hermit, Saint - An Irishman who lived at Abingdon, England, before St. Patrick's lifetime Abbé - A French word meaning primarily and strictly an abbot or superior of a monastery of men Abbeloos, Jean Baptiste - Orientalist (1836-1906) Abbess - The female superior in spirituals and temporals of a community of twelve or more nuns Abbey - A monastery canonically erected and autonomous, with a community of not fewer than twelve religious; monks under the government of an abbot; nuns under that of an abbess Abbo Cernuus - French Benedictine monk of St-Germain-des-Pres in Paris, sometimes called Abbo Parisiensis Abbon, Saint - Biographical article on this Benedictine monk, who died in 1004 Abbot - A title given to the superior of a community of twelve or more monks Abbot, Commendatory - An ecclesiastic, or sometimes a layman, who holds an abbey in commendam Abbot, Henry - A layman and convert to Catholicism, martyred at York in 1597. Explains the circumstances which led to his martyrdom Abbot, Lay - A name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services rendered Abbreviation, Methods of - Discusses forms used to get the most use from scarce and costly materials Abbreviations, Ecclesiastical - Latin abbreviations commonly seen in documents of the Catholic Church, the full Latin words or phrases, and their English meaning Abbreviators - Those who make an abridgment or abstract of a long writing or discourse Abdera - A titular see in the province of Rhodope on the southern coast of Thrace, now called Bouloustra Abdias - A minor prophet Abdias of Babylon - Apocryphal writer Abdication - Ecclesiastically considered, is the resignation of a benefice or clerical dignity Abdon and Sennen, Saints - Persian martyrs in the Decian persecution. Died in about 250 Abduction - May be considered as a public crime and a matrimonial diriment impediment Abecedaria - Complete or partial lists of letters of the alphabet, chiefly Greek and Latin, inscribed on ancient monuments, Pagan and Christian Abecedarians - A sect of Anabaptists who disdained human knowledge, contending that God would enlighten His elect interiorly and give them knowledge of necessary truths by visions and ecstasies Abel - Commentary on the first murder victim Abel - Biblical place-name Abel, Blessed Thomas - Biography of the priest and martyr, chaplain to Catherine of Aragon Abelard, Peter - Dialectician, philosopher, and theologian (1079-1142) Abelly, Louis - Associate of St. Vincent de Paul (1603-1691) Abenakis - A confederation of Algonquin tribes, comprising the Penobscots, Passamaquoddies, Norridgewocks, and others, formerly occupying what is now Maine, and southern New Brunswick Aben-Ezra, Abraham-ben-Méir - Spanish rabbi (1092-1167) Abercius, Inscription of - A Greek hagiographical text Abercromby, John - Named as having lost his life from Catholic clergy violence Abercromby, Robert - Jesuit missionary in Scotland (1532-1613) Aberdeen, The Diocese of - A see founded in 1063 at Mortlach by Bl. Beyn Aberdeen, The University of - Founder William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen from 1483 to 1514 Aberle, Moritz von - Catholic theologian (1819-1875) Abgar, The Legend of - Concerns a correspondence that took place between God and the local potentate at Edessa Abhan, Saint - Contemporary of St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, and often confused with St. Evin of Rosglass Abiathar - Hebrew ebhyathar, Father of plenty, or, the great one is father Abila - A titular see of Phoenicia Abingdon, The Abbey of - Located in the County of Berkshire, England, founded A.D. 675 Abington, Thomas - English antiquarian (1560-1647) Abiogenesis and Biogenesis - According to their Greek derivation these two terms refer to the origin of life Abipones - Indian tribe, linguistically of Guaycuru stock Abisai - Nephew of King David Abjuration - A denial, disavowal, or renunciation under oath Abner - A son of Ner, a cousin of Saul, and commander-in-chief of Saul's army Abomination of Desolation, The - Spoken of in St. Matthew, xxiv, 15, and St. Mark, xiii, 14 Abortion - Briefly defined as 'the loss of a fetal life.' Abortion, Physical Effects of - Covers definition, causes, and physical effects Abra de Raconis, Charles François d' - French bishop, born at the Chateau de Raconis in 1580 of a Calvinistic family; died 1646 Abrabanel, Don Isaac - Jewish statesman, apologist and exegete (1437-1508) Abraham - Outline of his life, with New and Old Testament views Abraham (in Liturgy) - Of all the names used, a special prominence accrues to those of Abel, Melchisedech, and Abraham Abraham, The Bosom of - Found only in two verses of St. Luke's Gospel (xvi, 22, 23) Abraham a Sancta Clara - A Discalced Augustinian friar, preacher, and author of popular books of devotion (1644-1709) Abraham Ecchelensis - A learned Maronite, born in Hekel, or Ecchel (hence his surname), a village on Mount Lebanon, in 1600; died 1664 in Rome Abrahamites - Syrian heretics of the ninth century Abram, Nicholas - Jesuit theologian (1589-1655) Abrasax - A class of ancient stone articles, of small dimensions, inscribed with outlandish figures and formulas Absalom - Article covers Absalom, son of David; Absalom, father of Mathathias; and Absalom, father of Jonathan Absalon of Lund - A Danish prelate, also known as Axel (1128-1201) Absinthe - Wormwood, known for its repulsive bitterness Absolute, The - Philosophical term referring to God Absolution - The remission of sin, or of the punishment due to sin, granted by the Church Abstemii - One who cannot take wine without risk of vomiting Abstinence - Includes information about old and new testament fasting as well as church laws Abstinence, Physical Effects of - Article deals with effects due to partial or periodic abstinence, such as practiced by the Catholic Church Abstraction - A process (or a faculty) by which the mind selects for consideration some one of the attributes of a thing to the exclusion of the rest Abthain - An English or Lowland Scotch form of the middle-Latin word abthania (Gaelic, abdhaine), meaning abbacy Abucara, Theodore - A bishop of Caria in Syria; d., probably, in 770 Abundius - An Italian bishop, b. at Thessalonica early in the fifth century; d. 469 Abydus - A titular see of Troas in Asia Minor, suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespontic province Abyss - Primarily and classically an adjective, very deep Abyssinia - Provides details on the geography, ethnology, political revolutions, as well as church information Acacia - The Biblical Acacia belongs to the genus Mimosa Acacians, The - Fourth-century Arian sect Acacius - Bishop of Beroea (322-432) Acacius - Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, disciple and biographer of Eusebius, the historian, whose successor in the See of Caesarea he became in 340 Acacius - Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 489) Acacius, Saint - Bishop of Melitene in the third century Academies, Roman - Historical and bibliographical notes concerning the more important of these associations of learned men Academy, The French - Founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1635 Acadia - Usually regarded as the small district on the south shore of the Bay of Fundy from Annapolis to the Basin of Minas Acanthus - A titular see of Macedonia, on the Strymonic Gulf, now known as Erisso Acanthus - An ornamental plant indigenous to middle Europe Acathistus - The title of a certain hymn or, an Office in the Greek Liturgy in honour of the Mother of God Acca, Saint - Bishop of Hexham, companion of St. Wilfrid. Acca died in about 742 Accaron - The most northern of the five principal Philistine cities Accentus Ecclesiasticus - Parts of the liturgy the priest, or the deacon, or subdeacon, or the acolyte sang alone Acceptance - In canon law, the act by which one receives a thing with approbation or satisfaction Acceptants - Those Jansenists who accepted the Bull Unigenitus, issued in 1713 against the Jansenist doctrines Accession - Method of acquiring ownership of a thing arising from the fact that it is in some way added to, or is the fruit of something already belonging to oneself Accessus - A term applied to the voting in conclave for the election of a pope, by which a cardinal changes his vote and accedes to some other candidate Acciajuoli - Three cardinals belonging to an illustrious Florentine family, Angelo, Niccolo, and Filippo Accident - The obvious division of things into the stable and the unstable Acclamation - Used in the classical Latin of Republican Rome as a general term for any manifestation of popular feeling expressed by a shout Acclamation (in Papal Elections) - One of the forms of papal election. Consists of all the cardinals present unanimously proclaiming one of the candidates Supreme Pontiff, without the formality of casting votes Accommodation, Biblical - Covers what is meant by biblical accommodation, its use in Sacred Scripture, and the rules which ought to regulate its use Accomplice - A term generally employed to designate a partner in some form of evildoing Accursius, Francesco - Covers an Italian jurisconsult of the Middle Ages, (1182-1260) and his son, also a lawyer, (1225-1293) Acephali - A term applied to the Eutychians who withdrew from Peter Mongus, the Monophysite Patriarch of Alexandria, in 482 Acerenza - Italian archdiocese Achab - Son of Amri and King of Israel Achaia - The name, before the Roman conquest in 146 B.C., of a strip of land between the gulf of Corinth and Elis and Arcadia, embracing twelve cities leagued together Achaicus - A Christian mentioned in St. Paul's epistles Achaz - King of Judah Achéry, Lucas d' - French Benedictine (1609-1685) Achiacharus - Nephew of Tobias Achilleus and Nereus, Domitilla and Pancratius, Saints - Roman martyrs who shared a feast day on 12 May Achimaas - Son of Sadoc, the priest Achimelech - Four people with this name are detailed Achitopel - Counsellor of David, who joined the rebellion of Absalom Achonry - Diocese in Ireland, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Tuam Achor Valley - The scene of the death of the 'troubler' Achan Achrida - A titular see in Upper Albania Achterfeldt, Johann Heinrich - Theologian (1788-1877) Achtermann, Theodore William - German sculptor (1799-1889) Acidalius, Valens - Philologist, Latin poet, and convert to the Catholic Church (1567-1595) Aci-Reale, The Diocese of - Located in Sicily; includes fourteen communes in the civil province of Catania, immediately subject to Rome Ackermann, Leopold - Catholic professor of exegesis (1771-1831) Acmonia - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor, now known as Ahat-Keui Acoemetae - Either, an appellation common to all Eastern ascetics known by the rigour of their vigils; or, a special order of Greek or Basilian monks devoting themselves to prayer and praise without intermission Acolouthia - In ecclesiastical terminology signifies the order or arrangement of the divine office and also, in a wide sense, the office itself Acquaviva - Name of several Italian cardinals Acquaviva, Claudius - Fifth General of the Society of Jesus (1543-1615) Acolyte - A cleric promoted to the fourth and highest minor order in the Latin Church, ranking next to a subdeacon Acosta, Joaquín - Served in the Colombian army and in 1834 attempted a scientific survey of the country between Socorro and the Magdalena River Acosta, José de - Founded a number of colleges, among them those of Arequipa, Potose, Chuquisaca, Panama, and La Paz Acquapendente - A diocese in Italy under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, comprising seven towns of the Province of Rome Acquaviva - Name of several Italian cardinals Acqui - A diocese suffragan of Turin, Italy Acre - Syrian seaport on the Mediterranean Acre - Also called Saint-Jean d'Acre Acrostic - A poem the initial or final letters of whose verses form certain words or sentences Act of Settlement (Irish) - 1662 act passed by the Irish Parliament to bring in Protestant settlers in Munster, Leinster, and Ulster Acta Pilati - The Gospel of Nicodemus Acta Sanctæ Sedis - A publication containing the principal public documents issued by the Pope, directly or through the Roman Congregations Acta Sanctorum Hiberniæ - Abbreviated title of a celebrated work on the Irish saints by the Franciscan, John Colgan Acta Triadis Thaumaturgæ - The lives of St. Patrick, St. Brigid, and St. Columba; published at Louvain, in 1647, by John Colgan Acton, Charles Januarius - English cardinal (1803-1847) Acton, John - English canonist, born 1350 Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, Baron Acton - Biography of the historian best-known for his view of the corruption power causes Acton, John Francis Edward - Sixth Baronet of the name (1736-1811) Acts, Canonical - Derive their name from connection with ecclesiastical procedure Acts, Human - St. Thomas and the scholastics in general regard only the free and deliberate acts of the will as human Acts, Indifferent - An act that is neither good nor bad Acts of the Apostles - The fifth book of the New Testament Acts of the Martyrs - Records of the trials of early Christian martyrs made by the notaries of the court Acts of Roman Congregations - A term used to designate the documents issued by the Roman Congregations Actual Grace - A grace that is given for the performance of salutary acts and is present and disappears with the action itself Actus et Potentia - A technical expression in scholastic phraseology used to translate Aristotle's energeia or entelecheia, and dynamis Actus primus - A technical expression used in scholastic philosophy Actus Purus - A term employed in scholastic philosophy to express the absolute perfection of God Acuas - One of the first to spread Manicheism in the Christian Orient Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem - Apostolic letter issued against Emperor Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV Ad Limina Apostolorum - A pilgrimage to the sepulchres of St. Peter and St. Paul at Rome Ad Sanctam Beati Petri Sedem - Summarizes this intervention in the Jansenist controversy by Pope Alexander VII Ad Universalis Ecclesiae - A papal constitution dealing with admission to religious orders Ad Limina Visit - The obligation incumbent on certain members of the hierarchy of visiting, the 'thresholds of the Apostles', Sts. Peter and Paul, and of presenting themselves before the pope to give an account of the state of their dioceses Adalard, Saint - Grandson of Charles Martel. Adalard was abbot of Corbie, and Pepin's prime minister. He died in 827 Adalbert - Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen; born about 1000; died 1072 Adalbert I - Archbishop of Mainz (Mayence) 1111 to 1137 Adalbert, Saint - Apostle of the Slavs. Monk, missionary to Russia, abbot, and bishop of Magdeburg, d. 981 Adalbert, Saint - Apostle of Prussia. Bishop of Prague, forced to flee his see. Missionary to the Hungarians and Poles. He was murdered in 997 Adam - First man and father of the human race Adam in Early Christian Liturgy and Literature - Discusses his importance to the Fathers and to the authors of the many apocryphal writings of the first five centuries of the Christian Era Adam, The Books of - A romance made up of Oriental fables Adam of Bremen - A German historian and geographer of the eleventh century Adam of Fulda - A monk of Franconia and one of the most learned musicians of his age Adam of Murimuth - An English chronicler of about the middle of the fourteenth century Adam of Perseigne - French Cistercian, Abbot of the monastery of Perseigne in the Diocese of Mans, born about the middle of the twelfth century Adam of St. Victor - A prolific writer of Latin Hymns, born in the latter part of the twelfth century Adam of Usk - An English priest, canonist, and chronicler Adam, John - Preacher and opponent of Calvinists and Jansenists Adam, Nicholas - French linguist and writer (1716-1792) Adam Scotus - A theologian and Church historian of the latter part of the twelfth century Adami da Bolsena, Andrea - Italian musician (1663-1742) Adamites - An obscure sect, dating perhaps from the second century, which professed to have regained Adam's primeval innocence Adamnan, Saint - Irish-born abbot of Iona, and St. Columba's biographer Adams, James - Jesuit professor of humanities (1737-1802) Adams, Ven. John - A convert to Catholicism, he was martyred at Tyburn in 1586 Adana - A diocese of Armenian rite in Asia Minor Adar - Four meanings detailed Adauctus and Felix, Saints - Martyrs at Rome in 303. 'Adauctus' is not the second martyr's proper name--it means 'added.' Adda, Ferdinando d' - Cardinal and Papal Legate (1649-1719) Addai, Doctrine of - Syriac document which relates the conversion of Edessa Addas - One of the three original disciples of Manes Addeus and Maris, Liturgy of - Oriental liturgy, sometimes assigned to the Syrian group; sometimes to the Persian group Addresses, Ecclesiastical - Rules as to what is fitting and customary in the matter of ecclesiastical correspondence Adelaide, Archdiocese of - Centered in Adelaide, capital of South Australia Adelaide, Saint - Abbess, renowned for having the gift of miracles, d. 1015 Adelaide, Saint - Or Adelheid. The widow of Otho, she died in 999 Adelard of Bath - Twelfth-century scholastic philosopher Adelham, John Placid - Convert from Protestantism (d. 1681) Adelmann - Eleventh-century Bishop of Brescia Adelophagi - Fourth-century sect mentioned by the anonymous author known as Praedestinatus Aden - It comprises all Arabia, and is known as the Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia and Aden Adeodatus I, Pope Saint - Also known as Pope Adeodatus I, d. 618 Adeodatus - Son of St. Augustine (372-388) Adeodatus (II), Pope Saint - Brief article on this Roman monk, opponent of Monothelitism, d. 676. Called Adeodatus II to distinguish him from his predecessor St. Deusdedit, who is also called Adeodatus Adeste Fidelis - A hymn used at Benediction at Christmastide in France and England since the close of the eighteenth century Adjuration - An urgent demand made upon another to do something, or to desist from doing something, which is rendered more solemn by coupling with it the name of God Administrator - Includes details on administrators of dioceses, parishes, and ecclesiastical institutions Administrator (of Ecclesiastical Property) - One charged with the care of church property Admonitions, Canonical - A preliminary means used by the Church towards a suspected person, as a preventive of harm or a remedy of evil Admont - A Benedictine abbey in Styria, Austro-Hungary Ado of Vienne, Saint - Benedictine monk, pilgrim, scholar, pastor, Archbishop of Vienne, d. 875 Adonai - Hebrew meaning 'lord, ruler', a name bestowed upon God in the Old Testament Adonias - Fourth son of King David, and Adonias the Levite are discussed Adoption - Adoption, as defined in canon law, is foreign to the Bible Adoption, Canonical - The Church made its own the Roman law of adoption, with its legal consequences Adoption, Supernatural - The adoption of man by God in virtue of which we become His sons and heirs Adoptionism - The theory that the man Jesus at some point in time became the Son of God only by adoption. Strictly speaking, refers to an eighth-century Spanish heresy, but the term is also used to cover similar beliefs Adoration - In the strict sense, an act of religion offered to God in acknowledgment of His supreme perfection and dominion, and of the creature's dependence upon Him Adoration, Perpetual - A term broadly used to designate the practically uninterrupted adoration of the Blessed Sacrament Adorno, Francis - Italian preacher (1531-1586) Adoro Te Devote - A hymn sometimes styled Rhythmus, or Oratio, S. Thomae (sc. Aquinatis) written c. 1260 Adria - An Italian bishopric, suffragan to Venice Adrian I, Pope - Reigned 772-95 Adrian II, Pope - Reigned 867-872 Adrian III, Pope Saint - Short article on this pope, a Roman, who died in 885 Adrian IV, Pope - Reigned 1154-1159 Adrian V, Pope - A Genoese, and nephew of Innocent IV. He was elected at Viterbo 12 July 1276, but died 18 August Adrian VI, Pope - Reigned 1522-1523 Adrian of Canterbury, Saint - African-born Benedictine abbot, d. 710 Adrian of Castello - Italian prelate distinguished as a statesman and reviver of learning; born about 1460, died about 1521 Adrianople - According to legend, Orestes, son of Agamemnon, built this city at the confluence of the Tonsus (Toundja) and the Ardiscus (Arda) with the Hebrus (Maritza) Adrichem, Christian Kruik van - Catholic priest and theological writer (1533-1585) Adso - Abbot of the Cluniac monastery of Moutier-en-Der, d. 992, on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem Aduarte, Diego Francisco - Missionary and historian (1566-1635) Adullam - Details on two places with this name Adulteration of Food - This act is defined as the addition of any non-condimental substance to a food Adultery - The article considers adultery with reference only to morality Advent - According to 1907 usage, a period beginning with the Sunday nearest to the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle and embracing four Sundays Adventists - A group of six American Protestant sects which hold in common a belief in the near return of Christ in person Advertisements, Book of - A series of enactments concerning ecclesiastical matters, drawn up by Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (1559-75) Advocates of Roman Congregations - Persons, ecclesiastical or lay, versed in canon and civil law, who plead causes before the ecclesiastical tribunals in Rome Advocates of St. Peter - A body of jurists constituting a society whose statutes were confirmed by a brief of Leo XIII, 5 July, 1878 Advocatus Diaboli - A title given to an officer of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, established in 1587, by Sixtus V, to deal juridically with processes of beatification and canonization Advocatus Ecclesiæ - A name applied, in the Middle Ages, to certain lay persons, generally of noble birth, whose duty it was, under given conditions, to represent a particular church or monastery, and to defend its rights against force Advowson - In English law the right of patronage of a church or ecclesiastical benefice, a right exercised by nomination of a clergyman to such church or other benefice Adytum - A secret chamber or place of retirement in the ancient temples, and esteemed the most sacred spot; the innermost sanctuary or shrine Aedan of Ferns, Saint - Bishop and patron of Ferns, Ireland (550-632) Aedh of Kildare - Sixth-century King of Leinster, Ireland Aegidius of Assisi, Blessed - Better known in English as Brother Giles. One of the first followers of St. Francis of Assisi, he died in 1262 Aegidius of Viterbo - Cardinal, theologian, orator, humanist, and poet, born at Viterbo, Italy; died at Rome, 1532 Aelfred the Great - King of the West Saxons (849-899) Aelfric, Abbot of Eynsham - The author of the homilies in Anglo-Saxon, a translator of Holy Scripture, and a writer upon many miscellaneous subjects Aelnoth - Monk and biographer, of whom nothing is known except his Life of St. Canute the Martyr, written in 1109 Aelred, Saint - Cistercian abbot, homilist, spiritual writer, d. 1166 or 1167 Æneas of Gaza - A Neo-Platonic philosopher, a convert to Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the fifth century Aengus, Saint (the Culdee) - Irish hermit, hagiographer, poet, late eighth century Aenon - Mentioned in John 3:23, as the locality where the forerunner of Christ baptized Aeons - The term appropriated by Gnostic heresiarchs to designate the series of spiritual powers evolved by progressive emanation from the eternal Being Aër - The largest and outer-most covering of the chalice and paten in the Greek church, corresponding to the veil in the Latin rite Aërius of Pontus - A friend and fellow ascetic of Eustathius, who became Bishop of Sebaste (355), and who ordained Aërius and placed him over the hospital or asylum in that city Æsthetics - May be defined as a systematic training to right thinking and right feeling in matters of art, and is made a part of philosophy by A.G. Baumgarten Æterni Patris - The Apostolic Letter of Pius IX, by which he summoned the Vatican Council. It is dated Rome, 29 June, 1868 Æterni Patris - An encyclical letter of Pope Leo XIII (issued 4 August, 1879); not to be confused with the apostolic letter of the same name written by Pope Pius IX Aëtius - A Roman general, patrician, and consul, b. towards the end of the fourth century; d. 454 Affinity (in the Bible) - Scripture recognizes affinity as an impediment to wedlock Affinity (in Canon Law) - A relationship arising from the carnal intercourse of a man and a woman, sufficient for the generation of children, whereby the man becomes related to the woman's blood-relatives and the woman to the man's Affirmation - A solemn declaration accepted in legal procedure in lieu of the requisite oath Afflighem - Benedictine abbey in Belgium Affre, Denis Auguste - Archbishop of Paris (1793-1848) Afonzo de Albuquerque - Second son of Gonzallo de Albuquerque, lord of Villaverde Afra, Saint - Martyred at Augsburg in the Diocletian persecution (c. 304) for refusing to participate in pagan rites Africa - This name, which is of Phoenician origin, was at first given by the Romans to the territory about the city of Carthage African Church, Early - The name given to the Christian communities inhabiting the region known politically as Roman Africa African Liturgy - In use not only in the old Roman province of Africa of which Carthage was the capital, but also in Numidia and Mauretania African Synods - Commonly called African or Carthaginian Synods Agabus - Mentioned in Acts 11:28, and 21:10, as a prophet of the New Testament Agape - Under certain circumstances the agape and the Eucharist appear to form parts of a single liturgical function Agapetæ - Virgins who consecrated themselves to God with a vow of chastity and associated with laymen Agapetus - Fifth-century deacon of the church of Sancta Sophia at Constantinople, reputed tutor of Justinian Agapetus I, Pope Saint - Anti-Arian, instrumental in deposing a Monophysite bishop who had moreover abandoned his see, d. 536 Agapetus II, Pope - Reigned 946-955 Agar, William Seth - English Canon (1815-1872) Agatha, Saint - Virgin and martyr, died at Catania in Sicily, probably in the Decian persecution (250-253) Agathangelus - A supposed secretary of Tiridates II, King of Armenia, under whose name there has come down a life of the first apostle of Armenia, Gregory the Illuminator, who died about 332 Agathias - A Byzantine historian and man of letters, born at Myrina in Asia Minor about 536 Agatho, Pope Saint - Short article on St. Agatho the Wonderworker, a Sicilian believed to have been over 100 years old at the time of his election. He died in 681 Agaunum - In the diocese of Sion, Switzerland, owes its fame to an event related by St. Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons, the martyrdom of a Roman legion, known as the 'Theban Legion', at the beginning of the fourth century Agazzari, Agostini - A musical composer, born 2 December 1578, of a noble family of Sienna; died probably 10 April, 1640 Agde, Council of - Held in 506 at Agatha or Agde in Languedoc, under the presidency of St. Caesarius of Arles Age, Canonical - Fixed by the canons, or law of the Church, at which her subjects become capable of incurring certain obligations, enjoying special privileges, embracing special states of life, holding office or dignity, or receiving the sacraments Age of Reason - The name given to that period of human life at which persons are deemed to begin to be morally responsible Agen, Diocese of - Comprises the Department of Lot and Garonne Agents of Roman Congregations - Persons whose business it is to look after the affairs of their patrons at the Roman Curia Aggeus - The tenth among the minor prophets of the Old Testament Aggressor, Unjust - According to the accepted teaching of theologians, it is lawful, in the defense of life or limb, of property of some importance, and of chastity, to repel violence with violence, even to the extent of killing an unjust assailant Agiles, Raymond d' - A chronicler and canon of Puy-en-Velay, France, toward the close of the eleventh century Agilulfus, Saint - Biography of the abbot of Stavelot, bishop of Cologne, martyred in 750 Agios O Theos - The opening words in Greek of an invocation, or doxology, or hymn for it may properly receive any of these titles which in the Roman Liturgy is sung during the Improperia, or 'Reproaches' at the ceremony of the Adoration of the Cross, on Good Friday Agnelli, Giuseppe - Chiefly known for his catechetical and devotional works (1621-1706) Agnelli, Fra. Guglielmo - Sculptor and architect (1238-1313) Agnellus of Pisa, Blessed - Deacon, founder of the English Franciscan Province, d. 1236 Agnellus, Andreas, of Ravenna - Historian of that church, b. 805; the date of his death is unknown, but was probably about 846 Agnes of Assisi, Saint - Brief biography of the younger sister of St. Clare, and prioress of the Poor Clares at Monticelli Agnes of Bohemia, Blessed - Also called Agnes of Prague. Poor Clare, prioress Agnes of Montepulciano, Saint - Entered the convent at the age of 9, commissioned by the pope to found a monastery at the age of 13 (and 2 years later she was made its superior), also founded a Dominican convent, d. 1317 Agnes of Prague, Blessed - Also called Agnes of Prague. Poor Clare, prioress Agnes of Rome, Saint and Martyr - Virgin, martyred at the age of 12 or 13, revered since at least the mid-fourth century Agnesi, Maria Gaetana - An Italian woman of remarkable intellectual gifts and attainments. Member of the Blue Nuns in Milan (1718-1799) Agnetz - The Slavonic word for the square portion of bread cut from the first loaf in the preparation for Mass according to the Greek rite Agnoetae - The name given to those who denied the omniscience either of God or of Christ Agnosticism - A philosophical theory of the limitations of knowledge, professing doubt of or disbelief in some or all of the powers of knowing possessed by the human mind Agnus Dei - The name given to certain discs of wax impressed with the figure of a lamb and blessed at stated seasons by the Pope Agnus Dei (in Liturgy) - A name given to the formula recited thrice by the priest at Mass in the Roman rite Agony, Archconfraternity of Holy - An association for giving special honour to the mental sufferings of Christ during His Agony in the Garden of Gethsemani Agonistici - One of the names given by the Donatists to those of their followers who went through cities and villages to disseminate the doctrine of Donatus Agony of Christ - The word is used only once in Sacred Scripture (Luke 22:43) to designate the anguish of Our Lord in the Garden of Gethsemani Agostini, Paolo - Italian composer (1593-1629) Agostino Novello, Blessed - Counselor to the King of Sicily, joined the Augustinians, renowned for his knowledge of civil and ecclesiastical law, served as the pope's confessor, was General of his Order Agoult, Charles Consstance César Joseph Matthieu d' - A French prelate, born at Grenoble, 1747; died at Paris, 1824 Agra - Archdiocese situated in British India Agram - Archiepiscopal see of the ancient kingdom of Croatia, in Austria, founded towards the end of the eleventh century as a suffragan of Kalocsa in Hungary, and made an archdiocese in 1852 Agrapha - Term for alleged sayings of Jesus, found in ancient Christian writings, not included in the canonical Gospels Agrarianism - Theories and movements intended to benefit the poorer classes of society by dealing in some way with the ownership of land or the legal obligations of the cultivators Agreda, Maria de - Franciscan mystic (1602-1665) Agria - An archiepiscopal see of Hungary, founded in 1009, and made an archdiocese in 1304, by Pius VII Agricius, Saint - Fourth-century bishop of Trier Agricola, Alexander - Biography of the composer, mentioning the possibility of unpublished manuscripts still in Spanish libraries Agricola, George - Physician, mineralogist, historian, and controversialist (1494-1555) Agricola, Rudolph - Humanist of the earlier period, and a promoter of the study of the classics in Germany, born in 1442, or 1443, at Bafflo, near Groningen, Holland; died at Heidelberg, 28 October, 1485 Agrippa of Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius - Described as a 'knight, doctor, and by common reputation, a magician' Agrippinus - Bishop of Carthage at the close of the second and beginning of the third century Aguas Calientes - A Mexican see dependent on Guadalaxara; erected by Leo XIII Aguirre, Joseph Saenz de - Cardinal, and learned Spanish Benedictine; born at Logro o, in Old Castile, 24 March, 1630; died 19 August, 1699 Ahicam - A high court official under Josias and his two sons, who protected Jeremias from the fury of the populace Ahriman and Ormuzd - The modern Persian forms of Anro-Mainyus and Ahura Mazda, the Evil Spirit and the Good Spirit Aiblinger, Johann Caspar - Composer (1779-1867) Aichinger, Gregor - Organist and composer of sacred music, born probably at Ratisbon in 1565; died at Augsburg, 21 January, 1628 Aidan of Lindisfarne, Saint - Irish monk, first bishop of Lindisfarne, d. 651 Aiguillon, Duchess of - Marie de Vignerot de Pontcourlay, Marquise of Combalet and Duchesse d'Aiguillon; niece of Cardinal Richelieu. Born 1604; died at Paris, 1675 Aikenhead, Mary - Foundress of the Irish Sisters of Charity (1787-1858) Ailbe, Saint - A disciple of St. Patrick and bishop of Emly, died in the first half of the sixth century Ailleboust, Family of d' - Details for three family members Ailly, Pierre d' - French theologian and philosopher, bishop and cardinal, born 1350 at Compiegne; died probably 1420 at Avignon Aileran, Saint - Irishman, rector of the School of Clonard, distinguished scholar and author, d. 664 Aimerich, Mateo - Spanish Jesuit philologist (1715-1799) Aire - Diocese in France Airoli, Giacomo Maria - Jesuit Orientalist and Scriptural commentator (1660-1721) Aisle - In architecture, one of the lateral or longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by rows of piers, pillars, or columns Aistulph - King of the Lombards (d. 756) Aix, Archdiocese of - Includes the districts of Aix and Arles (Department of the Bouches-du-Rhone) Aix-en-Provence, Councils of - Councils were held at Aix in 1112, 1374, 1409, 1585, 1612, 1838, and 1850 Ajaccio, Diocese of - Comprises the island of Corsica Akathistos - The title of a certain hymn or, an Office in the Greek Liturgy in honour of the Mother of God Akhmin - A city of Upper Egypt, situated on the banks of the Nile Akominatos, Michael & Nicetas - Two famous Greeks of the later Byzantine period Alabama - The twenty-second state admitted into the union Alabanda - A titular see of Caria in Asia Minor, supposed to be the present Arab-Hissar Alabaster - The substance commonly known as alabaster is a fine-grained variety of gypsum. Oriental alabaster, the alabastrites of the classical writers, is a translucent marble obtained from stalagmitic deposits Alagoas - A South American diocese, in eastern Brazil, dependent on Bahia Alagona, Pietro - Theologian (1549-1624) Alain de l'Isle - Monk, poet, preacher, theologian, and eclectic philosopher (1128-1203) Alalis - Titular see of Phoenicia from 325 to 451 Alaman, Lucas - Mexican statesman and historian (1792-1853) Alamanni, Niccolò - Roman antiquary (1583-1626) Alan of Tewkesbury - Benedictine abbot and writer (d. 1202) Alan of Walsingham - Architect (d. 1364) Alanus de Rupe - Dominican promoter of the Rosary (1428-1475) Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de - Spanish novelist and poet (1833-1891) Alaska - The first knowledge of Alaska was acquired in 1741 through the expedition under Vitus Bering, a Dane in the Russian service, who sailed from Okhoysk Alatri - An Italian bishopric under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome Alb - A white linen vestment with close fitting sleeves, reaching nearly to the ground and secured round the waist by a girdle Alba Pompeia, Diocese of - Comprises eighty towns in the province of Cuneo and two in the province of Alexandria, in Italy Alban, Saint - First martyr of Britain, d. about 304. Biographical article Albanenses - Manichaean heretics who lived in Albania, probably about the eighth century Albani - Italian family said to be descended from Albanian refugees of the fifteenth century. Includes information on six family members Albania - The ancient Epirus and Illyria, is the most western land occupied by the Turks in Europe Albano - A suburban see, comprising seven towns in the Province of Rome Albany - Diocese comprising the entire counties of Albany, Columbia, Delaware, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren, Washington, and that part of Herkimer and Hamilton counties south of the northern line of the townships of Ohio and Russia, Benson and Hope, in the State of New York Albenga - Diocese comprising seventy-nine towns in the province of Port Maurice and forth-five in the province of Genoa, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Genoa, Italy Albergati, Niccolo - Cardinal and Bishop of Bologna (1357-1443) Alberic of Monte Cassino - Benedictine, died 1088 Alberic of Ostia - Benedictine monk and Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia (1080-1147) Albero de Montreuil - Archbishop, of Trier born about 1080; died 1152 Alberoni, Giulio - Cardinal and statesman (1664-1752) Albert, Bishop of Riga - Bishop of Riga, Apostle of Livonia, d. 17 January, 1229 Albert II, Archbishop of Magdeburg in Saxony - Eighteenth Archbishop of Magdeburg in Saxony, date of birth unknown; d. 1232 Albert, Blessed (Patriarch of Jerusalem) - Canon regular, papal legate, and Patriarch of Jerusalem. He was assassinated in 1215 Albert, Saint - Cardinal, bishop of Liege, martyred in 1192 or 1193 Albert Berdini of Sarteano, Blessed - Short biography of the Franciscan famed as a preacher Albert of Aachen - A chronicler of the First Crusade Albert of Brandenburg - Cardinal and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire (1490-1545) Albert of Castile - Historian, born about 1460; died 1522 Albert of Saxony - Fourteenth-century philosopher Albert of Stade - Thirteenth-century chronicler Albert the Great, Saint - Called 'the Universal Doctor.' Dominican scientist, philosopher, theologian, instructor of St. Thomas Aquinas Alberta and Saskatchewan - The twin provinces of the Canadian West, so called because they were formed on the same day Alberti, Leandro - Historian, born at Bologna in 1479; died same place, probably in 1552 Alberti, Leone Battista - Florentine ecclesiastic and artist of the fifteenth century Albertini, Nicolò - Medieval statesman, died 1321 Albertrandi, John Baptist - A Polish Jesuit, of Italian extraction, born at Warsaw, 7 December, 1731; died August, 1808 Albertus Magnus, Saint - Called 'the Universal Doctor.' Dominican scientist, philosopher, theologian, instructor of St. Thomas Aquinas Albi (Albia), Archdiocese of - Comprises the Department of the Tarn Albi, Council of - Held in 1254 by St. Louis on his return from a Crusade Albi, Juan de - A Spanish Carthusian of the Convent Val-Christ, near Segovia, date of birth uncertain; died 27 December, 1591 Albicus, Sigismund - Archbishop of Prague (1347-1427) Albigenses - A neo-Manichaean sect that flourished in southern France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Albinus - A scholarly English monk, pupil of Archbishop Theodore, and of Abbot Adrian of St. Peter's, Canterbury, contemporary of Saint Bede (673-735) Albrechtsberger, Johann G. - Master of musical theory, and teacher of Hummel and Beethoven (1736-1809) Albright Brethren, The - A body of American Christians chiefly of German descent, founded, in 1800, by the Rev. Jacob Albright, a native of Pennsylvania (1759-1808) Alcalá, University of - Had its inception in the thirteenth century, when Sancho IV, conceived the idea of founding a Studium Generale in Alcala de Henares Alcántara, Military Order of - First committed to the care of the Castilian Knights of Calatrava Alcedo, Antonio de - Soldier, born at Quito, Ecuador, 1755 Alchemy - The art of transmuting baser metals into gold and silver Alcmund, Saint - Bishop of Hexham, died 781 Alciati, Andrea - Italian jurist (1492-1550) Alcimus - High-priest, the leader of the hellenizing party in the time of Judas Machabeus Alcock, John - Bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely (1430-1500) Alcoholism - The term is understood to include all the changes that may occur in the human organism after the ingestion of any form of alcohol Alcuin - Lengthy article on the educator, scholar, theologian, liturgist, who died in 804 Aldegundis, Saint - Daughter of SS. Walbert and Bertilia. Flemish nun, founder of monastery at Maubeuge, d. about 684 Aldersbach - A former Cistercian Abbey in the valley of the Vils in Lower Bavaria Aldfrith - A Northumbrian king, son of King Oswin; d. 14 December, 705 Aldhelm, Saint - Abbot of Malmesbury, bishop of Sherborne, poet, d. about 709 Aldric, Saint - Bishop of Le Mans, d. 856 Aldrovandi, Ulissi - Italian naturalist (1522-1607) Alea, Leonard - A French polemical writer of the early years of the nineteenth century, b. in Paris, date unknown; d. 1812 Alegambe, Philippe - A Jesuit historiographer (1592-1652) Alegre, Francisco Xavier - Historian, born at Vera Cruz, in Mexico, or New Spain, 12 November, 1729; died at Bologna, 16 August, 1788 Alemany, Joseph Sadoc - First Archbishop of San Francisco (1814-1888) Alenio, Guilio - Chinese missionary and scholar, born at Brescia, in Italy, in 1582; died at Fou-Tcheou, China, in August, 1644 Aleppo - Armenian Rite Archdiocese in Syria Ales and Terralba - Diocese made up of 42 communes in the province of Cagliari, Archbishopric of Oristano, Italy Alessandria della Paglia - Diocese in Piedmont, Italy, a suffragen of Vercelli Alessi, Galeazzo - Italian architect, b. 1500; d. 1572 Alessio - Diocese in European Turkey, since 1886 suffragan of Scutari Alexander (Name of Seven Men) - Seven men with this name are described Alexander (Name of Several Early Bishops) - Profiles of six bishops of this name in the early Church Alexander I, Pope Saint - Article on this pope, who died in 115 or 116. According to a tradition dating to the fifth century, Alexander was martyred, but it is possible that he has been confused with another St. Alexander who was indeed a martyr Alexander II, Pope - Reigned 1061-1073 Alexander III, Pope - Reigned from 1159-81 Alexander IV, Pope - Reigned 1254-61 Alexander V - Pietro Philarghi, born c. 1339, on the island of Crete (Candia), whence his appellation, Peter of Candia; elected 26 June, 1409; died at Bologna, 3 May, 1410 Alexander VI, Pope - Rodrigo Borgia, born at Xativa, near Valencia, in Spain, 1 January, 1431; died in Rome, 18 August, 1503 Alexander VII, Pope - Biographical article on this seventeenth-century pontiff Alexander VIII, Pope - Pietro Ottoboni, born at Venice, April, 1610; elected 5 October, 1689; died at Rome, 1 February, 1691 Alexander, Saint (Of Cappadocia and Jerusalem) - Alexander, Bishop of Cappadocia, imprisoned for his faith, served as coadjutor to the Bishop of Jerusalem. Exiled and again imprisoned, Alexander was tortured and died in prison in 251 Alexander, Saint (Bishop of Comana) - Called 'The Charcoal Burner.' Made bishop of Comana at the recommendation of St. Gregory Thaumaturgus. St. Alexander was martyred in the Decian persecution Alexander, Saint (Patriarch of Alexandria) - Patriarch of Alexandria. Elected instead of the heresiarch Arius, who had been scheming to be made bishop. A man of great holiness, St. Alexander died in 326 Alexander Briant, Blessed - English Jesuit priest and martyr. He was scarcely over 25 when martyred in 1581 Alexander Natalis - A French historian and theologian, of the Order of St. Dominic (1639-1724) Alexander of Abonoteichos - The most notorious imposter of the second century of the Christian era Alexander of Hales - Biographical article on the first of the scholastic theologians to use Aristotelean principles in systematic theology Alexander of Lycopolis - Fourth-century writer Alexander Sauli, Blessed - Apostle of Corsica, Barnabite, bishop of Aleria, d. 1592 Alexandre, Dom Jacques - Benedictine monk (1653-1734) Alexandria - Seaport of Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile Alexandria, Councils of - Details several councils held here Alexandria, The Church of - Founded by St. Mark the Evangelist, the center from which Christianity spread throughout all Egypt, the nucleus of the powerful Patriarchate of Alexandria Alexandria, The Diocese of - Suffragan of Kingston, Ontario Alexandrian Library, The - The Great Library of Alexandria, so called to distinguish it from the smaller or 'daughter' library in the Serapeum, was a foundation of the first Ptolemies for the purpose of aiding the maintenance of Greek civilization in the midst of the conservative Egyptians Alexandrine Liturgy, The - The parent rite of all others in Egypt Alexandrinus, Codex - Greek manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, so named because it was brought to Europe from Alexandria and had been the property of the patriarch of that see Alexian Nuns - Fifteenth century nuns who adopted the Rule of St. Augustine and devoted themselves to the same corporal works of mercy as those of the Brothers of St. Alexius, or Cellites Alexians - A religious institute which had its origin at Mechlin, in Brabant, in the fifteenth century, during the ravages of the 'black death.' Alexis Falconieri, Saint - Visionary, co-founder of the Servites, uncle of St. Juliana Falconieri. St. Alexis died in 1310, at the age of 110 years Alexius, Saint - Tries to untangle the story of the Man of God. According to tradition, a fifth-century Roman who became a beggar in Edessa. He is honored as a confessor of the Faith Alfield, Venerable Thomas - Priest, twice imprisoned, twice converted, died a martyr in 1585 Alfieri, Count Vittorio - Tragic poet of Italy (1749-1803) Alfieri, Pietro - A priest and at one time a Camaldolese monk (1801-1863) Alfonso de Zamora - A converted Spanish Rabbi, baptized 1506; died 1531 Alfonso of Burgos - Royal confessor of Ferdinand and Isabella. Died 1489 Alford, Michael - A Jesuit missionary in England during the persecution (1587-1652) Alfred the Great - King of the West Saxons (849-899) Alfrida, Saint - Daughter of King Offa of Mercia. Hermit at Crowland, fl. 795 Alfwold, Saint - Monk of Winchester, became the last bishop of Sherborne, d. 1058 Alger of Liége - French priest (1055-1132) Alghero - An Italian diocese comprising twenty-two communes in the province of Sassari, and four in that of Cagliari, Archdiocese of Sassari Algiers - Archdiocese comprising the province of Algeria in French Africa. Its suffragans are the Sees of Oran and Constantine Algonquins - The Micmacs, Abenakis, Montagnais, Penobscots, Chippewas, Mascoutens, Nipissings, Sacs, Pottowatomies, and Illinois, the Pequods of Massachusetts, the Mohegans of New York, the Lenapes of Pennsylvania and Delaware, with many other minor tribes, may be classed among them Alife - A diocese made up of twelve communes in the province of Caserta, Archbishopric of Benevento, Italy Alighieri, Dante - An annotated (in linked hypertext) biography of the poet Alimentation - In a broad sense, whatever is necessary to sustain human life: not merely food and drink, but lodging, clothing, care during sickness and burial Alimony - In the common legal sense of the word, the allowance by order of the court a husband pays to his wife for her maintenance while she is living separately from him, or paid by her former husband to a divorced woman Aliturgical Days - Those days on which the 'liturgy', i.e. the Holy Sacrifice of the Eucharist, is not allowed to be celebrated All Hallows College - An institution devoted to the preparation of priests for the missions in English-speaking countries All Saints' Day - Celebrated on the first of November. Instituted to honour all the saints, known and unknown, and, according to Urban IV, to supply any deficiencies in the faithful's celebration of saints' feasts during the year All Souls' Day - The commemoration of all the faithful departed is celebrated by the Church on 2 November, or, if this be a Sunday or a solemnity, on 3 November Allah - The name of God in Arabic Allahabad - Diocese; suffragan of the Archdiocese of Agra, India Allard, Paul - Archaeologist and historian (b. 1841) Allatius, Leo - A learned Greek of the seventeenth century (1586-1669) Allegranza, Joseph - A Milanese Dominican who won distinction as a historian, archaeologist, and antiquary (1715-1785) Allegri, Antonio - Artist known as Correggio, the place of his birth (1494-1534) Allegri, Gregorio - Composer from the same family which produced the painter Correggio Alleluia - A liturgical mystic expression Allemand, Jean - A French priest and Orientalist (1799-1833) Allen, Edward Patrick - Fifth Bishop of Mobile, Alabama, U.S.; born at Lowell, Massachusetts, 17 March, 1853 Allen, Frances - The first woman of New England birth to become a nun (1784-1819) Allen, George - Educator, born at Milton, Vermont, 17 December, 1808; died in Worcester, Massachusetts, 28 May, 1876 Allen, John - Archbishop of Dublin, canonist, and Chancellor of Ireland (1476-1534) Allen, John - Priest and martyr. He was executed at Tyburn in the beginning of the year 1538 Allen, William - Cardinal (1522-1594) Allerstein, August - Jesuit missionary in China, born in Germany, died in China, probably about 1777 Alliance, Holy - The Emperor Francis I of Austria, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and the Tsar Alexander I of Russia, signed a treaty on 26 September, 1815, by which they united in a 'Holy Alliance.' Allies, Thomas William - English writer (1813-1903) Allioli, Joseph Franz - Studied theology at Landshut, was ordained at Ratisbon, 1816, studied Oriental languages (1818-20), became professor in the University at Landshut in 1824, and was transferred with the university to Munich in 1826, but owing to a weak throat he had to accept a canonry at Ratisbon. Became Dean of the chapter at Augsburg, in 1838 Allison, William - One of the English priests who were victims of the plots of 1679-80 Allocution - A solemn form of address or speech from the throne employed by the Pope on certain occasions Allori - Information on three people with this name Allot, William - English priest, died about 1590 Allouez, Claude - Jesuit missionary and explorer (1620-1689) Alma - A Hebrew word signifying a 'young woman', unmarried as well as married Alma Redemptoris Mater - The opening words of one of the four Antiphons sung at Compline and Lauds, in honour of the Blessed Virgin, at various seasons of the year Almagro, Diego de - Generally considered a foundling; came to Panama in 1514 with Pedro Arias de Avila (D'Avila), and soon distinguished himself in military expeditions Almedha, Saint - British princess, virgin, and martyr, fl. c. 490. Venerated especially in Wales Almeida, John - Jesuit missionary (1571-1653) Almeria - A suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Granada in Spain Almici, Camillo - Italian Oratorian priest (1714-1779) Almond, John - English Cistercian and Confessor the Faith (d. 1585) Almond, John, Venerable - Biographical sketch of the martyr Almond, Oliver - Sixteenth-century English priest and writer Alms and Almsgiving - Any material favour done to assist the needy, and prompted by charity Alnoth, Saint - English hermit and martyr, d. about 700 Alogi - A party of heretics who arose after the Cataphrygians, Quartodecimans, and others, and who received neither the Gospel of St. John nor his Apocalypse Aloysius Gonzaga, Saint - Short biography of this Jesuit student, who died in 1591 at the age of 23 Alpha and Omega (in Scripture) - Employed from the fourth century as a symbol expressing the confidence of orthodox Christians in the scriptural proofs of Our Lord's divinity Alpha and Omega - Includes Jewish and Christian meanings Alphabet, Christian Use of the - The Hebrew, Greek and Latin alphabets have been variously made use of in Christian liturgy Alphege, Saint - Also called Alphege or Godwine. Hermit, abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, martyred in 1012. Biographical article Alphonsus Liguori, Saint - Long biographical article on the founder of the Redemptorists and devotional writer Alphonsus Rodriguez, Saint - Spanish-born widower, Jesuit lay brother, served as porter at Majorca for 46 years, d. 1617. Also known as Alonso Alpini, Prospero - Physician and botanist (1553-1617) Alsace-Lorraine - The German Imperial Territory so known, and divided for State purposes into three civil districts Altamirano, Diego Francisco - Jesuit (1625-1715) Altamura and Acquaviva - An exempt archipresbyterate in the province of Bari, in southern Italy Altar Bell - A small bell placed on the credence or in some other convenient place on the epistle side of the altar Altar Breadboxes - Made of wood, tin, britannia, silver, or other metal. A round flat weight, covered if necessary with silk or linen, and having a knob on top, so as to be easily taken hold of, is placed on the breads Altar Breads - Bread is one of the two elements absolutely necessary for the sacrifice of the Eucharist Altar Candles - For mystical reasons the Church prescribes that the candles used at Mass and at other liturgical functions be made of beeswax Altar Candlesticks - Consists of five parts: the foot, the stem, the knob about the middle of the stem, the bowl to receive the drippings of wax, and the pricket, i.e. the sharp point that terminates the stem on which the candle is fixed Altar Canopy - The 'Caeremoniale Episcoporum (I, xii, 13), treating of the ornaments of the altar, says that a canopy (baldachinum) should be suspended over the altar Altar Cards - To assist the memory of the celebrant at Mass in those prayers which he should know by heart, cards on which these prayers are printed are placed on the altar in the middle, and at each end Altar Carpets - The sanctuary and altar-steps of the high altar are ordinarily to be covered with carpets Altar Cavity - A small square or oblong chamber in the body of the altar, in which are placed the relics of two canonized martyrs Altar Cloths - The custom of using three altar-cloths began probably in the ninth century, but at present it is of strict obligation for the licit celebration of Mass Altar Crucifix - The principal ornament of the altar Altar Curtain - Drawn around the altar at certain parts of Mass Altar, Double - An altar having a double front constructed in such a manner that Mass may be celebrated on both sides of it at the same time Altar Frontal - An appendage which covers the entire front of the altar, from the lower part of the table to the predella, and from the gospel corner to that of the epistle side Altar, High - The chief altar in a church, raised on an elevated plane in the sanctuary, where it may be seen simultaneously by all the faithful in the body of the church Altar Horns - On the Jewish altar there were four projections, one at each corner, which were called the horns of the altar. These projections are not found on the Christian altar, but the word cornu ('horn') is still maintained to designate the sides or corners of the altar Altar Lamp - In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should always burn in the Tabernacle of the Testimony without the veil Altar Lanterns - Used in churches to protect the altar candles and lamp, if the latter for any reason, such as a draught, cannot be kept lit Altar Ledge - A step behind the altar, raised slightly above it, for candlesticks, flowers, reliquaries, and other ornaments Altar Linens - The corporal, pall, purificator, and finger towels Altar (in Liturgy) - In the New Law the altar is the table on which the Eucharistic Sacrifice is offered Altar of Our Lady - In general it signifies any altar of which the Blessed Virgin is the titular Altar of Repose - Sometimes called less properly sepulchre or tomb, more frequently repository Altarpiece - A picture of some sacred subject painted on the wall or suspended in a frame behind the altar, or a group of statuary on the altar Altar, Portable - Consists of a solid piece of natural stone which must be sufficiently hard to resist every fracture Altar, Privileged - An altar is said to be privileged when, in addition to the ordinary fruits of the Eucharistic Sacrifice, a plenary indulgence is also granted whenever Mass is celebrated thereon Altar Protector - A cover made of cloth, baize or velvet which is placed on the table of the altar, during the time in which the sacred functions do not take place Altar Rail - The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. Also called the communion-rail Altar Screen - A cloth, on which images of Our Lord, of the Blessed Virgin, or of saints, are represented, may be suspended above the altar, unless such images are painted on the wall Altar Side - That part of the altar which faces the congregation Altar Steps - The number of steps leading up to the high altar is for symbolical reasons uneven; usually three, five, or seven, including the upper platform Altar Stole - An altar ornament from the Middle Ages Altar Stone - A solid piece of natural stone, consecrated by a bishop, large enough to hold the Sacred Host and chalice Altar, Stripping of an - Removal of the altar-cloths, vases of flowers, antipendium, and other ornaments, so that nothing remains but the cross and the candlesticks with the candles extinguished Altar Tomb - A tomb, or monument, over a grave, oblong in form, which is covered with a slab or table, having the appearance of an altar Altar Vase - Vase to hold flowers for the decoration of the altar Altar Vessels - The chalice is the cup in which the wine and water of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is contained Altar Wine - Wine is one of the two elements absolutely necessary for the sacrifice of the Eucharist. For valid and licit consecration vinum de vite, i.e. the pure juice of the grape naturally and properly fermented, is to be used Altarage - The fees received by a priest from the laity when discharging any function for them, e.g. marriages, baptisms, funerals Altars (in the Greek Churches) - The altar of the Russian Orthodox or the Ruthenian Greek Catholic churches means the sanctuary, and not merely the altar known to Latin churches Altars (in Scripture) - Describes several biblical uses of the word Altar, History of the Christian - An elevated surface, tabular in form, on which the Sacrifice of the Mass is offered Altmann, Blessed - Short biography of the eleventh-century bishop of Passau, driven from his see for enforcing Pope Gregory VII's call for clerical celibacy Alto, Saint - Irish-born hermit and missionary in Bavaria, monastic founder, eighth century Alton - Diocese in Illinois Altoona - A suffragan see of the province of Philadelphia Altruism - A term formed by Auguste Comte in 1851, to denote the benevolent, as contrasted with the selfish propensities Alumbrados - False Spanish mystics Alumnus - Signifies in ecclesiastical usage, a student preparing for the sacred ministry in a seminary Alunno, Niccolò - Notable Umbrian painter (1430-1502) Alva, The Duke of - Warrior and statesman (1508-1582) Alva y Astorga, Pedro d' - A Friar Minor of the Strict Observance and a writer on theological subjects (d. 1667) Alvarado, Alonzo de - A Knight of Santiago, b. at Secadura de Trasmura, near Burgos, date unknown; d. 1559 Alvarado, Fray Francisco de - A native of Mexico, entered the Dominican order 25 July, 1574 Alvarado, Pedro de - Accompanied Grijalva on his exploration of Yucatan and the Mexican coast in 1518, and was the chief officer of Cortez during the conquest of Mexico Alvarez, Balthazar - A Spanish mystic, who was the spiritual director of St. Teresa (1533-1580) Alvarez, Diego - Spanish theologian, born about 1550; died at Trani, Kingdom of Naples, 1635 Alvarez, Manoel - Jesuit and educator (1526-1582) Alvarez de Paz - A famous mystic of the Society of Jesus (1560-1620) Alvarus Pelagius - Spanish writer (1280-1352) Alypius, Saint - Close friend of St. Augustine of Hippo. Like Augustine, Alypius was baptized by Ambrose. St. Alypius became bishop of Tagaste Alzate, José Antonio - Seventeenth century priest born at Ozumba, Mexico Alzog, Johann Baptist - Church historian (1808-1878) Ama - A Semitic term meaning mother, adopted by the Copts and the Greeks as a title of honour applied to religious and ladies of high rank Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio - Italian architect and sculptor (1447-1522) Amadia and Akra - Designates two Catholic dioceses of the Chaldean Rite in Kurdistan, Turkey in Asia Amalarius of Metz - A liturgical writer, b. at Metz, in the last quarter of the eighth century; d. about 850 Amalberga, Saint - Sister or niece of Pepin of Landen. Amalberga was married to Witger; they both entered monastic life. Also called St. Amelia Amalberga, Saint - Virgin who rejected Charlemagne's advances Amalec - A people remembered chiefly as the most hated of all the enemies of Israel Amalfi - Archdiocese directly dependent on the Holy See, has its seat at Amalfi, not far from Naples Amalricians - Heretical sect founded towards the end of the twelfth century Amalricus Augerii - A church-historian of the fourteenth century, and member of the Augustinian Order Amandus, Saint - Hermit, missionary, bishop of Maastricht, monastic founder, d. about 690 Amasia - A titular see and metropolis of Pontus in Asia Minor on the river Iris, now Amasiah Amastris - A titular see of Paphlagonia in Asia Minor, on a peninsula jutting into the Black Sea Amat, Thaddeus - Second Bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles, California (1810-1878) Amathus - Name of two titular sees, one in Syria, suffragan of Apameia, with an episcopal list known from 449 to 536; the other on the southern coast of Cyprus, whose episcopal list reaches from the fourth century to 787 Amazones, Diocese of - A South American diocese, dependent on San Salvador of Bahia Ambarach, Peter - Maronite Orientalist (1663-1742) Ambition - The undue craving for honor Ambo - A word of Greek origin, supposed to signify a mountain or elevation Ambo (in the Russian and Greek Church) - Sometimes two ambos were used, from one of which the Epistle was read and from the other the Gospel Amboise, George d' - French cardinal, archbishop, and statesman (1460-1510) Ambronay, Our Lady of - A sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin at Ambronay, France, regarded as one of the two candles of devotion to Our Lady in the Diocese of Belley Ambros, August Wilhelm - Historian of music and art critic (1816-1876) Ambrosian Basilica - Erected at Milan by fourth-century bishop, St. Ambrose, and was consecrated in the year 386 Ambrosian Hymnography - The term implies no attribution of authorship, but rather a poetical form or a liturgical use Ambrosian Library - Founded between 1603 and 1609 by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo at Milan Ambrose, Saint - Article on the life and teachings of this Bishop of Milan, and Doctor of the Church, who died in 397 Ambrose of Camaldoli, Saint - Born Ambrose Traversari, theologian, translator of many of the Fathers, author, d. 1439 Ambrose of Sienna, Blessed - Dominican teacher and missionary, diplomat, d. 1286 Ambrosian Chant - Chant composed by St. Ambrose Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite - The liturgy and Rite of the Church of Milan, which derives its name from St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan (374-397) Ambrosians - The Order of St. Ambrose was the name of two religious congregations, one of men and one of women, founded in the neighbourhood of Milan during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Ambrosiaster - The name given to the author of a commentary on all the Epistles of St. Paul, with the exception of that to the Hebrews Ambulatory - A cloister, gallery, or alley; a sheltered place, straight or circular, for exercise in walking; the aisle that makes the circuit of the apse of a church Amelia - Diocese comprising seven towns in the province of Perugia, Italy, and is under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See Amelote, Denis - Ordained in 1631, a Doctor of the Sorbonne, and member of the French Oratory (1609-1678) Amen - One of a small number of Hebrew words which have been imported unchanged into the liturgy of the Church Amende Honorable - An obsolete form of honorary satisfaction, customary in the Church in France as late as the seventeenth century Amerbach, Veit - Humanist and convert from Lutheranism to the Catholic Church (1503-1557) America - Consists of three main divisions: North America, Central America, and South America America, Pre-Columbian Discovery of - Offers details of early exploration American College at Louvain, The - An institution for the education of priests founded in 1857 American College in Rome, The - Owes its existence chiefly to Archbishop Hughes, of New York, and Archbishop Kenrick of Baltimore American College in Rome, The South - The Rev. Ignatius Victor Eyzaguirre went to Rome, in 1857, and proposed to the Pope the erection of a college for students from Latin American countries American Protective Association, The - A secret society which became a disturbing factor in the northern U.S. between 1891-1897 Amerigo Vespucci - Biographical article on the Italian navigator (1451-1512) Amherst, Francis Kerril, D.D. - English bishop (1819-1883) Amias, Ven. John - Cloth merchant, widower, priest, martyred 1589 Amiatinus, Codex - Manuscript of the Latin Vulgate Bible, kept at Florence in the Bibliotheca Laurentiana Amice - A short linen cloth, square or oblong in shape and, like the other sacerdotal vestments, needing to be blessed before use Amico, Antonio - Canon of Palermo, and ecclesiastical historian of Syracuse and Messina, (d. 1641) Amico, Francesco - Theologian born at Cosenza, in Naples, 2 April, 1578 Amida - An Armenian Rite diocese located in Mesopotamia, Asiatic Turkey Amiens, Diocese of - Comprises the department of Somme Amiot, Joseph Maria - Missionary to China (1718-1793) Amisus - A titular see of Pontus in Asia Minor Ammen, Daniel - American naval officer and author (1820-1898) Ammon - The supreme divinity of the Egyptian pantheon Ammon, Saint - One of the desert fathers. Lived with his wife for 18 years as brother and sister, after which he became a hermit in Nitria and she also became a monk. Fourth-century Egypt Ammonian Sections - Divisions of the four Gospels Ammonites - A race closely allied to the Hebrews Amorbach - Former Benedictine abbey in Lower Franconia (Bavaria), founded in the early part of the eighth century by St. Pirmin Amorios - A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor, now known as Hergen Kaleh Amorrhites - A name of doubtful origin and meaning, used to designate an ancient people often mentioned in the Old Testament Amort, Eusebius - Philosopher and theologian (1692-1775) Amos - Old Testament prophet Amovibility - A term applied to the condition of certain ecclesiastics in regard to their benefices or offices Amoy - Vicariate Apostolic of Amoy, located in China, created in 1883, and entrusted to the care of the Dominicans Ampè, André-Marie - Physicist and mathematician (1775-1836) Amphilochius of Iconium - Fourth-century Cappadocian bishop Amphilochius of Sida - Fifth-century bishop Amphoræ - Vessels generally made of clay, and furnished with ears or handles Ampleforth, The Abbey of - Benedictine abbey in England Ampullæ - Their peculiarity consists in the sediment of dark red colour they contain, from which they derive the name, blood-ampullae, on the theory that the sediment is the remains of the blood of a martyr Ampurias - An Italian diocese in Sardinia, suffragan of Sassari Amra - The name of certain ancient Irish elegies or panegyrics on native saints Amrah - The Syrian houses in the region of Hauran were inhabited, from the third century to the seventh, by the upper and middle classes of the population. A house of this kind in perfect preservation is still to be seen at Amrah Amraphel - King of Sennaar (Shinar), or Babylonia Amsterdam - The capital, and second residential city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Amulet - An object generally inscribed with mysterious formulae and used by pagans as a protection against various maladies, as well as witchcraft Amulets, Use and Abuse of - Amulets have had quite a general vogue among all people of all times and have been characterized by a bewildering variety as to the material, shape, and method of employment Amyclae - A titular see of Peloponnesus in Greece, in the ecclesiastical province of Hellas, a suffragan of Corinth Amyot, Jacques - Bishop of Auxerre, Grand Almoner of France (1513-1593) Anabaptists - A violent and extremely radical body of ecclesiastico-civil reformers which first made its appearance in 1521 at Zwickau Anacletus, Pope Saint - Third pope, a martyr, d. about 91. May be the same person as Pope St. Cletus Anacletus II - The title which was taken by Cardinal Pietro Pierleone at the contested papal election of the year 1130 Anæsthesia - A term in medicine, and the allied sciences, signifying a state of insensibility to external impressions, consequent upon disease, or induced artificially by the employment of certain substances known as anaesthetics, or by hypnotic suggestion Anagni - An Italian diocese in the province of Rome under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See Analogy - A philosophical term used to designate, first, a property of things; secondly, a process of reasoning Analysis - The process by which anything complex is resolved into simple, or at least less complex parts or elements Anaphora - A liturgical term in the Greek Rite Anarchy - An absence of law Anastasia, Saint - Article on this martyr, whose feast day is 25 December. Attracted a cultus at Rome in the late fifth century, and a sixth-century legend makes her a Roman matron, though martyred elsewhere Anastasiopolis - Name of four ancient sees Anastasius, Saint - Bishop of Antioch, exiled by the emperor, restored to his see in 593 by St. Gregory the Great. Anastasius died in 598 Anastasius I, Pope Saint - Article on the pope remembered chiefly for condemning Origenism, d. 401 Anastasius II, Pope - Reigned 496-498 Anastasius III, Pope - Reigned 911-913 Anastasius IV, Pope - Reigned 1153-1154 Anastasius, Saint - A former magician and soldier, converted to Christianity, became a monk. He was martyred in 628 Anastasius Bibliothecarius - Librarian of the Roman Church (810-879) Anastasius Sinaita, Saint - Profile of the seventh-century abbot of the monastery of Mt. Sinai, vociferous opponent of the Monophysites and Monothelites, writer Anathema - Placed on high, suspended, set aside Anathoth - Includes several mentioned by this name Anatolia, Saint - Virgin and martyr, was denounced as a Christian and put to death by the sword in the Decian persecution Anatolius, Saint - Third-century bishop of Laodicea, mathematician, scientist, philosopher Anatolius, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, anti-Nestorian, anti-Eutychian. Some say he was killed by heretics in 458 Anatolia, Saint - Virgin and martyr, was denounced as a Christian and put to death by the sword in the Decian persecution Anatomy - The science of the form and structure of living beings Anazarbus - A titular metropolitan see of Cilicia (Lesser Armenia), suffragan of Antioch Añazco, Pedro de - A missionary and student of Indian languages (1550-1605) Anchieta, Joseph - Short biography of this famous Jesuit missionary to Brazil Anchor (as Symbol), The - Regarded in ancient times as a symbol of safety Anchorites - In Christian terminology, men who have sought to triumph over the two unavoidable enemies of human salvation, the flesh and the devil, by depriving them of the assistance of their ally, the world Ancient of Days - A name given to God by the Prophet Daniel Ancilla Dei - A title often given to a deceased woman in early Christian inscriptions Ancona, Ciriaco d' - An Italian antiquary whose family name was Pizzicolli, born at Ancona about 1391; died about 1455 at Cremona Ancona and Umana - An Italian diocese in the Archdiocese of Ancona Ancren Riwle - The name given to a thirteenth-century code of rules for the life of anchoresses, which is sometimes called 'The Nuns' Rule' Ancyra - A titular see of Galatia in Asia Minor, suffragan of Laodicea Ancyra, Councils of - Three councils were held in the former capital of Galatia (now Angora) in Asia Minor, during the fourth century Andalusia - The name given by the Arabs to the portion of Spain subject to their dominion Andechs - Benedictine monastery in Bavaria Anderdon, William Henry - English Jesuit and writer, born in London, 26 December, 1816; died 28 July, 1890 Anderledy, Anthony Maria - General of the Society of Jesus (1819-1892) Anderson, Henry James - Scientist and educator (1799-1875) Anderson, Lionel Albert - An English Dominican, b. about 1620; d. 21 October, 1710 Anderson, Patrick - A Scottish Jesuit (1575-1624) Anderton, James - An English Catholic, b. 1557; d. 1618 Anderton, Venerable Robert - English priest and friend of William Marsden. The two were shipwrecked, whereupon they were arrested for being priests coming into England from abroad, and tried on the 'bloody question.' They were hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1586 Anderton, Roger - English Catholic layman (d. 1640) Anderton, Thomas - English Benedictine (1611-1671) Andlaw, Heinrich Bernhard, Freiherr von - Catholic statesman (1802-1871) Andlaw, Venerable William - An English convert to Catholicism, he became a priest. He was martyred in 1597 Andrada, Alonso - Biographer and ascetic writer.1590-1672) Andrada, Antonio de - Missionary and explorer of Tibet in the seventeenth century Andrada de Payva, Diego - Portuguese theologian (1528-1575) André, Bernard - Fifteenth-century friar, poet, chronographer André, Yves Marie - Mathematician (1675-1764) Andrea, Giovanni d' - Canonist (1275-1348) Andrea Dotti, Blessed - Servite priest, miracle worker, d. 1315 Andrea Pisano - An Italian sculptor and architect, b. 1270; d. 1349 Andreas of Caesarea - Cappadocian bishop Andreas, Saint - Also known as Andreas, monk, bishop of Gortyna, best known for his hymnody, d. 740 or 720 Andreas of Ratisbon - Fourteenth-century historian Andreis, Felix de - Lazarist superior (1778-1820) Andres, Juan - Sixteenth-century Spanish canonist Andrés, Juan - Litterateur and historian (1740-1817) Andrew, Saint (Apostle and Martyr) - The Apostle in Scripture and tradition Andrew, Saint (Martyr of Lampsacus) - Was stoned to death at Lampsacus, during the Decian persecution, along with his companion Paul Andrew Avellino, Saint - Canon lawyer, priest, reformer, Theatine, d. 1608 Andrew Bobola, Saint - Polish Jesuit priest and missionary, martyred in 1657 Andrew Corsini, Saint - Article on this Carmelite, called 'the Apostle of Florence,' regarded as a prophet and thaumaturgus, who became bishop of Fiesole, and died in 1373 Andrew of Crete, Saint - Also known as Andreas, monk, bishop of Gortyna, best known for his hymnody, d. 740 or 720 Andrew of Lonjumeau - Dominican missionary and papal ambassador (d. 1253) Andrew of Rhodes - Theologian, d. 1440 Andrew the Scot, Saint - Brother of St. Bridget the Younger and archdeacon of Fiesole, d. about 877 Andrews, William Eusebius - Editor and author (1773-1837) Andronicus, Probus, and Tarachus, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (c. 304) Andria, Diocese - Comprises three towns in the Province of Bari and one in the Province of Potenza, Archdiocese of Trani, Italy Anemurium - Titular see of Cilicia Anerio, Felice - Roman composer, b. c. 1560; d. c. 1630 Anerio, Giovanni Francesco - Born in Rome c. 1567; died. c. 1620 Anfossi, Filippo - Italian Dominican, b. at Taggia, in the province of Genoa; d. in Rome, 14 May, 1825 Ange de Saint Joseph - French missionary friar of the Order of Discalced Carmelites (1636-1697) Ange de Sainte Rosalie - French genealogist and friar of the house of the Petits-Peres of the Discalced Augustinians (1655-1726) Angel - The word is used in Hebrew to denote indifferently either a divine or human messenger Angel, Guardian - The lowest orders of angels are sent to men Angela Merici, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Ursulines, who died in 1540 Angela of Foligno, Blessed - Short biography of the penitent, mystic, writer, Third Order Franciscan, who died in 1309 Angeli, Francesco degli - Missionary to Ethiopia (1567-1628) Angeli, Girolamo degli - Missionary to Japan (1567-1623) Angelicals, The - A congregation of women founded at Milan about 1530 by Countess Luigia Torelli of Guastalla for the protection and reclamation of girls Angelico, Fra - Biography of this Dominican, a famous painter, who died in 1455 Angelo Carletti di Chivasso, Blessed - Fifteenth-century Franciscan, a moral theologian Angelo Clareno da Cingoli - One of the leaders of the Spiritual Franciscans Angels, Early Christian Representations of - The oldest fresco in which an angel appears is the Annunciation scene (second century) of the cemetery of St. Priscilla Angels of the Churches - St. John in the Apocalypse is shown seven candlesticks and in their midst, the Son of Man holding seven stars. The candlesticks represent the seven Churches of Asia; the stars, the angels of those Churches Angelus - A short practice of devotion in honour of the Incarnation repeated three times each day, morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of the bell Angelus Bell - The triple Hail Mary recited in the evening, which is the origin of our modern Angelus, was closely associated with the ringing of a bell Angelus, Silesius - Convert, poet, controversialist, the son of a Lutheran Polish Nobleman (1624-1677) Anger - The desire of vengeance Angers - Comprises the territory embraced in the department of Maine and Loire Angers, University of - Early in the eleventh century this school became famous under the direction of Marbodus Anges, Notre Dame de - A miraculous shrine near Lur, France, containing a crypt (Sainte Chapelle) which tradition dates back to an early period Angilbert, Saint - Abbot of Centula, fathered two children by Charlemagne's unmarried daughter Bertha. He died in 814 Angiolini, Francesco - A noted scholar, b. at Piscenza, Italy, 1750; d. at Polotsk, 21 February, 1788 Anglesea, The Priory of - Founded in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Nicholas for a community of Austin Canons, by Henry I. Dugdale Anglican Orders - In the creed of the Catholic Church, Holy Order is one of the Seven Sacraments instituted by Our Lord Jesus Christ Anglicanism - A term used to denote the religious belief and position of members of the established Church of England Anglin, Timothy Warren - Canadian journalist and member of Parliament, born in the town of Cloankilty, County Cork, Ireland, 1822; died 3 May, 1896, in Canada Anglo-Saxon Church, The - History of the occupation, conversion, and development Anglona-Tursi - An Italian diocese comprising twenty-seven towns and three villages in the province of Potenza and nine towns and one village in the province of Cosenza, Archdiocese of Acerenza Angola and Congo - Diocese of Portuguese West Africa, suffragan of Lisbon Angora - Armenian rite diocese in Asia Minor Angoulême - Diocese; comprises the Department of the Charente in France, and has always been suffragan to the Archbishopric of Bordeaux, under the old regime as well as under the Concordat Angra - The episcopal see of the Azores, suffragan of Lisbon Angulo, Pedro - Native of Burgos in Spain, came to America in 1524 as a soldier, but joined the Dominican order in 1529 Anhalt - Vicariate Apostolic comprising the territory of the German Duchy of Anhalt Anicetus, Pope Saint - Biography of this martyr, a contemporary of St. Polycarp and of the heretic Marcion Anima, College and Church of the, in Rome - S. Maria dell' Anima, the German national church and hospice in Rome, received its name, according to tradition, from the picture of Our Lady which forms its coat of arms Anima Christi - Well known prayer dating from the first half of the fourteenth century and enriched with indulgences by Pope John XXII in the year 1330 Animals in Christian Art - Animal forms have always occupied a place of far greater importance than was ever accorded to them in the art of the pagan world Animals in the Bible - The sacred books were composed by and for a people almost exclusively given to husbandry and pastoral life, hence in constant communication with nature Animals, Cruelty to - Includes sections on pagan, Old and New Testament, scholastic, and Catholic perspectives Animism - The doctrine or theory of the soul Animuccia, Giovanni - An Italian composer, born at Florence about 1500; died 1571 Anise - Anise has been, since Wyclif, the rendering of anethon in the English Versions, But this is not accurate. The exact equivalent of the plant anethon is dill, while anise corresponds to the pimpinella anisum Anna - Details of four women by this name in Sacred Scripture Anna Comnena - Byzantine historian, eldest daughter of Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of Constantinople (1081-1118) Annals, Ecclesiastical - The historical literature of the Middle Ages may be classed under three general heads: chronicles, annals, and lives of the saints Annas - Son of Seth, succeeded (A.D. 6 or 7) Joazar in the high-priesthood by appointment of Quirinius who had come to Judea to attend to the incorporation of Archelaus's territory into the Roman province of Syria Annat, François - French Jesuit, theologian, writer, and opponent of Jansenism (1590-1670) Annates - The first fruits, or first year's revenue of an ecclesiastical benefice paid to the Papal Curia (in medieval times to bishops also) Anne, Saint - According to apocryphal literature, the mother of Mary Anne d'Auray, Sainte - A little village three miles from the town of Auray, in the Diocese of Vannes, famous for its sanctuary and for its pilgrimages, or pardons, in honour of St. Anne Anne de Beaupré, Sainte - Devotion to Saint Anne, in Canada Anne de Xainctonge, Venerable - Foundress of the Society of the Sisters of St. Ursula of the Blessed Virgin Annecy - Diocese comprising the Department of Haute-Savoie in France Annegarn, Joseph - Catholic theologian and popular writer (1794-1843) Anne Line, Saint - A convert to Catholicism, hanged in 1601 for the (unproven) crime of harboring a priest. She is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Anne-Marie Javouhey, Venerable - Founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, missionary to Africa and South America, d. 1851 Annibaldi, Annibale d' - Theologian, b. of a Roman senatorial family early in the thirteenth century; d. at Rome, 1 September, 1271 Annibale, Giuseppe d' - Cardinal and theologian (1815-1892) Annius of Viterbo - Archeologist and historian, born at Viterbo about 1432; died 13 November, 1502 Anno, Saint - Former soldier, Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1075 Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, The Fact of the - In the sixth month after the conception of St. John the Baptist by Elizabeth, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to the Virgin Mary Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, The Feast of the - In the Latin Church this feast is first mentioned in the Sacramentarium of Pope Gelasius Annunciation, The Orders of the - A penitential order founded by St. Jeanne de Valois Anointing of the Sick - A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be, the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are seriously ill Anquetil, Louis-Pierre - A French historian (1723-1806) Ansaldi, Casto Innocenzio - Theologian and archaeologist (1710-1780) Ansaloni, Giordano - Dominican missionary to Asia (d. 1634) Anschar, Saint - Benedictine monk, missionary to Scandinavia, bishop of Hamburg, d. 865 Anse, Councils of - A series of medieval councils Ansegisus - Archbishop of Sens; d. 25 November 879, or 883 Ansegisus, Saint - Benedictine monk, abbot, reformer, d. 833 or 834 Anselm, Saint - Long biographical article on St. Anselm, monk, abbot, philosopher, theologian, Archbishop of Canterbury, Doctor of the Church Anselm, Saint - Duke of Forum Julii, Benedictine monk, monastic founder, Abbot of Nonantula, d. 805 Anselm of Laon - Medieval theologian (d. 1117) Anselm of Liège - Belgian chronicler (1008-1056) Anselm of Lucca (the Younger), Saint - Appointed bishop of Lucca by his uncle Anselm of Lucca the Elder (Pope Alexander II), then became a Benedictine monk, served as papal legate, and died in 1086 Anselme, Antoine - French preacher (1652-1737) Anslo, Reyer - Dutch poet and convert (1622-1669) Anstey, Thomas Chisholm - Lawyer and politician (1816-1873) Antediluvians - People who lived before the flood Anterus, Pope Saint - Also known as Anteros, pope for less than 2 months, d. in 236. Short biographical article Anthelmi, Joseph - French ecclesiastical historian (1648-1697) Anthemius - Fourth-century Byzantine official Anthony of the Desert, Saint - Article on the founder of Christian monasticism Anthony, Orders of Saint - Religious communities or orders under the patronage of St. Anthony the Hermit, father of monasticism, or professing to follow his rule Anthony of Padua, Saint - Long article on the Augustinian canon turned Franciscan, priest, preacher, miracle worker, d. 1231. Known as 'the Hammer of the Heretics.' Anthony of Sienna - A Dominican theologian, so called because of his great veneration for St. Catharine of Sienna Anthony of the Mother of God - A Spanish Carmelite, b. at Leon in Old-Castile; d. 1641 Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphites - A term used in its widest sense to signify the tendency of man to conceive the activities of the external world as the counterpart of his own Antichrist - Defines the word according to its biblical and ecclesiastical usage Antidicomarianites - An Eastern sect which flourished about A.D. 200 to 400, and which was so designated as being the 'opponents of Mary' Antidoron - The remains of the loaves or cakes from which the various portions are cut for consecration in the Mass, according to the Greek Rite, are gathered up on a plate, in the sanctuary and kept upon the prothesis, during the celebration of the Mass Antigonish - The shiretown of the county of the same name in Nova Scotia Antimensium - Consecrated corporal of a kind used only in the Greek Rite Antinoe - A titular see of the Thebaid, now Esneh or Esench, a city in Egypt Antinomianism - The heretical doctrine that Christians are exempt from the obligations of moral law Antioch - Provides information on two places by this name Antioch, The Church of - A city on the banks of the lower Orontes Antiochene Liturgy - The family of liturgies originally used in the Patriarchate of Antioch begins with that of the Apostolic Constitutions; then follow that of St. James in Greek, the Syrian Liturgy of St. James, and the other Syrian Anaphorus Antiochus of Palestine - Seventh century monk Antipater of Bostra - Fifth century Greek prelate Antipatris - Titular see of Palestine Antiphellos - Titular see of Lycia Antiphon - One or more psalm verses or sentences from Holy Scripture which are sung or recited before and after each psalm and the Magnificat during Matins and Vespers Antiphon (in the Greek Church) - Socrates, the church historian, says that St. Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, the third in succession from St. Peter in that see, once had a vision of angels singing the praises of the Trinity in alternating hymns, and remembering the vision, gave this form of singing to the Church of Antioch Antiphon (in Greek Liturgy) - The Greek Liturgy uses antiphons, not only in the Office, but also in the Mass, at Vespers, and at all the canonical Hours Antiphon, Communion - The term Communion is used, not only for the reception of the Holy Eucharist, but also as a shortened form for the antiphon that was originally sung while the people were receiving the Blessed Sacrament Antiphonary - One of the present liturgical books intended for use in the liturgical choir, and originally characterized, by the assignment to it principally of the antiphons used in various parts of the Roman liturgy Antiphonary, Gregorian - Discovered in a Montpellier manuscript of the tenth or eleventh century Antipodes - Speculations concerning the rotundity of the earth and the possible existence of human beings 'with their feet turned towards ours' were of interest to the Fathers of the Early Church only in so far as they seemed to encroach upon the fundamental Christian dogma of the unity of the human race, and the consequent universality of original sin and redemption Antipope - A false claimant of the Holy See in opposition to a pontiff canonically elected Antiquities, Biblical - Details domestic, political, and sacred antiquities Antivari - So called from its position opposite to Bari in Italy; the Catholic archiepiscopal see of Montenegro Antofogaste - Vicariate Apostolic in Chile, dependent on the Sacred Congregation of Ecclesiastical Affairs Antoine, Paul Gabriel - French theologian (1678-1743) Anton Ulrich - A convert to the Catholic faith (1633-1714) Antonelli, Giacomo - Cardinal; Secretary of State to Pius IX (1806-1876) Antonelli, Leonardo - Cardinal (1730-1811) Antonelli, Nicolò Maria - Cardinal, learned canonist, ecclesiastical historian, and Orientalist (1698-1767) Antoniano, Giovanni - Patrologist, b. at Nimeguen, in Holland, early in the sixteenth century; d. same place, in 1588 Antoniano, Silvio - Cardinal, writer on education (1540-1603) Antoniewicz, Charles - Polish Jesuit and missionary (1807-1852) Antoninus, Saint - Archbishop of Florence, Dominican reformer, moral theologian, d. 1459 Antoninus Pius - Roman Emperor (138-161) Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Saint - A Doctor of Medicine, founder of the Barnabites, d. 1539 Antonio of Vicenza, Maria - A Reformed Minorite (1834-1884) Antonius - A supposed Latin Christian poet of the third century Antony, Franz Joseph - Received Holy Orders, and in 1819 became choirmaster at the cathedral, succeeding his father as organist, in 1832 Antwerp - A city of Belgium, in the archdiocese of Mechlin Anunciación, Fray Domingo de la - Dominican missionary (1510-1591) Anunciación, Fray Juan de la - Born at Granada in Spain, probably 1514; died 1594 Aosta - An Italian diocese, suffragan of Turin Apaches - A tribe of North American Indians belonging linguistically to the Athapascan stock whose original habitat is believed to have been Northwestern Canada Apameia - A titular metropolitan see of Syria, in the valley of the Orontes, whose episcopal list dates from the first century Aparisi y Guijarro, Antonio - Parliamentary orator, jurisconsult, Catholic controversialist, and Spanish litterateur (1815-1872) Apelles - Founder of a Gnostic sect; died at an advanced age late in the second century Aphian, Saint - Martyred in about 306 at the age of 18 Aphraates - Wrter born of pagan parents during the last half of the third century Apiarius of Sicca - A priest of the diocese of Sicca, in proconsular Africa Apocalypse, Book of - The name given to the last book in the Bible, also called the Book of Revelation Apocatastasis - A name given in the history of theology to the doctrine which teaches that a time will come when all free creatures will share in the grace of salvation; in a special way, the devils and lost souls Apocrisiarius - Indicates in general the ecclesiastical envoys of Christian antiquity, whether permanent or sent temporarily on missions to high ecclesiastical authorities or royal courts Apocrypha - A long article with a comments on each Apocryphal book. Classified according to origin Apodosis - For several days after a great feast the celebrant turns back to certain prayers of the feast and repeats them in commemoration of it. The last day of such repetition of the prayers of the previous feast is called the apodosis Apollinarianism - Fourth-century Christological heresy propounded by Apollinaris of Laodicea. The theory that Jesus had a human body and soul, but that the Logos took the place of the human spirit or mind in Jesus. Solemnly condemned at the Council of Constantinople in 381 Apollinaris - A first-century martyr, the bishop of Ravenna Apollinaris, Saint - Born in Vienne, became bishop of Valence, was exiled to Sardinia, d. 520 Apollinaris (the Elder) - A Christian grammarian of the fourth century, first at Berytus in Phoenicia, then at Laodicea in Syria Apollinaris Claudius, Saint - Second-century bishop of Hierapolis, apologist Apollonia, Saint - A virgin, possibly ordained, martyr at Alexandria in late 248 or early 249 Apollonius of Ephesus - Anti-Montanist Greek ecclesiastical writer, between 180 and 210 Apologetics - A theological science which has for its purpose the explanation and defence of the Christian religion Apolysis - The dismissal blessing said by the Greek priest at the end of the Mass, Matins, or Vespers Apolytikion - A dismissal prayer or hymn said or sung at the end of the Greek Mass and at other times during Matins and Vespers Apophthegmata Patrum - Sayings of the Fathers of the Desert Aporti, Ferrante - An educator and theologian, born at San Martino dell'Argine, province of Mantua, Italy, 20 Nov., 1791; died 14 Nov., 1858, at Turin Apostasy - The word itself in its etymological sense, signifies the desertion of a post, the giving up of a state of life; he who voluntarily embraces a definite state of life cannot leave it, therefore, without becoming an apostate Apostle (in Liturgy) - The name given by the Greek Church to the Epistle of the Divine Liturgy, which is invariably of Apostolic origin and never taken, as sometimes happens in the Roman Rite, from the Old Testament Apostles, The - Apostolos (Apostle) means one who is sent forth, who is entrusted with a mission Apostles, Acts of the - The fifth book of the New Testament Apostles' Creed - A formula containing in brief statements, or 'articles,' the fundamental tenets of Christian belief, and having for its authors, according to tradition, the Twelve Apostles Apostles, Portraits of the - The earliest fresco representing Christ surrounded by the Apostles dates from the beginning of the fourth century. . . Apostles of Erin, The Twelve - Twelve holy Irishmen of the sixth century who went to study at the School of Clonard in Meath Apostleship of Prayer, The - A pious association otherwise known as a league of prayer in union with the Heart of Jesus Apostolic Blessing - The popes very often delegated to others the power to give this blessing in answer to petitions from princes, at the close of missions, and on such occasions Apostolic Camera - The former central board of finance in the papal administrative system, which at one time was of great importance in the government of the States of the Church, and in the administration of justice Apostolic Churches - All the individual orthodox churches could, in a sense, be called Apostolic Churches, because they were in some more or less mediate connection with the Apostles Apostolic Church-Ordinance - A third-century pseudo-Apostolic collection of moral and hierarchical rules and instructions, compiled in the main from ancient Christian sources Apostolic College - This term designates The Twelve Apostles as the body of men commissioned by Christ to spread the kingdom of God over the whole world and to give it the stability of a well-ordered society Apostolic Constitutions - A fourth-century pseudo-Apostolic collection, in eight books, of independent, though closely related, treatises on Christian discipline, worship, and doctrine, intended to serve as a manual of guidance for the clergy, and to some extent for the laity Apostolic Executor - A cleric who puts into execution a papal rescript, completing what is necessary in order that it be effective Apostolic Expeditors - Officials who attend to the sending of Bulls, Briefs, and Rescripts, that emanate from the Apostolic Chancery, the Dataria, the Sacred Paenitentiaria, and the Secretariate of Briefs Apostolic Fathers, The - Christian writers of the first and second centuries who are known, or are considered, to have had personal relations with some of the Apostles, or to have been so influenced by them that their writings may be held as echoes of genuine Apostolic teaching Apostolic Letters - The letters of the Apostles to Christian communities or those in authority Apostolic Majesty - A title given to the Kings of Hungary Apostolic See, The - A metaphorical term, used, as happens in all languages, to express the abstract notion of authority by the concrete name of the place in which it is exercised Apostolic Succession - Article claims that Apostolic succession is found in the Catholic Church and not in others Apostolic Union of Secular Priests, The - An association of secular priests who observe a simple rule embodying the common duties of their state, afford mutual assistance in the functions of the ministry, and keep themselves in the spirit of their holy vocation by spiritual conferences Apostolicae Curae - A Bull of Leo XIII issued 15 September, 1896, and containing the latest papal decision with regard to the validity of Anglican orders Apostolicæ Sedis Moderationi - A Bull of Pius IX (1846-78) which regulates anew the system of censures and reservations in the Catholic church Apostolicæ Servitutis - A Bull issued by Benedict XIV, 23 February, 1741, against secular pursuits on the part of the clergy Apostolici - The name of four different heretical bodies Apostolici Ministerii - A Bull issued 23 May, 1724, by Innocent XIII, for the revival of ecclesiastical discipline in Spain Apostolici Regiminis - A Bull issued 19 December, 1513, by Leo X, in defence of the Catholic doctrine concerning the immortality of the soul Apostolicity - The mark by which the Church of today is recognized as identical with the Church founded by Jesus Christ upon the Apostles Apostolicum Pascendi Munus - A Bull issued by Clement XIII, 12 January, 1765, in defense of the Society of Jesus against the attacks made upon it Apotactics - The adherents of a heresy which sprang up in the third century and spread through the western and southern parts of Asia Minor Apotheosis - Deification, the exaltation of men to the rank of gods Apparitions - The article deals not with natural but with supernatural visions, that is, visions due to the direct intervention of a power superior to man Apparitor - The official name given to an officer in ecclesiastical courts designated to serve the summons, to arrest a person accused, and, in ecclesiastico-civil procedure, to take possession, physically or formally, of the property in dispute Appeal as from an abuse - The object was to safeguard equally the rights both of the State and of the Church Appeals - The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive view of the positive legislation of the Church on appeals belonging to the ecclesiastical forum; but it does not treat of the nature of the ecclesiastical forum itself nor of the rights of the Church and its supreme head, the pope, to receive appeals in ecclesiastical matters Appetite - A tendency, an inclination, or direction Approbation - An act by which a bishop or other superior grants to an ecclesiastic the actual exercise of his ministry Appropriation - In theology, appropriation is used in speaking of the different Persons of the Trinity Apse - The semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or aisles of a church Apse Chapel - A chapel radiating tangentially from one of the bays or divisions of the apse, and reached generally by a semicircular passageway, or ambulatory, exteriorly to the walls or piers of the apse Apsidiole - A small or secondary apse, one of the apses on either side of the main apse in a triapsidal church, or one of the apse-chapels when they project on the exterior of the church Apt, Council of - Held 14 May, 1365, in the cathedral of that city by the archbishops and bishops of the provinces of Arles, Embrun, and Aix, in the south of France Aquarians - A name given to several sects in the early Church Aquila - An Italian archdiocese in the Abruzzi, directly dependent on the Holy See Aquila and Priscilla - Jewish tentmakers, who left Rome in the Jewish persecution under Claudius, 49 or 50, and settled in Corinth Aquileia - A former city of the Roman Empire, situated at the head of the Adriatic Aquileia, Councils of - A council held in 381, presided over by St. Valerian of Aquileia Aquileian Rite - Aquileia and certain of its suffragan sees had a special rite but they do not give any clear indication as to what this rite was Aquinas, St. Thomas - Lengthy article on the life, writings, and influence of this philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. Called the Angelic Doctor. Died in 1274 Aquino, Sora, and Pontecorvo - An Italian diocese immediately subject to the Holy See Arabia - The cradle of Islam and, in all probability, the primitive home of the Semitic race Arabia, Vicariate Apostolic of - Arabia formerly belonged to the mission of Galla (Africa), but was made a separate prefecture Apostolic by Pius IX, 21 Jan., 1875 Arabia, Councils of - In 246 and 247 two councils were held at Bostra in Arabia against Beryllus, Bishop of the see, and others who maintained with him that the soul perished and arose again with the body Arabian School of Philosophy - A circumstance which favoured the study of letters and philosophy was the accession to the throne about A.D. 750 of the Abassides, an enlightened line of Caliphs who encouraged learning, and patronized the representatives, chiefly Syrian and Persian, of foreign culture Arabici - A small sect of the third century, whose founder is unknown, and which is commonly named from Arabia, where it flourished, but sometimes also Thanatopsychitae Arabissus - A titular see of Armenia, suffragan of Melitene Arad - A titular see of Palestine Aragon and Castile - The united kingdom which came into existence by the marriage (1469) of Isabella, heiress of Castile, with Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon Aran, The Monastic School of - During three hundred years from about 500 to 800, Aran Mor and its sister islands were a famous centre of sanctity and learning, which attracted holy men from all parts of Ireland to study the science of the saints in this remote school of the West Aranda, Council of - Spanish Council held in 1473 Aranda, Philip - Jesuit theologian (1642-1695) Arason Jón - The last Catholic bishop of Iceland before the introduction of Protestantism (1484-1550) Arator - A Christian poet of the sixth century, probably of Ligurian origin Araucania - Prefecture Apostolic in Chile Araucanians - Indian tribe in Chile Araujo, Antonio de - Brazilian missionary (d. 1632) Araujo, Francisco de - Spanish theologian (1580-1664) Arawaks - The first American aborigines met by Columbus Arbieto, Ignacio de - Jesuit (1585-1676) Arbitration - A method of arranging differences between two parties by referring them to the judgment of a disinterested outsider whose decision the parties to a dispute agree in advance to accept as in some way binding Arbogast, Saint - Irish, traveled to the Continent and became a hermit, bishop of Strasburg, famous for miracles. He died in 678 Arbroath, Abbey of - Founded on the east coast of Scotland (1178) by William the Lion, for Benedictines, and was colonized by monks from Kelso Arbuthnott, Missal of - A manuscript Scottish missal or mass-book, written in 1491 by James Sibbald, priest of Arbuthnott, in Scotland, for use in that church Arca - A box in which the Eucharist was kept by the primitive Christians in their homes Arcachon, Our Lady of - A miraculous image venerated at Arcachon, France, and to all appearances the work of the thirteenth century Arcadelt, Jacob - A distinguished musician, born in Holland at the close of the fifteenth, or at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Article with details of secular and religious compositions, especially madrigals and masses Arcadiopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor Arcae - A titular see on the coast of Phoenicia, between Tripolis and Antaradus, suffragan of Tyre Arcanum - An Encyclical Letter on Christian marriage, issued 10 February, 1880, by Leo XIII Arch - A structure composed of separate pieces, such as stone or bricks, having the shape of truncated wedges, arranged on a curved line so as to retain their position by mutual pressure Archæology, Christian - That branch of the science which is the study of ancient Christian monuments Archæology, The Commission of Sacred - Founded in the middle of the nineteenth century for the purpose of promoting and directing excavations in the Roman Catacombs and on other sites of Christian antiquarian interest Archange de Lyon - A preacher of the Capuchin order whose name was Michael Desgranges (1736-1822) Archbishop - An archbishop or metropolitan, in the present sense of the term, is a bishop who governs a diocese strictly his own, while he presides at the same time over the bishops of a well-defined district composed of simple dioceses but not of provinces Archconfraternity - A confraternity empowered to aggregate or affiliate other confraternities of the same nature, and to impart to them its indulgences and privileges Archdeacon - The incumbent of an ecclesiastical office dating back to antiquity and up to the fifteenth century of great importance in diocesan administration, particularly in the West Archdeacon, Richard - An Irish Jesuit, whose name is sometimes given as Archdekin or Arsdekin (1620-1693) Archdiocese - Not an ecclesiastical province, but only that diocese of the province which is the archbishop's own Archelais - A titular see of Palestine Archeology, Christian - That branch of the science which is the study of ancient Christian monuments Archer, James - An English missionary priest (1751-1832) Arches, The Court of - Was held in the Church of St. Mary le Bow (Sancta Maria de Arcubus), in Cheapside, the chief and most ancient court and consistory of the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Canterbury Archiereus - A Greek word for bishop, when considered as the culmination of the priesthood Archimandrite - In the Greek Rite the superior of a monastery or of several monasteries Archinto, Filipo - An Italian theologian and diplomatist (1500-1558) Architecture, Ecclesiastical - All ecclesiastical architecture may be said to have been evolved from two distinct germ-cells, the oblong and the circular chamber Architecture, Gothic - History of the style Archives, Ecclesiastical - A collection of documents, records, and memorials, pertaining to the origin, foundation, growth, history, and constitutions of a diocese, parish, monastery, or religious community under the jurisdiction of the Church Archontics - A Gnostic sect which existed in Palestine and Armenia about the middle of the fourth century Archpriest - Since the fourth century numerous dioceses had an archpriest, or head of the college of presbyters, who aided and represented the bishop in the discharge of his liturgical and religious duties Archpriest Controversy - Arose in England on the appointment of George Blackwell as archpriest with jurisdiction over the secular clergy of England and Scotland, by the Holy See on 7 March, 1598 Arcosolium - Term applied by the primitive Christians to one form of the tombs that exist in the Roman catacombs Arculf - A Frankish Bishop of the latter part of the seventh century Ardagh - An Irish diocese in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh, takes its name from a town in the parish and barony of same name in county Longford, province of Leinster Ardbraccan - Site of an ancient abbey, now a parish and village in the county Meath, Ireland Ardchatten, The Priory of - An Argyllshire house belonging to the Order of Vallis Caulium, or Val des Choux (the Valley of Cabbages), founded by Duncan Mackoul about A.D. 1230 and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. John Baptist Arden, Edward - An English Catholic, executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth Ardilliers, Notre Dame des - A statue, fountain, and Church of Our Lady at Saumur, France Aremberg, Prince Charles d' - Definitor-general and Commissary of the Capuchins (d. 1669) Areopolis - Titular See of Palestine Arequipa, Diocese of - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Lima, Peru Arethas of Caesarea - Born at Patrae, Greece, about 860 Arethusa - A titular see of Syria near Apameia Arévalo, Faustino - Jesuit hymnographer and patrologist (1747-1824) Arévalo, Rodríguez Sanchez de - A learned Spanish bishop (1404-1470) Arezzo - A diocese of Tuscany, in Italy, which is directly dependent on the Holy See. It Argenson, Pierre de Voyer d' - Called the vicomte d'Argenson, chevalier, vicomte de Mouze, seigneur de Chastres, was the fifth Governor-General of Canada (1657-61), b. 1626; d. 1710 Argentina - A South American confederation of fourteen provinces, or States, united by a federal Constitution framed on the same lines as the Constitution of the United States of America Argos - A titular see of Peloponnesian Greece, from the fifth to the twelfth century Argüello, Luis Antonio - Governor of California, born at San Francisco, 1784; died there in 1830 Argyll and the Isles, Diocese of - The Diocese of Argyll, founded about 1200, was separated from the Diocese of Dunkeld; it included the western part of Dunkeld, beyond the Drumalban mountain range, together with the Isle of Lismore, in which the cathedral was erected Argyropulos, John - Humanist, and translator of Aristotle, born at Constantinople, 1416; died at Rome about 1486 Arialdo, Saint - A canon of Milan, reformer, martyr, murdered by agents of the bishop of Milan in 1065 Arianism - Founded by Arius, belief asserting that Christ was not God like the Father, but a creature made in time. Rejected by the Council of Constantinople (381) Ariano - Diocese in the Archdiocese of Beneventum Arias, Francis - Writer of ascetical treatises, born at Seville in Spain, 1533, died in that place, 15 May, 1605 Arias de Avila, Pedro - A Spanish knight from Segovia, b. about the middle of the fifteenth century; d. at Leon, 1530 Arias Montanus, Benedictus - Orientalist, exegete, and editor of the 'Antwerp Polyglot', born at Frejenal de la Sierra in Estremadura, Spain, 1527; died at Seville, 1598 Ariassus - A titular see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor Aribo - Archbishop of Mainz; date of birth unknown; d. 6 April, 1032 Arindela - A titular see of Palestine Ariosto, Ludovico - Son of Nicolo Ariosto, Governor of Reggio, and Daria Malaguzzi, born at Reggio in Emilia, 8 September, 1474; died at Ferrara, 6 June, 1533 Aristeas - A name given in Josephus to the author of a letter ascribing the Greek translation of the Old Testament to six interpreters sent into Egypt from Jerusalem Aristides - A Christian apologist living at Athens in the second century Aristotle - Philosopher, born at Stagira, a Grecian colony in the Thracian peninsula Chalcidice, 384 B.C.; died at Chalcis, in Euboea, 322 B.C Arius - An heresiarch, born about A.D. 250; died 336 Arizona - Includes history, population, and government details from early in the twentieth century Ark, Noah's - The form, very likely foursquare, was not convenient for navigation, but, as has been proven by the experiments of Peter Jansen and M. Vogt, it made the Ark a very suitable device for shipping heavy cargoes and floating upon the waves without rolling or pitching Ark of the Covenant - A kind of chest, measuring two cubits and a half in length, a cubit and a half in breadth, and a cubit and a half in height Arkansas - Includes history, climate, government, education, and Catholic information Arlegui, Fray José - A Spaniard from Biscay, first attached to the Franciscan province of Cantabria, then transferred to Zacatecas in Mexico Arles, The Synods of - The first Council of Arles was held in 314, for the purpose of putting an end to the Donatist controversy Armada, The Spanish - A fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish Crown Armagh - Archdiocese founded by St. Patrick about 445, as the primatial and metropolitan see of Ireland Armagh, The Book of - A famous Irish-Latin manuscript preserved in the Library of Trinity College in Dublin Armagh, The School of - The School of Armagh seems to have been the oldest, and down to the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion continued to be one of the most celebrated, of the ancient schools of Ireland Armagnac, Georges d' - French cardinal and diplomatist, b. c. 1501; d. 2 June, 1585 Armellino, Mariano - Benedictine historian (1657-1737) Armenia - A mountainous region of Western Asia occupying a somewhat indefinite area to the southeast of the Black Sea Armenierstadt - A city in the Transylvanian county of Szolnok-Doboka Armentia, Fray Nicolás - Bishop of La Paz, appointed 22 October, 1901; b. at Bemedo, diocese of Vittoria, Spain, 5 December, 1845 Armidale - A diocese situated in New South Wales Arminianism - The popular designation of the doctrines held by a party formed in the early days of the seventeenth century among the Calvinists of the Netherlands Arnauld - Celebrated French family, the history of which is connected with that of Jansenism and of Port-Royal Arne, Thomas Augustine - Brief biography of the eighteenth-century English composer Arni Thorlaksson - An Icelandic bishop, b. in Iceland, 1237; d. at Bergen, 1297 Arnobius - A Christian apologist, flourished during the reign of Diocletian (284-305) Arnold - Name of several medieval figures Arnold of Brescia - Born at Brescia towards the end of the eleventh century, date of death uncertain Arnoldi, Alberto - Italian sculptor and architect, b. at Florence, fourteenth century Arnoldi, Bartholomaeus - Usually called Usingen, after his birthplace, an Augustinian friar, teacher of Luther, and with him inmate of the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt (1463-1532) Arnolfo di Cambio - Sometimes called di Lapo, the principal master of Italian Gothic, b. at Florence, about 1232 Arnoudt, Peter Joseph - Jesuit spiritual writer (1811-1865) Arnpeck, Veit - Bavarian historian, b. at Landshut in 1440; d. at the same place about the year 1505 Arnulf of Bavaria - Son of Luitpold of the Agilulfing family and of Kunigunde, and Duke of Bavaria from 907 to 937 Arnulf of Lisieux - Studied canon law at Rome, and wrote in defence of Pope Innocent II a violent letter against Gerard, Bishop of Angouleme Arnulf of Metz, Saint - Frankish civil servant at the court of Austrasia, bishop of Metz, hermit, d. about 640 Arras - Diocese comprising the Department of Pas-de-Calais in France Arras, Councils of - In 1025 a council was held at Arras against certain (Manichaean) heretics who rejected the sacraments of the Church Arriaga, Pablo José - Jesuit missionary to Peru (1564-1621) Arricivita, Juan - A native of Mexico in the eighteenth century Arrighetti, Nicola - Mathematician, b. at Florence and died there in 1639 Arrighetti, Nicolò - A professor of natural philosophy at Spoleto, Prato, and Sienna, b. at Florence, 17 March, 1709; d. 31 January, 1767 Arrowsmith, Venerable Edmund - English Jesuit and martyr, d. 1628. Short biography Arsacidæ - It was under the Dynasty of the Arsacids, who ruled the Persian empire from the year 256 B.C. to A.D. 224, that Christianity found its way into the countries watered by the Euphrates and the Tigris Arsenius Autorianos - Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1273) Arsenius, Saint - A Roman, was tutor to the emperor's children before fleeing to the monastery of St. John the Dwarf. Arsenius died in 450 Arsinoe - A titular see of Egypt, now Medinet el Fayum Art, Christian - Also called ecclesiastical art Art, Ecclesiastical - Article explores the origin, history, and types Artemon - Mentioned as the leader of an Antitrinitarian sect at Rome, in the third century Arthur, James - A Dominican friar, and a theologian of note, b. at Limerick, Ireland, early in the seventeenth century; d (probably) 1670 Arthur, Thomas - A celebrated Catholic physician of the seventeenth century, born at Limerick, 1593, died c. 1666 Articles of Faith - Certain revealed supernatural truths such as those contained in the symbol of the Apostles Articles, The Organic - A name given to a law regulating public worship, comprising 77 articles relative to Catholicism, and 44 relative to Protestantism, presented by order of Napoleon to the Tribunate and the legislative body at the same time that he made these two bodies vote on the Concordat itself Artoklasia - A peculiar service in the Greek Church performed as the concluding part of Vespers Arts, Bachelor of - A degree marking the completion of the traditional curriculum of the college Arts, The Faculty of - One of the four traditional divisions of the teaching body of the university Arts, Master of - An academic degree higher than that of Bachelor Arts, The Seven Liberal - Chiefly used during the Middle Ages. Doesn't mean arts as the word is understood today, but those branches of knowledge which were taught in the schools of that time Artvin - A Russian city in the trans-Caucasian province of Kutais Arundel, Thomas - Sixtieth Archbishop of Canterbury, second son of Robert, Earl of Arundel and Warren, b. 1353; d. 19 February, 1414 Arundell - Thomas, first Lord Arundell of Wardour Asaph, Saint - First bishop of the Welsh town named after him. Second half of sixth century Ascalon - A titular see of Palestine Ascelin - Ambassador of Innocent IV (1243-54) to the Tartars Ascendente Domino - A Bull issued by Gregory XIII, 24 May, 1584, in favor of the Society of Jesus, to confirm the constitution of the Society, and the privileges already granted to it by Paul III, Julius III, Paul IV, and Pius V Ascension - The elevation of Christ into heaven by His own power in presence of His disciples the fortieth day after His Resurrection Ascension, Feast of the - The fortieth day after Easter Sunday, commemorating the Ascension of Christ into heaven, according to Mark 16:19, Luke 24:51, and Acts 1:2 Ascetical Theology - Briefly defined as the scientific exposition of Christian asceticism Asceticism - The word asceticism comes from the Greek askesis which means practice, bodily exercise, and more especially, atheletic training Aschbach, Joseph, Ritter von - German historian (1801-1882) Ascoli-Piceno - Diocese comprising sixteen towns in the Province of Ascoli-Piceno, two in that of Aquila, and two in that of Teramo, Italy Ascoli, Satriano, and Cirignola - An Italian diocese, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Beneventum Aseity - The property by which a being exists of and from itself Aseneth - The daughter of Putiphare (Poti-phera), priest of On Aser - Details four uses of this name Asgaard - Enclosure, garden; the Garden of the Gods Ash Wednesday - The Wednesday after Quinquagesima Sunday, which is the first day of the Lenten fast Ashby, George - Martyred English monk (d. 1537) Ashby, Thomas - Suffered at Tyburn, 29 March, 1544 Ashes - A number of passages in the Old Testament connect ashes with mourning Ashley, Venerable Ralph - English Jesuit lay-brother, cook and domestic servant, was tortured and martyred in 1606 Ashton, John - An early Jesuit missionary in Maryland; born in Ireland, 1742; died in Maryland, 1814, or 1815 Ashton, Venerable Roger - Martyr, third son of Richard Ashton of Croston, in Lancashire. Hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn, 23 June, 1592 Asia - Article intended to give a rapid survey of the geography, ethnography, political and religious history of Asia, and especially of the rise, progress, and actual condition of Asiatic Christianity and Catholicism Asia Minor - The peninsular mass that the Asiatic continent projects westward of an imaginary line running from the Gulf of Alexandretta (Issus) on the Mediterranean to the vicinity of Trebizond (Trapezus) on the Black Sea Asiongaber - More properly Ezion-geber, a city of Idumea, situated on the northern extremity of the Aelanitic Gulf, now called the Gulf of Akabah Aske, Robert - English insurgent (d. 1537) Asmodeus - Demon mentioned in the Book of Tobias Aspendus - A titular see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor Asperges - The rite of sprinkling the congregation with holy water before the principal Mass on Sunday Aspilcueta, Martin - Spanish canonist and moral theologian (1491-1586) Ass, The, in Caricature of Christians - The calumny of onolatry, or ass-worship, attributed by Tacitus and other writers to the Jews, was afterwards, by the hatred of the latter, transferred to the Christians Assam - A Prefecture Apostolic in the ecclesiastical province of Calcutta, India, established in 1889 Assemani - An illustrious Maronite family of Mount Lebanon, Syria, four members of which, all ecclesiastics, distinguished themselves during the eighteenth century in the East and in Europe Assemblies of the French Clergy - Meetings of the Clergy of France for the purpose of apportioning the financial burdens laid upon the Church by the kings of France, and incidentally for other ecclesiastical purposes Asser, John - A learned monk of St David's, Menevia, b. in Pembrokeshire; d. probably, 910 Asses, Feast of - The feast dates from the eleventh century, though the source which suggested it is much older Assessor of the Holy Office - An official of the Congregation of the Inquisition Assessors - In ecclesiastical law, learned persons who function is to counsel a judge with whom they are associated in the trial of causes Assicus, Saint - St. Patrick's coppersmith, also a renowned bellfounder, Bishop of Elphin Assideans - The maintainers of the Mosaic Law against the invasion of Greek customs Assimilation, Physiological - The vital function by which an organism changes nutrient material into living protoplasm Assimilation, Psychological - As applied to a mental process, assimilation derives all its force and meaning from the analogy which many educationists have found to exist between the way in which food is incorporated into the living tissue and the manner in which truth is acquired by the growing mind Assisi - Diocese in Umbria Assistant at the Pontifical Throne - Those prelates who belong to the Papal Chapel and hold toward the Pope much the same relation as cathedral canons do to the bishop Assizes of Jerusalem - The code of laws enacted by the Crusaders for the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Assmayer, Ignaz - An Austrian musician, born at Salzburg, 11 February, 1790; died in Vienna, 31 August, 1862 Association, Right of Voluntary - Any group of individuals freely united for the pursuit of a common end Association of Ideas - A principle in psychology to account for the succession of mental states Association of Priestly Perseverance - A sacerdotal association founded in 1868 at Vienna, and at first confined to that Archdiocese Associations, Pious - Under this term are comprehended all those organizations, approved and indulgenced by Church authority, which have been instituted especially in recent times, for the advancement of various works of piety and charity Assuerus - The name of two different persons in the Bible Assumption, Augustinians of the - Had its origin in the College of the Assumption, established in Nimes France, in 1843 Assumption, Little Sisters of the - A congregation whose work is the nursing of the sick poor in their own homes Assumption, Sisters of the - A congregation of French nuns devoted to the teaching of young girls Assumption of Mary - The principal feast of the Blessed Virgin Assumptionists - Had its origin in the College of the Assumption, established in Nimes France, in 1843 Assur (titular see) - A titular see of Proconsular Africa, now Henchir-Zenfour Assur (multiple definitions) - Three definitions Assyria - Includes geographical and historical information Assyrian Rite - This rite is used by the Nestorians and also by Eastern Catholic bodies — in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar — who have separated from them Asterisk - This is a utensil for the Liturgy according to the Greek Rite, which is not used in Roman Rite Asterius - Name of several prominent persons in early Christian history Asti - One of the divisions of the province of Alexandria, and suffragan of Turin Aston - The name of several English Catholics of prominence Astorga - Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Valladolid Astrology - The supposed science which determines the influence of the stars, especially of the five older planets, on the fate of man Astronomy - Divided into two main branches, astrometry and astrophysics; the former concerned with determining the places of the investigation of the heavenly bodies, the latter, with the investigation of their chemical and physical nature Astronomy in the Bible - Includes examples of Old and New Testament references Astros, Paul-Thérèse-David d' - French cardinal (1772-1851) Astruc, Jean - Son of a converted Protestant minister (1684-1766) Atahuallpa - Son of the Inca war chief Huayna Capac and an Indian woman from Quito Atahualpa, Jean Santos - Claimed to have been sent by God to drive the Spaniards from western South America Atavism - Duchesne introduced the word to designate those cases in which species revert spontaneously to what are presumably long-lost characters Athanasian Creed, The - One of the symbols of the Faith approved by the Church and given a place in her liturgy Athanasius, Saint - Long article on the Bishop of Alexandria, confessor and Doctor of the Church Athabasca - Suffragan of Saint Boniface; erected 8 April, 1862, by Pius IX Atheism - That system of thought which is formally opposed to theism Athelney, The Abbey of - Established in the County of Somerset, England. Founded by King Alfred, A.D. 888, as a religious house for monks of the Order of St. Benedict Athenagoras - A Christian apologist of the second half of the second century of whom no more is known than that he was an Athenian philosopher and a convert to Christianity Athenry - A small inland town in the county Galway, Ireland, anciently called Athnere, from Ath-na-Riagh, the king's ford, or the abode of the king Athens, Christian - History of the Church in Athens Athens, Modern Diocese of - The majority of Catholics who live within the Diocese of Athens are foreigners, or of foreign descent Athias, Joseph - Issued two editions of the Hebrew Bible Athos, Mount - The mountain that the architect Dinocrates offered to turn into a statue of Alexander the Great with a city in one hand and in the other a perennially flowing spring Atienza, Juan de - Jointly with Father Jose de Acosta, directed the publication of catechisms and textbooks of Christian doctrine for the use of the Indians Atkinson, James - English Catholic confessor (d. 1595) Atkinson, Nicholas - English priest and martyr (d. 1610) Atkinson, Paul, of St. Francis - One of the notable confessors of the English Church during the age which succeeded the persecution of blood Atkinson, Sarah - Irish philanthropist and biographer (1823-1893) Atkinson, Ven. Thomas - Priest martyred at York in 1616 Atom - Primarily, the smallest particle of matter which can exist Atomism - The system of those who hold that all bodies are composed of minute, indivisible particles of matter called atoms Atonement, Day of - A most solemn fast, on which no food could be taken throughout the day, and servile works were forbidden Atonement, Doctrine of the - In Catholic theology, the Atonement is the Satisfaction of Christ, whereby God and the world are reconciled or made to be at one Atrib - A titular see of Lower Egypt Atrium - An open place or court before a church Attainder - An Act of Parliament for putting a man to death or for otherwise punishing him without trial in the usual form Attala, Saint - Burgundian monk, companion of St. Columban in exile, co-founder and abbot of Bobbio, d. 627 Attalia - A titular metropolitan see of Pamphylia in Asia Minor Attaliates, Michael - Byzantine stateman and historian, probably a native of Attalia in Pamphylia Atticus - Patriarch of Constantinople (406-425), born at Sebaste in Armenia; died 425 Attigny, Councils of - Several councils held here are detailed Attila the Hun - Life and times of the legendary king Attiret, Jean Denis - Painter, born at Dole, France, 31 July, 1702; died at Pekin, 8 December, 1768 Atto - A faithful follower of Gregory VII in his conflict with the simoniac clergy Atto of Pistoia - Bishop of Pistoia (1070-1155) Atto of Vercelli - A learned theologian and canonist of the tenth century Attracta, Saint - Contemporary of St. Patrick, founder of a hospice and several churches Attributes, Divine - In order to form a more systematic idea of God, and as far as possible, to unfold the implications of the truth, God is All-Perfect, this infinite Perfection is viewed, successively, under various aspects, each of which is treated as a separate perfection and characteristic inherent to the Divine Substance, or Essence. A certain group of these, of paramount import, is called the Divine Attributes Attrition - Also called 'imperfect contrition.' Definition, its relation to sacramental penance, and moral considerations Attuda - A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor Aubarède, Jean-Michel-d'Astorg - Canon regular, and Vicar Capitular of Pamiers, born 1639; died 4 August, 1692 Aubermont, Jean-Aontoine d' - Theologian of Bois-le-Duc; died 22 November, 1686 Aubery, Joseph - Jesuit missionary in Canada, born at Gisors in Normandy.(1673-1755) Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' - Grammarian, poet, preacher, archeologist, philologist (1604-1676) Aubusson, Pierre d' - Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, born 1423; died 1503 Auch - Archdiocese; comprises the Department of Gers in France Auckland - Diocese comprising the Provincial District of Auckland (New Zealand), with its islets, and the Kermadec Group Auctorem Fidei - A Bull issued by Pius VI, 28 August, 1794, in condemnation of the Gallican and Jansenist acts and tendencies of the Synod of Pistoia (1786) Audiences, Pontifical - The receptions given by the pope to cardinals, sovereigns, princes, ambassadors, and other persons, ecclesiastical or lay, having business with or interest in the Holy See Audifax, Abachum, Martha, and Maris, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife Audiffredi - Born at Saorgio, near Nice, in 1734; died at Rome, July, 1794 Audin, J.-M.-Vincent - Writer, born at Lyons in 1793; died in Paris, 21 February, 1851 Audisio, Guglielmo - Devoted himself to historical studies, especially in illustration of the papacy (1801-1882) Auditor - The designation of certain officials of the Roman Curia, whose duty it is to hear and examine the causes submitted to the pope Audran - The family name of four generations of distinguished French artists, natives of Paris and Lyons, which included eight prominent engravers and two painters Auenbrugger, Leopold - An Austrian physician, born 19 November, 1722; died 17 May, 1807 Aufsees, Jobst Bernhard von - Canon of Bamberg and Wuerzburg, born 28 March, 1671, on the family estate of Mengersdorf; died 2 April, 1738 Auger, Edmond - Entered the Society of Jesus while St. Ignatius was still living, and was regarded as one of the most eloquent men of his time (1530-1591) Augilæ - A titular see of Cyrenaica in Northern Africa Augsburg - Diocese in the Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Munich-Freising Augsburg, Synods of - Two general imperial synods were held in Augsburg. The first, convened in August, 952, through the efforts of Emperor Otto the Great, provided for the reform of abuses in civil and ecclesiastical life. A similar synod, convened by Anno, Archbishop of Cologne (27 October, 1062), was occupied with the internal conditions of the empire and the attitude of the Church of Germany towards the schism of Cadalus, antipope during the reign of Alexander II Augusta - A titular see of Cilicia in Asia Minor Augustin von Alfeld - One of the earliest and most aggressive opponents of Luther, born in the village of Alfeld, near Hildesheim, from which he took his surname; died probably in 1532 Augustine, Rule of Saint - Names the five documents sometimes identified as the Rule of Augustine, quickly narrows the field to two contenders, settles on Letter 211. Also deals with Augustine's relation to monasticism Augustine of Canterbury, Saint - Biographical article on the monk who was the first Archbishop of Canterbury, called 'Apostle of the English.' Augustine of Hippo, Saint - Biography, with extensive hyperlinks to related articles Augustine of Hippo, Teaching of Saint - Article on Augustine as a Doctor of the Church, and his influence in the history of philosophy and theology. Particular interest in his teaching on grace Augustine of Hippo, Works of Saint - Annotated bibliography of Augustine's principal writings Augustinian Canons - According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a canon regular is essentially a religious cleric Augustinians - A religious order which in the thirteenth century combined several monastic societies into one, under this name Augustinians of the Assumption - Had its origin in the College of the Assumption, established in Nimes France, in 1843 Augustinus, Antonius - Historian of canon law and Archbishop of Tarragona in Spain, born at Saragossa 26 February, 1517, of a distinguished family; died at Tarragona, 31 May, 1586 Augustinus-Verein, The - An association organized in 1878 to promote the interests of the Catholic press, particularly the daily press, of Germany Augustopolis - A titular see of Palestine, suffragan of Petra Augustus - The name by which Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the first Roman emperor, in whose reign Jesus Christ was born, is usually known; born at Rome, 62 B.C.; died A.D. 14 Augustus Abbey, Fort - A Benedictine monastery in Inverness-shire, Scotland Aulne Abbey - A former Cistercian monastery near Landelies on the Sambre in the Diocese of Liege Aumbry - Its original meaning was a cupboard and it has never lost this more general sense, but even in classical Latin it had of it acquired in addition the special signification of a cupboard of holding books Aunarius, Saint - Bishop of Auxerre, d. 603 Aurea - A title given to certain works and documents Aurelian - Roman Emperor, 270-275, born near Sirmium in Pannonia, 9 September, 214; died 275 Aureliopolis - A titular see of Lydia in Asia Minor Aurelius - Archbishop of Carthage from 388 to 423 Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus - Second-century Roman emperor and philosopher Aureoli, Petrus - Brief article by E.A. Pace notes the highlights of Aureol's intellectual career Auriesville - The site of the Mohawk village, Montgomery County, New York, U.S.A., in which Father Issac Jogues, and his companions, Goupil and Lalande, were put to death for the Faith by the Indians Aurispa, Giovanni - A famous ltalian humanist and collector of Greek manuscripts, born about 1369 at Noto, in Sicily; died at Ferrara in 1459 Aurora Lucis Rutilat - One of the Ambrosian hymns Ausculta Fili - A letter addressed 5 December 1301, by Pope Boniface VIII to Philip the Fair, King of France Ausonius, Decimus Magnus - Professor and poet (310-394) Austin, John - An English lawyer and writer, born 1613 at Walpole, in Norfolk; died London, 1669 Australia - Includes history, education, and religious statistics Austremonius, Saint - Apostle of Auverne, said to have been the first bishop of Clermont. Probably early fourth century Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, The - The European monarchy whose dominions have for their main life-distributing artery the River Danube, in its course from Engelhartszell, near Passau, to Orsova. South of the Danube lie the Austrian Alpine provinces and the provinces of Carinthia and Carnola; north of the Danube are the Carpathian and Sudetic provinces Authentic - The term is used in two senses. It is applied first to a book or document whose contents are invested with a special authority, in virtue of which the work is called authentic. In its second sense it is used as a synonym for 'genuine', and therefore means that a work really emanates from the author to whom it is ascribed Authenticity of the Bible - The authority of Holy Writ is twofold on account of its twofold authorship: human authors and divine inspiration Authority, Civil - The moral power of command, supported by physical coercion, which the State exercises over its members Authorized Version, The - Historical background on the AV, also called the King James Bible Autocephali - A designation in early Christian times of certain bishops who were subject to no patriarch or metropolitan, but depended directly on the triennial provincial synod or on the Apostolic See Autos Sacramentales - A form of dramatic literature which is peculiar to Spain, though in some respects similar in character to the old Morality plays of England Autpert, Ambrose - An early medieval writer and abbot of the Benedictine Order, born in France, early in the eighth century Autran, Joseph - French poet, born at Marseilles 20 June, 1813; died in the same city, 6 March, 1877 Autun - Comprises the entire Department of Saone et Loire in France. It was suffragan to the Archdiocese of Lyons under the old regime Auxentius of Milan - Ordained (343) to the priesthood by Gregory, the intruded Bishop of Alexandria Auxentius, Junior - Originally Mercurinus, a Scythian, and a disciple of Ulfilas, or Wulfila, of whose life and death he wrote an account Auxentius of Mopsuestia - Although he is identified in the Roman Martyrology, at least one scholar thinks that this bishop was an Arian Auxerre, Councils of - In 585 (or 578) a Council of Auxerre held under St. Annacharius formulated forty-five canons, closely related in context to canons of the contemporary Councils of Lyons and Macon Auxiliary Bishop - A bishop deputed to a diocesan who, capable of governing and administering his diocese, is unable to perform the pontifical functions; or whose diocese is so extensive that it requires the labors of more than one; or whose episcopal see has attached to it a royal or imperial office requiring protracted presence at court Auxilius of Naples - The name (probably fictitious, according to Hefele) of an ecclesiastic to whom we owe a series of remarkable writings (P.L., CXXIX, 1054 sqq.) that deal with the controversies concerning the succession and fate of Pope Formosus (891-896), and especially the validity of the orders conferred by him Ava - A German poetess, the first woman known to have written in German and probably identical with a recluse of that name who died in Austria in the vicinity of Melk, A.D. 1127 Avancini, Nicola - Chiefly known as an ascetical writer, born in the Tyrol, 1612; died 6 December, 1686 Avarice - The inordinate love for riches Avatar - The word is used, in a technical sense, in the Hindu religion to denote the descent upon earth of a portion of the essence of a god, which then assumes some coarser material form, be it animal, monster, or man Avaugour, Pierre du Bois, Baron d' - Sixth Governor General of Canada Ave Maria - Analysis of the prayer Ave Maria: origins and development Ave Maris Stella - The first verse of an unrhymed, accentual hymn, of seven strophes of four lines each, assigned in Roman Breviary to Vespers in the Common office, the Office of Saturdays, and the Little Office (as well as for Feasts) of the Blessed Virgin Ave Regina - An antiphon so called from its first line, Ave regina caelorum (Hail, Queen of Heaven) Avellino - An Italian diocese in the Province of Naples, suffragan to Benevento Avellino, Saint Andrew - Canon lawyer, priest, reformer, Theatine, d. 1608 Avempace - Arabian philosopher, physician, astronomer, mathematician, and poet, b. at Saragossa towards the end of the eleventh century; d. at Fez, 1138 Avendano, Fernando - Priest, native of Lima, spoke Quichua. Died 1665, shortly after being named bishop of Santiago de Chile Averbode - A Premonstratensian abbey belonging to the circary of Brabant and situated near Diest in the Archdiocese of Malines Averroes - Arabian philosopher, astronomer, and writer on jurisprudence; born at Cordova, 1126; died at Morocco, 1198 Aversa, Diocese of - Comprising twenty-one towns in the Province of Caserta and twelve in the Province of Naples, it is under the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See Avesta, The - The sacred books of Parsees, or Zoroastrians, and the main source of our knowledge concerning the religious and spiritual life the ancient Persians Avesta, Theological Aspects of the - Explores the subjects of God, dualism, angelology, and man Avicebron - Jewish religious poet, moralist, and philosopher. He was born at Malaga in 1020 or 1021, and died at Saragossa in 1070 Avicenna - Arabian physician and philosopher, born at Kharmaithen, in the province of Bokhara, 980; died at Hamadan, in Northern Persia, 1037 Avignon - Written in the form of Avennio in the ancient texts and inscriptions, takes its name from the House, or Clan, Avennius Avignon, Councils of - Details of several councils held here Avignon, University of - Developed from the already existing schools of the city, was formally constituted in 1303, by a Bull of Boniface VIII Avila - Diocese; suffragan of Valladolid in Spain Avila, Francisco de - Curate or vicar in the province of Huarochiri of Peru, later curate at Huanaco, finally Canon of the Church of La Plata, in Bolivia Avila, Sancho de - Born at Avila of the Kings, in Old Castile, 1546, and named after the place of his birth; died at Plasencia, in the same province, 6 or 7 December, 1625 Avitus, Saint - Anti-Arian Bishop of Vienne, converted King Sigismund, was a renowned poet, d. about 518 Aviz, Order of - Military body of Portuguese knights Avranches, Council of - In 1172 (September 27-28) a Council was held at Avranches in France, apropos of the troubles caused in the English Church by the murder of St. Thomas Becket Avril, Philippe - Jesuit, born at Angouleme, France, 16 September, 1654; died in a shipwreck in 1698 Axum - A titular metropolitan see of ancient Christian Ethiopia Ayacucho, Diocese of - A Peruvian diocese, suffragan to Lima Ayeta, Fray Francisco de - A Spanish Franciscan of the seventeenth century Ayllón, Lucas Vésquez de - This Spanish discoverer of Chesapeake Bay, and the first who tried to find a northwest passage from Europe to Asia, date of birth uncertain; died 18 October, 1526 Aylward, James Ambrose Dominic - Theologian and poet, born at Leeds, 4 April, 1813; died at Hinckley (England), 5 October, 1872 Aymará - Tribe of sedentary Indians inhabiting the northern sections of Bolivia Aymeric of Piacenza - A learned Dominican, b. at Piacenza, Italy; d. at Bologna, 19 August, 1327 Azara, Féliz de - Spanish naturalist, b. at Barbunales in Aragon, 18 May, 1746; d. 1811 Azaria, Aristaces - A Catholic Armenian abbot and archbishop, b. at Constantinople, 18 July, 1782; d. at Vienna, 6 May, 1854 Azarias, Brother - Educator, essayist, litterateur, and philosopher, b. near Killenaule, County Tipperary, Ireland, 29 June, 1847 Azevedo, Luiz de - An Ethiopic missionary and scholar, born, probably at Carrezedo Montenegro, in the Diocese of Braga, in Portugal, in 1573; died in Ethiopia in 1634 Azor, Juan - Professor of philosophy and later of theology, both dogmatic and moral, at Piacenza, Alcala, and Rome (1559-1603) Azores - An archipelago situated in that tract of the Atlantic Ocean which is known to mariners as the Sargasso Sea Azotus - Three uses, one of the five great cities of the Philistines, the mountain to which Bacchides pursued the Jews in battle, and a titular see of Palestine situated near the seacoast, between Jaffa and Ascalon Aztecs - A surname applied to the tribe of the Mexica, or Chichimeca Mexitin, which occupied aboriginal Mexico, in more or less contiguous groups, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when the Spaniards first came into contact with them Azymes - Unfermented cakes used by the Jews in their various sacrifices and religious rites Azymites - A term of reproach used by the schismatic Greeks since the eleventh century against the Latins, who, together with the Armenians and the Maronites, celebrate the Holy Eucharist with unleavened bread

B

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Baader, Franz Xaver von - German philosopher, born at Munich, 1765; died 23 May, 1841 Baal, Baalim - A word which belongs to the oldest stock of the Semite vocabulary and primarily means 'lord', 'owner' Baalbek - Town in Syria; also called Heliopolis Babel - The word is derived from the Babylonian bab-ilu, meaning 'gate of God' Babel, Tower of - Information on the history, site, and construction of the tower Babenstuber, Ludwig - German philosopher and theologian; vice-chancellor of the University of Salzburg; born 1660 at Teining in Bavaria; died 5 April, 1726, at the Benedictine monastery of Ettal Babinet, Jacques - French physicist (1794-1872) Babylas, Saint - Bishop of Antioch, martyr in the Decian persecution, died in prison Babylon (Title) - The curial title of a Latin archbishopric, also of a Chaldean patriarchate, and of a Syrian archbishopric Babylonia - Includes geography, history, and biblical references Baccanceld - This meeting was rather a witenagemot, or Parliament, than an ecclesiastical synod, presided over by Wihtred, King of Kent Bacchus and Sergius - Soldiers, martyred in the Diocletian persecution in about 303. Universally venerated in the East Bacchylus - Bishop of Corinth Bachelor of Arts - A degree marking the completion of the traditional curriculum of the college Bachelot, Alexis John Augustine - Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands (1796-1837) Bachiarius - An early fifth-century writer, known only through two treatises which warrant the conjecture that he was a monk, possibly an abbot, and a Spaniard Bachmann, Paul - Catholic theological controversialist, born at Chemnitz, Saxony, about 1466 Backer, Augustin de - Bibliographer, born at Antwerp, Belgium, 18 July, 1809; died at Liege, 1 December, 1873 Backx, Peter Hubert Evermode - Ordained priest 17 March, 1832, considered the second founder of the Norbertine Abbey of Tongerloo Bacon, David William - First Bishop of Portland, Maine (1813-1874) Bacon, John - An English Carmelite and theologian, born towards the end of the thirteenth century Bacon, Nathaniel - Better know under the assumed name of Southwell, a Jesuit priest and bibliographer, b. in the county of Norfolk, England, in 1598; d. at Rome, 2 Dec., 1676 Bacon, Roger - Philosopher, born at Ilchester, Somersetshire, about 1214; died at Oxford, perhaps 11 June, 1294 Baconian System of Philosophy, The - Essay takes a look at this system and its relation to theology and the beliefs of the Catholic church Badajoz - The Latin name Pax, or Civitas Pacensis, was given to this district because it was thought to be the Pax Julia or Pax Augusta of the Romans Baden - The Grand Duchy of Baden is situated in the southwestern part of the German Empire Badia, Tommaso - Cardinal, author, papal legate, born at Modena, 1483; died at Rome, 6 September, 1547 Badin, Stephen Theodore - Pioneer missionary priest of Kentucky (1768-1853) Badius, Raphael - A Florentine Dominican of the seventeenth century Bæticus, Gregory - Bishop of Elvira, in the province of Baetica, Spain, from which he derived his surname; d. about 392 Baegert, John Jacob - Missionary and ethnographer (1717-1777) Baert, François - Bollandist, born at Ypres, 25 August, 1651; died at Antwerp, 27 October, 1719 Bæumer, Suitbert - Historian of the Breviary and one of the most scholarly patrologists of the nineteenth century Bagamoyo - Vicariate apostolic in German East Africa, separated by a pontifical Decree of 11 May, 1906, from the Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Zanzibar Bagdad - Founded on the Tigris by the second Abbaside Caliph Abou Giafar al Mansur (762 or 764) and named by him Medinet es-Selam, or City of Salvation Bageis - A titular see of Lydia in Asia Minor Baglioni, Giovanni, Cavaliere - Known as the 'Deaf Man of the Barozzo', a painter of distinction, b. in Rome, 1571; d. there 1644 Bagnorea - A diocese situated in the district of Viterbo, Italy, and immediately subject to the Holy See Bagot, Jean - Theologian, born at Rennes, in France, 9 July, 1591, died at Paris, 23 August, 1664 Bagshaw, Christopher - Convert, priest, prisoner for the Faith, and a prominent figure in the controversies between Catholic priests and the reign of Elizabeth Bahama Islands, The - The most northerly group of the West Indies Bailey, Thomas - Controversialist, died c. 1657 Baillargeon, Charles François - A French-Canadian bishop (1798-1870) Baillet, Adrien - French author (1649-1706) Bailloquet, Pierre - French missionary to Canadian Indians (1612-1692) Baily, Thomas - A Catholic clergyman, b. in Yorkshire, England; d. at Douai, France, 7 October, 1591 Bainbridge, Christopher - Archbishop of York, and Cardinal (1464-1514) Baines, Peter Augustine - Titular Bishop of Siga (1787-1843) Baines, Ralph - Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, England, b. at Knowsthorp, Yorks, date of birth uncertain; d. 18 November, 1559 Baini, Abbate Giuseppe - Composer, born in Rome, 21 October, 1775; died there 21 May, 1844 Baithen of Iona, Saint - Irish monk, immediate successor of St. Columba as abbot of Iona. Baithen died sometime between 598 and 600 Baius, Michel - Theologian and author of a system known as Baianism (1513-1589) Baker, Venerable Charles - Real name David Henry Lewis. Biography of the convert to Catholicism, who was martyred in 1679 Baker, David Augustine - Benedictine mystic and ascetic writer (1575-1641) Baker, Francis Asbury - American priest and convert (1820-1865) Baker City, Diocese of - Comprises Wasco, Klamath, Lake, Sherman, Gilliam, Wheeler, Morrow, Grant, Union, Crook, Umatilla, Wallowa, Baker, Harney, and Malheur counties in the State of Oregon, U.S.A Bakócz, Thomas - Cardinal and statesman, b. about 1442, in the village of Erdoed, county Szatmar, Northeastern Hungary; d. 15 June, 1521 Balaam - The derivation of the name is uncertain. Dr. Neubauer would connect it with the god Ammo or Ammi, as though Balaam belonged to a people whose god or lord was Ammo or Ammi Balanaea - A titular see of Syria Balbina, Saint - There are at least two saints of this name venerated at Rome Balbinus, Boleslaus - A Jesuit historian of Bohemia (1621-1688) Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de - Explorer, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of Central America (1475-1517) Balbuena, Bernardo de - A Spanish poet, born in Val de Penas, 1568; died in Porto Rico, 1627 Balbus, Hieronymus - Humanist, poet, diplomatist, and Bishop of Gurk in Carinthia, b. about 1450 at Venice; d. there, probably 1535 Baldachium of the Altar - A dome-like canopy in wood, stone, or metal, erected over the high altar of larger churches, generally supported on four columns, though sometimes suspended by chains from the roof Balde, Jacob - A German poet (1604-1668) Balderic (Baudry) - A monk of Liege, a writer and teacher of the twelfth century, b. date unknown, at Florennes in Belgium; d. about 1157 Balderic - Bishop of Dol, in France, chronicler, b. about 1050; d. 7 January, 1130 Baldi, Bernardino - An Italian poet and savant, b. at Urbino, 5 June, 1553; d. at the same place, 10 October, 1617 Baldinucci, Blessed Anthony - Jesuit priest and missionary, preached penitence and devotion to the Virgin Mary, d. 1717 Baldovinetti, Alesso - A notable Florentine painter, b. in Florence, 14 October, 1427; d. there, 29 August, 1499 Baldred, Saint - Two saints of this name have the same feast day. One was a Celt; the other, and Englishman Baldung, Hans - Known as Grien or Grun, from his fondness for brilliant green, both in his own costume and in his pictures, a vigorous and distinguished painter, engraver, and draughtsman on wood, b. at Gmund, Swabia, about 1476; d. at Strasburg, 1545 Baldwin - Archbishop of Trier and Elector of the Holy Roman Empire, born 1285; died 1354 Baldwin, Francis - Jurist (1520-1573) Baldwin of Canterbury - Thirty-ninth Archbishop, a native of Exeter, date of birth unknown; d. 19 Nov., 1190 Balearic Isles - A group in the western part of the Mediterranean belonging to Spain and consisting of four larger islands, Majorca, Minorca, Iviza, and Formentera, and eleven smaller islands of rocky formation Bales, Christopher, Venerable - English priest, who was tortured and martyred less than three years after ordination. Also mentions fellow martyrs Nicholas Horner and Alexander Blake Ball, Mother Frances Mary Teresa - Born in Dublin 9 January, 1794; died 19 May, 1861; foundress of the Irish Branch of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ballarat - One of the three suffragan dioceses of the ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, Australia Ballerini, Antonio - Jesuit theologian (1805-1881) Ballerini, Girolamo and Pietro - Celebrated theologians and canonists, the sons of a distinguished surgeon of Verona Balme, Henry - A Franciscan theologian, born at Genera, date uncertain; d. 23 February, 1439 Balmes, Jaime Luciano - Philosopher and publicist, b. at Vich, Spain, 28 August, 1810; d. there, 9 July, 1848 Balsam - Balsam is an oily, resinous, and odorous substance, which flows spontaneously or by incision from certain plants, and which the Church mixes with olive oil for use as chrism Balsamon, Theodore - A canonist of the Greek Church, born in the second half of the twelfth century at Constantinople; died there, after 1195 Baltasar - The Greek and Latin name for Belshazzar, which is the Hebrew equivalent for Bel-sarra-usur, i.e., 'May Bel protect the king' Baltimore, Archdiocese of - History includes colonial and American periods Baltimore, Plenary Councils of - Provides details of three councils held in 1852, 1866, and 1884 Baltimore, Provincial Councils of - These councils have a unique importance for the Church in the United States, inasmuch as the earlier ones legislated for practically the whole territory of the Republic, and furnished moreover a norm for all the later provincial councils of the country Baltus, Jean François - Theologian, born at Metz, 8 June, 1667; died at Reims, 9 March, 1743 Balue, Jean - A French cardinal, b. probably c. 1421, in Poitou; d. 5 October, 1491, at Ripatransone Baluze, Etienne - French scholar and historian (1630-1718) Bamber, Ven. Edward - Lancashire priest martyred in 1646 Bamberg - Includes history and statistics for the Archdiocese of Bamberg, in the kingdom of Bavaria Banaias - The name of several men mentioned in the Bible Bancel, Louis - Born at Valence, 1628; died at Avignon, 1685 Bandello, Matteo - Writer, born at Castelnuovo di Scrivia in Piedmont, Italy, in 1480; died Bishop of Agen, France, in 1565 Banduri, Anselmo - Archaeologist and numismatologist (1671-1743) Bañez, Domingo - Detailed article on the Spanish Dominican theologian Bangor, Antiphonary of - The codex, found by Muratori in the Ambrosian Library at Milan Bangor - Diocese; anciently known as Bangor Vawr, situated in Carnarvonshire on the Menai Straits Bangor Abbey - The name of two famous monastic establishments in Ireland and England Banim, John & Michael - Brothers and writers from Kilkenny, Ireland Banjaluka - The Diocese of Banjaluka in Western Bosnia Bankruptcy, Civil Aspect of - Earlier English terms, bankruptship, bankrupture Bankruptcy, Moral Aspect of - Bankruptcy must be considered not only from the legal but also from the moral point of view; for sound morality prescribes that debts must be paid Banns of Marriage - In general the ecclesiastical announcement of the names of persons contemplating marriage Bapst, John - Jesuit missionary and educator (1815-1887) Baptism - One of the Seven Sacraments of the Christian Church; frequently called the 'first sacrament', the 'door of the sacraments', and the 'door of the Church' Baptismal Font - A basin or vase, serving as a receptacle for baptismal water in which the candidate for baptism is immersed, or over which he is washed, in the ceremony of Christian initiation Baptismal Vows - The name popularly given to the renunciations required of an adult candidate for baptism just before the sacrament is conferred Baptista Mantuanus, Blessed - Carmelite, Renaissance poet, d. 1516 Baptista Varani, Blessed - Poor Clare and ascetical writer. She died in 1527 Baptistery - The separate building in which the Sacrament of Baptism was once solemnly administered, or that portion of the church-edifice later set apart for the same purpose Baptistines - I. Hermits of St. John the Baptist. II. Missionaries of St. John the Baptist. III. Sisterhood of St. John the Baptist Baptists - A Protestant denomination which exists chiefly in English speaking countries and owes its name to its characteristic doctrine and practice regarding baptism Barac - The deliverer of the Israelites from the power of the Chanaanites under the judgeship of Debbora Baradæus, Jacob - A Syrian Monophysite bishop, born in Tella, towards the end of the fifth or the beginning of the sixth century, died in 578 Baraga, Frederic - First Bishop of Marquette, Michigan, U.S.A (1797-1868) Barat, Madeleine-Sophie - Founder of the Society of the Sacred Heart, d. 1865 Barat, Nicolas - A French Orientalist, born at Bourges during the first quarter of the seventeenth century; died in 1706 at Paris Barba, Alvaro Alonzo - A secular priest and writer Barbalissos - A titular see of Mesopotamia Barbara, Saint - Legendary virgin and martyr, first mentioned in the early seventh century. Alleged to have died in the third or fourth century, but date is uncertain and place of martyrdom varies Barbarigo, Giovanni Francesco - Italian Cardinal, nephew of Blessed Gregorio Barbarigo (1625-97), born in 1658 at Venice; died in 1730 Barbastro - Suffragan diocese of the Spanish province of Huesca Barbelin, Felix-Joseph - Styled the 'apostle of Philadelphia', b. at Luneville, Province of Alsace, France, 30 May, 1808; d. in Philadelphia, 8 June, 1869 Barber Family, The - Daniel Barber, soldier of the Revolution, Episcopalian minister and convert (1756-1834) Virgil Horace Barber, son of Daniel (1782-1847) Barbieri, Giovanni - A famous painter of religious subjects (1591-1666) Barbosa, Agostino - A noted canonist, b. at Guimaraens, Portugal, in 1589; consecrated in Rome, 22 March, 1649, Bishop of Ugento in Otranto, Italy, died seven months later Barbosa-Machado, Ignacio - A Portuguese historian, born at Lisbon in 1686; died in 1734 Barbour, John - Scottish ecclesiastic and author of 'The Bruce', a historical poem in the early Scottish or Northern English dialect, b. about 1320; d. 1395 Barbus, Paulus - Italian philosopher and theologian, died at Cremona, 4 August, 1494 Barca - A titular see of Cyrenaica in Northern Africa Barcelona - One of the suffragan dioceses of the Archdiocese of Tarragona Barcelona, University of - An outgrowth of the ecclesiastical schools founded in the eleventh century Barcena, Alonzo de - A Jesuit, native of Bacza in Andalusia, Spain (1528-1598) Barclay, John - Author of the political novel 'Argenis' and other Latin works in prose and verse (1582-1621) Barclay, William - Scottish jurist, b. 1546; d. at Angers, France, 3 July, 1608 Barco Centenera, Martin del - A secular priest, in 1572 accompanied as chaplain, the expedition of Juan Ortiz de Zarate to the Rio de La Plata Barcos, Martin de - French theologian of the Jansenist School (1600-1678) Bard, Henry - An English soldier and diplomat, b. 1604; d. 1660 Bardesanes and Bardesanites - Syrian Gnostic or, more correctly, a Syrian poet, astrologist, and philosopher, d. 222, at Edessa Bar Hebræus - A Jacobite Syrian bishop, philosopher, poet, grammarian, physician, Biblical commentator, historian, and theologian (1226-1286) Bari - An archdiocese situated in the province of the same name, in Apulia, Southern Italy Barjesus - False prophet mentioned in the New Testament Bar-Kepha, Moses - Jacobite bishop and writer (813-903) Barkworth, Ven. Mark - Short biography of the English convert, martyred in 1601 Barlaam and Josaphat - Main characters of a seventh-century Christian legend. Barlaam, a hermit, converted the prince Josaphat to Christianity, despite the efforts of Josaphat's father Abenner to prevent such a thing. Although Barlaam and Josaphat are included in the Roman Martyrology and in the Greek calendar, the story is actually a Christianized version of a legend about Buddha Barletta, Gabriel - Sometimes called Barlete, De Barolo, or Barolus Barlings, Abbey of - Founded in 1154 in honour of Our Lady by Ralph de Haye who had given some lands to the Abbot of Newhouse Barlow, Ven. Edward Ambrose - Short biography of the Benedictine priest, martyred at Lancaster in 1641 Barlow, William Rudesind - Third son of Sir Alexander Barlow of Barlow Hall, date of birth uncertain; d. at Douai, 19 Sept., 1656 Barnabas, The Epistle of - Contains no clue to its author nor to those for whom it was intended Barnabas, Saint - Originally Joseph, styled an Apostle in Holy Scripture, and, like St. Paul, ranked by the Church with the Twelve, though not one of them Barnabas of Terni - Friar Minor and missionary, d. 1474 or 1477 Barnabites - The popular name of a religious order which is canonically known by the title, given to it by Pope Paul III in 1535, of Regular Clerics of St. Paul Baroccio, Federigo - Italian painter and engraver (1528-1612) Barocco Style - A debased application to architecture of Renaissance features Baron, Bonaventura - Irish Franciscan theologian, philosopher, and writer of Latin prose and verse (1610-1696) Baron, Vincent - Dominican theologian and preacher (1604-1674) Baronius, Venerable Cesare - Cardinal and ecclesiastical historian (1538-1607) Barquisimeto - Diocese in Venezuela, South America Barradas, Sebastião - A Portuguese exegete and preacher, born at Lisbon in 1543; died at Coimbra in 1615 Barral, Louis-Mathias, Count de - Archbishop of Tours, France, born 26 April, 1746, at Grenoble; died 7 June, 1816, at Paris Barrande, Joachim - French palaeontologist (1799-1883) Barrasa, Jacinto - Born at Lima, Peru, early in the seventeenth century; died there, 22 Nov., 1704 Barre, Antoine-Lefebvre, Sieur de la - Tenth French Governor-General of Canada, b. at Paris in 1622; d. in 1690 Barreira, Balthasar - A Portuguese Jesuit missionary, born at Lisbon, 1531; died 1612 Barrientos, Lopez de - Spanish Dominican bishop, patriot, and diplomat (1382-1469) Barron, Edward - Irish missionary (1801-1854) Barros, João de - Historian, b. in Portugal, 1496; d. 20 October, 1570 Barrow, John - Priest, descended from a family of stanch Catholic yeomen (1735-1811) Barrow, William, Venerable - An English Jesuit martyr, born in Lancashire, in 1609, died 30 June, 1679 Barruel, Augustin - Controversialist and publicist, born at Villeneuve de Berg (Ardeche); 2 October, 1741; died at Paris, 5 October, 1820 Barry, John - U.S. Navy Captain (1745-1803) Barry, John - Second Bishop of Savannah (1799-1859) Barry, Patrick - Horticulturist (1816-1890) Barry, Paul de - A member of the Society of Jesus, born at Leucate in 1587; died at Avignon, 28 July, 1661 Barthel, Johann Caspar - A German canonist (1697-1771) Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques - French numismatologist and writer, b. at Cassis (Provence), 1716; d. in Paris, 1795 Bartholi, Francesco della Rossa - Friar Minor and chronicler, died c. 1372 Bartholomaeus Anglicus - Thirteenth-century Franciscan encyclopedist Bartholomew, Saint - Mentioned in the lists of apostles in the Synoptic Gospels and in Acts, thought to be identical with Nathaniel (mentioned only in the Gospel of John) Bartholomew - Also called Bartholomaeus Parvus (the Little), born at Bologna, year not known; died 15 August, 1333 Bartholomew of Braga, Venerable - Born at Verdela, near Lisbon, May, 1514; died at Viana, 16 July, 1590 Bartholomew of Braganca - Born about 1200; died 1 July, 1271 Bartholomew of Brescia - Italian canonist, b. probably in the second half of the twelfth century at Brescia; d. 1258 Bartholomew of Edessa - Syrian apologist and polemical writer Bartholomew of Lucca - Historian, b. about 1227 at Lucca; d. about 1327 Bartholomew of Pisa - Friar Minor and chronicler Bartholomew of San Concordio - Canonist, and man of letters, b. at San Concordia, near Pisa about 1260; d. at Pisa, 11 June, 1347 Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Saint - This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 (the feast of St. Bartholomew), and in the provinces of France during the ensuing weeks, and it has been the subject of knotty historical disputes Bartholomites - The name given to Armenian monks who sought refuge in Italy after the invasion of their country by the Sultan of Egypt in 1296 Bartoli, Daniello - Historian and litterateur, born at Ferrara, 12 February, 1608; died in Rome, 12 January, 1685 Bartolocci, Giulio - A Cistercian monk and learned Hebrew scholar, b. at Celleno in the old kingdom of Naples, 1 April, 1613; d. at Rome, 19 October, 1687 Bartolommeo, Fra - Italian Dominican painter (1475-1517) Bartolozzi, Francesco - An engraver, etcher, and painter, b. at Florence, 1727; d. at Lisbon, 1815 Barton, Elizabeth - Born probably in 1506; executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1534; called the 'Nun of Kent' Baruch - The disciple of Jeremiah, and the traditional author of the deuto-canonical book, which bears his name Barzynski, Vincent - Polish-American priest (1838-1899) Basil the Great, Saint - Biographical article on the Bishop of Caesarea, who is one of the Cappadocian Fathers, Doctor of the Church, and brother of St. Gregory of Nyssa Basil, Liturgy of Saint - Several Oriental liturgies, or at least several anaphoras, have been attributed to the great St. Basil, Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 to 379 Basil, Rule of Saint - St. Basil drew up his Rule for the members of the monastery he founded about 356 on the banks of the Iris in Cappadocia Basilians - Priests of the Community of St. Basil Basilica - The term can indicate either the architectural style of a church, or its canonical status Basilides - The earliest of the Alexandrian Gnostics, a native of Alexandria and flourished under the Emperors Adrian and Antoninus Pius, about 120-140 Basilides - Martyrs bearing this name are mentioned in the old martyrologies on three different days, namely, on 10, 12, and 28 June Basilinopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor Basilissa - Several saints of this name appear in martyrologies. Next to nothing is known about any of them except place of martyrdom, and sometimes the names of their spouses or companions in martyrdom Basil of Amasea - Bishop and Martyr Basil of Seleucia - Bishop and ecclesiastical writer, date of birth uncertain; d., probably, between 458 and 460 Basins, Ecclesiastical Use of - Extensively used in the Jewish Ritual and were in early use in Christian churches for ablutions and to receive lamp-drippings Basle, Council of - Convoked by Pope Martin V in 1431, closed at Lausanne in 1449 Basle-Lugano - Composed of the two Dioceses of Basle and Lugano which are united only by having a bishop in common Bas-relief - A sculpture executed upon and attached to a flat surface Bassein - The birthplace of St. Gonsalo Garcia, the only Indian saint, who was a companion of St. Philip de las Casas, the first native of America to be canonized Bassett, Joshua - Convert and controversialist, Master of Sidney Sussex College, born about 1641, at Lynn Regis, where his father was a merchant; died in London, in 1720 Bassi, Matthew of - Founder of the Capuchins (1495-1552) Bassianus - Bishop of Ephesus (444-448) Bastiat, Claude-Frédéric - A French economist, b. at Mugron, a small city in the Department of Landes, 29 June, 1801; d. at Rome, 24 December, 1850 Baston, Guillaume-André-Réné - A French theologian, b. at Rouen, 29 November, 1741; d. at Saint-Laurent, 26 September, 1825 Basutoland - A mountainous district of South Africa, bounded on the north and west by the Orange River Colony, on the easy by Natal, and on the south by Cape Colony Batavia - Vicariate Apostolic of Batavia Bath Abbey - The first religious house in Bath was a monastery of nuns founded by King Osric, A.D. 676 Bath and Wells - Ancient diocese coextensive with the county of Somerset, England Bathe, William - Irishman, Jesuit, wrote educational books on music and language. He died in 1614 Bathilde, Saint - A runaway slave who became the wife of King Clovis II. Upon widowhood, she founded monasteries and proved herself a capable regent. She died in 680 Bathurst - Diocese situated in New South Wales, Australia, in the ecclesiastical Province of Sydney Battaglini, Marco - A historian of the councils, b. at Rimini, Italy, 25 March, 1645; d. at Cesena, 19 September, 1717 Batteux, Charles - Abbe and writer on philosophy and aesthetics, b. near Vouziers, France, 6 May, 1713; d. at Paris, 14 July, 1780 Battista, Giovanni Giuda Giona - Original name, Jehuda Jona Ben-Isaac Battle Abbey - Founded by William the Conqueror on the site of the Battle of Senlae or Hastings (1066) Bauberger, Wilhelm - German physician, novelist, and poet, b. at Thannhausen in Swabian Bavaria, 3 March, 1809; d. at the same place, 8 February, 1883 Baudeau, Nicolas - Regular Canon and economist, b. at Amboise, France, 25 April, 1730; d. in 1792 Baudouin, Michel - Italian missionary born 1692. Entered the Society of Jesus in France at the age of twenty-one, arrived in Louisiana in 1728 Baumgartner, Alexander - Swiss poet and writer (1841-1910) Baumgartner, Gallus Jacob - A Swiss statesman, b. 18 October, 1797, at Altstaetten, Switzerland; d. 12 July, 1869, at St. Gallen Baunard, Louis - Educator, b. at Bellgarde (Loiret), France, in 1828 Bauny, Etienne - Theologian, b. in 1564 at Mouzon, Ardennes, France; d. 3 December, 1649, at Saint Pol de Leon Bausset, Louis-François de - A French cardinal, writers, and statesman (1748-1824) Bautain, Louis-Eugène-Marie - Philosopher and theologian (1796-1867) Bautista, Fray Juan - Franciscan, who taught theology and metaphysics at the convent of St. Francis of Mexico Bavaria, The Kingdom of - Named after the German tribe called Boiarii Bawden, William - An English Jesuit, born at Cornwall, 1563; died at St.-Omer, 28 September, 1632 Bayer, Adèle - Eldest daughter of Andrew Parmentier, b. in Belgium, 4 July, 1814, and d. in Brooklyn, New York, 22 January, 1892 Bayeu y Subias, Francisco - Born at Saragossa, 9 March, 1734; died Madrid, 4 August, 1795, a distinguished religious and historical painter Bayeux - Coextensive with the Department of Calvados, is suffragan to the Archbishopric of Rouen Bayley, James Roosevelt - First Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A.; eighth Archbishop of Baltimore, Maryland (1814-1877) Baylon, Saint Pascal - Aragonese Franciscan lay brother, d. 1592 Bayma, Joseph - Jesuit mathematician and scientist (1816-1892) Bayonne - Diocese comprising the Department of Basses-Pyrenees Baysio, Guido de - An Italian canonist, b. about the middle of the thirteenth century of a noble Ghibelline family; d. at Avignon, 10 August, 1313 Bazin, John Stephen - Third Bishop of Vincennes (now the Diocese of Indianapolis) (1796-1848) Beads, Use of, at Prayers - Essay on chaplets, rosaries, prayer ropes, prayer cords. Brief treatment of the use of beads in prayer by non-Christians Beards - Among the Jews, as among most Oriental peoples, the beard was especially cherished as a symbol of virility; to cut off another man's beard was an outrage Beardsley, Aubrey - Biography of the daring English illustrator Beatific Vision - The immediate knowledge of God which the angelic spirits and the souls of the just enjoy in Heaven Beatification and Canonization - According to some writers the origin in the Catholic Church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis Beatitudes, Mount of - Name given to the place where the 'Sermon on the Mount', was delivered Beatitudes, The Eight - The solemn blessings which mark the opening of the Sermon on the Mount Beaton, David - Cardinal, Archbishop of St. Andrews, b. 1494; d. 29 May, 1546 Beaton, James - Scottish Archbishop (1473-1539) Beaton, James - Archbishop of Glasgow (1517-1603) Beatrix - Brief biographies of seven saints or beatae named Beatrix or Beatrice. One of them, Beatrix da Silva, has since been canonized Beaufort, Lady Margaret - Countess of Richmond and Derby, b. 1441; d. 1509, daughter and heiress of John Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset Beaulieu Abbey - A Cistercian house in Hampshire, one of the three monasteries founded by King John (c. 1204) and peopled by thirty monks from Citeaux Beaune, Renaud de - A French Bishop, b. in 1527, at Tours; d. 1606 in Paris Beauregard, Jean-Nicolas - French pulpit orator (1733-1794) Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant - Soldier, b. near New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A., 28 May, 1818; d. there 20 February, 1893 Beauvais - A suffragan diocese of the archiepiscopal See of Reims Beauvais, Gilles-François-de - Jesuit writer and preacher, born at Mans, France, 7 July, 1693; died probably at Paris about 1773 Beauvais, Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Marie de - A French bishop, b. at Cherbourg, 17 October, 1731; d. at Paris, 4 April, 1790 Bébian, Roch-Amboise-Auguste - Sent to France, committed to the care of his godfather, the Abbe Sicard, the well-known educator of the deaf and dumb Bec, Abbey of - The Benedictine Abbey of Bec, or Le Bec, in Normandy, was founded in the earlier part of the eleventh century by Herluin, a Norman knight who about 1031 left the court of Count Gilbert of Brionne to devote himself to a life of religion Becan, Martin - Controversialist, born at Hilvarenbeck, Brabant, Holland, 6 January, 1563; died at Vienna, 24 January, 1624 Beccaria, Giovanni Battista - Physicist (1716-1781) Beccus, John - Patriarch of Constantinople in the second half of the thirteenth century, one of the few Greek ecclesiastics who were sincerely in favour of reunion with the Church of Rome Beche, Blessed John - Benedictine abbot. When Beche refused to grant that the king had any authority to confiscate St. John's Abbey, Colchester, he was thrown in the Tower on charges of treason. Though weak, he gained the crown of martyrdom in 1539 Beckedorff, George Philipp Ludolf von - Studied theology at Jena, then medicine at Goettingen, obtained the degree of doctor in 1799 Becker, Thomas Andrew - Sixth Bishop of Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A Becket, Saint Thomas - Biography of this martyr, also known as St. Thomas of Canterbury, where he was archbishop and where he was murdered in 1170 Beckx, Pierre-Jean - Twenty-second General of the Society of Jesus, born at Sichem, Belgium, 8 February, 1795; died at Rome, 4 March, 1887 Becquerel, Antoine-César - French physicist, b. at Chatillon-sur-Loing (Loiret), 7 March, 1788; d. at Paris, 18 January, 1878 Bédard, Pierre - French-Canadian lawyer and member of the Assembly of Lower Canada, b. at Charlesbourg near Quebec, 13 November, 1762; d. at Three Rivers, 26 April 1829 Bede - The old English word bede (Anglo-Saxon bed) means a prayer, though the derivative form, gebed, was more common in this sense in Anglo-Saxon literature Bede, The Venerable - Benedictine monk, priest, historian, Doctor of the Church, d. 735 Bedford, Gunning S. - Medical writer and teacher (1806-1870) Bedford, Henry - Writer and educator (1816-1903) Bedingfeld, Frances - Superioress of the English Institute of Mary (1616-1704) Bedingfeld, Henry, Sir - Knight; b. 1509; d. 1583 Bedini, Cajetan - Italian Cardinal and diplomat (1806-1864) Bedlam - A London hospital originally intended for the poor suffering from any ailment and for such as might have no other lodging, hence its name, Bethlehem, in Hebrew, the 'house of bread.' Beelen, Ian Theodor - Exegete and Orientalist (1807-1884) Beelphegor - The Moabite divinity who ruled over Phogor Beelzebub - Provides an Old and a New Testament definition Beesley, George, Venerable - English priest and martyr, died 1591 Beethoven, Ludwig van - Composer (1770-1827) Begnudelli-Basso, Francesco Antonio - A canonist who lived at the end of the seventeenth century Beguines & Beghards - As early as the commencement of the twelfth century there were women in the Netherlands who lived alone, and without taking vows devoted themselves to prayer and good works Behaim, Albert von - Known also as Albertus Bohemus Behaim, Martin - A German cartographer and navigator (1459-1507) Beirut - In Phoenicia, a titular Latin see, and the residential see of several prelates of Oriental rites Beja - Diocese in Portugal, suffragan of Evora Belasyse, John - Born about 1614; died 1689, a loyal Catholic English nobleman, second son of Thomas first Lord Fauconberg. His mother was Barbara, daughter of Sir Henry Cholmondeley of Roxby, Yorkshire Belchiam, Venerable Thomas - A Franciscan martyr in the reign of Henry VIII, date of birth uncertain; d. 3 August 1537 Belem do Pará, Archdiocese of - In South America, formerly (after 4 March, 1719) a suffragan diocese of Bahia (San Salvador), but raised to metropolitan rank 3 May, 1906 Belfry - The upper part of the tower or steeple of a church, for the reception of the bells; or a detached tower containing bells, as the campanile of the Italians Belgium - Information on the history, education, and cemeteries of the country Belgrade and Smederevo - Titular (united) sees of Servia Belgrado, Giacopo - Italian Jesuit and natural philosopher (1704-1789) Belial - Found frequently as a personal name in the Vulgate and various English translations of the Bible, is commonly used as a synonym of Satan, or the personification of evil Belief - That state of the mind by which it assents to propositions, not by reason of their intrinsic evidence, but because of authority Belin, Albert (Jean) - French prelate and writer, b. in Besancon early in the seventeenth century; d. 29 April, 1677 Bell, Altar - A small bell placed on the credence or in some other convenient place on the epistle side of the altar Bell, Angelus - The triple Hail Mary recited in the evening, which is the origin of our modern Angelus, was closely associated with the ringing of a bell Bell, Arthur, Venerable - Friar Minor and English martyr (1590-1643) Bell, James - Ordained priest in Mary's reign, served the Established Church under Queen Elizabeth, but returned to the Catholic Church and became a missionary. He was martyred along with a layman, John Finch, in 1584 Bellamy, Jerome - A sympathizer with Mary Queen of Scots Bellarini, John - Barnabite theologian, b. at Castelnuovo, Italy, in 1552; d. at Milan, 27 August, 1630 Bellarmine, St. Robert - Biographical article on the Jesuit theologian and cardinal Bellasius, Edward - Serjeant-at-Law, b. 14 October, 1800; d. 24 January, 1873 Bellecius, Aloysius - Jesuit ascetic author, born at Freiburg im Breisgau, 15 February, 1704; died at Augsburg, 27 April, 1757 Bellenden, John - A Scotch poet, b. at Haddington or Berwick in the latter part of the fifteenth century; d. at Rome, c. 1587 Belleville - Diocese comprising part of southern Illinois Belley - Coextensive with the civil department of Ain and a suffragan of the Archbishopric of Besancon Bellings, Sir Richard - Irish historian, b. near Dublin early in the seventeenth century; d. in 1677 Bellini - Giacomo (Jacopo) Bellini, father of Gentile and Giovanni Bellini. Teacher of his sons who were the chief founders of the Venetian school of painting Belloy, Jean-Baptiste de - Cardinal-Archbishop of Paris (1709-1808) Bells - Article covers origin, benediction, uses, archaeology and inscriptions, and points of law Belluno-Feltre - Anciently called Bellunum, the metropolis of the province of that name in Venetia, Italy, is situated on a hill between the torrent of Ardo and the River Piave Belmont, François Vachon de - Fifth superior of the Sulpicians at Montreal, b. at Grenoble, France, 1645; d. 1732 Belson, Venerable Thomas - Brief profile of the English martyr, who was executed with George Nicols and Richard Yaxley in 1589 Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri François Xavier de - Bishop of Marseilles (1671-1755) Belzoni, Giambattista - An Egyptian explorer, b. at Padua, Italy, in 1778. d. Gato, Africa, 3 Dec., 1823 Belshazzar - The Greek and Latin name for Belshazzar, which is the Hebrew equivalent for Bel-sarra-usur, i.e., 'May Bel protect the king' Bembo, Pietro - Italian scholar and Cardinal, b. of a noble family at Venice, 20 May, 1470; d. at Rome, 18 January, 1547 Benadir - Prefecture Apostolic in Africa Bénard, Laurent - Chief founder of the Maurist Congregation of the Benedictine Order, b. at Nevers, 1573; d. at Paris, 1620 Benavides, Fray Alonzo - Archbishop of Goa in the Portuguese Indies Bench, Communion - An adaptation of the sanctuary guard or altar rail Benda - A titular see of Albania Benedict I, Pope - A Roman and the son of Boniface, and was called Bonosus by the Greeks Benedict II, Saint, Pope - A Roman, he was pope for a little less than eleven months, and died in 685. Account of his pontificate Benedict III, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 17 April, 858 Benedict IV, Pope - A Roman and the son of Mammalus, became pope in the first half of 900 Benedict V, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died 4 July, 965 Benedict VI, Pope - Benedict, Cardinal-Deacon of St. Theodore, a Roman and the son of Hildebrand, was elected as the successor of John XIII Benedict VII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. c. October, 983 Benedict VIII, Pope - The first of the Tusculan popes. Date of birth unknown; d. 9 April, 1024 Benedict IX, Pope - The nephew of his two immediate predecessors Benedict X - The bearer of this name was an antipope in the days of Nicholas II, 1056-61 Benedict XI, Pope - Elected unanimously, author of Scriptural commentaries, d. 1304 Benedict XII, Pope - Third of the Avignon popes (1334-1342) Benedict XIII, Pope - Reigned 1724-1730 Benedict XIV, Pope - Reigned 1740-58 Benedictbeurn, Abbey of - Tradition, as well as manuscripts dating as far back as the tenth century, ascribe its foundation in the year 740, to three brothers of noble birth, named Lanfrid, Wulfram, and Eliland, acting under the influence of St. Boniface, who was then preaching the Faith in Bavaria Benedict Biscop, Saint - Anglo-Saxon, monastic founder, d. 690 Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint - Frenchman, longed to be a monk but spent the last thirteen years of his life as a pilgrim. He died in 1783 Benedict Levita - Benedict Levita (of Mainz), or Benedict the Deacon, is the name given to himself by the author of a forged collection of capitularies which appeared in the ninth century Benedict of Aniane, Saint - St. Benedict was a Goth, served in the Frankish court, then became a Benedictine monk. His monastery of Aniane was the model for monastic reform in France and the Empire. He died in 821 Benedict of Nursia, Saint - Long article on the founder of Western monasticism, and on his Rule Benedict, Medal of - A medal, originally a cross, dedicated to the devotion in honour of St. Benedict Benedict, Rule of Saint - Lengthy article on the text of the Rule and its composition, some analysis, and practical application Benedicti, Jean - A Franciscan theologian of the sixteenth century belonging to the Observantine Province of Tours and Poitiers Benedictine Order - Comprises monks living under the Rule of St. Benedict, and commonly known as 'black monks' Benedictional - A book containing a collection of benedictions or blessings in use in the Church Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament - Description of the basics of this popular devotion. Benediction is unusual in that it is a devotional practice partly governed by liturgical law Benedict of Peterborough - Abbot and writer, place and date of birth unknown; d. 1193 Benedict of San Philadelphio, Saint - Also known as Benedict the Moor. Born in Italy to Christian slaves from Ethiopia, St. Benedict joined an association of hermits, and when that was dissolved, became a Franciscan Recollect Benedictus, The - One of the three great canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis Benedictus Polonus - A medieval Friar Minor missionary and traveller (c. 1245) Benefice - Popularly the term is often understood to denote either certain property destined for the support of ministers of religion, or a spiritual office or function, such as the care of souls Benefit of Clergy - The exemption from the jurisdiction of the secular courts, which in England, in the Middle Ages, was accorded to clergymen Benettis, Jeremiah - Friar Minor Capuchin and historical writer, d. in 1774 Benevento, Archdiocese of - The principal city of the province of the same name in Campania Bengtsson, Jöns Oxenstjerna - Archbishop of Upsala, Sweden, b. 1417; d. in 1467 Bengy, Anatole de - A martyr of the French Commune (1824-1871) Benignus, Saint - Known as 'Patrick's psalm-singer,' Irish missionary, musician, bishop, legislator, d. 467 Benignus of Dijon, Saint - Third-century martyr Benin - Vicariate Apostolic on the coast of Benin Benjamin - The youngest son of Jacob born of Rachel Benkert, Franz Georg - German theologian and historical writer (1790-1859) Benno II - Bishop of Osnabrueck Benoît, Michel - Born at Autun (or Dijon), France, 8 October, 1715; died at Peking, 23 October, 1774, a Jesuit scientist, for thirty years in the service of Kien Lung, Emperor of China Benthamism - Article on Jeremy Bentham, English jurist and reformer. Features biographical information and a short bibliography Bentivoglio, Family of - Originally from the castle of that name in the neighbourhood of Bologna, Italy. They claimed descent from Enzio (c. 1224-72), King of Sardinia, a natural son of Frederick II Bentley, John Francis - English architect (1839-1902) Bentney, William - An English Jesuit priest born in Cheshire, 1609; died 30 October, 1692 Benziger, Joseph Charles - Founder of the Catholic publishing house that bears his name (1762-1841) Benzoni, Girolamo - Writer, born at Milan about 1519 Berach, Saint - A disciple of St. Kevin. Abbot of Cluain Coirpthe, now called Kilbarry or Termonbarry in the saint's honor. St. Berach died in 595 Berard of Carbio, Saint - Franciscan martyr, d. 1220 Berardi, Carbo Sebastiano - Canonist (1719-1768) Bérault-Bercastel, Antoine Henri de - A writer of church history, b. 22 November, 1720, at Briey, Lorraine; d. about 1794 at Noyon, France Bercharius, Saint - Abbot of Hautvillers, founder, stabbed to death by one of his monks in 696 Bercheure, Pierre - French Benedictine (1290-1362) Berchmans, Saint John - Biography of this Jesuit, always pious, who died in 1621 at the age of 22 Berchtold, Blessed - Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery of Engelberg in Switzerland, died 1197 Berdini of Sarteano, Blessed Albert - Short biography of the Franciscan famed as a preacher Berengarius of Tours - Born at Tours about 999; died on the island of St. Cosme, near that city, in 1088 Bérenger, Pierre - A French writer who flourished about the middle of the twelfth century Berenice - A titular see of Egypt which was situated at the end of Major Syrtis where Bengazi stands today Bergamo - The city, called by the ancients Bergonum, is capital of the province of that name in Lombardy Bergen, Ancient See of - The diocese included the Provinces of Nordre and Sondre Bergenhus, and the district of Sondmor in the Province of Romsdal Bergier, Nicolas-Sylvestre - French theologian (1715-1790) Berin, Saint - Confessor, first Bishop of Dorchester, Apostle of Wessex, d. 650 Berington, Charles - Titular Bishop of Hiero-Caesarea, b. at Stock, Essex, England, 1748; d. 8 June, 1798 Berington, Joseph - Catholic writer (1743-1827) Berisford, Humphrey - Confessor c. 1588 Berissa - A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus, in Asia Minor Beristain y Martin de Souza, José Mariano - Mexican bibliographer, b. in Puebla, Mexico, 22 May, 1756; d. at Mexico, 23 March, 1817 Berlage, Anton - Dogmatic theologian (1805-1881) Berland, Pierre - Archbishop of Bordeaux (1375-1457) Berlanga, Fray Tomás de - Bishop of Panama, b. at Berlanga in Spain, date uncertain; d. there 8 August, 1551 Berlin - Capital of the German Empire and of the Kingdom of Prussia Berlioz, Hector - French composer (1803-1869) Bernal, Agostino - Spanish theologian (1587-1642) Bernard, Saint - Soldier, monk, abbot, Archbishop of Vienne, d. 842 Bernard, Alexis-Xyste - Bishop of St. Hyacinth Bernard, Claude - French ecclesiastic (1588-1641) Bernard, Claude - French physiologist (1813-1878) Bernard Guidonis - Bishop and Inquisitor (1261-1331) Bernard of Besse - Friar Minor and chronicler, a native of Aquitaine, date of birth uncertain Bernard of Bologna - Friar Minor Capuchin and Scotist theologian, born at Bologna, 17 December, 1701; died 19 February, 1768 Bernard of Botone - Generally called Parmensis from his birthplace, Parma in Italy, a noted canonist of the thirteenth century Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint - Article on the life and works of this twelfth-century Cistercian and Doctor of the Church Bernard of Cluny - A Benedictine monk of the first half of the twelfth century, poet, satirist, and hymn-writer, author of 'On the Contempt of the World' Bernard of Compostella - A canonist of the early thirteenth century Bernard of Luxemburg - Dominican theologian, controversialist, and Inquisitor (d. 1535) Bernard of Menthon, Saint - Archdeacon of Aosta, preacher, founder of two hospices for travelers in dangerous Alpine passes (now named the Great St. Bernard and Little St. Bernard, after him), d. 1008 Bernard of Pavia - Canonist and bishop (d. 1213) Bernard Tolomeo, Saint - Italian hermit, monastic founder, d. 1348 Bernardine of Feltre, Blessed - Italian Franciscan missionary, died 1494. Of little note as an author. Best remembered for his monti di pieta, a type of charitable lender similar to pawnbrokers Bernardine of Fossa, Blessed - Italian Franciscan, missionary, historian, biographer, d. 1503 Bernardine of Siena, Saint - Biography of the Franciscan missionary, reformer, popular preacher, peacemaker, called 'the Apostle of Italy,' who died in 1380 Bernardines, The - Title of certain sisters of the order of Citeaux who at the end of the sixteenth and in the seventeenth century, made energetic efforts to restore the primitive observance of their rule Berne - Article provides religious and historic information Berni, Francesco - An Italian comic poet, b. at Lamporecchio (Florence) 1497 or 1498; d. at Florence, 26 May, 1535 Bernier, Etienne-Alexandre - French Bishop (1762-1806) Bernini, Domenico - Son of Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo - Italian architect and sculptor (1598-1680) Bernini, Giuseppe Maria - A Capuchin missionary and Orientalist, b. near Carignan in Piedmont; d. in Hindustan in 1753 Bernis, François-Joachim-Pierre de - A French cardinal and statesman, b. 1715 at Saint-Marcel-d'Ardeche; d. at Rome, 1794 Berno (Abbot of Reichenau) - Famous as orator, poet, philosopher, and musician, born (date unknown) at Prum near Trier; d. 7 June, 1048 Berno - Apostle of the Obotrites, in the latter half of the twelfth century Bernold of Constance - Historian and theologian, b. in Swabia about 1054; d. at Schaffhausen, 16 September, 1100 Bernward, Saint - Bishop of Hildesheim, d. 1022 Beroea - A titular see of Macedonia, at the foot of Mount Bermios Berosus - The name of a native historian of Babylonia and a priest of the great god Bel (Bel-Marduk) Beroth - A city in Chanaan, one of the confederation of cities under the headship of Gabaon Berrettini, Pietro - Italian painter, architect, and writer, b. at Cortona, in Tuscany, 1 November, 1596; d. at Rome, 16 May, 1669 Berruguete, Alonso - For his mastery of the arts of painting, sculpture, and architecture, sometimes called the Spanish Michelangelo, b. at Paredes de Nava, in Castile, about 1480; d. at Toledo, 1561 Berruyer, Isaac-Joseph - Entered the Society of Jesus in 1697. Wrote 'A History of the People of God,' published in three parts Berryer, Pierre-Antoine - French advocate, orator, and statesman (1790-1868) Bersabee - A town on the southern extremity of Palestine Bertha - Brief biographies of five holy women of this name: two saints; two beatae; and one Bertha who is commonly called a saint but there is no evidence of a cultus surrounding her Berthier, Guillaume-François - A Jesuit professor and writer, born at Issoudun, 1704; died at Bourges, 1782 Berthold - Bishop, Apostle of the Livonians, killed 24 July, 1198, in a crusade against the pagan Livonians who threatened destruction to all Christians that lived in their territory Berthold of Chiemsee - German bishop and theological writer (1465-1543) Berthold of Henneberg - Archbishop and Elector of Mainz, b. 1441; d. 21 December, 1504 Berthold of Ratisbon - Franciscan of the monastery of that city and the most powerful preacher of repentance in the thirteenth century, b. about 1210; d. at Ratisbon, 14 December, 1272 Berthold of Reichenau - Benedictine monk and chronicler of the Abbey of Reichenau on the Lake of Constance; d. probably in 1088 Berti, Giovanni Lorenzo - Italian theologian, b. 28 May, 1696, at Sarravezza, Tuscany; d. 26 March, 1766, at Pisa Bertin, Saint - Monk living under the Rule of St. Columban, missionary to the Morini, monastic founder, abbot of St. Omer, d. about 709 Bertinoro - Anciently called Forum Truentinorum, and, at the time of the Gothic war, Petra Honorii, whence the present name, is a small city in Romagna, province of Forli, Italy Bertonio, Ludovico - Italian missionary (1552-1625) Bertrand, Louis, Saint - Spanish Dominican novicemaster and preacher, d. 1581 Bertrand, Pierre - Article covers a French Cardinal, theologian, and canonist, b. 1280 at Annonay in Vivarais, and a French cardinal, nephew of the foregoing, whose name he adopted, b. in 1279, at Colombier in Vivarais Bertulf, Saint - Converted to Christianity from paganism, entered the monastery of Luxeuil under the Rule of St. Columban, became abbot of Bobbio, was staunchly anti-Arian, d. 639 or 640 Bérulle, Pierre de - Cardinal, and founder of the French congregation of the Oratory (1575-1629) Bervanger, Martin de - A French priest, founder of charitable institutions (1795-1865) Besançon - Archdiocese coextensive with the departments of Doubs, Haute-Saone, and the district of Belfort Besange, Jerome Lamy, O.S.B - Born at Linz, 1726; died 1781 Beschefer, Theodore - Jesuit missionary in Canada (1630-1711) Beschi, Costanzo Giuseppe - Though primarily a missionary, better know as one of the classical writers of Tamil literature (1680-1746) Beseleel - Describes two people known by this name Besoigne, Jérôme - A Jansenist writer, b. at Paris, 1686; d. 1763 Besoldus, Christopher - A German jurist and publicist (1577-1638) Bessarion, Johannes - Article on this 15th-century Byzantine scholar, by U. Benigni Bessel, Johann Franz - Benedictine, abbot, and historian (1672-1749) Beste, Henry Digby - Miscellaneous author (1768-1836) Bestiaries - Medieval books on animals, in which the real or fabulous characteristics of actually existent or imaginary animals (such as the griffin, dragon, siren, unicorn, etc.) were figuratively treated as religious symbols of Christ, the devil, the virtues and vices Betanzos, Fray Domingo - A Dominican missionary, d. at Valladolid, Sept., 1549 Betanzos, Fray Pedro de - A Franciscan missionary, b. at Betanzos in Galicia; d. at Chomez, Nicaragua, 1570 Betanzos, Juan de - Composed the first catechism known in the Quichua language Bethany - A village of Palestine Bethany Beyond the Jordan - In the text of St. John's Gospel, i, 28, the author locates the event of Our Lord's baptism by St. John the Baptist at Bethany across the Jordan and there is herein a celebrated variant Betharan - A city of the Amorrhites in the valley-plain east of the Jordan Bethdagon - Name of two cities in Palestine Bethel - An ancient Canaanitish town Bethlehem - Titular see of Palestine Bethlehem - Birthplace of Jesus Bethlehem - An architectural term used in the Ethiopic Church for the oven or bakehouse for baking the Korban or Eucharistic bread Bethlehemites - Military and hospitaller orders Bethsaida - Details the city, pool, and titular see of this name Bethsan - A city within Issachar, but assigned to Manasses, later Scythopolis, now the village Beisan Bethulia - The city whose deliverance by Judith, when besieged by Holofernes, forms the subject of the Book of Judith Betrothal - In the Catholic Church, a deliberate and free, mutual, true promise, externally expressed, of future marriage between determinate and fit persons Bettiah - Prefecture Apostolic in northern India Betting - Defined as the backing of an affirmation or forecast by offering to forfeit, in case of an adverse issue, a sum of money or article of value to one who, by accepting, maintains the opposite and backs his opinion by a corresponding stipulation Beugnot, Auguste-Arthur, Count - French historian and statesman (1797-1865) Beuno, Saint - Welsh, said to have been educated at Bangor and, after ordination, to have become a missionary. Abbot of Clynnog, and uncle of St. Winifred. Died perhaps in 660 Beverley Minster - A collegiate church at Beverley, capital of the East Riding of Yorkshire, served by a chapter of secular canons until the Reformation Beyerlinck, Lawrence - Belgian theologian and ecclesiastical writer (1578-1627) Bezae, Codex - Greek, New Testament manuscript Bianchi, Giovanni Antonio - Friar Minor and theologian (1686-1768) Bianchini, Francesco - A student of the natural sciences, and historian (1662-1729) Bianchini, Giuseppe - Italian Oratorian, Biblical, historical, and liturgical scholar (1704-1764) Bianconi, Charles - Merchant and philanthropist (1785-1875) Biard, Pierre - Jesuit missionary, born at Grenoble, France, 1576; died at Avignon, 17 November, 1622 Bibbiena - Bernardo Dovizi, an Italian Cardinal and comedy-writer, known best by the name of the town Bibbiena, where he was born 4 Aug., 1470; d. at Rome, 9 Nov., 1520 Bibiana, Saint - Female Roman martyr, d. 483 at the latest. Also called Vibiana Bible, The - A collection of writings recognized as inspired Bible, Authenticity of the - The authority of Holy Writ is twofold on account of its twofold authorship: human authors and divine inspiration Bible, Coptic Versions of the - At least parts of Scripture were translated into all four dialects of the Coptic language, though there is some debate about which of the Coptic versions is oldest Bible, Editions of the - Includes Hebrew and Greek editions Bible, Inspiration of the - Covered in four sections, I. Belief in Inspired books; II. Nature of Inspiration; III. Extent of Inspiration; IV. Protestant Views on the Inspiration of the Bible Bible, Manuscripts of the - Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version either of the whole Bible or of a part thereof Bible Societies - Established for the purpose of publishing and propagating the Bible in all parts of the world Bibles, Picture - In the Middle Ages the Church made use of pictures as a means of instruction, to supplement the knowledge acquired by reading or oral teaching Bibles, Rhymed - Short article on rhymed versions of the Bible, which are almost always psalters or only part of the Psalms Bible, Versions of the - Article on versions of the Bible in the original languages and in translation. Grouped by source Biblia Pauperum - A collection of pictures representing scenes from Jesus' life with the corresponding prophetic types Biblical Accommodation - Covers what is meant by biblical accommodation, its use in Sacred Scripture, and the rules which ought to regulate its use Biblical Antiquities - Details domestic, political, and sacred antiquities Biblical Commission, The - A committee of cardinals at Rome who, with the assistance of consultors, have to secure the observance of the prescriptions contained in the Encyclical 'Providentissimus Deus' for the proper interpretation and defence of Sacred Scripture Biblical Introduction - Designates the part of Scriptural science which is concerned with topics preliminary to the detailed study and correct exposition of Holy Writ, and also, it is given to a work in which these various topics are actually treated Bickell, Gustav - Orientalist (1838-1906) Bickerdike, Robert, Venerable - Short biography of the sixteenth-century martyr, a layman from Yorkshire Bicknor, Alexander - Archbishop of Dublin, date of birth unknown; d. 1349 Bidermann, James - Poet and theologian (1578-1639) Biel, Gabriel - Lengthy article on the last of the Scholastics. Biel, the first professor of theology at Tuebingen, was a nominalist. He died in 1495 Biella - The city of Biella, the see of the diocese of that name, is an important industrial centre (anciently called Bugelia) of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Novara Bielski, Marcin - Polish chronicler (1495-1575) Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de - French Governor of Louisiana and founder of New Orleans (1680-1767) Bigamy (in Canon Law) - Canonically viewed, bigamy denotes (a) the condition of a man married to two real or interpretative wives in succession, and as a consequence (b) his unfitness to receive, or exercise after reception, tonsure, minor and sacred orders Bigamy (in Civil Law) - In civil jurisprudence, and especially in criminal law, is a 'formal entering into of a marriage while a former one remains un-dissolved' Bigne, Marguerin de la - French theologian and patrologist, b. about 1546 at Bernieres-le-Patry, Normandy; d. about 1595 Billart, Saint Julie - Biographical article on the founder of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. She died in 1816 Billick, Eberhard - German theologian, opponent of the Reformation, born 1499 or 1500 at Cologne; died there 12 January, 1557 Billuart, Charles René - Dominican preacher, controversialist, and theologian (1685-1757) Billy, Jacques de - French patristic scholar, theologian, jurist, linguist, and a Benedictine abbot (1535-1581) Bilocation - Latin bis, twice, and locatio, place Bination - The offering up of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass twice on the same day by the same celebrant Biner, Joseph - Canonist, historian, and theologian (1697-1766) Binet, Etienne - Jesuit author, born at Dijon, France, 1569; died at Paris, 1639 Binet, Jacques-Philippe-Marie - French mathematician and astronomer (1786-1856) Binius, Severin - Historian and critic (1573-1641) Binterim, Anton Joseph - A theologian of repute and for fifty years parish priest of Bilk (1779-1855) Biogenesis and Abiogenesis - According to their Greek derivation these two terms refer to the origin of life Biology - The science on life and living organisms Biondo, Flavio - Italian archaeologist and historian (1388-1463) Biot, Jean-Baptiste - Physicist and mathematician (1774-1862) Birds (in Symbolism) - The dove, eagle, pelican, phoenix, and peacock are included Biretta - A square cap with three ridges or peaks on its upper surface, worn by clerics of all grades from cardinals downwards Birinus, Saint - Confessor, first Bishop of Dorchester, Apostle of Wessex, d. 650 Birkowski, Fabian - Polish preacher, b. at Lemberg, 1566; d. at Cracow, 1636 Birmingham - One of the thirteen dioceses erected by the Apostolic Letter of Pius IX, 27 September, 1850, which restored a hierarchy to the Catholic church in England Birnbaum, Heinrich - Carthusian monk, b. in 1403; d. 19 February, 1473 Birth, The Defect of - Illegitimacy, a canonical impediment to ordination Birtha - A titular see of Osrhaene Bisarchio, Diocese of - Situated in Sardinia, in the province of Sassari, district of Nuoro, and suffragan to the Archdiocese of Sassari Biscop, Saint Benedict - Anglo-Saxon, monastic founder, d. 690 Bishop - The title of an ecclesiastical dignitary who possesses the fullness of the priesthood to rule a diocese as its chief pastor, in due submission to the primacy of the pope Bishop, Auxiliary - A bishop deputed to a diocesan who, capable of governing and administering his diocese, is unable to perform the pontifical functions; or whose diocese is so extensive that it requires the labors of more than one; or whose episcopal see has attached to it a royal or imperial office requiring protracted presence at court Bishop, William - The first superior in England in episcopal orders since the old hierarchy died out in the reign of Elizabeth, born c. 1553 at Brailes in Warwickshire, where his family continued to reside until recent times; d. 16 April, 1624 Bishop's Crook - The Pastoral Staff is an ecclesiastical ornament which is conferred on bishops at their consecration and on mitred abbots at their investiture, and which is used by these prelates in performing certain solemn functions Bismarck, Diocese of - In North Dakota, this diocese was erected on 31 December, 1909, and is suffragan to the Archdiocese of St. Paul, Minnesota Bisomus - A tomb large enough to contain two bodies Black Fast, The - This form of fasting, the most rigorous in the history of church legislation, was marked by austerity regarding the quantity and quality of food permitted on fasting days as well as the time wherein such food might be legitimately taken Blackburne, Robert - An English Catholic who suffered imprisonment in the closing years of the seventeenth, and during the earlier half of the eighteenth, centuries; died in 1748 Blackfoot Indians - An important tribe of the Northern Plains, constituting the westernmost extension of the great Algonquian stock Blackwood, Adam - Author, b. at Dunfermline, Scotland, 1539; d. 1613 Blaise, Saint - Bishop of Sebaste, martyr, d. about 316 Blanc, Anthony - Fifth Bishop, and first Archbishop, of New Orleans, La., U.S.A (1792-1860) Blanchard, Jean-Baptiste - French Jesuit and educator (1731-1797) Blanchet, Franç Norbert - Missionary and first Archbishop of Oregon City, U.S.A (1795-1883) Blanchet, Augustin Magloire - Brother of Francois Norbert Blanchet, first Bishop of Walla Walla-Nesqually, State of Washington, U.S.A (1797-1887) Blandina, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. at Lyons in 177 Blane, Saint - Nephew of St. Cathan. Blane studied in Ireland under SS. Comgall and Kenneth, became a monk, went to Scotland, became a bishop of the Picts, died 590 Blasphemy - Signifies etymologically gross irreverence towards any person or thing worthy of exalted esteem Blastares, Matthew - A monk of the Order of St. Basil, living in the fourteenth century, who applied himself to the study of theology and canon law Blathmac, Saint - Irish monk, martyred at Iona in about 835. In Latinized form, he is sometimes called Florentius. His life was written in Latin hexameter by Strabo Blemmida, Nicephorus - A learned monk and writer of the Green Church, b. about 1198, at Constantinople; d. 1272 Blenkinsop - Details of four people with this name Blessed, The - Beatification is a permission for public worship restricted to certain places and to certain acts Blessed Sacrament, The - Since Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine in a sacramental way, the Blessed Eucharist is unquestionably a sacrament of the Church Blessed Sacrament, Congregation of the - A cloistered Dominican congregation devoted to the perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament Blessed Sacrament, Exposition of the - A manner of honouring the Holy Eucharist, by exposing it, with proper solemnity, to the view of the faithful in order that they may pay their devotions before it Blessed Sacrament, Reservation of the - The practice of preserving after the celebration of the Liturgy a portion of the consecrated elements for the Communion of the sick or for other pious purposes. The extreme antiquity of such reservation cannot be disputed Blessed Sacrament, Sisters of the - Founded in 1889 by Katharine Drexel Blessed Sacrament, Visits to the - A devotional practice of relatively modern development, honoring the Real Presence of Christ Blessed Virgin Mary, The - The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ, the mother of God Blessing - Aspects discussed are, I. Antiquity; II. Minister; III. Objects; IV. Efficacy; and V. Rite employed in administering Blessing, Apostolic - The popes very often delegated to others the power to give this blessing in answer to petitions from princes, at the close of missions, and on such occasions Blind, Education of the - Includes statistics and history Blois - Coextensive with the civil department of Loir-et-Cher and a suffragan of Paris Blomevenna, Peter - Carthusian, b. at Leyden, in Holland in 1466; d. 30 September, 1536 Blood Indians - A group of North American aborigines forming part of the Blackfeet Tribe, which, with the Apapahoes and Cheyennes, constitute the Western division of the Algonquin family Blosius, François-Louis - A Benedictine abbot and spiritual writer, born at Donstienne, near Liege, Flanders, 1506; died at Liessies, 1566 Bluetooth, Harold - Son of King Gorm the Old of Denmark (911-986) Blyssen, Heinrich - Principal work, 'De uno geminoque sacrae eucharistiae synaxeos salubriter percipiendae ritu ac usu' was published (Ingolstadt, 1585) when he was provincial of Austria Blyth, Francis - English Carmelite, reviser of the Douay Bible, born c. 1705; d. in London, 11 December 1772 Bobadilla, Nicolaus - The last survivor of the seven first companions of Ignatius of Loyola (1511-1590) Bobbio, Abbey and Diocese of - Suffragan to the Archiepiscopal See of Genoa Bobola, Saint Andrew - Polish Jesuit priest and missionary, martyred in 1657 Boccaccino - Italian painter, b. at Cremona, 1460, and d. probably in 1525 rather than in 1518, the date usually given Boccaccio, Giovanni - Biography and overview of the author's major works Böcken, Placidus - A German Benedictine, canonist, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Salzburg (1690-1752) Bocking, Edward - English Benedictine, b. of East Anglian parentage, end of fifteenth century; d. 20 April, 1534 Bodey, Ven. John - Short biography of the English layman and martyr, who died in 1583 Bodin, Jean - Article by Georges Goyau. Notes the philosopher's relation to the political and religious order of his time Bodone - A titular see of Albania Boece, Hector - Chronicler and one of the founders of the University of Aberdeen, b. at Dundee c. 1465; d. 1536 Boeri, Petrus - A french benedictine canonist and bishop, b. during the first quarter of the fourteenth century at Laredorte Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus - Article with a focus on Boethius as a theologian Bogotá - Capital of the republic of Colombia Bohemia - Crown province of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which until 1526 was an independent kingdom Bohemian Brethren - 'Bohemian Brethren' and 'Moravian Brethren' are the current popular designation of the Unitas Fratrum founded in Bohemia in 1457, renewed by Count Zinzendorf in 1722 Bohemians of the United States - Religious dissensions at the beginning of the seventeenth century induced many to leave their native country and cross the ocean Boiano - Diocese in the province of Benevento, Italy, suffragan to the Archbishopric of Benevento Boiardo, Matteo Maria - An Italian poet, b. about 1434, at, or near, Scandiano (Reggio-Emilia); d. at Reggio, 20 December, 1494 Boileau-Despréaux, Nicholas - French poet (1636-1711) Boise - Diocese created by Leo XIII, 25 August, 1893 Boisgelin, Jean de Dieu-Raymond de Cucé de - French prelate and cardinal (1732-1804) Boisil, Saint - Abbot of Melrose, renowned for prophetic gifts, taught St. Cuthbert. St. Boisil died in 664 Bois-le-Duc - Diocese lies within the Dutch province of Brabant, and is suffragan to Utrecht Bokenham, Osbern - English Augustinian friar and poet, b. 1393, d. probably in 1447 Bolanden, Conrad von - A German novelist, son of a rich merchant, b. 9 August, 1828, at Niedergeilbach, a village of the Palatinate Bolgeni, Giovanni Vincenzo - Theologian and controversialist (1733-1811) Bolivia - Includes history, geography, education, church, and government information Bollandists, The - An association of ecclesiastical scholars engaged in editing the Acta Sanctorum Bollig, Johann - Orientalist, born near Dueren in Rhenish Prusia 23 August, 1821; died at Rome in 1895 Bologna - The principal city in the province of the same name, Italy Bologna, Giovanni da - Flemish Renaissance sculptor, b. at Douai, in Flanders, about 1524; d. at Florence in 1608 Bologna, University of - A tradition of the thirteenth century attributed the foundation of this university to Theodosius II (433); but this legend is now generally rejected Bolsec, Jérôme-Hermès - A theologian and physician, b. probably at Paris, date unknown; d. at Lyons c. 1584 Bolton, Edmund - Historian, antiquary, and poet, born c. 1575; died c. 1633 Bolzano, Bernhard - Austrian mathematician and philosopher, b. at Prague, 5 October, 1781; d. 18 December, 1848 Bombay - The Archdiocese of Bombay comprises the Island of Bombay with several outlying churches in the neighbouring Island of Salsette Bommel, Cornelius Richard Anton van - Bishop of Liege, born at Leyden, in Holland on 5 April, 1790; died 7 April 1852 Bona, Giovanni - Cardinal and author (1609-1674) Bonagratia of Bergamo - Friar Minor, theologian, and canonist, date of birth unknown; d. at Munich, 1343 Bonal, François de - Bishop of Clermont, b. 1734 at the castle of Bonal, near Agen; d. at Munich, 1800 Bonal, Raymond - French theologian and founder of the Congregation of the Priests of St. Mary Bonald, Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, Vicompte de - French statesman, writer, and philosopher (1754-1840) Bonald, Louis-Jacques-Maurice de - Cardinal, b. at Millau, in Rouergue, 30 October, 1787, d. at Lyons, 25 Feb., 1870 Bona Mors Confraternity, The - Founded 1648, in the Church of the Gesu, by Father Vincent Carrafa, seventh General of the Society of Jesus, and approved by the Sovereign Pontiffs Innocent X and Alexander VII Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien-Jules-Laurent - Prince of Canino and Musignano, and ornithologist (1803-1857) Bonaventure, Saint - Biobibliographical essay on the Franciscan theologian and Doctor of the Church, d. 1274 Bonaventure, College of Saint - At Quaracchi, near Florence, Italy, famous as the centre of literary activity in the Order of Friars Minor, was founded 14 July, 1879, by Mgr. Bernardino del Vago, Archbishop of Sardis, then minister general of the order Boncompagni, Balthasar - Italian mathematician (1821-1894) Bonet, Juan Pablo - Spanish priest and one of the first to give attention to the education of the deaf and dumb, b. towards the end of the sixteenth century Bonet, Nicholas - Friar Minor, theologian, and missionary, date of birth uncertain; d. 1360 Bonfrère, Jacques - Biblical scholar, born at Dinant, Belgium, 12 April, 1573; died at Tournai, 9 May, 1642 Boniface, Saint - Born Winfrid, a native of England, Benedictine monk, the Apostle of Germany, martyred in 755 Boniface I, Pope Saint - Consecrated the same day as the antipope Eulalius. Both were ordered to leave Rome. Eulalius took over St. John Lateran on Holy Saturday, after which the emperor refused to consider his claim. Boniface died in 422 Boniface II, Pope - Elected 17 September, 530; died October, 532 Boniface III, Pope - Roman elected to succeed Sabinian after an interregnum of nearly a year; he was consecrated 19 February, 607; d. 12 November of the same year Boniface IV, Pope Saint - Transformed the Pantheon into a Christian church, died in 615 Boniface V, Pope - A Neapolitan who succeeded Deusdedit after a vacancy of more than a year; consecrated 23 December, 619 Boniface VI, Pope - A Roman, elected in 896 by the Roman faction in a popular tumult, to succeed Formosus Boniface VII, Antipope - Roman and son of Ferrucius; was intruded into the Chair of St. Peter in 974; reinstalled 984; died July, 985 Boniface VIII, Pope - Born at Anagni about 1235; died at Rome, 11 October, 1303 Boniface IX, Pope - Elected at Rome, 2 November, 1389, as successor of the Roman Pope, Urban VI; d. there, 1 October, 1404 Boniface Association - The object of the association is to maintain what the Catholic church possesses in those regions where Catholics are few in number, to found and support missions and schools, and to erect churches, parish-houses, and schools for Catholics in the Protestant parts of Germany Boniface of Savoy - Forty-sixth Archbishop of Canterbury and son of Thomas, Count of Savoy, date of birth uncertain; d. in Savoy, 14 July, 1270 Boni Homines - This name was popularly given to at least three religious orders in the Church Bonizo of Sutri - Bishop of Sutri in Central Italy, in the eleventh century Bonn, University of - An academy founded at Bonn in 1777 by Max Friedrich, Prince-Archbishop of Cologne Bonnard, Ven. Jean Louis - Short biography of the French missionary priest and martyr, d. 1852 Bonnechose, Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand de - Cardinal and senator, b. at Paris, 1800; d. 1883 Bonne-Espérance, The Abbey of - Situated near Binche, province of Hainault, Diocese of Tournai, Belgium Bonner, Edmund - Bishop of London, b. about 1500; d. 1569 Bonnetty, Augustin - French writer, b. at Entrevaux 9 May, 1798, d. at Paris, 26 March, 1879 Bonosus - Bishop of Sardica, a heretic in the latter part of the fourth century Bon Secours, Institutes of - Congregations of nursing sisters whose object is to take care of both rich and poor patients in their own homes Bonvicino, Alessandro - Italian painter of the sixteenth century, born at Brescia about 1498; died at the same place, 1555 Book of Common Prayer - Includes history and contents Book of Kells - An Irish manuscript containing the Four Gospels, a fragment of Hebrew names, and the Eusebian canons, known also as the 'Book of Columba' Book of Martyrs, Foxe's - Protestant martyrology, from Wyclif to Cranmer, illustrated with woodcuts. The author was a controversialist sympathetic to John Knox Books, Index of Prohibited - The exact list or catalogue of books, the reading of which was once forbidden to Catholics by the highest ecclesiastical authority Bordeaux - Archdiocese; comprises the entire department of the Gironde and was established conformably to the Concordat of 1802 Bordeaux, University of - Founded during the English domination, under King Henry VI, in 1441 Bordone, Cavaliere Paris - Painter of the Venetian school (1500-1570) Boré, Eugène - French Orientalist (1809-1878) Borgess, Caspar Henry - Third Bishop of Detroit, Michigan (1824-1890) Borgia, Stefano - Italian cardinal, theologian, antiquarian, and historian (1731-1804) Börglum, Ancient See of - In Denmark, included the ancient districts of Vendsyssel and Thy Borgo San-Donnino - Diocese in the province of Parma, Italy Borgo San-Sepolcro - Diocese situated in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy Borgognone, Ambrogio - Italian painter and architect, b. Milan, c. 1455, d. at Milan, 1523 Borie, Pierre-Rose-Ursule-Dumoulin - Short biography of the nineteenth-century French missionary priest and martyr Borneo - Includes history of Dutch and British rule Borras, Francisco Nicolás - Spanish painter, born at Cocentaina, 1530; died at Gandia, 1610 Borromeo, Andrea - An Italian missionary, born on the first half of the seventeenth century, at or near Milan; died in 1683 Borromeo, Saint Charles - Biographical article on the Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal, a leading light of the Catholic Reformation Borromeo, Federico - Cardinal and Archbishop of Milan, cousin and successor of St. Charles Borromeo (1564-1631) Borromeo, Society of Saint Charles - A German Catholic association for the encouragement and diffusion of edifying, instructive, and entertaining literature Borromini, Francesco - Architect and sculptor; born 25 September, 1599, at Bissone; died by his own hand 1 August, 1667, at Rome Borrus, Christopher - Missionary, mathematician, and astronomer (1583-1632) Bosa, Diocese of - In the province of Cagliari Bosch, Peter van der - Bollandist, born at Brussels, 19 October, 1686; died 14 November, 1736 Bosco, Saint Giovanni (John) - Commonly called Don Bosco or John Bosco. Founder of the Salesians, d. 1888 Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe - Detailed article by Adolf Muller on the Jesuit mathematician and philosopher Bosio, Antonio - Known as 'The Columbus of the Catacombs', b. in the island of Malta about the year 1576; d. 1629 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Together, form the northwestern corner of the Balkan Peninsula Boso - First Bishop of Merseburg, in the present Prussian Province of Saxony, and Apostle of the Wends, d. November, 970 Boso (Breakspear) - Third English Cardinal, date of birth uncertain, d. at Rome, about 1181 Bossu, Jacques le - French theologian and Doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Paris 1546; died at Rome 1626 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne - French bishop and orator (1627-1704) Boste, Saint John - Or John Boast. Priest, martyred at Durham in 1594. One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Boston - Archdiocese; comprises Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Plymouth counties in the State of Massachusetts, U.S.A Bostra - Titular see of Syria Bothrys - A titular see situated in Phoenicia Botticelli, Sandro - Florentine painter (1447-1510) Botulph, Saint - Or Botolph. Founder and abbot of Icanhoe, d. about 680 Boturini Benaducci, Lorenzo - Native of Milan who went to Mexico in 1736 by permission of the Spanish government and remained there eight years, familiarizing himself with the Nahuatl or Mexican language Boucher, Pierre - Born at Lagny, a village near Mortagne in the Perche, France, 1622, died at Boucherville, 1717 Bougaud, Louis-Victor-Emile - Bishop of Laval in France (1823-1888) Bougeant, Guillaume-Hyacinthe - French Jesuit (1690-1743) Bouhours, Dominique - French Jesuit author (1632-1702) Bouillart, Jacques - Benedictine monk of the Congregation of St. Maur (1669-1726) Bouillon, Cardinal de - French prelate and diplomat (1643-1715) Bouix, Marie Dominique - French canonists (1808-1870) Boulainvilliers, Henri, Count of - One of the first French historians to write the history of the institutions or fundamental laws of the nation (1658-1722) Boulanger, André de - French monk and preacher, b. at Paris in 1578; d. 27 September, 1657 Boulay, César-Egasse du - French historian, b. in the beginning of the seventeenth century at Saint-Ellier; d. 16 October, 1678 Boulogne, Etienne-Antoine - French bishop, b. at Avignon, 26 December 1747; d. at Troyes, 13 March, 1825 Bouquet, Martin - Benedictine of the Congregation of St.-Maur (1685-1754) Bouquillon, Thomas - Belgian theologian and professor of moral theology in the Catholic University of America (1840-1902) Bourassé, Jean-Jacques - Archaeologist and historian (1813-1872) Bourchier, Thomas - Cardinal, born 1406; died 1486 Bourdaloue, Louis - French Jesuit preacher (1632-1704) Bourdeilles, Hélie de - Archbishop of Tours and Cardinal, b., probably, towards 1323; d. 5 July, 1484 Bourdon, Jean - First engineer-in-chief and land-surveyor in the colony of New France, and the first attorney-general of the Conseil Superieur (1612-1668) Bourgade, François - French missionary and philosopher (1806-1866) Bourges - Coextensive with the departments of Cher and Indre Bourget, Ignace - First Bishop of Montreal and titular Archbishop of Marianopolis (1799-1885) Bourgoing, François - Third Superior general of the Congregation of the Oratory in France and one of the en early companions of Cardinal de Berulle, the founder of the French Oratorians (1585-1662) Bourke, Ulick Joseph - Irish scholar and writer (1829-1887) Bourne, Gilbert - Last Catholic Bishop of Bath and Wells, England, son of Philip Bourne of Worcestershire, date of birth unknown; d. 10 Sept., 1569 Bouvens, Charles de - French pulpit orator, b. at Bourg in 1750; d. in 1830 Bouvet, Joachim - Jesuit missionary (d. 1732) Bouvier, Jean-Baptiste - Bishop of Le Mans, theologian (1783-1854) Bouvier, Jeanne-Marie, de La Motte-Guyon - Essay on the life, experiences, and teachings of this seventeenth-century French mystic Bova - Situated in the civil province of Reggio, in Calabria, Italy, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Reggio Bovino - Diocese in the province of Foggia, Italy, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Benevento Bowyer, Sir George - Baronet, English writer on jurisprudence, as well as a prominent defender of the Holy See and of Catholic interests in general (1811-1883) Boy-Bishop - The custom of electing a boy-bishop on the feast of St. Nicholas dates from very early times, and was in vogue in most Catholic countries, but chiefly in England Boyce, John - Novelist, lecturer, and priest, well known under the assumed name of 'Paul Peppergrass' (1810-1864) Boycotting - Practice named after Captain Boycott, against whom this form of ostracism had great effect Boyle Abbey - Irish Cistercian house Bracken, Thomas - Poet, journalist, politician (1843-1898) Bracton, Henry de - English juridical writer, born probably in King John's reign and died about four years before the close of that of Henry III Bradley, Denis Mary - First Bishop of Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S.A (1846-1903) Bradshaigh, Edward - An English Carmelite friar known in religion as Elias a Jesu; b. in Lancashire, England, early in the seventeenth century; d. at Benfold, 25 September, 1652 Bradshaw, Henry - English Benedictine and poet, b. in the City of Chester, England, date unknown; d. 1513 Brady, William Maziere - Ecclesiastical writer, b. in Dublin, 8 January, 1825; d. in Rome, 19 March, 1894 Braga, Archdiocese of - Situated between the rivers Este and Cavado, in the province of Minho, in the Kingdom of Portugal Braga, Councils of - Offers details of several councils held here Bragança-Miranda, Diocese of - Situated in the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Portugal, in the civil province of Tras-os-Montes Brahminism - Religion and social system which grew out of the polytheistic nature-worship of the ancient Aryan conquerors of northern India Braille, Louis - French educator and inventorof the system of writing in raised or relief points for the blind (1809-1852) Bralion, Nicolas de - French Oratorian and ecclesiastical writer, born at Chars-en-Vexin, France, c. 1600; died at Paris, 11 May 1672 Bramante, Donato - Italian architect and painter, b. about 1444 at Monte Asdrualdo; d. in Rome, 11 March, 1514 Brancaccio - An ancient and illustrious Neapolitan family, from which the 'Brancas' of France were descended Brancati, Francesco - Jesuit missionary to China (1607-1671) Brancati di Lauria, Francesco Lorenzo - Cardinal, Minor conventual, and theologian (1612-1693) Branch Sunday - One of the medieval English names for Palm Sunday Brandenburg - Formerly an electoral principality, and a diocese in the heart of the present Kingdom of Prussia Branly, Edouard - Nineteenth century French physicist Brant, Sebastian - Short biography of the German humanist and poet Brantôme, Seigneur de Bourdeille, Pierre de - French writer of memoirs, b. in 1539, or a little later; d. 15 July, 1614 Brasses, Memorial - Earliest existing dated examples are of the thirteenth century Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne, Abbé - Born at Bourbourg, France, 1814; died at Nice in January, 1874 Brassicanus, Johann Alexander - German humanist, born probably at Cannstatt, 1500; died at Vienna, 25 November, 1539 Brassicanus, Johann Ludwig - Younger brother of Johann Alexander, went to Vienna with his brother in 1524 and likewise won distinction both as a philologist and jurist Braulio, Saint - Bishop of Saragossa, hagiographer, friend of St. Isidore of Seville. St. Braulio died in about 651 Braun, Placidus - Bavarian historian (1756-1829) Braunschweig - A duchy situated in the mountainous central part of Northern Germany, comprising the region of the Harz mountains Bravo, Francisco - As far as known, author of the first book on medicine printed in America Brazil - Information includes history, religion, climate, education, and economy Bread, Liturgical Use of - In the Christian liturgy bread is used principally as one of the elements of the Eucharistic sacrifice Breadboxes, Altar - Made of wood, tin, britannia, silver, or other metal. A round flat weight, covered if necessary with silk or linen, and having a knob on top, so as to be easily taken hold of, is placed on the breads Breads, Altar - Bread is one of the two elements absolutely necessary for the sacrifice of the Eucharist Breast, Striking of the - A liturgical act prescribed in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass Brébeuf, Jean de - Biographical article on the Jesuit missionary and martyr Breda - Diocese situated in the Dutch province of Brabant and suffragan of Utrecht Bréhal, Jean - French Dominican theologian of the convent of Evreux; died c. 1479 Brehon Laws, The - Term for Irish native law, as administered in Ireland down to almost the middle of the seventeenth century Bremen - Formerly the seat of an archdiocese situated in the northwestern part of the present German Empire Brenach, Saint - Fifth-century Irish missionary to Wales and a contemporary of St. Patrick Brenan, Michael John - Irish Church historian (1780-1847) Brendan, Saint - Article on St. Brendan of Ardfert and Clonfert, also known as Brendan the Voyager. Monastic founder, d. 577. About half of the article is devoted to St. Brendan's famous voyage Brentano, Klemens Maria - German poet (1778-1842) Brescia - The Diocese takes its name from the principal city in the province of the same name in Lombardy, between the Mella and the Naviglio Breslau - Prince-Bishopric seated at Breslau, on the River Oder in the Prussian Province of Silesia Bressani, Francesco Giuseppe - Italian missionary to the Indians (1612-1672) Brest, Union of - 1596. The union of the Ruthenians with Catholicism Brethren of the Lord, The - A group of persons closely connected with the Saviour appears repeatedly in the New Testament under the designation 'his brethren' or 'the brethren of the Lord' Breton, Raymond - French missionary among the Caribbean Indians (1609-1679) Bretton, Venerable John - Also called John Bretton. Short biography of the layman and martyr Breviary - Evolution of the book, or set of books, containing the texts and rubrics of the canonical hours Breviary, Aberdeen - Described as the Sarum Office in a Scottish form Breviary, Reform of the Roman - Article on the 1911-1913 revamping of the breviary so as to allow recitation of all of the Psalter each week. Feasts were also ranked according to liturgical importance, and some offices were no longer obligatory or were even suppressed Brewer, Heinrich - German historian, born at Puffendorf in Germany, 6 September, 1640; died at the same place about 1713 Briand, Joseph Olivier - Seventh Bishop of Quebec, b. in 1715 at Plerin, Brittany; d. 25 June, 1794 Briant, Saint Alexander - English Jesuit priest and martyr. He was scarcely over 25 when martyred in 1581 Bribery - The payment or the promise of money or other lucrative consideration to induce another, while under the obligation of acting without any view to private emolument, to act as the briber shall prescribe Briçonnet - Includes three people with this name Bridaine, Jacques - Preacher, b. at Chusclan, France, 21 March, 1701; d. at Roquemaure, 22 December, 1767 Bridge-Building Brotherhood, The - During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, various religious associations were founded for the purpose of building bridges Bridget of Sweden, Saint - Biography of the mother of 8, widow, visionary, founder of the Brigittines Bridgett, Thomas Edward - Priest and author (1829-1899) Bridgewater, John - Known also as Aquapontanus, historian of the Catholic confessors under Queen Elizabeth, born in Yorkshire about 1532; died probably at Trier, about 1596 Bridgewater Treatises - These publications derive their origin and their title from the Rev. Francis Henry Egerton, eighth and last Earl of Bridgewater Briefs and Bulls - A bulla was originally a circular plate or boss of metal, so called from its resemblance in form to a bubble floating upon water Brieuc, Saint - Celtic monk and priest, companion of St. Iltud. Brieuc died in about 502 Brigid of Ireland, Saint - Biography. Monastic founder, abbess of a double monastery, friend of St. Patrick. St. Brigid died in 525 Brigidines, Institute of the - Established by Most Rev. Dr. Delaney, Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin, at Tullow, Co. Carlow, Ireland, in 1807 Brigittines - Founded in 1346 by St. Brigit, or Bridget, of Sweden at Vadstena in the Diocese of Linkoeping Brignon, John - Member of the Society of Jesus. Born at St. Malo in 1629; died at Paris, 12 June, 1712 Bril, Paulus - Flemish painter and engraver, born at Antwerp, 1556; died in Rome, 7 October, 1626 Brillmacher, Peter Michael - Born at Cologne in 1542, died at Mainz, 25 August, 1595 Brindholm, Ven. Edmund - Martyr and parish priest of Our Lady's Church at Calais, accused of being concerned in a plot to betray Calais to the French Brindisi - Called by the Romans Brundusium or Brundisium, by the Greeks Brentesion, a city of in the province of Lecce, in Apulia, on a rocky peninsula which extends into the Adriatic Brinkley, Stephen - Confessor of the Faith, imprisoned and tortured as manager of a secret press for the publication of devotional and controversial works in the reign of Queen Elizabeth Brisacier, Jacques-Charles de - Orator and ecclesiastical writer, b. at Bourges in 1641, d. at Paris, 23 March, 1736 Brisacier, Jean de - Controversialist, b. at Blois, France, 9 June, 1592; entered the Society of Jesus in 1619, d. at Blois, 10 September, 1668 Brisbane - Provides history and religious statistics Brischar, Johann Nepomucene - Church historian, born at Horb in Wuertemberg in 1819, studied theology at the University of Tübingen, was appointed parish priest of Buhl near Rottenburg in 1853, where he died in 1897 Bristol, Ancient Diocese of - This English diocese, which takes its very origin from measures directed against the Church, has a very brief Catholic history, for it only had one bishop acknowledged by the Holy See Bristow, Richard - Born at Worcester, 1538, died at Harrow-on the-Hill, 1581 British Columbia - The westernmost province of the Dominion of Canada Britius, Francis - An orientalist, and a monk of Rennes in Brittany; date of birth and death unknown Brittain, Thomas Lewis - Born near Chester, England, 1744; died at Hartpury Court, 1827 Britto, Blessed John de - Portuguese Jesuit missionary to India, martyr, d. 1693 Britton, Venerable John - Also called John Bretton. Short biography of the layman and martyr Brixen - Includes history and statistics Brogan, Saint - Article discusses several saints of this name Broglie, Auguste-Théodore-Paul de - Abbe, professor of apologetics at the Institut Catholique at Paris, and writer on apologetic subjects (1834-1895) Broglie, Jacques-Victor-Albert, Duc de - French statesman and historian (1821-1901) Broglie, Maurice-Jean de - Born in Paris, 5 September, 1766; d. there, 20 June, 1821 Brogny, Jean-Allarmet de - French Cardinal (1342-1426) Bromyard, John - Theologian, d. about 1390 Brondel, John Baptist - First Bishop of Helena, Montana, U.S.A (1842-1903) Brookby, Anthony - Friar Minor and English martyr, died 19 July 1537 Brookes, James - Last Catholic Bishop of Gloucester, England (1512-1560) Brooklyn - Comprises the counties of Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk, or all of Long Island, in the State of New York, U.S.A Brosse, Jean-Baptiste de la - A Jesuit missionary, born 1724 at Magnac, Angoumois, France; died 1782 Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God - The founder of this religious institution, was born 8 March, 1495, at Montemor Novo, in Portugal Broughton, Richard - Catholic priest and antiquary, claiming descent from the Broughtons of Lancashire Brouwer, Christoph - Historian (1559-1617) Brown, William - A naval officer of the Republic of Argentina (1777-1857) Browne, Charles Farrar - Humorist, b. at Waterford, Oxford County, Maine, U.S.A., 26 April, 1834; d. in Southampton, England, 6 March, 1867 Brownson, Orestes Augustus - Philosopher, essayist, reviewer, b. at Stockbridge, Vermont, U.S.A., 16 September, 1803; d. at Detroit, Michigan, 17 April, 1876 Brownson, Sarah - Writer, daughter of Orestes A. Brownson, b. at Chelsea, Massachusetts, 7 June, 1839; married William J. Tenney, 26 November, 1873; died at Elizabeth, 30 October, 1876 Brownsville - Vicariate Apostolic, erected 1874 Bru, Saint - Celtic monk and priest, companion of St. Iltud. Brieuc died in about 502 Brück, Heinrich - Ecclesiastical historian and bishop, born at Bingen, 25 October, 1831; died 4 November, 1903 Bruel, Joachim - A theologian and historian, born early in the seventeenth century at Vorst, a village of the province of Brabant, Belgium, died 29 June, 1653 Brueys, David-Augustin de - French theologian and dramatic author, born at Aix in 1640; died 25 November, 1723, at Montpellier Brugère, Louis-Frédéric - Professor of apologetics and church history, born at Orleans (1823-1888) Bruges - The chief town of the Province of West Flanders in the Kingdom of Belgium Brugière, Pierre - A French priest, Jansenist, and juror (1730-1803) Brugman, John - A renowned Franciscan preacher of the fifteenth century Brumidi, Constantino - An Italian-American historical painter, celebrated for his fresco work in the Capitol at Washington (1805-1880) Brumoy, Pierre - French Jesuit humanist (1704-1742) Brunellesco, Filippo - An architect and sculptor, born at Florence, 1377; died there 16 April, 1446 Brunetière, Ferdinand - French critic and professor, born at Toulon, 19 July, 1849; died at Paris, 9 December, 1906 Brunforte, Ugolino - Friar Minor and chronicler, born c. 1262; died c. 1348 Bruni, Leonardo - Article by Edmund Burke, summarizing the humanist's life and career Brünn - Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Olmutz, embracing the south-western part of Moravia Brunner, Francis de Sales - Founder of the Swiss-American congregation of the Benedictines (1795-1859) Brunner, Sebastian - A versatile and voluminous writer (1814-1893) Bruno, Saint - Bishop of Segni, reformer, Benedictine abbot, author of commentaries on Scripture, d. 1123 Bruno, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Carthusians Bruno, Giordano - Italian philosopher (1548-1600) Bruno of Querfurt, Saint - Courtier, monk, missionary archbishop, hagiographer, martyr. Called the Second Apostle of the Prussians Bruno the Saxon - German chronicler of the eleventh century and author of the 'Historia de Bello Saxonico' Brunswick - A duchy situated in the mountainous central part of Northern Germany, comprising the region of the Harz mountains Brus, Anton - Archbishop of Prague (1518-1580) Brusa - A titular see of Bithynia in Asia Minor Brussels - Capital of the Kingdom of Belgium Bruté de Rémur, Simon William Gabriel - First Bishop of Vincennes, Indiana, (now Indianapolis) (1779-1839) Bruyas, Jacques - French missionary to the Iroquois (1635-1712) Bryant, John Delavau - Physician, poet, author, and editor (1811-1877) Bubastis - A titular see of Lower Egypt Bucelin, Gabriel - Benedictine historical writer (1599-1681) Bucer, Martin - One of the leaders in the South German Reformation movement (1491-1551) Bucharest - Comprises the Kingdom of Rumania Buck, Victor De - Bollandist (1817-1876) Buckfast Abbey - Foundation date unknown, but long before the Norman Conquest Buckley, Venerable John - Alias John Jones. Welsh Franciscan priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1598 Buckley, Sir Patrick Alphonsus - Irish soldier, lawyer, statesman, and judge (1841-1896) Buddhism - The religious, monastic system, founded c. 500 B.C. on the basis of pantheistic Brahminism Budé, Guillaume - Article by M. de Moreira, reviewing the key points of this thinker's career Budweis - A diocese situated in Southern Bohemia, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Prague Buenos Aires - The federal capital of the Argentine Republic Buffalo - Diocese established 23 April, 1847 in the state of New York Buffier, Claude - Philosopher and author (1661-1737) Buglio, Louis - Jesuit missionary to China (1606-1682) Buil, Bernardo - Spanish Franciscan Buildings, Ecclesiastical - This term comprehends all constructions erected for the celebration of liturgical acts, whatever be the name given to them, church, chapel, oratory, and basilica Bukarest - Comprises the Kingdom of Rumania Bulgaria - A European kingdom in the northeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula Bulla Aurea - A fundamental law of the Holy Roman Empire; probably the best known of all the many ordinances of the imperial diet Bullaker, Ven. Thomas - Hagiography of the English Franciscan priest, martyred in 1642 Bullarium - A term commonly applied to a collection of bulls and other analogous papal documents Bull-Fight, The Spanish - Includes details of three kinds of bull-fights: (1) caballerescas, (2) populares, and (3) gladiatorias Bullion, Angélique - Born in Paris, at commencement of the seventeenth century. An unknown benefactress of several charities Bulls and Briefs - A bulla was originally a circular plate or boss of metal, so called from its resemblance in form to a bubble floating upon water Bulstrode, Sir Richard - A soldier, diplomatist, and author, born 1610; died 1711 Bunderius, Joannes - Flemish theologian and controversialist (1482-1557) Buonarroti, Michelangelo - Italian sculptor, painter, and architect (1475-1564) Burchard of Basle - Belonged to the family of the counts of Neuenburg, or Neuchatel, was born towards the middle of the eleventh century, and died 12 April, 1107 Burchard of Worms - Bishop of that see, born of noble parents in Hesse, Germany, after the middle of the tenth century; died 20 August, 1025 Burchard of Würzurg, Saint - First bishop of Wuerzburg, d. about 754 Burckmair, Hans - Painter of the Swabian school (1473-1531) Burgis, Edward Ambrose - Dominican historian and theologian (1673-1747) Burgoa, Francisco - Historical and geographical writer. Born at Oaxaca about 1600; d. at Teopozotlan in 1681 Burgos - Since the tenth century an episcopal see of Spain, to which in the eleventh century the ancient Sees of Oca and Valpuesta were transferred Burgundy - In medieval times respectively a kingdom and a duchy, later a province of France Burial, Christian - The interment of a deceased person with ecclesiastical rites in consecrated ground Buridan, Jean - French scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century, b. at Bethune, in the district of Atois towards the end of the thirteenth century; date of death unknown Burigny, Jean Lévesque de - Historian, b. at Reims, 1692; d. at Paris, 1785 Burkard, Franz - The name of two celebrated German jurists Burke, Edmund - First Vicar Apostolic of Nova Scotia (1753-1820) Burke, Thomas - Bishop of Ossory, b. at Dublin, Ireland, about 1709; d. at Kilkenny, 25 September, 1776 Burke, Thomas Nicholas - Dominican orator (1830-1882) Burleigh, Walter - Friar Minor and medieval philosopher, b. in 1275 and d. in 1337 Burlington - Diocese established 14 July, 1853; comprises the whole State of Vermont, U.S.A Burma - Before its annexation by the British, Burma consisted of the kingdoms of Ava and Pegu Burnett, Peter Hardeman - First American Governor of California (1807-1895) Burns, James - Publisher and author (1808-1871) Burse - A receptacle in which, for reasons of convenience xnd reverence, the folded corporal is carried to and from the altar Bursfeld, The Abbey of - One of the most celebrated Benedictine monasteries in Germany in the Middle Ages. Founded in 1093 by Duke Henry of Nordheim and his wife Gertrude Bury St. Edmund's, The Abbey of - The first religious foundation there was established by Sigebert, King of the East Angles, who resigned his crown to found a monastery about 537 Bus, Venerable César de - Priest, founder of two religious congregations dedicated to teaching Christian doctrine, died 1607 Busée, Pierre - Jesuit theologian (1540-1587) Busembaum, Hermann - Jesuit moral theologian (1600-1668) Busiris - A titular see taking its title from one of the many Egyptian cities of the same name Buskins - Ceremonial stockings of silk, sometimes interwoven with gold threads, and even heavily embroidered, worn by the celebrant of a pontifical Mass Buss, Franz Joseph, Ritter von - Jurist, b. 23 March, 1803 at Zell in Baden; d. 31 January, 1878, at Freiburg im Breisgau Bustamante, Carlos María - Mexican statesman and historian (1774-1848) Buston, Thomas Stephen - Jesuit missionary and author (1549-1619) Bute, John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, Third Marquess of - Born at Mountstuart, Bute, 12 September, 1847; d. at Dumfries House, Ayrshire, 9 October, 1900 Buteux, Jacques - French Jesuit missionary in Canada (1600-1652) Butler, Alban - Seventeenth-century English Catholic Butler, Charles - English lawyer (1750-1832) Butler, Mary Joseph - Irish Abbess (1641-1723) Butler, Sir William Francis - Irish general and writer (1838-1910) Buttress - A pilaster, pier, or body of masonry projecting beyond the main face of the wall and intended to strengthen the wall at particular points Buxton, Ven. Chrisopher - Priest who was martyred at Canterbury in 1588, together with Robert Wilcox and Edward Campion Byblos - Titular see of Phoenicia Bye-Altar - An altar that is subordinate to the central or high altar Byllis - Titular see of Albania Byrd, William - Article examining life, sacred and secular music, and related composers Byrne, Andrew - Bishop of Little Rock, Arkansas (1802-1862) Byrne, Richard - U.S. Civil War hero (1832-1864) Byrne, William - Missionary and educator (1780-1833) Byzantine Architecture - A mixed style, i.e. a style composed of Graeco-Roman and Oriental elements which, in earlier centuries, cannot be clearly separated Byzantine Art - The art of the Eastern Roman Empire and of its capital Byzantium, or Constantinople Byzantine Empire, The - Term employed to designate the Eastern survival of the ancient Roman Empire Byzantine Literature - The four cultural elements included are the Greek, the Christian, the Roman, and the Oriental Byzantine Rite - The Liturgies, Divine Office, forms for the administration of sacraments and for various blessings, sacramentals, and exorcisms, of the Church of Constantinople

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Caballero, Fernán de - Nom de plume of Cecilia Böhl von Faber, a noted Spanish novelist (1796-1877) Caballero, Raimundo Diosdado - Writer (1740-1830) Caballero y Ocio, Juan - Priest, remarkable for lavish gifts to the Church and for charity (1644-1707) Cabas - Titular see of Egypt Cabassut - French theologian and priest (1604-1685) Cabello de Balboa, Miguel - Sixteenth century Spanish priest Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez - Born at Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain; dates of birth and death uncertain Cabot, John & Sebastian - Navigators and explorers Cabral, Francisco - Portuguese missionary in Japan (1529-1609) Cabral, Pedralvarez - Portuguese navigator (b. 1460) Cabrillo, Estévan - Sixteenth century sailor Cadalous - Bishop and antipope (d. 1072) Caddo Indians - In the earlier period they were commonly known to the Spaniards as Tejas, whence the name of the State, and to the French as Cenis or Assinais Cades - The name, according to the Vulgate and the Septuagent, of three, or probably four cities mentioned in Scripture Cadillac, Antoine de Lamothe, Sieur de - Founder of Detroit (1657-1730) Cadiz, Diocese of - Suffragan of Seville Cadwallador, Venerable Roger - Short biography of the English priest, martyred in 1610 Cædmon, Saint - Article on the laborer for the double monastery of Whitby, composer of hymns and other Biblical poems in Anglo-Saxon, who died between 670 and 680 Caen, University of - Founded in 1432 by Henry VI of England, who was then master of Paris and of a large part of France Cæremoniale Episcoporum - A book containing the rites and ceremonies to be observed at Mass, Vespers, and other functions, by bishops and prelates of inferior rank, in metropolitan, cathedral, and collegiate churches Cærularius, Michael - Patriarch of Constantinople (1043-58), author of the second and final schism of the Byzantine Church, date of birth unknown; d. 1058 Cæsarea - A Latin titular see, and the seat of a residential Armenian bishopric, in Cappadocia Cæsarea Mauretaniæ - Titular see in North Africa Cæsarea Palestinæ - Titular see in Palestine Cæsarea Philippi - A Greek Catholic residential see, and a Latin titular see, in Syria Cæsarius of Arles, Saint - Bishop, theologian, renowned as a popular preacher, wrote two monastic rules, died 543 Cæsarius of Heisterbach - Cistercian monk (1170-1240) Cæsarius of Nazianzus - Physician, brother of St. Gregory of Nazianzus (the Theologian). Caesarius died in late 368 or early 369 Cæsarius of Prüm - Twelfth-century Benedictine abbot and Cistercian monk Cæsar of Speyer - Friar Minor and leader of the Caesarines (d. 1239) Cæsaropolis - Titular see of Macedonia Cagliari, Archdiocese of - Cagliari, called by the ancient Caralis, is the principal city and capital of the Island of Sardinia, and an important port on the Gulf of Cagliari Cagli e Pergola, Diocese of - Situated in Umbria (Italy), in the province of Pesaro, suffragan of Urbino Cahier, Charles - French antiquarian (1807-1882) Cahill, Daniel William - Lecturer and controversialist (1796-1864) Cahors, Diocese of - Comprising the entire department of Lot, in France Caiaphas - Jewish High Priest Caiazzo, Diocese of - Situated in the province of Caserta, Italy, amid the mountains of Tifati near the river Volturno Caillau, Armand-Benjamin - Priest and writer, born at Paris, 22 October, 1794, died there, 1850 Cain - First-born of Adam and Eve Cainites - A name used for (1) the descendants of Cain, (2) a sect of Gnostics and Antinomians Caiphas - Jewish High Priest Caius - Third-century Christian author Caius, John - Physician and scholar (1510-1573) Caius and Soter, Saints - Popes, having their feast together on 22 April Cajetan, Saint - Also known as St. Gaetano. Biography of the founder of the Theatines Cajetan, Constantino - Benedictine savant (1560-1650) Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio Gaetani - Domincan cardinal, philosopher, theologian, and exegete (1469-1534) Calabozo, Diocese of - A town in the State of Miranda, Venezuela, on the River Guarico, 120 miles south-southwest of Caracas Calahorra and La Calzada, Diocese of - Suffragan of Burgos, comprising almost all the province of Logrono and part of the provinces of Navarre and Soria. Calahorra Calama - Titular see in Africa Calancha, Fray Antonio de la - Augustinian monk (1584-1654) Calas Case, The - Jean Calas was a French Calvinist, born 19 March, 1698, at La Caparede near Castres, in the department of Tarn; executed 10 March, 1762, at Toulouse Calasanctius, Saint Joseph - Priest, founder of the Piarists, d. 1648 Calasio, Mario di - Friar Minor and lexicographer (1550-1620) Calatayud, Pedro de - Jesuit missionary (1689-1773) Calatrava, Military Order of - Founded in Castile, in the twelfth century, as a military branch of the great Cistercian family Calcutta - Extends along the sea-coast from the Khabadak to the Mahanundi River Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio - Italian anatomist and physiologist (1725-1813) Caldara, Polidoro (da Caravaggio) - Italian painter (1492-1543) Caldas-Barbosa, Domingo - Brazilian poet (1740-1800) Calderon de la Barca, Pedro - Spanish dramatist (1600-1681) Caleb - Six people with this name are described Calendar, Christian - Includes history and Saint's days Calendar, Jewish - Details include days, weeks, months, years, and eras Calendar, Reform of the - Such alterations were too obvious to be ignored, and throughout the Middle Ages many observers both pointed them out and endeavoured to devise a remedy Calepino, Ambrogio - Italian lexicographer (1440-1510) Cali, Diocese of - Located in Colombia Caliari, Paolo - Eminent painter of the Venetian school (1528-1588) California - Includes history, population, education, resources, and religion California, Vicariate Apostolic of Lower - Located in Mexico California Missions - Divided into Lower or Old California and Upper California Callières, Louis-Hector de - Thirteenth Governor of New France (1646-1705) Callinicus - Titular see of Asia Minor Callipolis - Titular see of Thrace Callistus I, Pope - Martyr, d. about 223. Also known as Callixtus or Calixtus Callistus II, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died 13 December, 1124 Callistus III, Pope - Born near Valencia in Spain, 31 December, 1378; died at Rome, 6 August, 1458 Callot, Jacques - French etcher, engraver, and painter (1592-1635) Cally, Pierre - Philosopher and theologian, b. at Mesnil-Hubert, department of Orne, France, date of birth uncertain; d. 31 December, 1709 Calmet, Dom Augustin - Celebrated exegetist (1672-1757) Caloe - A titular see of Asia Minor Caltagirone - A city in the province of Catania, Sicily, built on two eminences about 2000 feet above sea-level, connected by a bridge Caltanisetta - The city is situated in a fertile plain of Sicily, on the River Salso, in the vicinity of the most extensive sulphur mines in the world Calumny - Etymologically any form of ruse or fraud employed to deceive another, particularly in judicial proceedings Calvaert, Dionysius - Painter (1540-1619) Calvary, Congregation of Our Lady of - A congregation founded at Poitiers, in 1617, by Antoinette of Orleans-Longueville Calvary, Mount - The place of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ Calvert, George - First Lord Baltimore, statesman and colonizer (1580-1632) Calvert, Cecilius - Second Lord Baltimore (1606-1675) Calvert, Charles - Third Baron of Baltimore, and Second Proprietary Governor of Maryland (1629-1715) Calvert, Leonard - Governor of Maryland (1607-1647) Calvert, Philip - Proprietary Governor of Maryland in 1660-1661 Calvi and Teano, Diocese of - The ancient Cales or Calenum in the Campagna, not far from Capua Calvin, John - Born at Noyon in Picardy, France, 10 July, 1509, and died at Geneva, 27 May, 1564 Calvinism - Calvin succeeded Luther in point of time and was committed to a struggle with Zwingli's disciples at Zurich and elsewhere, known as Sacramentarians Calvinus, Justus Baronius - Convert and apologist (1570-1606) Calynda - A titular see of Asia Minor Camachus - A titular see in Armenia Camaldolese - A joint order of hermits and cenobites, founded by St. Romuald at the beginning of the eleventh century Cámara y Castro, Tomás - Spanish bishop (1847-1904) Camargo, Diego Muñoz - Born of a Spanish father and Indian mother soon after 1521; died at a very advanced age, the exact date unknown Cambiaso, Luca - Genoese painter, b. at Moneglia near Genoa, in 1527; d. in the Escorial, Madrid, 1585 Cambrai, Archdiocese of - Comprises the entire Departement du Nord of France Cambridge, University of - Includes information on history, studies, and buildings Cambysopolis - Titular see of Asia Minor Camel, George Joseph - Botanist, born at Brunn, in Moravia, 21 April 1661, died in Manila, 2 May, 1706 Camerino, Diocese of - Situated in the Italian province of Macerata in the Apennines, about 40 miles from Ancona Camerlengo - The title of certain papal officials Cameroon - Located in German West Africa, between British Nigeria and French Congo Camillus de Lellis, Saint - Biographical article on founder of a religious order devoted to care of the sick and dying Camisards - Eighteenth-century French sect Camões, Luis Vaz de - Epic poet, born in 1524 or 1525; died 10 June, 1580 Campagna, Girolamo - Sculptor born in Verona, 1552; died about 1623 or 1625 Campagnola, Domenico - Painter of the Venetian school, b. at Padua in 1482; date of death unascertained Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette - French educator, born 6 November, 1752, at Paris; died in 1822, at Mantes Campaña, Pedro - Flemish painter, known in France as Pierre de Champagne, and in Brussels as Pieter de Kempeneer (his actual name), or, as translated in Flemish, Van de Velde, b. at Brussels in 1503; d. there in 1580 Campanella, Tommaso - In-depth article on the strange career of the Italian anti-Aristotelian Dominican writer Campani, Giuseppe - Italian optician and astronomer who lived in Rome during the latter half of the seventeenth century Campbell, James - American public official (1812-1893) Campeche - Diocese in the State of Campeche, Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Yucatan Campeggio, Lorenzo - Cardinal, an eminent canonist, ecclesiastical diplomat, and reformer Campi, Bernardino - Italian painter of the Lombard School, b. at Cremona, 1522; d. at Reggio, about 1590 Campi, Galeazzo - Italian painter, b. at Cremona, 1475; d. 1536 Campi, Giulio - Italian painter and architect, b. at Cremona about 1500; died there, 1572 Campion, Saint Edmund - English Jesuit, martyr, d. 1581. Biographical article Campo Santo de' Tedeschi - A cemetery, church, and hospice for Germans on the south side of St. Peter's, Rome Camus de Pont-Carré, Jean-Pierre - French bishop, b. 3 November, 1584, at Paris; d. there 25 April, 1652 Cana - A city of Galilee, Palestine Canaan, Canaanites - The Hebrew word Kenaan, denoting a person Canada - Comprises all that part of North America north of the United States, with the exception of Newfoundland, and Labrador Canada, Catholicity in - Treated under three headings: I. Period of French domination, from the discovery of Canada to the Treaty of Paris, in 1763; II. Period of British rule, from 1763 to the present day; III. Present conditions Canal, José de la - Ecclesiastical historian Canary Islands, The - An archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean facing the western coast of Africa Canatha - A titular see of Arabia Cancer de Barbastro, Luis - Dominican missionary to the New World (d. 1549) Candace - Ethiopian queen Candia - The residence of the Greek Metropolitan of Crete, who has seven suffragan sees, Khania, Kisamos, Rethymnon (Retimo), Sitia, Lampa, Arkadia, and Chersonesos Candidus - The name of two scholars of the Carlovingian revival of letters in the ninth century Candle, Paschal - A large wax candle, usually fixed in a great candlestick and featured in the service on Holy Saturday Candlemas - Also called: Purification of the Blessed Virgin, Feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple Candles - The word candle (candela, from candeo, to burn) was introduced into the English language as an ecclesiastical term, probably as early as the eighth century Candles, Altar - For mystical reasons the Church prescribes that the candles used at Mass and at other liturgical functions be made of beeswax Candlestick, Seven-Branch - One of the three chief furnishings of the Holy of the Tabernacle and the Temple. In reality it was an elaborate lampstand, set on the south side of the Holy Place Candlestick, Triple - A name given along with several others to a church ornament used only in the office of Holy Saturday Candlesticks - Provides the history of their use in Christian churches Candlesticks, Altar - Consists of five parts: the foot, the stem, the knob about the middle of the stem, the bowl to receive the drippings of wax, and the pricket, i.e. the sharp point that terminates the stem on which the candle is fixed Canea - Formerly a titular see of Crete, suppressed by a decree of 1894 Canelos and Macas - Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador, South America Canes, Vincent - Friar Minor and controversialist, born on the borders of Nottingham and Leicestershire, date uncertain; died in London, June, 1672 Canice, Saint - Irish priest, monastic founder, missionary to Scotland, d. 600 Canisius, Henricus - Canonist and historian, born at Nymwegen in Geldern Canisius, Peter, Blessed - Long essay on the Dutch Jesuit priest, who died in 1597 Canisius, Theodorich - Born at Nimwegen, Holland, 1532; died 27 September, 1606, at Ingolstadt Cano, Alonso - Spanish painter, architect, and sculptor (1601-1667) Cano, Melchior - Article by John R. Volz on the character, teachings, and life of this Dominican bishop and theologian Canon - Ecclesiastical person Canon - Musical term, the strictest of all contrapuntal forms Canoness - The assistance of women in the work of the Church goes back to the earliest time, and their uniting together for community exercises was a natural development of religious worship Canon of the Mass - Article divided into four sections: (I) Name and place of the Canon; (II) History of the Canon; (III) The text and rubrics of the Canon; (IV) Mystical interpretations Canon of the Old Testament - Signifies the authoritative list or closed number of the writings composed under Divine inspiration, and destined for the well-being of the Church Canon of the New Testament - The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history Canon Law - Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members Canonical Hours - Essay on the practice of reciting the Divine Office according to set hours Canonization and Beatification - According to some writers the origin in the Catholic Church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis Canons, Apostolic - A collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees concerning the government and discipline of the Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions Canons, Collections of Ancient - Includes authority and methods Canons, Ecclesiastical - Certain rules or norms of conduct or belief prescribed by the Church Canons and Canonesses Regular - According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a canon regular is essentially a religious cleric Canons, Penitential - Rules laid down by councils or bishops concerning the penances to be done for various sins. Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception - A congregation founded in the department of Isere, at Saint-Antoine, France, by the Abbe Dom Adrien Grea Canopus - A titular see of Egypt Canopy - An ornamental covering of cloth, stone, wood, or metal, used to crown an altar, throne, pulpit, or statue Canopy, Altar - The 'Caeremoniale Episcoporum (I, xii, 13), treating of the ornaments of the altar, says that a canopy (baldachinum) should be suspended over the altar Canossa - A former castle of Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, in the foothills of the Apennines Canova, Antonio - Italian sculptor (1757-1822) Cantate Sunday - A name given to the fourth Sunday after Easter Canterbury - The Ancient Diocese of Canterbury was the Mother-Church and Primatial See of All England, from 597 till the death of the last Catholic Archbishop, Cardinal Pole, in 1558 Canticle - Used in the English Catholic translation of the Bible as the equivalent of the Vulgate canticum in most, but not all, of the uses of that word; for where canticum is used for a sacred song Canticle of Canticles - One of three books of Solomon, contained in the Hebrew, the Greek, and the Christian Canon of the Scriptures Canticle of Simeon - The Canticle of Simeon found in Luke 2:29-32 Canticle of Zachary - One of the three great canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis Cantius, Saint John - Polish priest, professor of Sacred Scripture, d. 1473 Cantor - The chief singer (and sometimes instructor) of the ecclesiastical choir, called also precentor Cantù, Cesare - Italian historian and poet, b. at Brivio, 8 December, 1807; d. at Milan, 11 March, 1895 Canute - King of the English, Danes, and Norwegians, b. about 994; d. at Shaftesbury, 12 November 1035 Canute IV, Saint - King of Denmark, martyr, d. 1086 Capaccio and Vallo - Suffragan diocese of Salerno Capecelatro, Alfonso - Archbishop of Capua (1824-1912) Capefigue, Baptiste-Honoré-Raymond - Historian, b. at Marseilles, 1802; d. at Paris, 22 December, 1872 Caperolo, Pietro - Friar Minor, date of birth unknown; d. at Velletri in 1480 Capgrave, John - Augustinian friar, historian, and theologian, b. at Lynn in Norfolk, 21 April, 1393 Cap Haïtien - Erected by Pius IX, 3 October, 1861, in the ecclesiastical Province of Port au Prince Capharnaum - A titular see of Palestine Capital Punishment - The infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capitolias - A titular see of Palestine, suffragan to Scythopolis in Palestina Secunda Capitulations, Episcopal and Pontifical - Agreements, by which those taking part in the election of a bishop or pope imposed special conditions upon the candidate to be fulfilled by him after his election Capocci, Gaetano - Italian composer (1811-1898) Capponi, Gino, Count - Historian and litterateur; born at Florence, Italy, 13 September, 1792; died 3 February, 1876 Capranica, Domenico - Cardinal, theologian, canonist, and statesman, b. at Capranica near Palestrina, Italy, in 1400; d. at Rome, 14 July, 1458 Caprara, Giovanni Battista - Statesman and cardinal, born at Bologna, 29 May, 1733; died at Paris, 27 July, 1810 Capreolus, John - A theologian, born towards the end of the fourteenth century, (about 1380), in the diocese of Rodez, France; died in that city 6 April, 1444 Capsa - Titular see of North Africa Captain (in the Bible) - In the Douay version captain represents several different Hebrew and Latin words, and designates both civil and military officers Captivities of the Israelites - Includes the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman captivities Capua - Situated in the province of Caserta, Southern Italy Capuchinesses - A branch of the Poor Clares of the Primitive Observance, instituted at Naples, in 1538, by the Venerable Maria Longo Capuchin Friars Minor - An autonomous branch of the first Franciscan Order Capuciati - From caputium, hood - So named from the headgear which was one of their distinctive marks Caquetá - Apostolic prefecture situated in South America on the southern border of the Republic of Colombia Carabantes, José de - Friar Minor Capuchin and theologian, born in Aragon, in 1628; died in 1694 Caracalla - Roman Emperor, son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, b. 188; d. 217 Caracas - Located in the Republic of Venezuela, a metropolitan see with the Barquisimeto, Calabozo, Guayana, Merida, and Zulia as suffragans Caraffa, Vincent - Seventh General of the Society of Jesus (1585-1649) Caraites - A Jewish sect professing to follow the text of the Bible (Miqra) to the exclusion of Rabbinical traditions, and hence opposed to the Talmud Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Juan - Spanish ecclesiastic and writer (1606-1682) Caravaggio (Michaelangelo Morigi) - Milanese painter, b. at Caravaggio in 1569, d. at Porto d' Ercole in 1609 Carayon, Auguste - French author and bibliographer (1813-1874) Carbery, James Joseph - Third Bishop of Hamilton, Ontario (1823-1887) Carbonari - The name of a secret political society, which played an important part, chiefly in France and Italy, during the first decades of the nineteenth century Carbonnelle, Ignatius - Professor of mathematics and science (1829-1889) Carcassonne - Diocese comprising the entire department of Aude, and suffragan to Toulouse Cardan, Girolamo - Italian physician and mathematician (1501-1576) Cardenas, Juan - Moral theologian and author (1613-1684) Cardica - A titular see of Thessaly Cardinal - A dignitary of the Roman Church and counsellor of the pope Cardinal Protector - Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, or nation Cardinal Vicar - The vicar-general of the pope, as Bishop of Rome, for the spiritual administration of the city, and its surrounding district, properly known as Vicarius Urbis Cardinal Virtues - The four principal virtues upon which the rest of the moral virtues turn or are hinged Cardinals (1913 List) - Members of the College of Cardinals, 1913 Cards, Altar - To assist the memory of the celebrant at Mass in those prayers which he should know by heart, cards on which these prayers are printed are placed on the altar in the middle, and at each end Carducci, Bartolommeo and Vincenzo - Florentine painters, brothers, usually grouped under the Spanish School Carem - Name of a town in the Tribe of Juda Carey, Mathew - Author and publisher, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 28 January, 1760; d. in Philadelphia, U.S.A., 15 September, 1839 Carheil, Etienne de - French missionary among the Indians of Canada, born at Carentoir, France, November 1633; died at Quebec, 27 July, 1726 Cariati - Suffragan of Santa Severina Caribs - Next to the Arawaks, probably the most numerous Indian stock, of more or less nomadic habits, in South America Carissimi, Giacomo - Detailing his work in and composition for the Roman Catholic Church Carli, Dionigi da Piacenza - Seventeenth century Capuchin missionary Carlisle - The Catholic was smaller in extent than the present Anglican diocese, which was enlarged in 1856 Carlovingian Schools - Established under the Merovingian Kings, a school, scola palatina, the chroniclers of the eighth century styled it for the training of the young Frankish nobles in the art of war and in the ceremonies of the court Carmel - Designates in the Old Testament a certain city and its adjacent territory in the tribe of Juda Carmel, Mount - A well-known mountain ridge in Palestine, usually called in the Hebrew Bible Hakkarmel Carmel, Feast of Our Lady of Mount - This feast was instituted by the Carmelites between 1376 and 1386 Carmelite Order, The - One of the mendicant orders Carneiro, Melchior - Missionary bishop (d. 1583) Carnoy, Jean-Baptiste - Belgian biologist (1836-1899) Carochi, Horacio - Jesuit missionary to Mexico (1586-1666) Caroline Books - A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and written about 790-92 Caroline Islands - A group of about 500 small coral islands, east of the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean Carolingian Schools - Established under the Merovingian Kings, a school, scola palatina, the chroniclers of the eighth century styled it for the training of the young Frankish nobles in the art of war and in the ceremonies of the court Caron, Raymond - Franciscan friar and author, b. at Athlone, Ireland, in 1605; d. at Dublin, 1666 Caron, Reneé-Edouard - French Canadian statesman and magistrate (1800-1876) Carpaccio, Vittore - Venetian painter whose real name was Scarpazza, b. at Venice about 1455; d. in the same city between 1523 and 1526 Carpasia - A titular see of Cyprus. Carpasia, Karpasia, also Karpasion is said to have been founded by King Pygmalion near Cape Sarpedon Carpets, Altar - The sanctuary and altar-steps of the high altar are ordinarily to be covered with carpets Carpi - Situated in the province of Modena, Central Italy Carracci - Italian painter, engraver, and etcher, b. at Bologna, 16 August, 1557; d. at Parma, 22 March, 1602 Carranza, Bartolomé - Archbishop of Toledo; b. at Miranda de Arga, Spain, 1503; d. at Rome, 2 May, 1576 Carranza, Diego - Missionary among the Chontal Indians Carreno de Miranda, Juan - Spanish painter, b. at Aviles in Asturia, 1614; d. at Madrid, 1685 Carrera, Rafael - In 1847 Carrera was, by a kind of election, made President of Guatemala, and seven years later he became dictator, that is, president for life with the right to designate his successor Carrhae - A titular see of Mesopotamia Carrière, Joseph - Moral theologian, thirteenth superior of the seminary and Society of Saint-Sulpice (1795-1864) Carrières, Louis de - Born in the chateau de la Plesse in Avrille, Angers, France, 1 September, 1662; d. at Paris, 11 June 1717 Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton - American statesman (1737-1832) Carroll, Daniel - Brother of Archbishop Carroll, b. at upper Marlboro, Maryland, U. S. A., 1733; d. at Washington, 1829 Carroll, John - First American bishop (1735-1815) Cartagena - The city of the same name, residence of the archbishop, is situated on an island to the north of Tierra Bomba, Colombia Cartagena - Suffragan of Granada in Spain since the concordat of 1851, previously of Toledo Carter, Venerable William - English printer, martyred in 1584 Carthage, Saint - Also known as Mochuda. Irish monk, priest, hermit, founder. He composed a monastic rule in Irish verse. Died in 637 Carthage - Founded by Phoenician colonists, and long the great opponent of Rome in the duel for supremacy, was destroyed by a Roman army, 146 B.C. A little more than a century later (44 B.C.), a new city composed of Roman colonists was founded on the site Carthusian Order, The - The name is derived from the French chartreuse through the Latin cartusia, of which the English 'charterhouse' is a corruption Cartier, Georges-Etienne - French Canadian statesman, son of Jacques Cartier and Marguerite Paradis, b. at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 16 Sept., 1814; d. in London 20 May, 1873 Cartier, Jacques - The discoverer of Canada, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, in 1491; d. 1 September, 1557 Carvajal, Bernardino Lopez de - Cardinal, b. 1455, at Plasencia in Estremadura, Spain; d. at Rome 16 Dec., 1523 Carvajal, Gaspar de - Dominican missionary, b. in Estremadura, Spain, c. 1500; d. at Lima, Peru, 1584 Carvajal, Juan - Cardinal; b. about 1400 at Truxillo in Estremadura, Spain; d. at Rome, 6 December, 1469 Carvajal, Luis de - Friar Minor and Tridentine theologian, b. about 1500; the time of his death is uncertain Carvajal, Luisa de - Born 2 Jan., 1568, at Jaraizejo, Spain; died 2 Jan., 1614, at London, a lady of high birth, who received from God what appears to have been a special vocation to go to England and minister to those who were suffering for the Faith Carve, Thomas - Historian, b. in Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1590; d. probably in 1672 Caryll, John - Poet, dramatist, and diplomatist, b. at West Harting, England, 1625; d. 1711 Carystus - A titular see of Greece Casale Monferatto - A suffragan of Vercelli. Casale Monferrato Casali, Giovanni Battista - Musician, b. at Rome in 1715; d. there 1792. From 1759 until his death he held the position of choir-master in the church of St. John Lateran Casanare - Vicariate Apostolic in the Republic of Colombia, South America, administered by the Augustinians, subject to the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs Casanata, Girolamo - Cardinal, b. at Naples, 13 July, 1620; d. at Rome, 3 March, 1700 Casas, Bartolomé de las - Born at Seville, probably in 1474; d. at Madrid, 1566 Caserta - The capital of the province of that name in Southern Italy Casey, John - Mathematician, b. at Kilkenny, Ireland, 12 May, 1820; d. at Dublin, 3 Jan, 1891 Casgrain, Henri Raymond - Author of French Canadian literature (1831-1904) Cashel - A town in the County Tipperary, Ireland, which is also a Catholic archbishopric and the see of a Protestant bishop Casimir, Saint - Prince of Poland, remained unmarried by choice, d. in 1484 at the age of 25 Casium - A titular see of Lower Egypt Casot, Jean-Jacques - The last surviving Jesuit of the old Canada mission, born in Liege, Belgium, 4 October, 1728; died at Quebec, 16 March, 1800 Cassander, George - Flemish Humanist and theologian (1513-1566) Cassani, Joseph - Spanish Jesuit (1673-1686) Cassano all' Ionio - Suffragan of Reggio Casserly, Patrick S. - Educator, b. in Ireland; d. in New York, where for many years he conducted a classical school Cassian, John - Article on the monk and ascetic writer, who attempted to convey the teaching and way of life of the desert fathers and mothers to the fledgling monastic movement in Gaul Cassidy, William - Journalist, essayist, critic, b. at Albany, New York, U.S.A., 12 Aug., 1815; d. there 23 Jan., 1873 Cassini, Giovanni Domenico - Italian astronomer (1625-1712) Cassiodorus - Roman writer, statesman, and monk, b. about 490; d. about 583 Casson, François Dollier de - Fourth superior of Saint-Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, b. near Nantes, France, 1636; d. in 1701 Cassovia - Diocese in Hungary, founded in 1804 by the division of the Diocese of Agria, in the archdiocese of the same name, and the Dioceses of Cassovia and Szatmar Castabala - A titular see of Asia Minor, Latin title suppressed, 1894 Castagno, Andrea - Florentine painter, b. near Florence, 1390; d. at Florence, 9 August, 1457 Castellammare di Stabia - The seat of the diocese is an industrial city, situated on the Bay of Naples, on a slope of Monte Gauro, and famous for its health-giving mineral springs Castellaneta (Castania) - Suffragan of Taranto Castellanos, Juan de - Soldier, priest, and epic poet, born in Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century; date of death unknown Castelli, Benedetto - Mathematician and physicist; b. at Perugia, Italy, 1577; d. at Rome, 1644 Castelli, Pietro - Italian physician and botanist, b. at Rome in 1574; d. at Messina in 1662 Castello, Giovanni Battista - Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; b. at Gandino, in the Valle Seriana, in the territory of Bergamo, in 1509 (some writers state 1500 or 1506); d. at Madrid in 1579 Castiglione, Baldassare - Italian prose-writer, b. at Casatico, near Mantua, 6 December, 1478; died at Toledo, Spain, 7 February, 1529 Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio - Philologist and numismatist, b. of an ancient family at Milan, Italy, 1784; d. at Genoa, 10 April, 1849 Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto - Painter and etcher, b. at Genoa, Italy, 1616; d. at Mantua, 1670 Castile and Aragon - The united kingdom which came into existence by the marriage (1469) of Isabella, heiress of Castile, with Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon Castillejo, Cristóbal de - Spanish poet, b. in Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca), 1491; d. in Vienna, 12 June, 1556 Castner, Caspar - Jesuit missionary to China (1655-1709) Castoria - A titular see of Macedonia Castracane degli Antelminelli, Francesco - Naturalist, b. at Fano, Italy, 19 July, 1817; d. at Rome 27 March, 1899 Castro, Guigo de - Medieval Carthusian (1083-1137) Castro, Alphonsus de - Friar Minor and theologian, b. in 1495 at Zamora, Leon, Spain; d. 11 February 1558, at Brussels Castro Palao, Fernando - Spanish theologian (1581-1633) Castro y Bellvis, Guillen de - Spanish dramatic poet, b. of a noble family at Valencia in 1569; d. at Madrid in 1631 Casuistry - The application of general principles of morality to definite and concrete cases of human activity, for the purpose, primarily, of determining what one ought to do, or ought not to do, or what one may do or leave undone as one pleases; and for the purpose, secondarily, of deciding whether and to what extent guilt or immunity from guilt follows on an action already posited Caswall, Edward - Oratorian and poet, b. 15 July 1814, at Yately, Hampshire, of which place his father, the Rev. R. C. Caswall, was vicar; d. at the Oratory, Birmingham, 2 January, 1878 Catacombs, Roman - The subject is covered under the headings: I. Position; II. History; III. Inscriptions; IV. Paintings; V. Sarcophagi; VI. Small Objects Found in the Catacombs; and VII. Catacombs outside Rome Catafalque - Derived from the Italian word catafalco, literally means a scaffold or elevation, but in its strictly liturgical sense the word is employed to designate the cenotaph-like erection which is used at the exequial offices of the Church, and takes the place of the bier whenever the remains are not present Catalani, Giuseppe - A Roman liturgist of the eighteenth century, member of the Oratory of San Girolamo della Carita (Hieronymite), famous for his correct editions of the chief liturgical books of the Roman Church, which are still in habitual use, and which he enriched with scholarly commentaries illustrative of the history, rubrics, and canon law of the Roman Liturgy Catalonia - A principality within the Spanish Monarchy Catania - A seaport and capital of the province of the same name in Sicily, situated on the eastern side of Mount Etna Catanzaro - Suffragan of Reggio Catechesis - The word katechesis means instruction by word of mouth, especially by questioning and answering. The Apostle insists upon 'doctrine' as one of the most important duties of a bishop Catechism, Roman - This catechism differs from other summaries of Christian doctrine for the instruction of the people in two points: it is primarily intended for priests having care of souls (ad parochos), and it enjoys an authority equalled by no other catechism Catechumen - In the early Church, was the name applied to one who had not yet been initiated into the sacred mysteries, but was undergoing a course of preparation for that purpose Categorical Imperative - A term which originated in Immanuel Kant's ethics Category - The term was transferred by Aristotle from its forensic meaning (procedure in legal accusation) to its logical use as attribution of a subject Catenæ - Collections of excerpts from the writings of Biblical commentators, especially the Fathers and early ecclesiastical writers, strung together like the links of a chain, and in this way exhibiting a continuous and connected interpretation of a given text of Scripture Cathari - From the Greek katharos, pure, literally 'puritans', a name specifically applied to, or used by, several sects at various periods Cathedra - Three uses of the word are detailed Cathedral - The chief church of a diocese Cathedraticum - A certain sum of money to be contributed annually for the support of the bishop, as a mark of honour and in sign of subjection to the cathedral church, hence its name Catherick, Venerable Edmund - Priest and martyr, born probably in Lancashire about 1605; executed at York, 13 April, 1642 Catherine, Monastery of Saint - Situated on Mount Sinai, in a gorge below the Jebel-Musa, the reputed Mountain of the Law Catherine de' Medici - Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589; she was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d' Auvergne who, by her mother, Catherine of Bourbon, was related to the royal house of France Catherine de' Ricci, Saint - Biography of the cloistered Third Order Dominican nun, mystic, who died in 1590 Catherine of Alexandria, Saint - Article on the virgin and martyr. In the Middle Ages, one of the most popular saints Catherine of Bologna, Saint - Short biography of this Poor Clare, mystic, and writer, who died in 1463 Catherine of Genoa, Saint - Biography of the mystic and author, who died in 1510 Catherine of Siena, Saint - Third Order Dominican, hermit, reformer, mystic, d. 1380. Biographical article by Edmund G. Gardner Catherine of Sweden, Saint - Daughter of St. Bridget of Sweden. Widow, pilgrim, superior of the Brigittine motherhouse, d. 1381. Biographical article Catholic - The combination 'the Catholic Church' (he katholike ekklesia) is found for the first time in the letter of St. Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, written about the year 110 Catholic Benevolent Legion - A fraternal assessment life-insurance society organized in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A., 5 September, 1881 Catholic Club of New York - A social organization described by its constitution as a club which 'shall consist of Catholic gentlemen who are governed by a spirit of devotion to the Church and fidelity to the Holy Father' Catholic Epistle - The name given to the Epistle of St. James, to that of St. Jude, to two Epistles of St. Peter and the first three of St. John, because, unlike the Epistles of St. Paul, they were addressed not to any particular person or church, but to the faithful generally after the manner of an Encyclical letter Catholic Knights of America - A fraternal life-insurance company chartered under the laws of the State of Kentucky, U.S.A. It was founded in Nashville, Tennessee by James J. McLoughlin, D.N. Burke, John Broderick, and John McDonald Catholic Missionary Union - The corporate name of a society whose directors are chosen from among the bishops of the United States, the seminaries, the parishes and the missionary organizations of that country, its purpose being to engage priests and lay-men as missionaries to non-Catholics in the United States, to provide for their maintenance, to distribute Catholic literature, and in every way to assist the bishops in establishing and carrying on home missions in their various jurisdictions Catholicos - The ecclesiastical title of the Nestorian and Armenian patriarchs Catholic University of America - A pontifical institution located in Washington, D.C. It comprises the Schools of the Sacred Sciences, Philosophy, Law, Letters, and Science, each of which includes several departments Catholic University of Ireland - The project was launched at the Synod of Thurles in 1850 Catrou, François - French historian, b. at Paris, 28 December, 1659; d. there 12 October, 1737 Cattaro - Suffragan of Zara Cauchy, Augustin-Louis - French mathematician, b. at Paris, 21 August, 1789; d. at Sceaux, 23 May, 1857 Caughnawaga - Also known as Sault St. Louis. An Iroquois reservation, situated on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, about ten miles above Montreal Caulet, François-Etienne - A French bishop and Jansenist, b. at Toulouse, 1610; d. at Pamiers, 1680 Caunus - A titular see of Asia Minor. Kaunos was said to have been founded by Kaunos, son of Miletos and Kyane, on the southern coast of Caria, opposite Rhodes, and was known as Rhodian Peraea, at the foot of Mount Tarbelos Cause - Cause, as the correlative of effect, is understood as being that which in any way gives existence to, or contributes towards the existence of, any thing; which produces a result; to which the origin of any thing is to be ascribed Caussin, Nicolas - French Jesuit preacher and moralist (1583-1651) Cavagnis, Felice - Canonist, b. in Bordogna, Diocese of Bergamo, Italy, 13 January, 1841; d. at Rome, 29 December, 1906 Cavalieri, Bonaventura - Italian mathematician, b. at Milan in 1598; d. at Bologna, 3 December, 1647 Cavanagh, James - Soldier, b. in County Tipperary, Ireland, 1831; d. in New York, 7 January, 1901 Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio - Of Montecucolo, a Capuchin friar of the province of Bologna, date of birth uncertain; died at Genoa, 1692 Cavedoni, Celestino - Italian ecclesiastic, archaeologist, and numismatist; b. 18 May, 1795, at Levizzano-Rangone, near Modena; d. 26 November, 1865, at Modena Cavity, Altar - A small square or oblong chamber in the body of the altar, in which are placed the relics of two canonized martyrs Cavo, Andres - A writer frequently quoted on Spanish-Mexican history; b. at Guadalajara in Mexico, 21 January, 1729, he entered the Society of Jesus, 14 January, 1758, and went to Italy with the other members of the order after their expulsion from Mexico in 1767 Caxton, William - Born in the Weald of Kent, c. 1422; died at Westminster, 1491; the first English printer and the introducer of the art of printing into England Cayes - Diocese in the republic of Haiti, suffragan to Port-au-Prince Cayetano, Saint - Also known as St. Gaetano. Biography of the founder of the Theatines Caylus, Comte de - French archaeologist, b. at Paris, in 1692; d. in 1765 Cazeau, Charles-Félix - French-Canadian priest (1807-1881) Ceadda, Saint - Commonly known as St. Chad. Seventh-century bishop of Lichfield Cebú - Located in the Philippine Islands. Cebu, the diocesan city, spelled also Sebu and Zebu, in the province of the same name Cecilia, Saint - Virgin and martyr; patroness of church music Cedar - A coniferous tree frequently mentioned in the Bible Cedar - The name of the second son of Ismael; also of an Arabian tribe descended from him, and of the territory occupied by it Cedd, Saint - Brother of St. Chad (Ceadda) and bishop of the East Saxons, d. 664 Cedes - A Levitical city and place of refuge in Nephtali and a Levitical city of Issachar assigned to the family of Gersom Cedron, Brook of - The name designates in Holy Writ the ravine on the east of Jerusalem, between the Holy City and the Mount of Olives Cefalù - The city of the same name in the province of Palermo, in Sicily (Italy), is situated nearly in the centre of the northern coast of the island Ceillier, Rémi - Patrologist, b. at Bar-le-Duc, 14 May, 1688; d. at Flavigny, 26 May, 1763 Celebret - A letter which a bishop gives to a priest, that he may obtain permission in another diocese to say Mass, and for this purpose bears testimony that he is free from canonical censures Celenderis - A port and fortress in Isauria, founded by the Phoenicians or, according to legend, by Sandacos, son of Astynooes and grandson of Phaethon Celestine I, Pope Saint - Excommunicated Nestorius, sent St. Patrick to Ireland, d. 432 Celestine II, Pope - Reigned 1143-1144 Celestine III, Pope - The first Orsini pope (b. 1106) who reigned 1191-1198 Celestine IV, Pope - Reigned October-November 1241 Celestine V, Pope Saint - Benedictine priest and hermit, d. 1296 Celestine Order - Also called the Hermits of St. Damian or Hermits of Murrone Celestines - The name given to certain extreme 'Spiritual' Franciscans of the Marches, because they were taken by Celestine V under his special protection Celibacy of the Clergy - The renunciation of marriage implicitly or explicitly made, for the more perfect observance of chastity, by all those who receive the Sacrament of Orders in any of the higher grades Cella - One of the names by which the small memorial chapels sometimes erected in the Christian cemeteries of the first age were known Cellier, Elizabeth - A noted London midwife, who came into prominence through the pretended 'Meal-Tub Plot' of 1680 Cellites - A religious institute which had its origin at Mechlin, in Brabant, in the fifteenth century, during the ravages of the 'black death.' Celsus and Nazarius, Saints - Roman martyrs of the Diocletian persecution Celsus the Platonist - An eclectic Platonist and polemical writer against Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the second century Celtes, Conrad - German Humanist, b. at Wipfeld in Lower Franconia, 1 February, 1459; d. at Vienna, 4 February, 1508 Celtic Rite, The - The term 'Celtic Rite' is generally, but rather indefinitely, applied to the various rites in use in Great Britain, Ireland, perhaps in Brittany, and sporadically in Northern Spain, and in the monasteries which resulted from the Irish missions of St. Columbanus in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, at a time when rites other than the then existing rite of Rome were used, wholly or partially, in those places Cemeteries - The word coemeterium or cimiterium (in Gr. koimeterion) may be said in early literature to be used exclusively of the burial places of Jews and Christians Cemeteries in Law - Includes information concerning the laws in the United States and Canada Cemeteries, Early Roman Christian - This article treats briefly of the individual catacomb cemeteries in the vicinity of Rome Cenacle, Religious of the - The Society of Our Lady of the Cenacle was founded in 1826, at La Louvesc in France, near the tomb of St. John Francis Regis Cenalis, Robert - Bishop, historian, and controversialist, b. in Paris, 1483; d. there, 1560 Ceneda - Situated in the province of Treviso, in former Venetian territory, on a declivity of the Rhaetian Alps Censer - A vessel suspended by chains, and used for burning incense at solemn Mass, Vespers, Benediction, processions, and other important offices of the Church Censorship of Books - Either ecclesiastical or civil, according as it is practiced by the spiritual or secular authority, and it may be exercised in two ways, viz.: before the printing or publishing of a work, by examining it (censura praevia); and after the printing or publishing, by repressing or prohibiting it (censura repressiva) Censures, Ecclesiastical - Medicinal and spiritual punishments imposed by the Church on a baptized, delinquent, and contumacious person, by which he is deprived, either wholly of in part, of the use of certain spiritual goods, until he recover from his contumacy Censures, Theological - Doctrinal judgments by which the Church stigmatizes certain teachings detrimental to faith or morals Census - A canonical term variously defined by different writers Central Verein of North America, German Roman Catholic - The origin dates back to 1854, in which year the presidents of three German Catholic benevolent societies of Buffalo, new York, issued a call to various German Catholic societies for the purpose for forming a central body Centre (Party), The - This name is given to a political party in the German Reichstag and to a number of parties in the diets of the various states of the German Empire Centuriators of Magdeburg - A group of Lutheran scholars who had gathered at Magdeburg, and who are now known to history as the 'Centuriators of Magdeburg' because of the way in which they divided their work (century by century) and the place in which the first five volumes were written Centurion - A Roman officer commanding a century or company, the strength of which varied from fifty to one hundred men Ceolfrid, Saint - Anglo-Saxon Benedictine, abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, d. 716 Ceolwulf - King of Northumbria and monk of Lindisfarne, date and place of birth not known; died at Lindisfarne, 764 Cepeda, Francisco - A very active missionary among the Indians, born in the province of La Mancha, 1532; died at Guatemala, 1602 Ceramus - A titular see of Asia Minor Cerasus - A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus in Asia Minor Ceremonial - The book which contains in detail the order of religious ceremony and solemn worship prescribed to be observed in ecclesiastical functions Ceremony - In liturgy, an external action, gesture, or movement which accompanies the prayers and public exercise of divine worship Cerinthus - A Gnostic-Ebionite heretic, contemporary with St. John; against whose errors on the divinity of Christ the Apostle is said to have written the Fourth Gospel Certitude - The word indicates both a state of mind and a quality of a proposition, according as we say, 'I am certain', or, 'It is certain' Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de - Spanish author (1547-1616) Cervantes, Salazar Francisco - One of the first professors of the University of Mexico, born at Toledo, Spain, probably in 1513 or 1514; went to Mexico in 1550; died there in 1575 Cervia - Suffragan of Ravenna Cesalpino, Andrea - Article by Joseph Rompel dwells upon Cesalpino's botanical accomplishments as well as his philosophical positions Cesarini, Giuliano - Born at Rome, 1398; died at Varna, in Bulgaria 10 November, 1444 Cesena - The ancient Caesena is a city of Emilia, in the province of Forli (Italy), in the former States of the Church Ceslaus, Saint - Polish Dominican, d. about 1242 Cestra - Titular see of Asia Minor Ceva, Thomas - Mathematician (1648-1737) Ceylon - An island to the south-east of India and separated from it only by a chain of reefs and sand-banks called Adam's Bridge Chabanel, Noel - Biographical profile of the Jesuit missionary and martyr Chachapoyas - Diocese in Peru Chad, Saint - Commonly known as St. Chad. Seventh-century bishop of Lichfield Chadwick, James - Irish bishop (1813-1882) Chaignon, Pierre - French Jesuit (1791-1883) Chair of Peter - From the earliest times the Church at Rome celebrated on 18 January the memory of the day when the Apostle held his first service with the faithful of the Eternal City Chalcedon - A titular see of Asia Minor. The city was founded 676 B.C. by the Megarians on the Bithynian coast, opposite the place where a little later Byzantium rose Chalcedon, Council of - The Fourth Ecumenical Council, held in 451, from 8 October until 1 November inclusive, at Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor Chaldean Christians - The name of former Nestorians now reunited with the Roman Church Chalice - Occupies the first place among sacred vessels, and by a figure of speech the material cup is often used as if it were synonymous with the Precious Blood itself Challoner, Richard - Bishop of Debra, Vicar Apostolic of the London District, author of spiritual and controversial works, b. 29 Sept., 1691; d. 12 Jan., 1781 Châlons-sur-Marne - The Diocese comprises the department of Marne, exclusive of the arrondissement of Reims Cham, Chamites - Son of Noe and progenitor of one of the three great races of men whose ethnographical table is given by Genesis 10 Chambéry - In 1467, in the ducal chapel built for the Holy Winding-Sheet (Santo Sudario) by Amadeus IX, duke of Savoy, and the Duchess Yolande of France, Paul II erected a chapter directly subject to the Holy See, and his successor Sixtus IV, united this chapter with the deanery of Savoy Chamberlain - The title of certain papal officials Champlain, Samuel de - Founder of Quebec (1570-1635) Champney, Anthony - Controversialist (1569-1643) Champollion, Jean-François - A biography of the French Orientalist renowned for deciphering hieroglyphics through the triple inscription on the Rosetta Stone Champs, Etienne Agard de - Theologian and author (1613-1701) Chanaan, Chanaanites - The Hebrew word Kenaan, denoting a person Chanca, Diego Alvarez - A physician-in-ordinary to Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon; dates of birth and death uncertain Chancel - Part of the choir near the altar of a church, where the deacons or sub-deacons stand to assist the officiating priest Chancery, Diocesan - That branch of administration which handles all written documents used in the official government of a diocese Chanel, Peter-Louis-Marie, Saint - Two articles on the French Marist missionary. Martyred in 1841 Changanacherry - Vicariate Apostolic in Travancore, India Chant, Gregorian - Short description and history, with links to more information Chant, Plain - Description and history of the precursor to Gregorian chant Chantal, Saint Jane Frances de - Biography of the widowed baroness, mother, founder of the Congregation of the Visitation, who died in 1641 Chantelou, Claude - Patristic scholar, born in 1617, at Vion, in the present Diocese of Le Mans, France; died 28 November, 1664, at the Monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Pres in Paris Chantry - The endowment of one or more priests to say or sing Mass for the soul of the endower, or for the souls of persons named by him, and also, in the greater number of cases, to perform certain other offices, such as those of choir member in a collegiate church or cathedral, or of curate in outlying districts, or of chaplain in hospitals and jails, or of schoolmaster or librarian Chapeauville, Jean - Belgian theologian and historian, b. at Liege, 5 January, 1551; d. there 11 May 1617 Chapel - When St. Martin divided his military cloak (cappa) and gave half to the beggar at the gate of Amiens, he wrapped the other half round his shoulders, thus making of it a cape (capella). This cape, or its representative, was afterwards preserved as a relic and accompanied the Frankish kings in their wars, and the tent which sheltered it became known also as cappella or capella. In this tent Mass was celebrated by the military chaplains (capellani). When at rest in the palace the relic likewise gave its name to the oratory where it was kept, and subsequently any oratory where Mass and Divine service were celebrated was called capella, chapelle, chapel Chapelle, Placide-Louis - Archbishop of New Orleans, U.S.A., b. at Runes Lozere, France, 28 August, 1842; d. at New Orleans, 9 August, 1905 Chaplain - Discusses the types including court, beneficed, parochial, domestic, pontifical, and military Chaplets (Prayer Beads) - Essay on chaplets, rosaries, prayer ropes, prayer cords. Brief treatment of the use of beads in prayer by non-Christians Chaptal, Jean-Antoine - Comte de Chanteloup, technical chemist and statesman; b. Nogaret, Lozere, France, 4 June, 1756; d. Paris, 30 July, 1832 Chapter - Designates certain corporate ecclesiastical bodies, said to be derived from the chapter of the rule book, which it was the custom to read in the assemblies of monks Chapter House - A building attached to a monastery or cathedral in which the meetings of the chapter are held Chapter and Conventual Mass - A conventual Mass sung or said in all cathedrals and collegiate churches that have a chapter; in this case it is often called the 'chapter' Mass Character - A consideration of the term as it is used in psychology and ethics Character, Sacramental - Indicates a special effect produced by three of the sacraments, viz. Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy orders Charadrus - A titular see of Asia Minor Chardon, Jean-Baptiste - Indian missionary in Canada, and in the Louisiana territory, born at Bordeaux, France, 27 April, 1672; died at Quebec, 11 April, 1743 Chardon, Mathias - A learned French Benedictine of the Congregation of the Saint-Vannes, b. at Yvoi-Varignan in the present department of Ardennes, France, 22 September, 1695; d. at the monastery of St-Arnold in Metz, 21 October, 1771 Charette de la Contrie, Baron Athanase-Charles-Marie - French monarchist (1832-1911) Chariopolis - A titular see of Thrace Charismata - The spiritual graces and qualifications granted to every Christian to perform his task in the Church Charitable Bequests, Civil Law Concerning - A charity, in the legal sense of the term, may be defined as a gift to be applied consistently with existing laws, for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons, either by bringing their minds or hearts under the influence of education or religion, by relieving their bodies from disease, suffering, or constraint, by assisting them to establish themselves in life, or by erecting and maintaining public buildings or works or otherwise lessening the burdens of the government Charity and Charities - In its widest and highest sense, charity includes love of God as well as love of man Charity, Theological Virtue of - The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul (1 Corinthians 13:13), usually called charity, defined: a divinely infused habit, inclining the human will to cherish God for his own sake above all things, and man for the sake of God Charity, Congregation of the Brothers of - Founded in Belgium, the rule and constitutions were approved and confirmed by Pope Leo XIII, 4 July, 1899 Charity, Sisters of, of St. Vincent de Paul - A congregation of women with simple vows, founded in 1633 and devoted to corporal and spiritual works of mercy Charity, Sisters of, of St. Vincent de Paul (New York) - Motherhouse at Mt. St. Vincent-on Hudson, New York; not to be confused with the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul founded earlier Charity, Sisters of, of St. Elizabeth - A community founded at Newark, in 1859, by Mother Mary Xavier Mehegan, who for twelve years previously had been a member of the Sisters of Charity, of St. Vincent de Paul in New York Charity, Sisters of, (St. John, New Brunswick) - Founded in 1854 by Bishop, subsequently Archbishop, Connolly Charity, Sisters of, of the Blessed Virgin Mary - A congregation begun by five young women in Dublin, Ireland, 8 December, 1831, with the purpose of devoting themselves to the service of God in the education of children Charity, Sisters of, of Providence - More accurately, Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor, founded in Montreal, Canada, by Bishop Bourget and Madame Jean Baptiste Gamelin (Marie Emelie Eugenie Tavernier), 25 March, 1843 Charity, Sisters of, of Jesus and Mary - A congregation founded in 1803 by Canon Triest, who was known as 'the St. Vincent de Paul of Belgium', for he was the founder as well of the Brothers of St. John of God, and the Sisters of the Infant Jesus Charity, Sisters of, of St. Louis - Founded at Vannes in Brittany, in 1803, by Madame Mole, nee de Lamoignan, for the education of poor girls, at the suggestion of Bishop de Pancemont, of Vannes, who was her director Charity, Sisters of, of St. Paul - These sisters who now add 'Of Chartres' to their title to distinguish them from another congregation of the same name, were founded at Chartres in 1704 by Monsignor Marechaut, a theologian of the Cathedral of Chartres, assisted by Mlle de Tilly and Mlle de Tronche Charity, Sisters of, of Our Lady Mother of Mercy - A congregation founded in Holland in 1832 by the Rev. John Zwijsen, pastor of Tilburg, aided by Mary M. Leijsen, for the instruction of children and the betterment of a people deprived of spiritual aid by the disastrous effects of the Reformation Charity, Theological Virtue of - The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul (1 Cor., xiii, 13), usually called charity, defined: a divinely infused habit, inclining the human will to cherish God for his own sake above all things, and man for the sake of God Charlemagne - Biography of the emperor covering his political, military, and religious entanglements Charlemagne and Church Music - Charlemagne's interest in church music and solicitude for its propagation and adequate performance throughout his empire, have never been equalled by any civil ruler either before or since his time Charles V, Emperor - Born at Ghent, 1500; died at Yuste, in Spain, 1558; was a descendant of the house of Hapsburg, and to this descent owed his sovereignty over so many lands that it was said of him that the sun never set on his dominions Charles Borromeo, Saint - Biographical article on the Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal, a leading light of the Catholic Reformation Charles Martel - French monarch, born about 688; died at Quierzy on the Oise, 21 October, 741 Charleston - The Diocese of Charleston (Carolopolitana) comprises the entire state of South Carolina, U.S.A Charlevoix, François-Xavier - Historian, b. at St-Quentin, France, 24 October, 1682, d. at La Fleche, 1 February, 1761 Charlottetown - Diocese includes all Prince Edward Island (formerly called St. John's Island), the smallest province of the dominion of Canada Charpentier, François-Philippe - French engraver, inventor, and mechanician, b. at Blois, 1734; d. there 22 July, 1817 Charron, Pierre - Article by Charles B. Schrantz notes this French thinker's impact and the regrettable superficiality of his thought Charterhouse - From the fact that St. Bruno founded the first house of his austere order at Chartreux, near Grenoble, the institution has ever since been known by the name of that place Chartier, Alain - French poet (1390-1440) Chartres - Diocese in France. Comprises the department of Eure-et-Loir Chartreuse, La Grande - The mother-house of the Carthusian Order lies in a high valley of the Alps of Dauphine Chartulary - A medieval manuscript volume or roll (rotulus) containing transcriptions of original documents relating to the foundation, privileges, and legal rights of ecclesiastical establishments, municipal corporations, industrial associations, institutions of learning, and private families Chastel, Guigues du - Medieval Carthusian (1083-1137) Chastellain, Georges - Burgundian chronicler, born in the County of Alost, Flanders, in 1403; died at Valenciennes in 1475 Chastellain, Pierre - Missionary among the Huron Indians, born at Senlis, France, in 1606; died at Quebec, 14 August, 1684 Chastity - The virtue which excludes or moderates the indulgence of the sexual appetite Chasuble - Called in Latin casula planeta or paenula, and in early Gallic sources amphibalus, the principal and most conspicuous Mass vestment, covering all the rest Chateaubriand, François-René - French writer, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, 4 September, 1768; d. at Paris, 4 July, 1848 Chatham - The Diocese comprises the northern half of the Province of New Brunswick, Canada, i.e., the counties of Gloucester, Madawaska, Northumberland, Restigouche, Victoria, and the part of Kent north of the Richibucto River Chaucer, Geoffrey - Summary of the author's life and literary contributions Chaumonot, Pierre-Joseph - Jesuit missionary in North America (1611-1693) Chauncy, Maurice - Prior of the English Carthusians at Bruges (d. 1581) Chauveau, Pierre-Joseph-Octave - Canadian statesman (1820-1890) Chelm and Belz - A diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite in Russian Poland, subject directly to the Holy See, and formerly a suffragan of Kiijow Cheminais de Montaigu, Timoléon - Pulpit orator (1652-1689) Cherokee Indians - The largest and most important tribe of Iroquoian stock of the southern section of the United States, and formerly holding the whole southern Alleghany mountain region of North and South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, with considerable portions of Alabama, Virginia and Kentucky Chersonesus - The name for both a titular see of Crete and a titular see of Thrace, and suffragan to Heracleia Cherubim - Angelic beings or symbolic representations thereof, mentioned frequently in the Old Testament and once in the New Testament Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore - Article with biographical details emphasizing religious music and his time away from its composition Chester - Located in England. Though the See of Chester, schismatically created by Henry VIII in 1541, was recognized by the Holy See only for the short space of Queen Mary's reign, the city had in earlier times possessed a bishop and a cathedral, though only intermittently Cheverus, Jean-Louis Lefebvre de - First Bishop of Boston, U.S.A., Bishop of Montauban; Archbishop of Bordeaux, France, and Cardinal, b. at Mayenne, France, 28 January, 1768; d. at Bordeaux 19 July, 1836 Chevreul, Michel-Eugène - Chemist, physicist, and philosopher, b. at Angers, France, 31 August, 1786; d. at Paris, 9 April, 1889 Cheyenne - Diocese established 9 August, 1887 Chézy, Antoine-Léonard - French Orientalist (1773-1832) Chiabrera, Gabriello - Italian poet (1552-1638) Chiapas - The Diocese comprises almost the entire state of that name in the Republic of Mexico. San Cristobal Las Casas, formerly called Ciudad Real, is the episcopal seat, and is the principal city of the state Chiavari - Suffragan of Genoa. A city of the province of Genoa in Northern Italy, situated on a little bay of the Gulf of Genoa Chibchas - In the beginning of the sixteenth century they occupied what is now the departments of Boyaca and Cundinamarca with, possible, a few outlying settlements Chicago, Archdiocese of - Diocese created 28 November, 1842; raised to the rank of an archdiocese, 10 September, 1880 Chichele, Henry - Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, England, 1362; d. at Oxford, 12 April, 1441 Chichester - Ancient Catholic Diocese. This see took its rise in consequence of the decree passed at the Council of London in 1075, requiring all bishoprics to be removed from villages to towns Chicoutimi - Diocese created, 28 May, 1878, a part of the civil and ecclesiastical Province of Quebec Chieregati, Francesco - Papal nuncio, b. at Vicenza, 1479; d. at Bologna, 6 December, 1539 Chieti - Archdiocese with the perpetual administration of Vasto Chihuahua - Diocese in the north of Mexico, comprises the state of Chihuahua Chilapa - Diocese suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico, comprises the state of Guerrero, in the south of Mexico Children of Mary - The Sodality of Children of Mary Immaculate owes its origin to the manifestation of the Virgin Immaculate of the Miraculous Medal, on which the Church has placed a seal, by appointing the twenty-seventh of November as its feast Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart, The - A Sodality of the Blessed Virgin, founded by Mother Barat of the Society of the Sacred Heart, in the Parish school about 1818, almost simultaneously with the convent itself Chile - A comparatively narrow strip of coast-land in South America between the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Andes Mountains on the east, including the watershed Chimalpain, Domingo (San Anton y Muñon) - A Mexican Indian of the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries, who received a liberal education in the colleges for Indians of Mexico City under the direction of the clergy China - Includes history, government, education, and religion China, The Church in - The introduction of Christianity into China has been ascribed not only to the Apostle of India, St. Thomas, but also to St. Bartholomew China, History of - Discusses the origin of the Chinese China, Martyrs in - With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution Chinooks - An aboriginal tribe of the extreme northwest of the United States Chioggia (Chiozza) - A sea-coast city in the province of Venice. In antiquity it was known as Fossa Clodia; in the Middle Ages as Clugia Chios - One of the Sporades in the Aegean Sea Chippewa Indians - The popular name is a corruption of Ojibwa, a name of uncertain etymology, but generally supposed to refer to the 'puckered up' appearance of the seam along the front of the tribal moccasin Chi-Rho (Labarum) - The name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his celebrated vision (Lactantius, 'De mortibus persecutorum', 44), was known in antiquity Chiusi-Pienza - Suffragan of Siena Chivalry - Considered from three points of view: the military, the social, and the religious Choctaw Indians - An important tribe or confederacy of Muskogean stock formerly holding most of Southern Alabama and Mississippi, with adjoining portions of Louisiana Choir - Church architecture term. Strictly speaking, the choir is that part of the church where the stalls of the clergy are Choir - A body of singers entrusted with the musical parts of the Church service, and organized and instructed for that purpose Choiseul, Etienne-François, Duc de - French statesman, b. 28 June, 1719; d. in Paris 8 May, 1785 Choiseul du Plessis-Praslin, Gilbert - French bishop, b. 1613; d. at Paris, 31 December, 1689 Cholonec, Pierre - French missionary to Canadian Indians (1641-1723) Chorepiscopi - A name originally given in the Eastern Church to bishops whose jurisdiction was confined to rural districts Choron, Alexandre-Etienne - French musician and teacher of music (1772-1834) Chrism - A mixture of oil of olives and balsam, blessed by a bishop in a special manner and used in the administration of certain sacraments and in the performance of certain ecclesiastical functions Chrismal, Chrismatory - Formerly used to designate the sheath, or cloth-covering (theca) in which relics were wrapped up Chrismarium - A place in a church set apart for the administration of confirmation Christ, Jesus - The incarnate Son of God and the redeemer of the human race Christ, Agony of - The word is used only once in Sacred Scripture (Luke 22:43) to designate the anguish of Our Lord in the Garden of Gethsemani Christ, Character of - The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most varied type Christ, Chronology of the Life of - Includes absolute and relative chronologies Christ, Early Historical Documents on - Divided into three classes: pagan sources, Jewish sources, and Christian sources Christ, Genealogy of - Offers the genealogy according to Saint Matthew and Saint Luke Christ, Holy Name of - Article examines the name Jesus and Christ separately Christ, Knowledge of - 'Knowledge of Jesus Christ,' as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know about Jesus Christ, but a survey of the intellectual endowment of Christ Christ, Order of the Knights of - A military order which sprang out of the famous Order of the Temple Christ, Temptation of - Christ endured temptation only from without, inasmuch as His human nature was free from all concupiscence Christ, Virgin Birth of - The dogma which teaches that the Blessed Mother of Jesus Christ was a virgin before, during, and after the conception and birth of her Divine Son Christchurch - Its centre being Christchurch, the Capital of Canterbury, New Zealand. Diocese comprises the provinces of Canterbury and Westland, a small portion of the Province of Nelson, and the Chatham Islands Christendom - In its wider sense this term is used to describe the part of the world which is inhabited by Christians Christendom, Union of - Includes the Catholic Church together with the many other religious communions which have either directly or indirectly, separated from it Christian - First Bishop of Prussia, d. 1245 Christian Archæology - That branch of the science which is the study of ancient Christian monuments Christian Art - Also called ecclesiastical art Christian Brothers - A society of male religious approved by the Church, but not taking Holy orders, and having for its object the personal sanctification of its members and the Christian education of youth, especially of the children of artisans and the poor Christian Brothers of Ireland - An institute founded at Waterford, Ireland, in 1802, by Edmund Ignatius Rice, a merchant of that city Christian Charity, Sisters of - Also called Daughters of the Immaculate Conception, an institute for teaching poor schools and for the care of the blind, founded at Paderborn, Germany, on August, 1849, by Pauline von Mallinckrodt (b. 3 June, 1817, at Minden, Westphalia; d. 30 April, 1881), sister to the famous Hermann von Mallinckrodt Christian Doctrine, Confraternity of - An association established at Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religions instruction Christian Instruction, Brothers of - A congregation founded in 1817 at Saint-Brieuc, Cotes-du-Nord, France, by Jean-Marie-Robert de la Mennais (b. 1780; d. 1860), for the instruction of youth Christianity - An account is given of Christianity as a religion, describing its origin, its relation to other religions, its essential nature and chief characteristics, but not dealing with its doctrines in detail nor its history as a visible organization Christian Knowledge, Society for Promoting - A society within the Church of England Christian Retreat, Congregation of - There are two branches of this congregation, the Fathers of Christian Retreat and the Sisters. It was founded on the 19th of November, 1789, at Fontenelle, Doubs, France, by Father Antoine-Silvestre Receveur, who was declared Venerable in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII Christina Alexandra - Queen of Sweden. Biographical article by P. Wittman Christine de Pisan - Biography, including a list of her major poetic and historical works Christine of Stommeln, Blessed - A visionary at a very early age, became a Beguine, d. 1312 Christmas - Provides a detailed overview of the holiday from the fourth century through the modern age. Includes links to related topics Christology - Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ Christopher, Saint - Article on this martyr, probably of the third century. Although Christopher has been a center of popular legend since the sixth century, all that can be known for certain is that he was a great martyr Christopher, Pope - Reigned 903-904 Christopher Numar of Forli - Minister General of the Friars Minor and cardinal (d. 1528) Chrodegang, Saint - Bishop of Metz, d. 766 Chromatius, Saint - Bishop of Aquileia, anti-Arian theologian, tried to reconcile Rufinus and Jerome, d. 406 or 407 Chronicle of Eusebius - Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the 'Chronograph' or 'Chronographies'; the second he terms the 'Canon', or 'Canons', and also the 'Chronological Canons' Chronicon Paschale - The name ordinarily given to a valuable Byzantine chronicle of the world written in the seventh century, so designated because, like many other chronicles of the Middle Ages, it follows a system of Christian chronology based on the paschal canon, or cycle Chronicles (Paralipomenon), Books of - Two books of the Bible containing a summary of sacred history from Adam to the end of the Captivity. Chronology, Biblical - Deals with the dates of the various events recorded in the Bible Chronology, General - Mathematical chronology determines the units to be employed in measuring time, and historical chronology which fixes in the general course of time the position of any particular occurrence, or, as it is generally termed, its date Chrysanthus and Daria, Saints - Martyrs at Rome, perhaps in 283 or 284 Chrysogonus, Saint - Martyr at Aquileia, probably during the Diocletian persecution Chrysopolis - A titular see of Roman Arabia Chrysostom, Saint John - Long biographical article on this bishop and Doctor of the Church Chur - Comprises at present the Swiss Cantons of Graubuenden (Grisons), Glarus, Zuerich, Unterwalden, and Uri, as well as the little Principality of Lichtenstein Church, The - The term church is the name employed in the Teutonic languages to render the Greek ekklesia (ecclesia), the term by which the New Testament writers denote the society founded by Jesus Christ Church and State - The Church and the State are both perfect societies, that is to say, each essentially aiming at a common good commensurate with the need of mankind at large and ultimate in a generic kind of life, and each juridically competent to provide all the necessary and sufficient means thereto Churching of Women - A blessing given by the Church to mothers after recovery from childbirth Church Maintenance - The proper support of church edifices and church institutions Chusai - The Arachite, i.e. the native of Archi, a place south of the portion of Ephraim, near Bethel Chysoloras, Manuel - First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth century; died at Constance, German, and was buried there, 15 April, 1415 Chytri - A titular see of Cyprus Ciampini, Giovanni Giustino - Ecclesiastical archaeologist (1633-1698) Ciasca, Agostino - Italian Augustinian and cardinal (1835-1902) Ciborium - A chalice-like vessel used to contain the Blessed Sacrament Cibot, Pierre-Martial - Missionary, born at Limoges, France, 14 August, 1727; died at Peking, China, 8 August, 1780 Ciboule, Robert - French theologian and moralist (d. 1458) Cibyra - A titular see of Caria, in Asia Minor. Kibyra, later Kibyrrha, had been founded by the Lycian district inhabited by the Solymi Ciccione, Andrea - Fifteenth-century Italian sculptor and architect Cicognara, Leopoldo, Count - Politician, writer on art (1767-1834) Cid, El - Popular hero of the chivalrous age of Spain, born at Burgos c. 1040; died at Valencia, 1099. He was given the title of seid or cid (lord, chief) by the Moors and that of campeador (champion) by his admiring countrymen Cidyessus - A titular see of Asia Minor Cienfuegos - The Diocese of Cienfuegos (Centumfocensis), includes all the Province of Santa Clara in the central part of Cuba Cignani Family - Carlo, Felice, and Paolo, Bolognese painters Cimabue, Cenni di Pepo - Florentine painter (1240-1301) Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista - Venetian painter (1459-1517) Cimbebasia - The name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa Cincinnati - Archdiocese in the state of Ohio Cincture - More commonly called in England, the girdle is an article of liturgical attire which has been recognized as such since the ninth century Cinites - A tribe or family often mentioned in the Old Testament, personified as Qayin from which the nomen gentilicium Qeni is derived Cinna - A titular see of Asia Minor Circesium - A titular see of Osrhoene Circumcision - The Hebrew word, like the Greek (peritome), and the Latin (circumcisio), signifies a cutting and, specifically, the removal of the prepuce, or foreskin, from the penis Circumcision, Feast of the - As Christ wished to fulfil the law and to show His descent according to the flesh from Abraham. He, though not bound by the law, was circumcised on the eighth day (Luke 2:21), and received the sublime name expressive of His office, Jesus, i.e. Saviour Cisalpine Club - An association of Catholic laymen formed in England to perpetuate the movement which had found expression in the 'Declaration and Protestation' signed by the Catholic body in 1789 Cisamus - Titular see of Crete Cistercians - Religious of the Order of Citeaux, a Benedictine reform, established at Citeaux in 1098 by St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme in the Diocese of Langres, for the purpose of restoring as far as possible the literal observance of the Rule of St. Benedict Cistercian Sisters - The first Cistercian monastery for women was established at Tart in the Diocese of Langres (now Dijon), in the year 1125, by sisters from the Benedictine monastery of Juilly, and with the co-operation of St. Stephen Harding, Abbot of Citeaux Cistercians in the British Isles - St. Stephen Harding, third Abbot of Citeaux (1109-33), was an Englishman and his influence in the early organization of the Cistercian Order had been very great. It was natural therefore that, when, after the coming of St. Bernard and his companions in 1113, foundations began to multiply, the project of sending a colony of monks to England should find favourable consideration Cîteaux, Abbey of - Founded in 1098 by St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme, in a deserted and uninhabited part of the Diocese of Chalons-sur Saone Citation - A legal act through which a person, by mandate of the judge, is called before the tribunal for trial Citharizum - A titular see of Armenia Città della Pieve, Diocese of - A city of obscure origin in the province of Perugia in Umbria, Central Italy Città di Castello, Diocese of - A town in the province of Perugia, in Umbria, Central Italy Ciudad Real - Bishopric-Priorate of the Military Orders of Spain, directly subject to the Holy See Ciudad Rodrigo - Suffragan of the Diocese of Santiago; comprises the greater part of the province of Salamanca, and a portion of the province of Caceres Cius - A titular see of Asia Minor Civil Allegiance - The duty of loyalty and obedience which a person owes to the State of which he is a citizen Civil Authority - The moral power of command, supported by physical coercion, which the State exercises over its members Civil Marriage - The municipal law deals with this status only as a civil institution Cività Castellana, Orte, and Gallese - A town in the Province of Rome, on the Treia Civitavecchia and Corneto, Diocese of - An important and fortified Mediterranean seaport, in the province of Rome Clairvaux, Abbey of - The third daughter of Citeaux and mother in the fourth line of numerous and celebrated monasteries, founded in 1115 by St. Bernard, in a deep valley upon the bank of the Aube, and known as the Vallee d'Absinthe Clandestinity (in Canon Law) - Strictly speaking, clandestinity signifies a matrimonial impediment introduced by the Council of Trent to invalidate marriages contracted at variance with the exigencies of the decree 'Tametsi', commonly so called because the first word of the Latin text is tametsi Clare of Assisi, Saint - Cofounded the 'Poor Clares' with St. Francis. She died in 1253 Clare of Montefalco, Saint - Abbess, claimed by both the Franciscans and the Augustinians, d. 1308 Clare of Rimini, Blessed - Widow, penitent, Poor Clare, superior of the convent at Rimini, contemplative, d. 1346 Claret y Clará, Saint Antonio María - Spanish priest and missionary, founder of the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (better known as the Claretians), d. 1870 Clark, William - English priest, date of birth unknown, executed at Winchester, 29 Nov., 1603 Claude de la Colombière, Saint - Jesuit missionary, ascetical writer, spiritual director to St. Margaret Mary Alacoque. He died in 1682 Claudia - A Christian woman of Rome, whose greeting to Timothy St. Paul conveys with those of Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, 'and all the brethren' Claudianus Mamertus - Gallo-Roman theologian and the brother of St. Mamertus, Bishop of Vienne, d. about 473 Claudiopolis - Titular see in Asia Minor Claudiopolis - A titular see of Bithynia, in Asia Minor Claver, Saint Peter - Biography of the Spanish Jesuit priest who for 33 years ministered to African slaves in the New World, and tried to stop the slave trade. Died in 1654 Clavigero, Francisco Saverio - Mexican Jesuit (1731-1787) Clavius, Christopher - Mathematician and astronomer (1538-1612) Clavius, Claudius - Danish cartographer (b. 1388) Clayton, James - Priest, confessor of the faith, b. at Sheffield, England, date of birth not know; d. a prisoner in Derby gaol, 22 July, 1588 Clazomenae - Titular see of Asia Minor Clean and Unclean - The distinction between legal and ceremonial, as opposed to moral Cleef, Jan van - Flemish painter (1646-1716) Cleef, Joost van - Flemish painter (1520-1556) Cleef, Martin van - Flemish painter (1520-1570) Clémanges, Mathieu-Nicolas Poillevillain de - French Humanist and theologian, b. in Champagne about 1360; d. at Paris between 1434 and 1440 Clémencet, Charles - Benedictine historian, b. at Painblanc, in the department of Cote-d'Or, France, 1703; d. at Paris, 5 August, 1778 Clemens, Franz Jacob - German Catholic philosopher, b. 4 October, 1815, at Coblenz; d. 24 February, 1862, at Rome Clemens non Papa - Composer (d. 1558) Clement I, Pope Saint - Lengthy article on Clement I, also called Clemens Romanus, the fourth pope and the first of the Apostolic Fathers Clement II, Pope - Reigned 1046-47 Clement III, Pope - Reigned 1187-1191 Clement IV, Pope - Reigned 1265-68 Clement V, Pope - Reigned 1305-14 Clement VI, Pope - Born 1291 in the castle of Maumont, departmentof Correze, France, elected pope, 7 May, 1342, at Avignon, where he died 6 December, 1352 Clement VII, Pope - Reigned 1523-34 Clement VIII, Pope - Reigned 1592-1605 Clement IX, Pope - Reigned 1667-1669 Clement X, Pope - Reigned 1670-1676 Clement XI, Pope - Reigned 1700-1721 Clement XII, Pope - Reigned 1730-1740 Clement XIII, Pope - Reigned 1758-69 Clement XIV, Pope - Reigned 1769-1774 Clement, Cæsar - Date of birth uncertain; died at Brussels 28 Aug., 1626, great-nephew of Sir Thomas More's friend, Dr. John Clement Clément, François - A member of the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur and historian; born at Beze in the department of Cote-d'Or, France, 1714; died at Paris, 29 March, 1793 Clement, John - President of the College of Physicians and tutor to St. Thomas More's children, born in Yorkshire about 1500; died 1 July, 1572 Clementines - The name given to the religious romance in two forms as composed by Pope St. Clement I Clement Mary Hofbauer, Blessed - Second founder of the Redemptorists, called 'the Apostle of Vienna,' d. 1821 Clement of Alexandria - Fairly lengthy article on his life and writings Clement of Ireland, Saint - Also known as Clemens Scotus. Famed scholar and teacher of youth, died no earlier than 818 Clenock, Maurice - Date of birth unknown; died about 1580. He was b. in Wales and educated at Oxford, where he was admitted Bachelor of Canon Law in 1548 Cleophas - According to the Catholic English versions the name of two persons mentioned in the New Testament. In Greek, however, the names are different, one being Cleopas, abbreviated form of Cleopatros, and the other Clopas Clerestory - A term formerly applied to any window or traceried opening in a church, e. g. in an aisle, tower, cloister, or screen, but now restricted to the windows in an aisled nave, or to the range of wall in which the high windows are set Cleric - A person who has been legitimately received into the ranks of the clergy Clericato, Giovanni - Canonist, born 1633, at Padua; died 1717 Clericis Laicos - The initial words of a Bull issued 25 Feb., 1296, by Boniface VIII in response to an earnest appeal of the English and French prelates for protection against the intolerable exactions of the civil power Clerk, John - Bishop of Bath and Wells; date of birth unknown; died 3 January, 1541 Clerke, Agnes Mary - Astronomer, born at Skibbereen, County Cork, Ireland, 10 February, 1842; died in London, 20 January 1907 Clerke, Ellen Mary - Journalist and novelist, b. at Skibbereen, County Cork, Ireland, 1840; d. in London, 2 March 1906 Clerks Regular - Those bodies of men in the Church who by the very nature of their institute unite the perfection of the religious state to the priestly office, i.e. who while being essentially clerics, devoted to the exercise of the ministry in preaching, the administration of the sacraments, the education of youth, and other spiritual and corporal works of mercy, are at the same time religious in the strictest sense of the word, professing solemn vows, and living a community life according to a rule solemnly approved of by the sovereign pontiff Clerks Regular of Our Saviour - A religious congregation instituted in its present form in 1851, at Benoite-Vaux in the Diocese of Verdun, France Clerks Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca - A congregation founded by St. Giovanni Leonardi Clermont - Comprises the entire department of Puy-de-Dome and is a suffragan of Bourges Cletus, Pope Saint - Third pope, a martyr, d. about 91. May be the same person as Pope St. Cletus Cletus, Pope Saint - Says that 'Cletus' is only another form of 'Anacletus,' briefly explains how the error of thinking the two names are two different popes came about, says that Cletus died in about 88 Cleveland - The Diocese, established 23 April, 1847, comprises all that part of Ohio lying north of the southern limits of the Counties of Columbiana, Stark, Wayne, Ashland, Richland, Crawford, Wyandot, Hancock, Allen, and Van Wert, its territory covering thirty-six counties Clichtove, Josse - Theologian (1472-1543) Clifford, William - English Divine (d. 1670) Clifton - Diocese of England, consisting of Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, and Wiltshire Climent, José - Spanish bishop, b. at Castellon de la Plana (Valencia), 1706; d. there 25 Nov., 1781 Clitherow, Saint Margaret - Article on this martyr, d. 1586, who is called the 'Pearl of York.' St. Margaret was crushed to death for the crime of harboring priests Clogher - A suffragan of Armagh, Ireland, which comprises the County Monaghan, almost the whole of Fermanagh, the southern portion of Tyrone, and parts of Donegal, Louth, and Cavan Cloister - The English equivalent of the Latin word clausura (from claudere, 'to shut up') Clonard, School of - Situated on the river Boyne. Founded by St. Finnian, an abbot and great wonder-worker Clonfert - The Diocese, a suffragan see of the metropolitan province of Tuam, was founded in 557 by St. Brendan the Navigator Clonmacnoise, Abbey and School of - Situated on the Shannon, about half way between Athlone and Banagher, King's County, Ireland Cloths, Altar - The custom of using three altar-cloths began probably in the ninth century, but at present it is of strict obligation for the licit celebration of Mass Clotilda, Saint - Queen of the Franks, wife of King Clovis I and grandmother of St. Cloud. Devoted to St. Martin of Tours and instrumental in the conversion of the Franks, she died in 545 Clouet - The family name of several generations of painters Clovesho, Councils of - Notable as the place at which were held several councils of the Anglo-Saxon Church Clovio, Giorgio - Italian miniaturist, called by Vasari 'the unique' and 'little Michelangelo', b. at Grizani, on the coast of Croatia, in 1498; d. at Rome, 1578 Clovis - King of the Salic Franks (466-511) Cloyne, Diocese of - Comprises the northern half of County Cork Cluny, Congregation of - The earliest reform, which became practically a distinct order, within the Benedictine family Clynn, John - Irish Franciscan and annalist, b. about 1300; d., probably, in 1349 Cobo, Bernabé - Spanish Jesuit missionary (1582-1657) Coccaleo, Viatora - A Capuchin friar, so called from his birthplace, Coccaglio in Lombardy, date of birth unknown; d. 1793 Cochabamba - The city from which this diocese takes its name is the capital of the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia Cochem, Martin of - German theologian, preacher and ascetic writer, born at Cochem, a small town on the Moselle, in 1630; died in the convent at Waghaeusel, 10 September, 1712 Cochin, Diocese of - Erected and constituted a suffragan of the Diocese of Goa, of which it had previously formed a part, by the Bull 'Pro excellenti praeeminentia' of Paul IV, 4 February, 1558 Cochin, Jacques-Denis - Preacher and philanthropist (1726-1783) Cochin, Pierre-Suzanne-Augustin - Author of religious, pedagogical, and sociological works (1823-1872) Cochlæus, Johann - Humanist and Catholic controversialist, b. 1479; d. 11 Jan., 1552, in Breslau Co-Consecrators - The bishops who assist the presiding bishop in the act of consecrating a new bishop Cocussus - A titular see of Armenia Codex - The name given to a manuscript in leaf form, distinguishing it from a roll Codex Alexandrinus - Greek manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, so named because it was brought to Europe from Alexandria and had been the property of the patriarch of that see Codex Amiatinus - Manuscript of the Latin Vulgate Bible, kept at Florence in the Bibliotheca Laurentiana Codex Bezae - Greek, New Testament manuscript Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus - The last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible, received its name from the treatises of St. Ephraem the Syrian (translated into Greek) which were written over the original text Codex Sinaiticus - A Greek manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, of the greatest antiquity and value; found on Mount Sinai, in St. Catherine's Monastery, by Constantine Tischendorf Codex Vaticanus - A quarto volume written in uncial letters of the fourth century Codrington, Thomas - Catholic divine, chiefly known for his attempt to introduce into England the 'Institute of Secular Priests Living in Community', founded in Bavaria by Bartholomaus Holzhauser Co-education - The term is now generally reserved to the practice of educating the sexes together; but even in this sense it has a variety of meanings Coeffeteau, Nicolas - Preacher and controversialist, born 1574, at Chateau-du-Loir, province of Maine, France; died Paris, 21 April, 1623 Coelchu - Abbot of the School of Clonmacnoise in Ireland, who flourished during the latter half of the eighth century Coelde, Theodore - Friar Minor and missionary, born at Muenster, in 1435; died at Louvain, 11 December, 1515 Coemgen, Saint - Abbot of Glendalough, d. 618 Coenred - King of Mercia (reigned 704-709); date of birth and death unknown Coeur d'Alêne Indians - A small tribe of Salishan stock formerly ranging along the lake and river of the same name in northern Idaho Coffin, Edward - English Jesuit and missionary (1570-1626) Coffin, Robert Aston - Ecclesiastical writer and bishop (1819-1885) Cogitosus - Sixth-century Irish monk and author Cogolludo, Diego López de - Seventeenth-century Mexican historian Cohen, Hermann - A Discalced Carmelite (Augustin-Marie of the Blessed Sacrament, generally known as Father Hermann), born at Hamburg, Germany, 10 November, 1820; died at Spandau, 20 January, 1871 Coimbatore, Diocese of - Includes the Collectorate of Coimbatore (except the Taluk of the Collegal), the Nilgiris with the south-eastern Wynaad, the Taluks of Palgat, Collancodoo, Tamalpuram, and part of Wallavanad, the Chittur Taluks, and the Nelliampathy Hills in the Cochin territory Coimbra, Diocese of - Located in Portugal Coimbra, University of - University in Portugal Colbert, Jean-Baptiste - Marquis de Seignelay, statesman, b. at Rheims, France, 1619; d. at Paris, 1683 Cole, Henry - English confessor (1500-1579) Coleman, Edward - Controversialist, politician, and secretary of the Duchess of York (d. 1678) Coleridge, Henry James - Writer and preacher (1822-1893) Colet, John - Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral and founder of St. Paul's School, London; b. in London, 1467; d. there 18 Sept., 1519 Coleti, Nicola - Priest and historian, b. at Venice, 1680; d. in the same city, 1765 Colette, Saint - Founder of the Colettine Poor Clares (Clarisses), d. 1447 Colgan, John - Hagiographer and historian, b. in County Donegal, Ireland, about the beginning of the seventeenth century; d. probably in 1657 Colima - The city of Colima, the capital of the state of the same name in Mexico, is situated on the Colima River, at an altitude of 1400 feet, and was founded in the year 1522 by Gonzalo de Sandoval Colin, Frédéric-Louis - Superior of the Sulpicians in Canada, b. at Bourges, France, in 1835; d. at Montreal, 27 November, 1902 Colin, Jean-Claude-Marie - French priest, founder of the Marists (1790-1875) Coliseum, The - Known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, commenced A.D. 72 by Vespasian, the first of the Flavian emperors, dedicated by Titus A.D. 80 Collado, Diego - Sixteenth-century Spanish missionary Colle de Val d'Elsa - Diocese in Italy Collect - The name now used only for short prayers before the Epistle in the Mass, which occur again at Lauds, Terce, Sext, None, and Vespers Collectarium - The book which contains the Collects Collections - Article discussing the development which took the form of a contribution in money, corresponding particularly to what is conveyed by the French word quête Collectivism - The term is sometimes employed as a substitute for socialism College - The word college, from the Latin collegium, originally signified a community, a corporation, an organized society, a body of colleagues, or a society of persons engaged in some common pursuit College (in Canon Law) - A collection of persons united together for a common object so as to form one body College, Apostolic - This term designates The Twelve Apostles as the body of men commissioned by Christ to spread the kingdom of God over the whole world and to give it the stability of a well-ordered society Collège de France, The - Founded in the interest of higher education by Francis I Colleges, Roman - This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ecclesiastical auspices and are under ecclesiastical direction, with the exception of those that are treated separately under their respective titles throughout the Catholic Encyclopedia Collegiate - An adjective applied to those churches and institutions whose members form a college Colman, Saint, of Kilmacduagh - Hermit, monastic founder, bishop of Kilmacduagh, d. 632 Colman, Saint, of Templeshambo - Abbot, d. about 595. This St. Colman was a contemporary of St. Aidan, and is sometimes confused with a later saint of the same name, Colman of Kilmacduagh Colman Mac Lenine, Saint - Founder and patron saint of the Diocese of Cloyne, poet, d. 601 Colman, Saint, of Mayo - Monk of Iona, bishop of Lindisfarne, later founded the Abbey and Diocese of Mayo, d. 676 Colman, Saint, of Dalaradia - First bishop and patron saint of Dromore. Born in Dalaradia c. 450, date of death uncertain Colman, Saint Elo - Nephew of St. Columba. This St. Colman was the first abbot of Muckamore. He died at Lynally (Lann Elo) in 611 Colman, Saint MacCathbad - Bishop of Kilroot and a contemporary of St. Ailbe Colman, Saint - Irishman martyred while on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, near Vienna in 1012 Colman, Walter - Friar Minor and English martyr: date of birth uncertain; died in London, 1645 Colmar, Joseph Ludwig - Bishop of Mainz; born at Strasburg, 22 June, 1760; died at Mainz, 15 Dec., 1818 Cologne - German city and archbishopric Cologne, University of - Near the end of the fourteenth century Urban VI, at the instance of the Town Council, issued (21 May, 1388) the Bull of foundation Colomba of Rieti, Blessed - Third Order Dominican, intensely devoted to the Eucharist, d. 1501 Colombia - Forms the northwest corner of the South American Continent Colombière, Saint Claude de la - Jesuit missionary, ascetical writer, spiritual director to St. Margaret Mary Alacoque. He died in 1682 Colombo - The Archdiocese of Colombo, situated on the western seaboard of the Island of Ceylon, includes two of the nine provinces into which the island is divided, viz. the Western and the Northwestern Colombo, Mateo Realdo - Italian anatomist and discoverer of the pulmonary circulation, b. at Cremona in 1516; d. at Rome, 1559 Colonna, Blessed Margaret - A Roman orphan, hermit, founder of a community of Poor Clares, d. 1284 Colonia - A titular see of Armenia Colonia - A titular see in Armenia Prima Colonna - A celebrated family which played an important role in Italy during medieval and Renaissance times Colonna, Egidio - A Scholastic philosopher and theologian, b. about the middle of the thirteenth century, probably 1247, in Rome Colonna, Giovanni Paolo - Noted church composer of the seventeenth century Colonna, Vittoria - Italian poet, born at Marino, 1490; died at Rome, February 25, 1547 Colonnade - A number of columns symmetrically arranged in one or more rows Colophon - A titular see of Asia Minor Colorado - The thirty-fifth, in point of admission, of the United States of America Colossæ - A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor, suppressed in 1894 Colossians, Epistle to the - One of the four Captivity Epistles written by St. Paul during his first imprisonment in Rome Colours, Liturgical - The Church directs that the vestments worn by ministers, and the drapery used in the decoration of the altar should correspond in colour to that which is prescribed for the Office of the day Columba, Saint - Also known as Columcille. Long article on the Irish-born monk, founder and abbot of Iona. He died in 597 Columba, Saint - A nun beheaded by the Muslims in 853 Columba of Sens, Saint - Woman martyred towards the end of the third century Columba of Terryglass, Saint - A disciple of St. Finnian of Clonard, and himself taught St. Fintan. This St. Columba founded the monastery of Tirdaglas, and died of the plague in 552 Columbanus, Saint - Irish-born abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio, author of a monastic rule and of a penitential, d. 615. Biography Columbia University (Oregon) - Formerly known as Portland University, located on the east bank of the Willamette River in northern Portland, and is conducted by the Congregation of Holy Cross, whose mother-house is at Notre Dame, Indiana Columbus, Christopher - Lengthy biographical article on the explorer Columbus, Knights of - Brief explanation and history of the organization Columbus, Diocese of - This portion of the State belonged originally to the Diocese of Cincinnati, and was recommended to Rome for erection as a see by the Fathers of the Second Plenary Council, of Baltimore, held in 1866 Column - Architectural term for a supporting pillar Comacchio - Diocese; suffragan of Ravenna Comana - A titular see of Asia Minor Comayagua - The Diocese of Comayagua, suffragan to Guatemala, includes the entire Republic of Honduras in Central America Combefis, François - Patrologist, b. November, 1605, at Marmande in Guyenne; d. at Paris, 23 March, 1679 Comboni, Daniel - Short biographical profile of this nineteenth-century Italian missionary to Africa Comellas y Cluet, Antonio - Philosopher (1832-1884) Comgall, Saint - Founder and abbot of the monastery of Bangor, d. 597 or 602 Commandments of the Church - Article includes: I. the nature of the Commandments of the Church in general; II. the history of the Commandments of the Church; and III. their classification Commandments of God (The Ten Commandments) - The fundamental obligations of religion and morality and embodying the revealed expression of the Creator's will in relation to man's whole duty to God and to his fellow-creatures Commemoration (in Liturgy) - The recital of a part of the Office or Mass assigned to a certain feast or day when the whole cannot be said Commendatory Abbot - An ecclesiastic, or sometimes a layman, who holds an abbey in commendam Commendone, Giovanni Francesco - Cardinal and Papal Nuncio, born at Venice, 17 March, 1523; died at Padua, 26 Dec., 1584 Commentaries on the Bible - Includes: I. Jewish Commentaries; II. Patristic; III. Medieval; IV. Modern Catholic; and V. Non-Catholic Commines, Philippe de - French historian and statesman, b. in Flanders probably before 1447; d. at the Chateau d'Argenton, France, about 1511 Commissariat of the Holy Land - In the Order of Friars Minor the territory or district assigned to a commissary, whose duty it is to collect alms for the maintenance of the Holy Places in Palestine committed to the care of the Friars Minor; also, in a more restricted sense, the convent where the aforesaid commissary resides Commissary Apostolic - One who has received power from a Legitimate superior authority to pass judgment in a certain cause or to take informations concerning it Commissions, Ecclesiastical - Bodies of ecclesiastics juridically established and to whom are committed certain specified functions or charges Commodianus - A Christian poet, the date of whose birth is uncertain, but generally placed at about the middle of the third century Commodus - Roman Emperor, born 161; died at Rome, 31 December, 192 Common Life, Brethren of the - A community founded by Geert De Groote, born at Deventer in Gelderland in 1340; died 1384 Common Prayer, Book of - Includes history and contents Common Sense, Philosophy of - The term common sense designates (1) a special faculty, the sensus communis of the Aristotelean and Scholastic philosophy; (2) the sum of original principles found in all normal minds; (3) the ability to judge and reason in accordance with those principles (recta ratio, good sense) Commune, Martyrs of the Paris - Article on the priests who were killed in Paris in May 1871 Communicatio Idiomatum - A technical expression in the theology of the Incarnation. It means that the properties of the Divine Word can be ascribed to the man Christ, and that the properties of the man Christ can be predicated of the Word Communion, Frequent - Discusses the history and practice Communion, Holy - By Communion is meant the actual reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist Communion Antiphon - The term Communion is used, not only for the reception of the Holy Eucharist, but also as a shortened form for the antiphon that was originally sung while the people were receiving the Blessed Sacrament Communion Bench - An adaptation of the sanctuary guard or altar rail Communion of Children - Article includes (1) the ancient practice, and (2) the present discipline of the Church in regard to the Communion of children Communion of Saints - The doctrine expressed in the second clause of the ninth article in the received text of the Apostles' Creed: 'I believe... the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion of Saints' Communion of the Sick - Differs from ordinary Communion as to the class of persons to whom it is administered, as to the dispositions with which it may be received, and as to the place and ceremonies of administration Communion Rail - The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. Also called the communion-rail Communion under Both Kinds - Communion under one kind is the reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist under the species or appearance of bread alone, or of wine alone, Communion under two or both kinds, the distinct reception under the two or both species, sub utraque specie, at the same time Communism - In its more general signification communism refers to any social system in which all property, or at least all productive property, is owned by the group, or community, instead of by individuals Comnena, Anna - Byzantine historian, eldest daughter of Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of Constantinople (1081-1118) Como - An important town in the province of Lombardy (Northern Italy), situated on Lake Como, the ancient Lacus Larius Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement - Seventeenth-century secret society Compensation - Denotes the price paid for human exertion or labour Compensation, Occult - An extra-legal manner of recovering from loss or damage; the taking, by stealth and on one's private authority, of the value or equivalent of one's goods from a person who refuses to meet the demands of justice Competency, Privilege of - The competency of a cleric means his right to proper sustenance Compiégne, Teresian Martyrs of - Guillotined at the Place du Trone Renverse (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 July, 1794 Compline - Scholarly essay on what is essentially a bedtime prayer, often recited privately Compostela - A famous city of Spain, situated on an eminence between the Sar (the Sars of Pomponius Mela) and Sarela Compromise (in Canon Law) - In a general sense, a mutual promise or contract of two parties in controversy to refer their differences to the decision of arbitrators Conal, Saint - Or Conall. Bishop of Drum, County Roscommon--now called Drumconnell, after the saint. Blood brother of St. Attracta. St. Conal died in about 500 Conan, Saint - Also known as Mochonna. Irish missionary and Bishop of the Isle of Man, d. 684 Concelebration - The rite by which several priests say Mass together, all consecrating the same bread and wine Concepción - Located in the Republic of Chile, suffragan to Santiago de Chile Conceptionists - A branch of the Order of Saint Clare, founded by Beatriz de Silva Conceptualism, Nominalism, Realism - The theories that have been proposed as solutions of the problem of universals Conciliation, Industrial - The discussion and adjustment of mutual differences by employers and employees or their representatives Concina, Daniello - Dominican preacher (1687-1756) Conclave - The closed room or hall specially set aside and prepared for the cardinals when electing a pope; also the assembly of the cardinals for the canonical execution of this purpose Concordances of the Bible - Lists of Biblical words arranged alphabetically with indications to enable the inquirer to find the passages of the Bible where the words occur Concordat - In general, a concordat means an agreement, or union of wills, on some matter Concordat of 1801, The French - This name is given to the convention of the 26th Messidor, year IX (July 16, 1802), whereby Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte, First Consul, re-established the Catholic Church in France Concordia, Diocese of - Located in Italy, suffragan of Venice Concordia, Diocese of - Erected 2 August, 1887, and is situated in the northwestern part of Kansas, U.S.A Concubinage - The meaning of the term in Roman law, and consequently in early ecclesiastical records and writings, was much the same; a concubine was a quasi-wife, recognized by law if there was no legal wife Concupiscence - In its widest acceptation, concupiscence is any yearning of the soul for good; in its strict and specific acceptation, a desire of the lower appetite contrary to reason Concursus - A special competitive examination prescribed in canon law for all aspirants to certain ecclesiastical offices to which is attached the cure of souls Condamine, Charles-Marie de la - Explorer and physicist, b. at Paris, 28 January, 1701; d. there 4 February, 1774 Condillac, Ettiene Bonnot de - Article by G.M. Sauvage. Divides Condillac's career into an early Lockean phase and a later, more original phase Condition - That which is necessary or at least conducive to the actual operation of a cause Conecte, Thomas - Carmelite reformer, b. at Rennes towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. at Rome, 1433 Conferences, Ecclesiastical - Meetings of clerics for the purpose of discussing, in general, matters pertaining to their state of life, and, in particular, questions of moral theology and liturgy Confession - Architectural term, originally used to designate the burial-place of a confessor or martyr, gradually came to have a variety of applications: the altar erected over the grave; the underground cubiculum which contained the tomb; the high altar of the basilica erected over the confession; later on in the Middle Ages the basilica itself; and finally the new resting-place to which the remains of a martyr had been transferred Confession, Lay - This article does not deal with confession by laymen but with that made to laymen, for the purpose of obtaining the remission of sins by God Confession, Sacrament of - A sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins committed after baptism is granted through the priest's absolution to those who with true sorrow confess their sins and promise to satisfy for the same. Confession, Seal of - 'Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed....' Confessor - A title of honour to designate of the Faith who had confessed Christ publicly in time of persecution and had been punished with imprisonment, torture, exile, or labour in the mines, remaining faithful in their confession until the end of their lives Confirmation - Describes its origin from Biblical texts and how it has been handed down through the ages. The rite is briefly described, and the minister, matter, form, recipient, effects, necessity and sponsors are detailed Confiteor - A general confession of sins; it is used in the Roman Rite at the beginning of Mass and on various other occasions as a preparation for the reception of some grace Confraternity (Sodality) - A voluntary association of the faithful, established and guided by competent ecclesiastical authority for the promotion of special works of Christian charity or piety Confraternity of Christian Doctrine - An association established at Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religions instruction Confucianism - An article by Charles F. Aiken. Reviews the key teachings and history of Confucianism, and its relation to Christianity Congo - An account written before the annexation of the state by the Belgian government Congregatio de Auxiliis - A commission established by Pope Clement VIII to settle the theological controversy regarding grace which arose between the Dominicans and the Jesuits towards the close of the sixteenth century Congregationalism - The successful establishment of the New England colonies was an event of the utmost importance in the development of Congregationalism, a term preferred by the American Puritans to Independency and gradually adopted by their coreligionists in Great Britain Congregational Singing - In his Instruction on sacred music, commonly referred to as the Motu Proprio (22 Nov., 1903), Pius X says (no. 3): 'Special efforts are to be made to restore the use of Gregorian chant by the people, so that the faithful may again take a more active part in ecclesiastical offices, as was the case in ancient times' Congregations, Roman - The most important of certain departments organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the transaction of those affairs which canonical discipline and the individual interests of the faithful bring to Rome Congresses, Catholic - Includes information on the history and types of congresses held Congrua - A canonical term to designate the lowest sum proper for the yearly income of a cleric Congruism - The term by which theologians denote a theory according to which the efficacy of efficacious grace is due, at least in part, to the fact that the grace is given in circumstances favourable to its operation, i. e. 'congruous' in that sense Conimbricenses - The name by which Jesuits of the University of Coimbra in Portugal were known Coninck, Giles de - Jesuit theologian (1571-1633) Connecticut - U.S. state and one of the thirteen original colonies Connolly, John - Second Bishop of New York, U.S.A., b. at Slane, Co. Meath, Ireland, 1750; d. New York, 6 February, 1825 Conon, Pope - Reigned 686-687 Conradin of Bornada - Dominican preacher, b. in the latter part of the fourteenth century; d. at Bologna, 1 November, 1429 Conrad of Ascoli, Blessed - Italian-born Franciscan missionary to Africa, d. 1289 Conrad of Hochstadt - Archbishop of Cologne and Imperial Elector (1238-1261), date of birth unknown; d. 28 September, 1261 Conrad of Leonberg - A Cistercian monk and Humanist, b. at Leonberg in Swabia in 1460; d. at Engenthal near Basle after 1520 Conrad of Marburg - Confessor of Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia and papal inquisitor, b. at or near Marburg, Germany, in the second half of the twelfth century; d. 30 July, 1233 Conrad of Offida, Blessed - Italian Franciscan, trusted by Brother Leo, on good terms with the Spiritual Franciscans, founded the Celestines but returned to the main branch of the Franciscans when a later pope suppressed the Celestines. Bl. Conrad died 12 December, 1306 Conrad of Piacenza, Saint - Married man, penitent, Third Order Franciscan hermit, d. 1351 Conrad of Saxony - Friar Minor and ascetical writer, date and place of birth uncertain; d. at Bologna in 1279 Conrad of Urach - Cardinal-Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina; born about 1180; d. 1227 Conrad of Utrecht - Bishop; born in Swabia at an unknown date; killed at Utrecht, 14 April, 1099 Conry, Florence - Archbishop of Tuam, patriot, theologian and founder of the Irish (Franciscan) College of St. Anthony at Louvain, born in Galway, 1560; died at Madrid, 18 Nov., 1629 Consalvi, Ercole - Cardinal and statesman (1757-1824) Consanguinity (in Canon Law) - The term here means, within certain limitations defined by the law of nature, the positive law of God, or the supreme authority of State or Church, the blood-relationship (cognatio naturalis), or the natural bond between persons descended from the same stock Conscience - The individual, as in him customary rules acquire ethical character by the recognition of distinct principles and ideals, all tending to a final unity or goal, which for the mere evolutionist is left very indeterminate, but for the Christian has adequate definition in a perfect possession of God by knowledge and love, without the contingency of further lapses from duty Conscience, Examination of - By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of ascertaining their conformity with, or difformity from, the moral law Conscience, Hendrik - Flemish novelist, b. at Antwerp, 3 December, 1812; d. at Brussels, 10 September, 1883 Consciousness - In its widest sense it includes all sensations, thoughts, feelings, and volitions, in fact the sum total of mental life Consecration - An act by which a thing is separated from a common and profane to a sacred use, or by which a person or thing is dedicated to the service and worship of God by prayers, rites, and ceremonies Consent (in Canon Law) - The deliberate agreement required of those concerned in legal transactions in order to legalize such actions Consentius - The name of a fifth-century Gallo-Roman family, three of whose representatives are known in history Conservator - A judge delegated by the pope to defend certain privileged classes of persons, as universities, religious orders, chapters, the poor from manifest or notorious injury or violence, without recourse to a judicial process Consistory, Papal - The origin of the papal consistory is closely connected with the history of the Roman presbytery or body of the Roman clergy Constable, Cuthbert - Date of birth uncertain; d. 27 March, 1746 Constable, John - English Jesuit controversialist (1676-1743) Constance - Formerly the seat of a diocese Constance, Council of - A (partly) ecumenical council held at Constance, now in the Grand Duchy of Baden, from 5 Nov., 1414, to 22 April, 1418 Constantia - Titular see of Arabia Constantine, Pope - Reigned 708-715 Constantine (Cirta) - Comprises the present arrondissement of Constantine in Algeria Constantine Africanus - A medieval medical writer and teacher; born c. 1015; died c. 1087 Constantine the Great - Information on the Roman emperor Constantine, Donation of - By this name is understood, since the end of the Middle Ages, a forged document of Emperor Constantine the Great, by which large privileges and rich possessions were conferred on the pope and the Roman Church Constantinople - Capital, formerly of the Byzantine, now of the Ottoman, Empire (As of 1908, when the article was written.) Constantinople, First Ecumenical Council of - Called in May, 381, by Emperor Theodosius, to provide for a Catholic succession in the patriarchal See of Constantinople, to confirm the Nicene Faith, to reconcile the semi-Arians with the Church, and to put an end to the Macedonian heresy Constantinople, Second Ecumenical Council of - This council was held at Constantinople (5 May-2 June, 553), having been called by Emperor Justinian. It was attended mostly by Oriental bishops; only six Western (African) bishops were present Constantinople, Third Ecumenical Council of - The Sixth General Council was summoned in 678 by Emperor Constantine Pogonatus, with a view of restoring between East and West the religious harmony that had been troubled by the Monothelistic controversies Constantinople, Fourth Ecumenical Council of - The Eighth General Council was opened, 5 October, 869, in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia, under the presidency of the legates of Adrian II Constantinople, Council of - A particular council held in A.D. 382 Constantinople, Council of, in Trullo - Particular council held in A.D. 692 Constantinople, Council of - Particular council held in A.D. 754 Constantinople, Councils of - Three Photian synods held in 861, 867, and 879 Constantinople, Councils of - Particular councils held in 1639 and 1672 Constantinople, The Rite of - The Liturgies, Divine Office, forms for the administration of sacraments and for various blessings, sacramentals, and exorcisms, of the Church of Constantinople Constantius, Flavius Julius - Roman emperor (317-361) Constitutions, Ecclesiastical - In legal language the term constitutiones denotes only church ordinances, civil ordinances being termed leges, laws Constitutions, Papal - Ordinations issued by the Roman pontiffs and binding those for whom they are issued, whether they be for all the faithful or for special classes or individuals Consubstantiation - This heretical doctrine is an attempt to hold the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist without admitting Transubstantiation Consultors, Diocesan - A certain number of priests in each diocese of the United States who act as official advisers of the bishop in certain matters pertaining to the administration of the diocese Contant de la Molette, Philippe du - Theologian and Biblical scholar, born at Cote-Saint-Andre, in Dauphine, France, 29 August, 1737; died on the scaffold during The Terror, 1793 Contarini, Gasparo - Venetian statesman and cardinal, born 16 October, 1483, of an ancient and noble family in Venice; died at Bologna, 24 August, 1542 Contarini, Giovanni - Italian painter of the Venetian School, born at Venice about 1549; died in 1605 Contemplation - The idea of contemplation is connected with that of mystical theology Contemplative Life - A life ordered in view of contemplation; a way of living especially adapted to lead to and facilitate contemplation, while it excludes all other preoccupations and intents Contenson, Vincent - Dominican theologian and preacher (1641-1674) Continence - Defined as abstinence from even the licit gratifications of marriage Contingent - Aside from its secondary and more obvious meaning (as, for instance, its qualification of the predicable accident, of a class of modal propositions, and so on), the primary and technically philosophical use of the term is for one of the supreme divisions of being, that is, contingent being, as distinguished from necessary being Contract - The canonical and moralist doctrine on this subject is a development of that contained in the Roman civil law. In civil law, a contract is defined as the union of several persons in a coincident expression of will by which their legal relations are determined Contract, The Social - Includes contents and critique Contractus, Hermann - Chronicler, mathematician, and poet (1013-1054) Contrition - Lat. contritio, a breaking of something hardened Contrition, Imperfect - Also called 'imperfect contrition.' Definition, its relation to sacramental penance, and moral considerations Contumacy (in Canon Law) - Contumacy, or contempt of court, is an obstinate disobedience of the lawful orders of a court Contzen, Adam - Jesuit economist and exegete (1573-1635) Convent - (1) A religious community of either sex when spoken of in its corporate capacity (2) The buildings in which resides a community of either sex Convent Schools (Great Britain) - Convent education is treated here not historically but as it is at the present day (Article written in 1908.) Conventual and Chapter Mass - A conventual Mass sung or said in all cathedrals and collegiate churches that have a chapter; in this case it is often called the 'chapter' Mass Conventuals, Order of Friars Minor - One of the three separate bodies, forming with the Friars Minor and the Capuchins what is commonly called the First Order of St. Francis Conversano - Suffragan to Bari. Conversano, situated in the province of Bari, in Apulia (Southern Italy), is the ancient Cupersanum, a city of the Peucetians Conversi - Lay brothers in a religious order. The term was originally applied to those who, in adult life, voluntarily renounced the world and entered a religious order to do penance and to lead a life of greater perfection Conversion - Refers to a moral change, a turning or returning to God and to the true religion Convocation of the English Clergy - The technical name given in the Church of England to what corresponds in some respects to a provincial synod, though in other respects it differs widely from it Conwell, Henry - Second Bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A., b. at Moneymore, County Derry, Ireland, in 1745; d. at Philadelphia, 22 April, 1842 Conza - Archdiocese with the perpetual administration of Campagna (Campaniensis) Cooktown - The Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown comprises North Queensland, Australia, from 16°30' south latitude to Cape York, and from the Pacific Coast to the boundary of Northern Territory Coombes, William Henry - Described as a spiritual and self-denying priest, an eminent scholar and theologian (1767-1850) Copacavana - A village on the shore of Lake Titicaca, province of Omasuyos, in northern Bolivia Cope - A vestment which may most conveniently be described as a long liturgical mantle, open in front and fastened at the breast with a band or clasp Copenhagen, University of - Founded by a Bull which Sixtus IV issued 19 June, 1475, at the request of King Christian I Copernicus, Nicolaus - Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name of the founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; born at Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473, died at Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543 Coppée, François Edouard Joachim - Poet, dramatist and novelist, b. at Paris, 26 January, 1842; d. 23 May, 1908 Coptic Literature - Details of the Morgan and the British Museum's collections Coptic Persecutions - During the first two centuries the Church of Alexandria seems to have been freer from official persecution at the hands of the Roman Government than its sister churches of Rome and Antioch. . . Coptic Versions of the Bible - At least parts of Scripture were translated into all four dialects of the Coptic language, though there is some debate about which of the Coptic versions is oldest Coptos - A titular see of Upper Egypt Coquart, Claude-Godefroi - Jesuit missionary and army chaplain (1706-1765) Coracesium - A titular see of Asia Minor Corbie, Ambrose - English Jesuit (1604-1649) Corbie, Venerable Ralph - Sometimes called Ralph Corrington. An Irish-born Jesuit, martyred together with secular priest John Duckett in 1644 Corbie, Monastery of - A Benedictine abbey in Picardy, in the Diocese of Amiens, dedicated to Sts. Peter and Paul Corbinian - Bishop of Freising, in Bavaria, born about 680 at Chatres near Melun, France; died 8 September, 730 Corcoran, James Andrew - Theologian, editor, and Orientalist, b. at Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A., 30 March, 1820; d. at Philadelphia, 16 July, 1889 Corcoran, Michael - Soldier, b. at Carrowkeel, County Sligo, Ireland, 21 September, 1827; d. at Fairfax Court House, Virginia, U.S.A., 22 December, 1863 Cord, Confraternities of the - Pious associations of the faithful, the members of which wear a cord or cincture in honour of a saint, to keep in mind some special grace or favour which they hope to obtain through his intercession Cordara, Guilo Cesare - Italian Jesuit historian (1704-1785) Cordell, Charles - English missionary priest, b. 5 October, 1720; d. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 26 January, 1791 Cordier, Balthasar - Exegete and editor of patristic works, b. at Antwerp, 7 June, 1592; d. at Rome, 24 June, 1650 Cordova - Diocese in Spain, formerly suffragan of Toledo, since 1851 of Seville Cordova - Diocese in the Argentine Republic, suffragan of Buenos Aires Cordova, Juan de - Dominican sent to Oaxaca in 1548 to minister to the Indians Cordova, Pedro de - Spanish Dominican (1460-1525) Core, Dathan, and Abiron - Leaders of a revolt against Moses and Aaron (Numbers 16) Corea - Vicariate apostolic, coextensive with the Empire of Corea; it was created a distinct vicariate Apostolic, 9 September, 1831 Corfu - One of the Ionian Islands, at the entrance of the Adriatic, opposite the Albanian coast, from which it is separated by a narrow channel Coria - Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Toledo; it includes nearly the entire province of Ceceres, with the exception of a few parishes that belong to the Diocese of Salamanca Corinth - A titular archiepiscopal see of Greece Corinthians, Epistles to the - The historical and internal evidence that they were written by St. Paul is overwhelmingly strong Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave de - French mathematician (1792-1843) Cork, Diocese of - In Ireland, suffragan of Cashel Cork, School of - The founder of the School and Diocese of Cork was Barra or Bairre (Barry), more commonly called Finbarr the Fair-haired Corker, Maurus - An English Benedictine, born in 1636 in Yorkshire; died 22 December, 1715, at Paddington near London Cormac MacCuilenan - Irish bishop and King of Cashel (836-908) Cornaro, Elena Lucrezia Piscopia - A learned Italian woman of noble descent, born at Venice, 5 June, 1646; died at Padua, 26 July, 1684 Corneille, Jean-Baptiste - French artist (1646-1695) Corneille, Michel, the Younger - French painter, etcher and engraver, b. in Paris in 1642; d. at the Gobelins manufactory at Paris, 16 August, 1708 Corneille, Michel, the Elder - French painter, etcher, and engraver, b. in Orleans about 1601; d. at Paris, 1664 Corneille, Pierre - French dramatist (1606-1684) Cornelisz, Jacob - Also called Jacob van Amsterdam or van Oostzann, and at times confounded with a Walter van Assen, a Dutch painter of the first third of the sixteenth century Cornelius - A centurion of the Italic cohort, whose conversion at Caesarea with his household is related in Acts 10 Cornelius, Pope - Had to contend with the antipope Novatian. When persecution broke out, Cornelius was exiled, and he died a martyr in 253 Cornelius, Peter - Fresco painter and illustrator (1783-1867) Cornelius and Companions, Ven. John - Cornelius, born of Irish parents in Cornwall, studied for the priesthood at Reims. For 10 years he worked as a missionary in England till he was martyred in 1594 for being a Catholic priest, and three companions were also martyred for aiding him Cornelius Cornelii a Lapide - Flemish Jesuit and exegete, b. at Bocholt, in Flemish Limburg, 18 December, 1567; d. at Rome, 12 March, 1637 Cornely, Karl Josef Rudolph - German biblical scholar and Jesuit, b. 19 April, 1830, at Breyell in Germany; d. at Treves, 3 March, 1908 Corner Stone - Rite regarding the blessing and laying of the Foundation Stone for the building of a church Cornet, Nicolas - French theologian, born at Amiens, 1572; died at Paris, 1663 Cornice - The uppermost division of the entablature, the representative of the roof, of an order, consisting of projecting mouldings and blocks, usually divisible into bed-moulding, corona, and gutter Cornillon, Abbey of - Founded by Albero, Bishop of Liege, in 1124, three years after St. Norbert had formed the Premonstratensian Order Cornoldi, Giovanni Maria - Professor, author, and preacher, born at Venice, 29 Sept., 1822; d. at Rome, 18 Jan., 1892 Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de - Explorer, b. at Salamanca, Spain, 1500; d. in Mexico, 1553 Coronation - Discussed as (I) The Emperors at Constantinople; (II) Visigothic and Celtic Elements; (III) The English Coronation Orders; (IV) The Western Empire and the Roman Pontifical; and (V) Other Ceremonials Coronel, Gregorio Nuñez - Theologian, writer, and preacher, b. in Portugal, about 1548; d. about 1620 Coronel, Juan - Franciscan sent to Yucatan, Mexico, in 1590, and there so familiarized himself with the Maya language that he was able to teach it, the historian Cogolludo being one of his pupils Corporal - A square white linen cloth, now usually somewhat smaller than the breadth of an altar, upon which the Sacred Host and chalice are placed during the celebration of Mass Corporation - An association recognized by civil law and regarded in all ordinary transactions as an individual. An artificial person Corporation Act of 1661 - Belongs to the general category of test acts, designed for the express purpose of restricting public offices to members of the Church of England Corpus Christi, Feast of - This feast is celebrated in the Latin Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday to solemnly commemorate the institution of the Holy Eucharist Corpus Juris Canonici - The term corpus here denotes a collection of documents; corpus juris, a collection of laws, especially if they are placed in systematic order Correction, Fraternal - The admonishing of one's neighbor by a private individual with the purpose of reforming him or, if possible, preventing his sinful indulgence Correctories - The text-forms of the Latin Vulgate resulting from the critical emendation as practised during the course of the thirteenth century Corrigan, Michael - Third Archbishop of New York, b. 13 August, 1839, at Newark, New Jersey, d. at New York, 5 May, 1900 Corrigan, Sir Dominic - Physician, b. 1802, in Dublin, Ireland; d. there, 1880; distinguished for his original observations in heart disease, a special type of pulse being named after him Corsica - The third island of the Mediterranean in point of size, only Sicily and Sardinia being of greater extent Corsini, Saint Andrew - Article on this Carmelite, called 'the Apostle of Florence,' regarded as a prophet and thaumaturgus, who became bishop of Fiesole, and died in 1373 Cortés, Hernando - Conqueror of Mexico, born at Medellin in Spain c. 1485; died at Castilleja de la Cuesta near Seville, 2 December, 1547 Cortese, Giovanni Andrea - Cardinal and monastic reformer, b. 1483 at Modena; d. 21 Sept., 1548 Cortona - Immediately subject to the Holy See Corvey, Abbey of - Benedictine monastery in the Diocese of Paderborn, in Westphalia, founded c. 820 Corycus - A titular see of Cilicia Trachaea in Asia Minor Corydallus - A titular see of Asia Minor Cosa, Juan de la - Navigator and cartographer, according to tradition b. in 1460 at Sta. Maria del Puerto (Santona), on the Bay of Biscay, Spain, d. on the coast of the Gulf of Uraba, 28 February, 1510 Cosenza - An archdiocese immediately subject to the Holy See. A city in the province of Calabria, Southern Italy, at the confluence of the Crati and the Busento Cosgrove, Henry - Second Bishop of Davenport, Iowa (1834-1906) Cosin, Edmund - Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, England Cosmas - Eighth century Byzantine hymn writer Cosmas and Damian, Saints - Short hagiography of these twins, physicians, and martyrs. They died on 27 September, probably in the year 287 Cosmas Indicopleustes - A Greek traveller and geographer of the first half of the sixth century Cosmas of Prague - Bohemian historian, b. about 1045, at Prague, Bohemia; d. there, 21 October, 1125 Cosmati Mosaic - A peculiar style of inlaid ornamental mosaic introduced into the decorative art of Europe during the twelfth century Cosmogony - By this term is understood an account of how the universe (cosmos) came into being (gonia - gegona = I have become). It differs from cosmology, or the science of the universe, in this: that the latter aims at understanding the actual composition and governing laws of the universe as it now exists; while the former answers the question as to how it first came to be Cosmology - In our day cosmology is a branch of philosophical study, and therefore excludes from its investigation whatever forms the object of the natural sciences Cossa, Francesco - Italian painter of the school of Ferrara, b. about 1430; d. probably at Ferrara, 1485 Costa, Lorenzo - Ferrarese painter, b. at Ferrara in 1460; d. at Mantua in 1535 Costadoni, Giovanni Domenico - Frequently known as Dom Anselmo, his name in religion, an Italian Camaldolese monk, historian, and theologian, b. 6 October, 1714, at Venice; d. 23 January, 1785, in the same city Costa Rica - A narrow isthmus between Panama in the east and the Republic of Nicaragua in the north, the Caribbean Sea on the north-east and the Pacific Ocean on the south-west Coster, Francis - Theologian, born at Mechlin, 16 June, 1532 (1531); died at Brussels, 16 December, 1619 Costume, Clerical - In almost every country and every order of the clergy, the clothing has its own distinctive features Cosway, Maria - Miniature-painter, born in Florence, Italy, 1759; died at Lodi, 5 January, 1535 Cotelier, Jean-Baptiste - Patristic scholar and theologian, born December, 1629, at Nimes; died 19 August, 1686 Cotenna - A titular see of Asia Minor Cotiæum - A titular see of Asia Minor Coton, Pierre - French Jesuit, born 7 March, 1564, at Neronde in Forez; died 19 March, 1626, at Paris Cotrone - A suffragan diocese of Reggio Cottam, Blessed Thomas - A convert to Catholicism, entered the Jesuit novitiate, was ordained a priest. Imprisoned and tortured for a year and a half, he died a martyr in 1582 Coucy, Robert De - A medieval French master-builder and son of a master-builder of the same name Coudert, Frederick René - Born in New York, 1 March, 1832; died at Washington, D. C., 20 December, 1903 Councils, Ecumenical - Article looking at the definition, place in church governance and short historical sketches of each council until Vatican I Councils, General - Article looking at the definition, place in church governance and short historical sketches of each council until Vatican I Councils, Plenary - A canonical term applied to various kinds of ecclesiastical synods. Counsels, Evangelical - The difference between a precept and a counsel lies in this, that the precept is a matter of necessity while the counsel is left to the free choice of the person to whom it is proposed Counterpoint - The term originated in the fourteenth century, though the art designated by it had been practiced for several centuries previous Counter-Reformation, The - Denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 Court (in Scripture) - The word court, in the English Bible, corresponds to the Hebrew hacer enclosed space. Also, in the English Bible the word court is occasionally used to mean the retinue of a person of high rank and authority Courtenay, William - Archbishop of Canterbury, born in the parish of St. Martin's, Exeter, England, c. 1342; died at Maidstone, 31 July, 1396 Courts, Ecclesiastical - Legislative, judicial, and executive power to be exercised over the church, without any interference on the part of civil society Cousin, Germain, Saint - Sickly, pious shepherdess, cruelly treated by her stepmother. St. Germaine died in 1601, at the age of 22 Cousin, Jean - French painter, sculptor, etcher, engraver, and geometrician, born at Soucy, near Sens, 1500; died at Sens before 1593, probably in 1590 Coussemaker, Charles-Edmond-Henride - French historian of music, b. at Bailleul, department of Nord, France, 19 April, 1805; d. at Lille, 10 January, 1876 Coustant, Pierre - Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, b. at Compiegne, France, 30 April, 1654; d. at the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pres, near Paris, 18 October, 1721 Coustou, Nicholas - French sculptor, b. at Lyons, 9 January, 1658; d. at Paris, 1 May, 1733 Coutances - The Diocese comprises the entire department of La Manche and is a suffragan of the Archbishopric of Rouen Couturier, Louis-Charles - Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Saint-Pierre at Solesmes and President of the French Congregation of Benedictines (1817-1890) Covarruvias, Diego - Born in Toledo, Spain, 25 July, 1512; died in Madrid, 27 Sept., 1577 Covenant, Ark of the - A kind of chest, measuring two cubits and a half in length, a cubit and a half in breadth, and a cubit and a half in height Covenanters - The name given to the subscribers (practically the whole Scottish nation) of the two Covenants, the National Covenant of 1638 and the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643 Covetousness - Generally, an unreasonable desire for what we do not possess Covington - Comprises that part of Kentucky, U. S. A., lying east of the Kentucky River, and of the western limits of Carroll, Owen, Franklin, Woodford, Jessamine, Garrard, Rockcastle, Laurel, and Whitley Counties Cowl - A hood worn in many religious orders Coxcie, Michiel - Flemish painter, imitator of Raphael, known as the Flemish Raphael; b. at Mechlin, 1499; d. there 1592 Coysevox, Charles-Antoine - French sculptor, b. at Lyons, 29 Sept., 1640; d. at Paris, 10 Oct., 1720 Cozza, Lorenzo - Friar Minor, cardinal, and theologian, b. at San Lorenzo near Bolsena, 31 March, 1654; d. at Rome, 18 January, 1729 Cozza-Luzi, Giuseppe - Italian savant, Abbot of the Basilian monastery of Grottaferrata near Rome; b. 24 Dec., 1837, at Bolsena in the Province of Rome: d. there 1 June, 1905 Cracow - The Prince-Bishopric that comprises the western portion of Galacia in Austria, and borders on the diocese of Kielce in Russian Poland, Breslau in Prussia, Tarnow in Galacia, and Zips in Hungary Cracow, The University of - The first documentary evidence regarding the scheme that King Casimir the Great conceived of establishing a university dates from 1362. Urban V favored the plan, and King Casimir issued the charter of the university, 12 May, 1364 Craigie, Pearl Mary Teresa - English novelist, dramatist, and convert; b. 3 November, 1867; d. 13 August, 1906 Crashaw, Richard - Biographical article on the poet Crasset, Jean - Ascetical writer, b. at Dieppe, France, 3 January, 1618; d. at Paris, 4 January, 1692 Craven, Augustus, Mrs. - Writer, born 12 April, 1808, in London; died in Paris, 1 April, 1891 Crawford, Francis Marion - Novelist (1854-1909) Crayer, Gaspar de - Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp, 1582; d. at Ghent, 1669 Creagh, Richard - Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, b. at Limerick early in the sixteenth century; d. in the Tower of London, in 1585 Creation - Like other words of the same ending, the term creation signifies both an action and the object or effect thereof. Thus, in the latter sense, we speak of the 'kingdoms of creation', 'the whole creation', and so on Creation, Six Days of - Signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis Creationism - (1) In the widest sense, the doctrine that the material of the universe was created by God out of no pre-existing subject (2) Less widely, the doctrine that the various species of living beings were immediately and directly created or produced by God, and are not therefore the product of an evolutionary process Credence - A small table of wood, marble, or other suitable material placed within the sanctuary of a church and near the wall at the Epistle side, for the purpose of holding the cruets, acolytes' candles, and other utensils required for the celebration of the Holy Sacrifice Credi, Lorenzo di - Florentine painter, b. at Florence, 1459; d. there, 1537 Cree - The largest and most important Indian tribe of Canada, and one of the largest north of Mexico Creed - In general, a form of belief Creed, Apostles' - A formula containing in brief statements, or 'articles,' the fundamental tenets of Christian belief, and having for its authors, according to tradition, the Twelve Apostles Creed, Liturgical Use of - The public use of creeds began in connection with baptism, in the Traditio and Redditio symboli, as a preparation for that sacrament, and in the preliminary interrogations Creed, Nicene - The profession of the Christian Faith common to the Catholic Church, to all the Eastern Churches separated from Rome, and to most of the Protestant denominations. Creeks - An important confederacy of Indian tribes and tribal remnants, chiefly of Muskogian stock, formerly holding the greater portion of Central and Southern Georgia and Alabama Creighton University - An institution located at Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A., and conducted by the Jesuit Fathers Crelier, Henri-Joseph - Swiss Catholic priest (1816-1889) Crema, Diocese of - Suffragan to Milan Cremation - The custom of burning the bodies of the dead Cremona - Suffragan of Milan Crépieul, François - Jesuit missionary in Canada and vicar Apostolic for the Montagnais Indians; b. at Arras, France, 16 March, 1638; d. at Quebec in 1702 Crescens - A companion of St. Paul during his second Roman captivity, appears but once in the New Testament, when he is mentioned as having left the Apostle to go into Galatia Crescentia, Modestus, and Vitus, Saints - According to the legend, martyrs under Diocletian Crescentius - The name of several leaders of the Roman aristocracy in the tenth century, during their opposition to the imperial government of the time Crescimbeni, Giovanni Mario - Italian historian of literature, chronicler, and poet, b. in Macerata, 9 Oct., 1663; d. 8 March 1728 Cresconius - A Latin canonist of uncertain date and place, flourished probably in the latter half of the seventh century, though it may have been at the end of the sixth or even in the eighth century Cressy, Hugh Paulinus Serenus - Doctor of Theology and English Benedictine monk, b. at Thorpe-Salvin, Yorkshire, about 1605; d. at East Grinstead, Sussex, 10 August, 1674 Creswell, Joseph - Controversialist, b. 1577 of Yorkshire stock in London; d. about 1623 Crétin, Joseph - First Bishop of St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A (1799-1857) Crétineau-Joly, Jacques - Journalist and historian; b. at Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendee, France, 23 Sept., 1803; d. at Vincennes near Paris, 1 Jan., 1875 Crèvecoeur, Hector St. John de - French agriculturist, b. at Caen, France, 1731; d. at Sarcelles, near Paris, 1813 Crib - The crib or manger in which the Infant Saviour was laid after his birth is properly that place in the stable or khan where food for domestic animals is put, formed probably of the same material out of which the grotto itself is hewn Crime, Impediment of - Nullifies marriage according to ecclesiastical law, and arises from adultery and homicide separately or together Crisium - A Graeco-Slavonic Rite diocese in Croatia Crispin, Milo - Monk, and cantor of the Benedictine Abbey of Bec, wrote the lives of five of its abbots: Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, Gulielmus de Bellomonte, Boso, Theobaldus, and Letardus Crispina, Saint - African matron, martyred in Numidia in 304 Crispin and Crispinian, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution, d. 285 or 286 Crispin of Viterbo, Blessed - Capuchin lay brother, d. 1750 Criticism, Higher - Biblical criticism in its fullest comprehension is the examination of the literary origins and historical values of the books composing the Bible, with the state in which these exist at the present day Criticism, Historical - The art of distinguishing the true from the false concerning facts of the past Criticism, Textual - The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work the autograph of which has been lost Crivelli, Carlo - Italian painter. Little is known of his life, and his b. and d. are usually reckoned by his earliest and latest signed pictures, 1468-93 Croagh Patrick - A mountain looking out on the Atlantic ocean from the southern shore of Clew Bay, in the County Mayo, and called 'the Sinai of Ireland.' Croatia - Includes history, education, and religion Croce, Giovanni - Composer, b. at Chioggia near Venice in 1557; d. 15 May, 1609 Crockett, Venerable Ralph - English priest, martyred in 1588 Croia - A titular see of Albania Croke, Thomas William - Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland, b. near Mallow, Co. Cork, 24 May, 1824; d. at Thurles, 22 July, 1902 Crolly, William - Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Ballykilbeg, near Downpatrick, 8 June, 1780; d. 6 April, 1849 Cronan - There are several Irish saints of this name. Brief biographies of some of them Crosier - The Pastoral Staff is an ecclesiastical ornament which is conferred on bishops at their consecration and on mitred abbots at their investiture, and which is used by these prelates in performing certain solemn functions Crosiers, The - A religious order, founded by Theodore de Celles, who, after following the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa on the Crusade, obtained a canonry in the Cathedral of St. Lambert of Liege Cross and Crucifix in Archæology - The sign of the cross, represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles, greatly antedates, in both the East and the West, the introduction of Christianity Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy - Information on the history and uses Cross, Daughters of the - Belgian religious congregation Cross, Daughters of the Holy - The first steps towards the foundation of this society were taken in 1625 at Roy, Picardy, by Pere Pierre Guerin, Francoise Unalet, and Marie Fannier to provide for the Christian education of girls Cross, Daughters of the - The aim of this congregation is to instruct poor country girls, to provide refuges for the young exposed to temptation, to prepare the sick for death, and to care for churches Cross, Sign of the - A term applied to various manual acts, liturgical or devotional in character, which have this at least in common: that by the gesture of tracing two lines intersecting at right angles they indicate symbolically the figure of Christ's cross Cross, The True - (1) Growth of the Christian Cult; (2) Catholic Doctrine on the Veneration of the Cross; (3) Relics of the True Cross; (4) Principal Feasts of the Cross Cross-Bearer - The cleric or minister who carries the processional cross, that is, a crucifix provided with a long staff or handle Cross of Jesus, Brothers of the - A congregation founded in 1820 at Lyons, France, by Father C.M. Bochard, Doctor of the Sorbonne, Vicar-General of the Diocese of Lyons Crotus, Johann - German Humanist, b. at Dornheim, in Thuringia, c. 1480; d. probably at Halle, c. 1539 Crown, Franciscan - Also known as the Seraphic Rosary. Brief history, general description of how one prays this chaplet Crown of Thorns - Mentioned by three Evangelists and is often alluded to by the early Christian Fathers, such as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and others, but there are comparatively few writers of the first six centuries who speak of it as a relic known to be still in existence Crown of Thorns, Feast of the - First instituted at Paris in 1239 Croyland, Abbey of - A monastery of the Benedictine Order in Lincolnshire Crucifix and Cross in Archæology - The sign of the cross, represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles, greatly antedates, in both the East and the West, the introduction of Christianity Crucifix and Cross in Liturgy - Information on the history and uses Crucifix, Altar - The principal ornament of the altar Cruelty to Animals - Includes sections on pagan, Old and New Testament, scholastic, and Catholic perspectives Cruet - A small vessel used for containing the wine and water required for the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass Crusade, Bull of the - A Bull granting indulgences to those who took part in the wars against the infidels Crusades - Expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. Crutched Friars - An order of mendicant friars who went to England in the thirteenth century from Italy Cruz, Ramón de la - Poet, b. at Madrid, Spain, 28 March, 1731; d. in the same city, 4 November, 1795 Crypt - The word originally meant a hidden place, natural or artificial, suitable for the concealment of persons or things Csanád - The Diocese includes the counties of Temes, Torontal, Krasso-Szoereny, Arad, Csanad, and a part of Csongrad and Bekes, Hungary Cuba - The largest and westernmost island of the West Indies Cuenca - Diocese in Ecuador Cuenca - Diocese in Spain Cuernavaca - Erected 23 June, 1891, comprises all the State of Morelos in the Republic of Mexico, and is bounded on the north and the west by the Archdiocese of Mexico, on the east by the Archdiocese of Puebla, and on the south by the Bishopric of Chilapa Cueva, Juan de la - Spanish poet and dramatist (1550-1607) Culdees - In the Irish language the word was written Ceile-De, meaning companion, or even spouse, of God, with the Latin equivalent in the plural, Colidei, anglicized into Culdees; in Scotland it was often written Kelidei Cullen, Paul - Cardinal, Archbishop of Dublin, born at Prospect, Co. Kildare, Ireland, 29 April, 1803; died at Dublin, 24 October, 1878 Cult, Disparity of - A diriment impediment introduced by the Church to safeguard the sanctity of the Sacrament of Marriage Culm - A bishopric in the north-eastern part of Prussia, founded in 1234, suffragan to Gnessen Cummings, Jeremiah Williams - Publicist, b. in Washington, U.S.A., April, 1814; d. at New York, 4 January, 1866 Cuncolim, Martyrs of - On Monday, 25 July, 1583 (N.S.), the village of Cuncolim in the district of Salcete, territory of Goa, India, was the scene of the martyrdom of five religious of the Society of Jesus: Fathers Rudolph Acquaviva, Alphonsus Pacheco, Peter Berno, and Anthony Francis, also Francis Aranha, lay brother Cunegundes, Blessed - A niece of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Cunegundes married Boleslaus, Duke of Cracow, later King of Poland. Once widowed, she became a Poor Clare. She died in 1292 Cuneo, Diocese of - Suffragan to Turin Cuoq, André-Jean - Philologist, b. at Le Puy, France, 1821; d. at Oka near Montreal, 1898 Cupola - A spherical ceiling, or a bowl-shaped vault, rising like an inverted cup over a circular, square, or multangular building or any part of it Curaçao - Vicariate apostolic; includes the islands of the Dutch West Indies: Curacao, Bonaire, and Aruba; Saba, St. Eustatius, and the Dutch part of St. Martin (Leeward Islands) Curate - Literally, one who has the cure (care) or charge of souls, in which sense it is yet used by the Church of England, 'All Bishops and Curates' Curator - A person legally appointed to administer the property of another, who is unable to undertake its management himself, owing to age or physical incompetence, bodily or mental Cura Animarum - Technically, the exercise of a clerical office involving the instruction, by sermons and admonitions, and the sanctification, through the sacraments, of the faithful in a determined district, by a person legitimately a ppointed for the purpose Curé d'Ars - The Cure of Ars, d. 1869 Cure of Souls - Technically, the exercise of a clerical office involving the instruction, by sermons and admonitions, and the sanctification, through the sacraments, of the faithful in a determined district, by a person legitimately a ppointed for the purpose Curia, Roman - Strictly speaking, the ensemble of departments or ministries which assist the sovereign pontiff in the government of the Universal Church Curityba do Parana - Diocese, suffragan of Sao Sebastiao (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil Curium - A titular see of Cyprus, suppressed in 1222 by the papal legate, Pelagius Curley, James - Irish-American astronomer (1796-1889) Curr, Joseph - English priest (d. 1847) Curry, John - Irish historian and physcician (d. 1780) Cursing - In its popular acceptation cursing is often confounded, especially in the phrase 'cursing and swearing', with the use of profane and insulting language; in canon law it sometimes signifies the ban of excommunication pronounced by the Church Cursores Apostolici - The Latin title of the ecclesiastical heralds or pursuivants pertaining to the papal court Cursor Mundi - A Middle-English poem of nearly 30,000 lines containing a sort of summary of universal history Curtain, Altar - Drawn around the altar at certain parts of Mass Curubis - A titular see of Africa Proconsularis Cusæ - A titular see of Egypt Cush - Cush, like the other names of the ethnological table of Genesis, x, is the name of a race, but it has generally been understood to designate also an individual, the progenitor of the nations and tribes known in the ancient world as Cushites Cuspinian, Johannes - Distinguished humanist and statesman, born at Schweinfurt, Lower Franconia, in 1473; died at Vienna, 19 April, 1529 Custom (in Canon Law) - An unwritten law introduced by the continuous acts of the faithful with the consent of the legitimate legislator Custos - 1) An under-sacristan (2) A superior or an official in the Franciscan order Cuthbert, Saint - Biography of this soldier, monk, bishop of Lindisfarne, hermit Cuthbert - Abbot of Wearmouth; a pupil of the Venerable Bede (d. 735) Cuthbert - Archbishop of Canterbury Cuyabá - Diocese; suffragan of Sao Sebastiao (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil Cuyo, Virgin of - According to V. Gambon this statue is probably the one which, together with the church in which it stood, was given to the Franciscans when the Jesuits were expelled (1767) from the country by Charles III Cuzco, Diocese of - Suffragan of Lima, Peru Cybistra - A titular see of Cappadocia in Asia Minor Cyclades - A group of islands in the Aegean Sea Cydonia - A titular see of Crete Cyme - A titular see of Asia Minor Cynewulf - That certain Anglo-Saxon poems still extant were written by one Cynewulf is beyond dispute, for the author has signed his name in them by spelling it out in runic letters which may be so read as to make sense in the context of the poem. It is, however, quite uncertain who this Cynewulf was Cynic School of Philosophy - Founded at Athens about 400 B.C., continued in existence until about 200 B.C. It sprang from the ethical doctrine of Socrates regarding the necessity of moderation and self-denial Cyprian of Toulon, Saint - Bishop of Toulon, student and biographer of St. Caesarius of Arles. Cyprian died in 546 Cyprian and Justina, Saints - Christians of Antioch martyred at Nicomedia, 26 September, 304. Already in the same century, quite a colorful legend arose about them Cyprian of Carthage, Saint - Long article on this bishop and martyr Cyprus - An island in the Eastern Mediterranean, at the entrance of the Gulf of Alexandretta Cyrenaic School of Philosophy - Overview of this strain of classical thought, by William Turner Cyrene - A titular see of Northern Africa Cyril and Methodius, Saints - Also called Constantine and Methodius. Biography of these ninth-century brothers, Apostles of the Slavs Cyril of Alexandria, Saint - Article on this Doctor of the Church, and anti-Nestorian theologian Cyril of Constantinople, Saint - Father General of the Carmelites, had a reputation for prophecy, d. about 1235 Cyril of Jerusalem, Saint - Bishop, Doctor of the Church, d. 386 Cyrrhus - A titular see of Syria Cyrus and John, Saints - Companions in life and in martyrdom. Beheaded in the Diocletian persecution Cyrus of Alexandria - Melchite patriarch of that see in the seventh century, and one of the authors of Monothelism; d. about 641 Cyzicus - A titular see of Asia Minor, metropolitan of the ancient ecclesiastical province of Hellespontus Czech Literature - The evolution of Czech literature dates back to 863, when Moravia and Bohemia, through the efforts of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, the apostles of these two countries, were converted to Christianity and thus became participants in the great work of civilization

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D Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Dablon, Claude - Jesuit missionary, born at Dieppe, France, in February, 1618; died at Quebec, 3 May, 1697 Dabrowski, Joseph - Founder of Sts. Cyril and Methodius Seminary in Detroit (d. 1903) Dacca - Diocese in Bengal, India Dacier, André - A French philologist, born at Castres, 6 April, 1651; died 18 September, 1722 Dacier, Anne - The wife of Andre Dacier, born at Saumur in 1651; died 17 April 1720 Dagon - A Philistine deity Daguesseau, Henri-François - Chancellor of France, born at Limoges, 27 November, 1668; died at Paris, 5 February, 1751 Dahomey - The Vicariate Apostolic of Dahomey, in West Africa, is territorially identical with the French colony of the same name Dalberg, Adolphus von - Prince-Abbot of Fulda and founder of the university in the same city, born 29 May, 1678; died 3 November, 1737 Dalgairns, John Dobree - Born in the island of Guernsey, 21 Oct., 1818; d. 6 April, 1876, at St. George's Retreat, Burgess Hill, near Brighton, England Dalila - The woman who deceived and betrayed Samson Dallas - Diocese created in 1890, comprising 108 counties in the northern and northwestern portion of the State of Texas, U.S.A Dalley, William Bede - Lawyer and statesman, born in Sydney, New South Wales, 1831; died there 28 October, 1888 Dalmatia - A part of the Kingdom of Croatia according to a convention entered into between Croatia and Hungary Dalmatic - The outer liturgical vestment of the deacon Dalton, John - Irish author and translator from Spanish and German, born in 1814; died at Maddermarket, Norwich, 15 February, 1874 Damão - Suffragan to Goa, and situated in Portugese India and the British Government of Bombay Damaraland - The middle part of the German colony, German Southwest Africa Damascus - It is mentioned in the Bible at the time of Abraham ; xv, 2); also on the pylons of Karnak, among the Syrian cities captured by the Pharaoh Touthmes III Damasus I, Saint, Pope - Damasus, who had to contend with an antipope, condemned Apollinarianism, and persuaded St. Jerome to undertake the revision of the Latin Bible, died in 384 Damasus II, Pope - A native of Bavaria and the third German to be elevated to the See of Peter Damberger, Joseph Ferdinand - Church historian, born 1 March, 1795, at Passau, Bavaria; died 1 April, 1859, at Schaeftlarn Damian and Cosmas, Saints - Short hagiography of these twins, physicians, and martyrs. They died on 27 September, probably in the year 287 Damien, Father (Joseph de Veuster) - Biography of the Belgian missionary priest to the leper colony on Molokai Damietta - An Egyptian titular see for the Latins and the Catholic Melchite Greeks, in Augustamnica Prima Dan - The fifth son of Jacob, being the elder of the two sons born to him by Bala, the handmaid of Rachel, and the eponymous ancestor of the tribe bearing the same name Danaba - A titular see of Phaenicia Secunda Dance of Death - Originally a species of spectacular play akin to the English moralities. It has been traced back to the middle of the fourteenth century Dancing - The origin of dancing is from the natural tendency to employ gesture either to supplement or to replace speech Dandolo, Enrico - Doge of Venice from 1192 to 1205; died, aged about a hundred years, in 1205 Daniel - The hero and traditional author of the book which bears his name Daniel, Anthony - Huron missionary, born at Dieppe, in Normandy, 27 May 1601, slain by the Iroquois Daniel, Book of - In the Hebrew Bible, and in most recent Protestant versions, the Book of Daniel is limited to its proto-canonical portions. In the Septuagint, the Vulgate, and many other ancient and modern translations of the Bible, it comprises both its proto- and its deutero-canonical parts, both of which have an equal right to be considered as inspired, and to be included in a treatment of the Book of Daniel Daniel, Charles - Founded the 'Etudes de théologie et d' histoire', a magazine with monthly publication (1818-1893) Daniel, Gabriel - Historian and controversialist, born at Rouen, France, 8 Feb., 1649; died at Paris, 23 June, 1728 Daniel, John - Priest and professor, Born 1745; died in Paris, 3 October, 1823 Daniel and Companions, Saint - Franciscan missionaries and martyrs, d. 10 October, 1227 Daniel of Winchester - Bishop of the West Saxons, and ruler of the See of Winchester from 705 to 744; died in 745 Dansara - A titular see in Osrhoene Dante Alighieri - An annotated (in linked hypertext) biography of the poet Danti, Ignazio - Mathematician and cosmographer, b. at Perugia, Italy, 1537; d. at Alatri, 19 Oct., 1586 Danti, Vincenzo - Sculptor, brother of Ignazio, b. at Perugia, 1530; d. 24 May, 1576 Dantine, Maurus - Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, and chronologist, born at Gourieux near Namur, Belgium, 1 April, 1688; died in the monastery of the 'Blancs-Manteaux', Paris, 3 November, 1746 Da Ponte, Lorenzo - Poet, b. at Cenada, Italy, 1749; d. in New York, 17 Aug., 1838 Darboy, Georges - Archbishop of Paris and ecclesiastical writer, b. at Fayl-Billot, near Langres, 1813; killed by Communists at Paris, 24 May, 1871 Dardanus - A titular see in the province of Hellespont, suffragan of Cyzicus Dardel, Jean - Friar Minor of the French province of the order, chronicler of Armenia in the fourteenth century, adviser and confessor to King Leo V (or VI) of Armenia Darerca, Saint - Sister of St. Patrick and the mother of many saints Dareste de la Chavanne, Antoine-Elisabeth - Historian and professor, b. in Paris, 25 October, 1820; d. at Lucenay-les-Aix, 6 August, 1882 Darius and Chrysanthus, Saints - Martyrs at Rome, perhaps in 283 or 284 Darnis - Titular see of Libya Darras, Joseph-Epiphane - Church historian, b. at Troyes, France, 1825; d. at Paris, Nov. 8, 1878 Darrell, William - Theologian, b. 1651, in Buckinghamshire, England; d. 28 Feb., 1721, at St. Omer's, France Dates and Dating - In classical Latin even before the time of Christ it was usual for correspondents to indicate when and where their letters were written Daubrée, Gabriel-Auguste - French geologist, b. at Metz, 25 June, 1814; d. at Paris, 29 May, 1896 Daulia - A titular see of Greece Daumer, Georg Friedrich - German poet and philosopher, b. at Nuremberg, 5 March, 1800; d. at Wurzburg, 14 December, 1875 D'Avenant, Sir William - Poet and dramatist, b. Feb., 1605-6, at Oxford, England; d. in London, 7 April, 1668 Davenport, Christopher - Theologian, b. 1598, at Coventry, England, d. 31 May, 1680 Davenport - Diocese erected 8 May, 1881, in the four southern tiers of counties in Iowa David, Saint - Also known as Dewi or Degui. Biography of this bishop and confessor, the patron saint of Wales David, Armand - Missionary priest and zoologist, b. 1826; d. 1900 David, Gheeraert - Painter and illuminator (1450-1523) David, King - In the Bible the name David is borne only by the second king of Israel, the great-grandson of Boaz and Ruth David of Augsburg - Medieval German mystic, b. probably at Augsburg, Bavaria, early in the thirteenth century; d. at Augsburg, 19 November, 1272 David of Dinant - A pantheistic philosopher who lived in the first decades of the thirteenth century David Scotus - A medieval Irish chronicler, date of birth unknown; d. 1139 Davies, Venerable William - Biography of the Welsh priest concentrates especially on his imprisonment and martyrdom. Fr. Davies died in 1593 Dávila Padilla - Writer, Bishop of Santo Domingo. A native of the City of Mexico, b. 1562; d. 1604 Dawson, Æneas McDonnell - Author, b. in Scotland, 30 July, 1810; d. in Ottawa, Canada, 29 Dec., 1894 Day, George - Bishop of Chichester; b. in Shropshire, England, c. 1501; d. 2 August, 1556 Day, John Charles, Sir - Jurist, b. near Bath, England, 1826; d. 13 June, 1908, at Newbury Day of Atonement - A most solemn fast, on which no food could be taken throughout the day, and servile works were forbidden Dax, Diocese of - Suppressed French diocese Deaconesses - Offers history and functions Deacons - The name means only minister or servant, and is employed in this sense both in the Septuagint (though only in the book of Esther, and in the New Testament Dead, Prayers for the - Catholic teaching regarding prayers for the dead is bound up inseparably with the doctrine of purgatory and the more general doctrine of the communion of the saints, which is an article of the Apostle's Creed Dead Sea - The name given to the lake that lies on the south-eastern border of Palestine Deaf, Education of the - History, aids, and alphabets are discussed Dean - One of the principal administrative officials of a diocese Dean, William, Venerable - Short article on the career of this English priest, martyred in 1588 Dease, Thomas - Bishop of Meath, born in Ireland, 1568; died at Galway, 1651 Death, Dance of - Originally a species of spectacular play akin to the English moralities. It has been traced back to the middle of the fourteenth century Death, Preparation for - Includes the steps taken, such as calling a priest, winding up earthly affairs, and confession Death Penalty - The infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Debbora - Prophetess and judge, wife of Lapidoth and endowed by God with prophetic gifts which secured for her the veneration of the divided Israelitic tribes and gave her great authority over them Debt - That which is owed or due to another; in general, anything which one person is under an obligation to pay or render to another Decalogue - The term employed to designate the collection of precepts written on two tables of stone and given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai Decapolis - Name given in the Bible and by ancient writers to a region in Palestine lying to the east and south of the Sea of Galilee Dechamps, Adolphe - Belgian statesman and publicist, brother of Cardinal Dechamps, born at Melle near Ghent, 17 June, 1807, died at Manage, 19 July, 1875 Dechamps, Victor Augustin Isidore - Cardinal, Archbishop of Mechlin, and Primate of Belgium; born at Melle near Ghent 6 Dec., 1810; died 29 Sept., 1883, at Mechlin Decius - Roman Emperor 249-251 Decker, Hans - A German sculptor of the middle of the fifteenth century Declaration, The Royal - The name most commonly given to the solemn repudiation of Catholicity which, in accordance with provisions of the 'Bill of Rights' (1689) and of 'the Act of Succession' (1700), every sovereign succeeding to the throne of Great Britain was required to make in the presence of the assembled Lords and Commons Decorations, Pontifical - The titles of nobility, orders of Christian knighthood and other marks of honour and distinction which the papal court confers upon men of unblemished character who have in any way promoted the interests of society, the Church, and the Holy See Decree - In a general sense, an order or law made by a superior authority for the direction of others. In ecclesiastical use it has various meanings. Any papal Bull, Brief, or Motu Proprio is a decree inasmuch as these documents are legislative acts of the Holy Father Decretals, Papal - In the wide sense the term decretalis signifies a pontifical letter containing a decretum, or pontifical decision. In a narrower sense it denotes a decision on a matter of discipline. In the strictest sense of the word, it means a rescript, an answer of the pope when he has been appealed to or his advice has been sought on a matter of discipline Dedication - A term which, though sometimes used of persons who are consecrated to God's service, is more properly applied to the 'setting aside' of places for a special and sacred purpose Dedication, Feast of the - Also called the Feast of the Machabees and Feast of Lights Deduction - An argument or reasoning process, that kind of mediate inference by which from truths already known we advance to a knowledge of other truths necessarily implied in the former; the mental product or result of that process. Also a method, the deductive method, by which we increase our knowledge through a series of such inferences Deer, Abbey of - A once famous Scotch monastery. According to the Celtic legend St. Columcille, his disciple Drostan, and others, went from Hy (Iona) into Buchan and established an important missionary centre at Deer on the banks of the Ugie on lands given him by the mormaer or chief of the district whose son he had by his prayers freed of a dangerous illness Defender of the Matrimonial Tie - An official whose duty is to defend the marriage-bond in the procedure prescribed for the hearing of matrimonial causes which involve the validity or nullity of a marriage already contracted Definitions, Theological - An irrevocable decision, by which the supreme teaching authority in the Church decides a question appertaining to faith or morals, and which binds the whole Church Definitor (in Canon Law) - An official in secular deaneries and in certain religious orders Definitors (in Religious Orders) - Generally speaking, the governing council of an order Deger, Ernst - Historical painter, born in Bockenem, Hanover, 15 April, 1809; died in Duesseldorf, 27 Jan., 1885 Degradation - A canonical penalty by which an ecclesiastic is entirely and perpetually deprived of all office, benefice, dignity, and power conferred on him by ordination; and by a special ceremony is reduced to the state of a layman, losing the privileges of the clerical state and being given over to the secular arm Deharbe, Joseph - Theologian, catechist, b. at Straburg, Alsace, 11 April, 1800; d. at Maria-Laach, 8 November, 1871 Deicolus, Saint - Or Dichuil. Elder brother of St. Gall and missionary companion of St. Columbanus. Deicolus died in 625 Dei gratia; Dei et Apostolicæ Sedis gratia - A formulae added to the titles of ecclesiastical dignitaries Deism - Historical survey and critique Deity - This article is confined to the non-Christian notion of the Deity De La Croix, Charles - Missionary, b. at Hoorbeke-St-Corneille, Belgium, 28 Oct., 1792; d. at Ghent, 20 Aug., 1869 Delacroix, Ferdinand-Victor-Eugène - Artist's biography with bibliography Delaroche, Hippolyte - Painter, born at Paris, 17 July, 1797; died 4 November, 1856 Delatores - A term used by the Synod of Elvira (c. 306) to stigmatize those Christians who appeared as accusers of their brethren Delaware - One of the original thirteen of the United States of America Delaware Indians - An important tribal confederacy of Algonquian stock originally holding the basin of the Delaware River, in Eastern Pennsylvania Delcus - A titular see of Thrace, suffragan of Philippopolis Delegation - A delegation is the commission to another of jurisdiction, which is to be exercised in the name of the person delegating. Jurisdiction is defined as the power of anyone who has public authority and pre-eminence over others for their rule and government Delfau, François - Theologian, born 1637 at Montel in Auvergne, France; died 13 Oct., 1676 Delfino, Pietro - A theologian, born at Venice in 1444; died 16 Jan., 1525 Delilah - The woman who deceived and betrayed Samson Delille, Jacques - French abbe and litterateur, born at Aigueperse, 22 June, 1738; died at Paris, 1 May, 1813 De Lisle, Ambrose Lisle March Phillipps - Born 17 March, 1809; died 5 March, 1878 Delisle, Guillaume - Reformer of cartography, born 28 February, 1675, in Paris; died there 25 January, 1726 De L'Orme, Philibert - Celebrated architect of the French Renaissance, born at Lyons, c. 1515 or a little later; died at Paris, 8 January, 1570 Delphine, Blessed - Third Order Franciscan, the wife of St. Elzear. She died in 1358 Delrio, Martin Anton - Scholar, statesman, Jesuit theologian, born at Antwerp, 17 May, 1551; died at Louvain, 19 October, 1608 Delta of the Nile, Prefecture Apostolic of the - Situated in the north of Egypt and comprises four of the six provinces forming Lower Egypt, namely: Gharbieh, Charkieb, Menufieh, and Kalyiubieh Deluge - A catastrophe fully described in Genesis Demers, Modeste - Missionary in Pacific Northwest (1809-1871) Demetrius, Saint - The first bishop of Alexandria of whom anything is known. Appointed Origen as head of the Catechetical School and later condemned him for being ordained to the presbyterate without authorization. Demetrius died in 231 Demetrius - The name of two Syrian kings mentioned in the Old Testament and two other persons in the New Testament Demiurge - The word means literally a public worker, demioergos, demiourgos, and was originally used to designate any craftsman plying his craft or trade for the use of the public. Soon, however, technítes and other words began to be used to designate the common artisan while demiurge was set aside for the Great Artificer or Fabricator, the Architect of the universe Democracy, Christian - Article representing Christian democracy as the ensemble of Catholic doctrine, organization, and action in the field of popular social questions Demon - In Scripture and in Catholic theology this word has come to mean much the same as devil and denotes one of the evil spirits or fallen angels Demoniacs - Article concerned with the demonic possession in the New Testament Demonology - The science or doctrine concerning demons Dempster, Thomas - Savant, professor, and author (1579-1625) Denaut, Pierre - Tenth Bishop of Quebec, b. at Montreal, 20 July, 1743; d. at Longueuil in 1806 Dénés - An aboriginal race of North America, also called Athapaskans and known earlier among earlier ethnologists as Tinne or Tinneh Denifle, Heinrich Seuse - Paleographer and historian (1844-1905) Denis, Saint - Bishop of Paris, martyred along with his deacons Rusticus and Eleutherius in about 275 Denis, Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael - Bibliographer and poet, b. at Schaerding, Bavaria, 27 September, 1729; d. at Vienna, 29 Sept., 1800 Denis, Joseph - The first Canadian to join the Recollects of the Friars Minor (1657-1736) Denman, William - Publisher, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 17 March, 1784; d. in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A., 12 September, 1870 Denmark - History includes politics, religion, literary, and art Denonville, Seigneur and Marquis de - Governor of New France, born in 1638 at Denonville in the department of Eure-et-Loir, France; died 1710 Dens, Peter - Theologian, b. at Boom, near Antwerp, Belgium, 12 September, 1690; d. at Mechlin, 15 February, 1775 Denunciation - Making known the crime of another to one who is his superior Denver - A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe, erected in 1887 Denys the Carthusian - Sometimes called the last of the Schoolmen, devoted to prayer, avid reader whose favorite author was Pseudo-Dionysius. Author of commentaries, sermons, and theological and philosophical treatises. He died in 1471 Denza, Francesco - Italian meteorologist and astronomer, b. at Naples, 7 June, 1834; d. at Rome, 14 December, 1894 Denzinger, Heinrich Joseph Dominicus - Theologian of the modern Catholic German school and author of the 'Enchiridion' universally used, b. 10 Oct., 1819, at Liege; d. 19 June, 1883 Deo Gratias - An old liturgical formula of the Latin Church to give thanks to God for graces received De Paul University - In Chicago, the outgrowth of St. Vincent's College, which opened in Sept., 1898 Deposition - An ecclesiastical vindictive penalty by which a cleric is forever deprived of his office or benefice and of the right of exercising the functions of his orders Deprés, Josquin - Article about his life and work, especially the religious dynamic in his compositions De Profundis - 'Out of the depths'. First words of Psalm 129 Derbe - A titular see of Lycaonia, Asia Minor Dereser, Anton - Discalced Carmelite, born at Fahr in Franconia, 3 February, 1757; died at Breslau, 15 or 16 June, 1807 Derogation - The partial revocation of a law, as opposed to abrogation or the total abolition of a law De Rossi, Giovanni Battista - Christian archaeologist, best known for his work in connection with the Roman catacombs (1822-1894) Derry - Includes nearly all the County Derry, part of Donegal, and a large portion of Tyrone, Ireland; it is a suffragan of Armagh Derry, School of - This was the first foundation of St. Columba, the great Apostle of Scotland, and one of the three patron saints of Ireland Desains, Paul-Quentin - Physicist, b. at St-Quentin, France, 12 July, 1817; d. at Paris, 3 May, 1885 Desault, Pierre-Joseph - Surgeon and anatomist, b. at Magny-Vernois a small town of Franche-Comte, France, in 1744; d. 1 June, 1795 Descartes, René - Philosopher and scientist, born at La Haye France, 31 March, 1596; died at Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650 Deschamps, Eustache - Also called Morel, on account of his dark complexion; b. at Vertus in Champagne between 1338 and 1340; d. about 1410 Deschamps, Nicolas - Polemical writer, born at Villefranche (Rhone), France, 1797; died at Aix-en-Provence, 1872 Desclée, Henri and Jules - Nineteenth-century Belgian monks Desecration - The loss of that peculiar quality of sacredness, which inheres in places and things in virtue of the constitutive blessing of the Church Desert - The word wilderness, which is more frequently used than desert of the region of the Exodus, more nearly approaches the meaning of the Hebrew Desertion - Brief explanation of the different situations to which this concept applies in canon law Deshon, George - Paulist priest, died in 1903 Desiderius - Benedictine monk, peacemaker, abbot of Monte Cassino, elected to the papacy in 1086, d. 1087 Desiderius of Cahors, Saint - Bishop of Cahors, promoted monasticism, d. 655 Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, Jean - A French dramatist and novelist, born in Paris, 1595, died there, 1676 De Smet, Pierre-Jean - Missionary among the North American Indians, b. at Termonde (Dendermonde), Belgium, 30 Jan., 1801; d. at St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., 23 May, 1873 Desolation, The Abomination of - Spoken of in St. Matthew, xxiv, 15, and St. Mark, xiii, 14 De Soto, Hernando - Explorer and conqueror, born at Villanueva de la Serena, Badajoz, Spain, 1496 or 1500; died on the banks of the Mississippi the latter part of June, 1542 Despair - The voluntary and complete abandonment of all hope of saving one's soul and of having the means required for that end Despretz, César-Mansuète - Chemist and physicist, b. at Lessines, Belgium, 11 May, 1798; d. at Paris, 11 May, 1863 Desservants - The name of a class of French parish priests Desurmont, Achille - Ascetical writer, b. at Tourcoing, France, 23 Dec., 1828; d. 23 July, 1898 Determinism - A name employed by writers, especially since J. Stuart Mill, to denote the philosophical theory which holds, in opposition to the doctrine of free will, that all man's volitions are invariably determined by pre-existing circumstances Detraction - The unjust damaging of another's good name by the revelation of some fault or crime of which that other is really guilty or at any rate is seriously believed to be guilty by the defamer Detré, William - French missionary (b. 1668) Detroit - Diocese established 8 March, 1838. Suffragan of Cincinnati Deusdedit, Pope Saint - Also known as Pope Adeodatus I, d. 618 Deusdedit, Saint - First Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 664 Deusdedit, Cardinal - Joined the Benedictine Order and became a zealous promoter of ecclesiastical reforms in the latter half of the eleventh century Deus in Adjutorium Meum Intende - These words form the introductory prayer to every Hour of the Roman, monastic, and Ambrosian Breviaries, except during the last three days of Holy Week, and in the Office of the Dead Deuteronomy - This term occurs in Deuteronomy 17 and Joshua 8, and is the title of one of the five books of the Pentateuch Deutinger, Martin - Philosopher and religious writer, b. in Langenpreising, Bavaria, 24 March, 1815; d. at Pfaefers, Switzerland, 9 Sept., 1864 Devas, Charles Stanton - Political economist, b. at Woodside, Old Windsor, England, of Protestant parents, 26 August, 1848; d. 6 November, 1906 De Vere, Aubrey Thomas Hunt - Poet, critic, and essayist, b. at Curragh Chase, County Limerick, Ireland, 10 January, 1814; died there, 21 January, 1902 Devereux, John C. - Irish immigrant to New York (1774-1848) Devereux, Nicholas - Born near Enniscorthy, Ireland, 7 June, 1791; died at Utica, New York, 29 Dec., 1855, was the youngest brother of John C. Devereux Devil - The name commonly given to the fallen angels, who are also known as demons. With the article (ho) it denotes Lucifer, their chief, as in Matthew 25:41, 'the Devil and his angels' Devil Worship - Fathers and theologians explain the matter as, the fallen angels besides tempting and assailing men in other ways have, by working on their fears or exciting their cupidity, brought them to give worship to themselves under the guise of idols Devil's Advocate - A title given to an officer of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, established in 1587, by Sixtus V, to deal juridically with processes of beatification and canonization Devolution - The right of an ecclesiastical superior to provide for a benefice, when the ordinary patron or collator has failed to do so, either through negligence or by the nomination of an improper candidate Devoti, Giovani - Canonist, born at Rome, 11 July, 1744; died there 18 Sept., 1820 Devotions, Popular - Brief explanation of the spiritual practices collectively called 'devotions' or 'popular devotions.' Deymann, Clementine - Priest and prison chaplain. Born at Klein-Stavern, Oldenburg, Germany, 24 June, 1844; died at Phoenix, Arizona Deza, Diego - Patron of Columbus (1444-1523) Dhuoda - Wife of Bernard, Duke of Septimania Diaconicum - In the Greek Church, the liturgical book specifying the functions of the deacon Diakovár - See of the Bishop of the united Dioceses of Bosnia or Diakovar and Syrmia Dialectic - Greek dialektike (techne or methodos), the dialectic art or method, from dialegomai I converse, discuss, dispute; as noun also dialectics; as adjective, dialectical Diamantina - Located in the north of the state of Minas Geraes, Brazil, South America; created under the Brazilian Empire, 10 Aug., 1853, and confirmed by the Holy See, 6 June, 1854 Diana, Antonino - Moral theologian, born of a noble family at Palermo, Sicily, in 1586; died at Rome, 20 July, 1663 Diano - Diocese and small city in the province of Salermo, Italy; the ancient Tegianum and seat of the Tegyani, a tribe of Lucania Diario Romano - A booklet published annually at Rome, with papal authorization, giving the routine of feasts and fasts to be observed in Rome and the ecclesiastical functions to be performed in the city Diarmaid, Saint - Brief biographies of two Irish saints of this name. The first mentioned was Archbishop of Armagh, and died in 851 or 852. The second, St. Diarmaid the Just, was a monastic founder and distinguished writer of the mid-sixth century Dias, Bartolomeu - A famous Portuguese navigator of the fifteenth century, discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope; died at sea, 29 May, 1500 Diaspora - The name given to the countries (outside of Palestine) through which the Jews were dispersed, and secondarily to the Jews living in those countries Díaz, Pedro - Missionary, b. at Lupedo, Diocese of Toledo, Spain, in 1546; d. in Mexico, 12 Jan., 1618 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal - Spanish historian, one of the chief chroniclers of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, b. at Medina del Campo, Spain, c. 1498; d. after 1568 Díaz de Solís, Juan - Spanish navigator and explorer, b. about 1470 Dibon - A Latin titular see. The site is mentioned in Scripture, and is near Damascus Dicastillo, Juan de - Jesuit theologian (1584-1653) Dicconson, Edward - Titular Bishop of Malla, or Mallus, Vicar Apostolic of the English Northern District; b. 30 Nov., 1670; d. 5 May, 1752 Diceto, Ralph de - Dean of St. Paul's, London, and chronicler Dichu, Saint - The son of an Ulster chieftain, was the first convert of St. Patrick in Ireland Dicuil - Irish monk and geographer, b. in the second half of the eighth century; date of death unknown Didache - A short treatise which was accounted by some of the Fathers as next to Holy Scripture Didacus, Saint - Franciscan lay brother, d. 1463 Didascalia Apostolorum - A treatise which pretends to have been written by the Apostles at the time of the Council of Jerusalem (Acts, xv), but is really a composition of the third century Didon, Henri - Preacher, writer, and educator, b. 17 March, 1840, at Touvet (Isere), France; d. 13 March, 1900, at Toulouse Didot - Preacher, writer, and educator, b. 17 March, 1840, at Touvet (Isere), France; d. 13 March, 1900, at Toulouse Didron, Adolphe-Napoleon - Also called Didron aine; archaeologist; together with Viollet-le-Duc and Caumont, one of the principal revivers of Christian art in France; b. 13 March, 1806, d. 13 November, 1867 Didymus the Blind - Layman, one of the principal opponents of Arianism. Born about 310-313; died about 395-398 Diego y Moreno, Francisco Garcia - First bishop of California, b. 17 Sept., 1785, at Lagos in the state of Jalisco, Mexico; d. 30 April, 1846, at Santa Barbara Diekamp, Wilhelm - Historian, b. at Geldern, 13 May, 1854; d. at Rome, 25 Dec., 1885 Diemoth - An old German word for the present 'Demuth', the English 'humility', was the name of a pious recluse at the monastery of Wessobrunn in Upper Bavaria, b. about 1060 of a noble Bavarian or Swabian family; d. 30 March, probably in 1130 Diepenbeeck, Abraham van - An erudite and accomplished painter of the Flemish School, b. at Bois-le-Duc in the Netherlands, 1599; d. at Antwerp, 1675 Diepenbrock, Melchior, Baron von - Cardinal and Prince-Bishop of Breslau, b. 6 January, 1798, at Boeholt in Westphalia; d. at the castle of Johannisberg in Upper Silesia, 20 January, 1853 Dieringer, Franz Xaver - Catholic theologian, b. 22 August, 1811, at Rangeningen (Hohenzollern-Hechingen); d. 8 September, 1876, at Veringendorf Dies Irae - Name by which the sequence in requiem Masses is commonly known Dietenberger, Johann - Theologian, b. about 1475 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, d. 4 Sept., 1537, at Mainz Diether of Isenburg - Archbishop and Elector of Mainz, b. about 1412; d. 7 May, 1482, at Aschaffenburg Dietrich von Nieheim - Born in the Diocese of Paderborn, between 1338 and 1340; d. at Maastricht, 22 March, 1418, a medieval German historian, best known for his contributions to the history of the Western Schism Digby, George - Second Earl of Bristol, b. at Madrid, Spam, where his father, the first earl, was ambassador, 1612; d. at Chelsea, England, 1677 Digby, Kenelm Henry - Writer, b. in Ireland, 1800; d. at Kensington, Middlesex, England, 22 March, 1880 Digby, Sir Everard - Born 16 May, 1578, died 30 Jan., 1606. Succeeded in his fourteenth year to large properties in the Counties of Lincoln, Leicester, and Rutland Digby, Sir Kenelm - Physicist, naval commander and diplomatist, b. at Gayhurst (Goathurst), Buckinghamshire, England, 11 July, 1603; d. in Covent Garden, Westminster, 11 June, 1665 Digne - Diocese comprising the entire department of the Basses Alpes; suffragan of the Archbishopric of Aix Dignitary, Ecclesiastical - A member of a chapter, cathedral or collegiate, possessed not only of a foremost place, but also of a certain jurisdiction Dijon - Diocese comprising the entire department of Cote-d'Or and is a suffragan of Lyons Dillingen, University of - Located in Swabia, a district of Bavaria. Its founder was Cardinal Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg (1543-1573) Dillon, Arthur-Richard - A French prelate, b. at St-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, 1721; d. in London, 1806 Dimissorial Letters - Letters given by an ecclesiastical superior to his subjects to have effect in territory outside his jurisdiction Dingley, Ven. Sir Thomas - Martyr, prior of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, found guilty of high treason 28 April, 1539, and beheaded on Tower Hill, 9 July, together with the Blessed Sir Adrian Fortescue Dinooth, Saint - Founder and first abbot of Bangor on the Dee, fl. 500-542 Diocaesarea - Information on several places by this name Diocesan Chancery - That branch of administration which handles all written documents used in the official government of a diocese Diocese - The territory or churches subject to the jurisdiction of a bishop Diocese (Supplemental List) - Brief details of dioceses that were too new to have articles about them in 1914 Dioclea - A titular see of Phyrgia in Asia Minor Diocletian - Roman Emperor and persecutor of the Church, b. of parents who had been slaves, at Dioclea, near Salona, in Dalmatia, A.D. 245; d. at Salona, A.D. 313 Diocletianopolis - A titular see of Palaestina Prima Diodorus of Tarsus - Date of birth uncertain; d. about A.D. 392. He was of noble family, probably of Antioch. St. Basil calls him a 'nursling' of Silvanus, Bishop of Tarsus, but whether this discipleship was at Antioch or at Tarsus is not known Diognetus, Epistle to - An apology for Christianity cited by no ancient or medieval writer, and came from a single manuscript which perished in the siege of Strasburg (1870) Dionysias - A titular see in Arabia Dionysius, Pope Saint - Elected towards the end of a wave of persecution. Dionysius opposed the errors of the Sabellians and Marcionites, and died in 268 Dionysius, Saint - Bishop of Corinth about 170 Dionysius Exiguus - According to his friend and fellow-student, Cassiodorus, though by birth a Scythian, he was in character a true Roman and thorough Catholic, most learned in both tongues i.e., Greek and Latin, and an accomplished scripturist Dionysius of Alexandria - Also called Dionysius the Great. Bishop, d. 264 or 265 Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite - Article on the identity of the mysterious Pseudo-Areopagite, his writings, and their influence Dioscorus - Antipope (d. 530) Dioscorus - Fifth-century Bishop of Alexandria Diplomatics, Papal - The word diplomatics denotes in English the science of ancient official documents, more especially of those emanating from the chanceries of popes, kings, emperors, and other authorities possessing a recognized jurisdiction Diptych - A sort of notebook, formed by the union of two tablets, placed one upon the other and united by rings or by a hinge Direction, Spiritual - Personal guidance according to individual needs. Criticizes excesses at both ends of the spectrum: heavyhanded directors, and people who think that since they have the Holy Spirit they have no need of human help Directories, Catholic - Directorium simply means guide, but in the later Middle Ages it came to be specially applied to guides for the recitation of Office and Mass Discalced - A term applied to those religious congregations of men and women, the members of which go entirely unshod or wear sandals, with or without other covering for the feet Discernment of Spirits - In the restricted sense, spirits indicate the various spiritual agents which, by their suggestions and movements, may influence the moral value of our acts Disciple - This term is commonly applied to one who is learning any art or science from one distinguished by his accomplishments Disciples of Christ - A sect founded in the United States of America by Alexander Campbell Discipline, Ecclesiastical - Various meanings discussed Discipline of the Secret - A theological term used to express the custom which prevailed in the earliest ages of the Church, by which the knowledge of the more intimate mysteries of the Christian religion was carefully kept from the heathen and even from those who were undergoing instruction in the Faith Discussions, Religious - Oral dialectical duels, more or less formal and public, between champions of divergent religious beliefs Disibod, Saint - Irish-born abbot and bishop, d. 700 Disparity of Cult - A diriment impediment introduced by the Church to safeguard the sanctity of the Sacrament of Marriage Disparity of Worship - A diriment impediment introduced by the Church to safeguard the sanctity of the Sacrament of Marriage Dispensation - An act whereby in a particular case a lawful superior grants relaxation from an existing law Dispersion of the Apostles - A feast in commemoration of the missionary work of the Twelve Apostles Dissen, Heinrich von - Carthusian monk (1415-1484) Dissentis, Abbey of - Benedictine monastery in Switzerland Distributions - Canonically termed disturbtiones quotidianae, are certain portions of the revenue of a church, distributed to the canons present at Divine service Dithmar - Bishop of Merseburg and medieval chronicler, b. 25 July, 975; d. 1 Dec., 1018 Dives - Latin for rich. The word is not used in the Bible as a proper noun; but in the Middle Ages it came to be employed as the name of the rich man in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, Luke 16:19-31 Divination - The seeking after knowledge of future or hidden things by inadequate means Divine Attributes - In order to form a more systematic idea of God, and as far as possible, to unfold the implications of the truth, God is All-Perfect, this infinite Perfection is viewed, successively, under various aspects, each of which is treated as a separate perfection and characteristic inherent to the Divine Substance, or Essence. A certain group of these, of paramount import, is called the Divine Attributes Divine Charity, Society of - Founded at Maria-Martental near Kaisersesch, in 1903 by Josepth Tallmanns Divine Charity, Sisters of - Founded at Besancon, in 1799, by a Vincentian Sister, and modelled on the Sisters of Mercy of St. Vincent de Paul Divine Charity, Daughters of - Founded at Vienna, 21 November, 1868, by Franziska Lechner (d. 1894) on the Rule of St. Augustine, and approved by the Holy See in 1884 and definitively confirmed 22 July, 1891 Divine Compassion, Institute of the - Founded in the city of New York, USA, by the Rt. Rev. Thomas Stanislaus Preston Divine Nature and Attributes, The - Covered as natural reason and faith Divine Office - Brief essay on the historical development of the Liturgy of the Hours Divine Providence, Sisters of - Includes several orders by this name Divine Redeemer, Daughters of the - Motherhouse at Oedenburg, Hungary; founded in 1863 from the Daughters of the Divine Saviour of Vienna Divine Savior, Society of the - Founded at Rome, 8 Dec., 1881, by Johann Baptist Jordan (b. 1848 at Gartweil im Breisgau), elected superior general as Father Francis Mary of the Cross Divine Word, Society of the - The first German Catholic missionary society established. It was founded in 1875 during the period of the Kulturkampf at Steyl, near Tegelen, Holland, by a priest, Rev. Arnold Janssen (d. 15 January, 1909), for the propagation of the Catholic religion among pagan nations Divisch, Procopius - Premonstratensian, b. at Senftenberg, Bohemia, 26 March, 1698; d. at Prenditz, Moravia, 21 December, 1765 Divorce (in Moral Theology) - The subject is treated here under two distinct heads: First, divorce in moral theology; second, divorce in civil jurisprudence Divorce (in Civil Jurisprudence) - Defined in jurisprudence as 'the dissolution or partial suspension by law of the marriage relation' Dixon, Joseph - Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland, born at Coalisland, Co. Tyrone, in 1806; died at Armagh, 29 April, 1866 Dlugosz, Jan - Short biography of Krakow's and Poland's preeminent medieval historian Dobmayer, Marian - Benedictine theologian, born 24 October, 1753, at Schwandorf, Bavaria; died 21 December, 1805 Dobrizhoffer, Martin - Missionary, b. in Graz, Styria, 7 Sept., 1717; d. in Vienna, 17 July 1791 Docetæ - Docetism, from the Greek 'dokeo' (to seem, to appear) was the contention that Christ merely seemed to be human and only appeared to be born, to suffer, and to die. Already in New Testament times, the Gospel of John opposes Docetism, and so do Ignatius, Irenaeus, and other Fathers Docimium - A titular see of Phrygia in Asia Minor Doctor - The title of an authorized teacher Doctors, Surnames of Famous - Lists the principal surnames with the dates of death Doctors of the Church - Certain ecclesiastical writers have received this title on account of the great advantage the whole Church has derived from their doctrine Doctrine, Christian - The word katechesis means instruction by word of mouth, especially by questioning and answering. The Apostle insists upon 'doctrine' as one of the most important duties of a bishop Doctrine of Addai - Syriac document which relates the conversion of Edessa Dogma - Signifies, in the writings of the ancient classical authors, sometimes, an opinion or that which seems true to a person; sometimes, the philosophical doctrines or tenets, and especially the distinctive philosophical doctrines, of a particular school of philosophers, and sometimes, a public decree or ordinance, as dogma poieisthai Dogmatic Fact - Any fact connected with a dogma and on which the application of the dogma to a particular case depends Dogmatic Theology - That part of theology which treats of the theoretical truths of faith concerning God and His works Dogmatic Theology, History of - Detailed article broken into time periods Dolbeau, Jean - Recollect friar, born in the Province of Anjou, France, 12 March, 1586; died at Orleans, 9 June, 1652 Dolci, Carlo - Painter, born in Florence, Italy, 25 May, 1616; died 17 January, 1686 Doliche - A titular see of Commagene (Augusto-Euphratesia) Döllinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von - Historian and theologian (1799-1890) Dolman, Charles - Publisher and bookseller, b. at Monmouth, England, 20 Sept., 1807; d. in Paris, 31 December, 1863 Dolores Mission - Or Mission San Francisco De Asis De Los Dolores Dolphin - The use of the dolphin as a Christian symbol is connected with the general ideas underlying the more general use of the fish. The particular idea is that of swiftness and celerity symbolizing the desire with which Christians, who are thus represented as being sharers in the nature of Christ the true Fish, should seek after the knowledge of Christ Dome - An architectural term often used synonymously with cupola Domenech, Emmanuel-Henri-Dieudonne - Abbe, missionary and author, b. at Lyons, France, 4 November, 1826; d. in France, June, 1886 Domenechino - Italian painter (1581-1641) Domesday Book - The name given to the record of the great survey of England made by order of William the Conqueror in 1085-86 Domicile - The canon law has no independent and original theory of domicile; both the canon law and all modern civil codes borrowed this theory from the Roman law; the canon law, however, extended and perfected the Roman theory by adding thereto that of quasi-domicile Dominic, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Order of Preachers, d. 1221 Dominical Letter - A device adopted from the Romans by the old chronologers to aid them in finding the day of the week corresponding to any given date, and indirectly to facilitate the adjustment of the 'Proprium de Tempore' to the 'Proprium Sanctorum' when constructing the ecclesiastical calendar for any year Dominican Republic - The eastern, and much larger political division of the island now comprehensively known as Haiti, which is the second in size of the Greater Antilles Dominic of Prussia - A Carthusian monk and ascetical writer, born in Poland, 1382; died at the monastery of St. Alban near Trier, 1461 Dominic of the Mother of God - A member of the Passionist Congregation and theologian, b. near Viterbo, Italy, 22 June, 1792; d. near Reading, England, 27 August, 1849 Dominicans - An extensive article about several branches of the Dominicans, including their history Dominici, Blessed Giovanni - Biography of the Dominican preacher and writer Dominis, Marco Antonio de - Dalmatian ecclesiastic, apostate, and man of science, b. on the island of Arbe, off the coast of Dalmatia, in 1566; d. in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, Rome, September, 1624 Dominus Vobiscum - An ancient form of devout salutation, incorporated in the liturgy of the Church, where it is employed as a prelude to certain formal prayers Domitian - Roman emperor and persecutor of the Church, son of Vespasian and younger brother and successor of the Emperor Titus; b. 24 Oct., A.D. 51, and reigned from 81 to 96 Domitilla and Pancratius, Nereus and Achilleus, Saints - Roman martyrs who shared a feast day on 12 May Domitiopolis - A titular see of Isauria in Asia Minor Domnus Apostolicus - A title applied to the pope, which was in most frequent use between the sixth and the eleventh centuries Don Bosco - Commonly called Don Bosco or John Bosco. Founder of the Salesians, d. 1888 Donahoe, Patrick - Publisher, born at Munnery, County Cavan, Ireland, 17 March, 1811; died at Boston, U.S.A., 18 March, 1901 Donatello Di Betto Bardi - One of the great Tuscan sculptors of the Renaissance, born at Florence, c. 1386; died there, 13 Dec., 1466 Donation (in Canon Law) - The gratuitous transfer to another of some right or thing Donation (in Civil Law) - The gratuitous transfer, or gift, of ownership of property Donation of Constantine - By this name is understood, since the end of the Middle Ages, a forged document of Emperor Constantine the Great, by which large privileges and rich possessions were conferred on the pope and the Roman Church Donatists - The Donatist schism in Africa began in 311 and flourished just one hundred years, until the conference at Carthage in 411, after which its importance waned Donatus of Fiesole - Irish teacher and poet, Bishop of Fiesole, about 829-876 Donders, Peter - Missionary among the lepers, b. at Tilburg in Holland, 27 Oct., 1807; d. 14 Jan., 1887 Dongan, Thomas - Second Earl of Limerick, b. 1634, at Castletown Kildrought, now Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland; d. at London, 1715 Donlevy, Andrew - Educator, b. in 1694, probably in Sligo, Ireland; date and place of death uncertain Donnan, Saint - Three or possibly four Irish saints of this name lived in the sixth and seventh centuries Donner, Georg Raphael - Austrian sculptor, b. at Essling, Austria, 25 May, 1692; d. at Vienna, 15 February, 1741 Donnet, Ferdinand-François-Auguste - A French cardinal, b. at Bourg-Argental (Loire), 1795; d. at Bordeaux, 1882 Donoso Cortés, Juan Francesco Maria de la Saludad - Primarily biographical article by Conde B. Pallen on the Spanish thinker Donus, Pope - Son of a Roman called Mauricius; he was consecrated Bishop of Rome 2 Nov., 676, to succeed Adeodatus II, after an interval of four months and seventeen days; d. 11 April, 678 Doorkeeper - A minor order also called "doorkeeper" Dora - A titular see of Palestina Prima Dorchester, Abbey of - Founded in 1140 by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln Doré, Pierre - Controversialist, b. at Orleans about 1500; d. at Paris, 19 May, 1559 Doria, Andrea - Genoese admiral and statesman, b. at Oneglia, Italy, 1468; d. at Genoa, 1560 Döring, Matthias - Historian and theologian, b. between 1390 and 1400, at Kyritz, in Brandenburg; d. there 24 July, 1469 Dorman, Thomas - Theologian, b. at Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, England, date uncertain; d. at Tournai, 1572 or 1577 Dornin, Bernard - First publisher in the United States of distinctively Catholic books, b. in Ireland, 1761; d. in Ohio, 1836 Dorothea, Saint - Brief hagiographies of two saints of this name: St. Dorothea, virgin and martyr, d. at Caesarea; and St. Dorothea of Montau Dorsey, Anne Hanson - Novelist, born at Georgetown, District of Columbia, U.S.A., 1815; died at Washington, 26 December, 1896 Dorylaeum - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, in Asia Minor Dositheans - Followers of Dositheus, a Samaritan who formed a Gnostic-Judaistic sect, previous to Simon Magus Dosquet, Pierre-Herman - Fourth Bishop of Quebec, b. at Liege, Flanders, 1691; d. at Paris, 1777 Dossi, Giovanni - An Italian painter, b. about 1479; d. at Ferrara in 1542 Dotti, Blessed Andrea - Servite priest, miracle worker, d. 1315 Douai - The town of Douai, in the department of Nord, France, is on the River Scarpe, some twenty miles south of Lille Douay Bible - The original Douay Version, which is the foundation on which nearly all English Catholic versions are still based, owed its existence to the religious controversies of the sixteenth century Double Altar - An altar having a double front constructed in such a manner that Mass may be celebrated on both sides of it at the same time Double Monasteries - Religious houses comprising communities of both men and women, dwelling in contiguous establishments, united under the rule of one superior, and using one church in common for their liturgical offices Doubt - A state in which the mind is suspended between two contradictory propositions and unable to assent to either of them Douglas, Gavin - Scottish prelate and poet, born about 1474; died 1522 Doutreleau, Stephen - Missionary, born in France, 11 October, 1693; date of death uncertain Dove - In Christian antiquity the dove appears as a symbol and as a Eucharistic vessel Dowdall, George - Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland, in 1487; d. at London, 15 August, 1558 Dowdall, James - Martyr, date of birth unknown; executed for his faith at Exeter, England, 20 September, 1600 Dower - A provision for support during life accorded by law to a wife surviving her husband Dower, Religious - Because of its analogy with the dower that a woman brings to her husband when she marries, the name 'religious dower' has been given to the sum of money or the property that a religious woman, or nun (religiosa) brings, for her maintenance, into the convent where she desires to make her profession Down and Connor - A line drawn from Whitehouse on Belfast Lough due west to the Clady River, thence by the river itself to Muckamore and Lough Neagh, marks the boundary between the Diocese of Down and the Diocese of Connor Downside Abbey - Near Bath, Somersetshire, England, was founded at Douai, Flanders, under the patronage of St. Gregory the Great, in 1605 by the Venerable John Roberts Doxology - The doxology in the form in which we know it has been used since about the seventh century all over Western Christendom, except in one corner Doyle, James Warren - Irish bishop; b. near New Ross, County Wexford, Ireland, 1786; d. at Carlow, 1834 Doyle, John - Born in Dublin, Ireland, 1797; died in London, 2 January, 1868; English portrait-painter and caricaturist Doyle, Richard - English artist and caricaturist, b. in London, September, 1824; d. there 11 December, 1883 Drach, David Paul - Convert from Judaism, b. at Strasburg, 6 March, 1791; d. end of January, 1868, at Rome Drachma - A Greek silver coin Dracontius, Blossius Æmilius - A Christian poet of the fifth century Drane, Augusta Theodosia - In religion Mother Francis Raphael; b. At Bromley near London, in 1823; d. at Stone, Staffordshire, 19 April, 1894 Dreams, Interpretation of - Theologians continue to admit the possibility of dreams supernatural in their origin, and consequently the possibility of dream-interpretation depending on supernatural communications Drechsel, Jeremias - Ascetic writer, b. at Augsburg, 15 August, 1581; entered the Society of Jesus 27 July, 1598; d. at Munich, 19 April, 1638 Dresden - The capital of the Kingdom of Saxony and the residence of the royal family, is situated on both sides of the Elbe Dreves, Lebrecht Blücher - Poet, b. at Hamburg, Germany, 12 September, 1816; d. at Feldkirch, 19 Dec., 1870 Drevet Family, The - Leading portrait engravers of France for over a hundred years, beginning with Pierre, and sustained by his son, Pierre-Imbert, and by his nephew, Claude Drexel, Francis Anthony - Banker, b. at Philadelphia, U.S.A., 20 June, 1824; d. there 15 Feb., 1885 Drexel, Jeremias - Ascetic writer, b. at Augsburg, 15 August, 1581; entered the Society of Jesus 27 July, 1598; d. at Munich, 19 April, 1638 Drey, Johann Sebastian von - A professor of theology at the University of Tübingen (1777-1853) Dromore - Suffragan of Armagh, Ireland Drostan, Saint - Scottish abbot and later hermit, fl. about 600. Also known as St. Drustan, Dustan, or Throstan Droste-Vischering, Clemens August von - Archbishop of Cologne, born 21 Jan., 1773, at Muenster, Germany; died 19 Oct., 1845, in the same city Druidism - Probably the best-substantiated derivation of the word is from the root vid, 'to know', and the intensive prefix dru. According to this etymology, the druids would be the 'very wise and learned ones' Druillettes, Gabriel - Missionary, b. in France, 29 September, 1610; d. at Quebec, 8 April, 1681 Drumgoole, John C. - Priest and philanthropist, b. at Granard, Co. Longford, Ireland, 15 August, 1816; d. in New York, 28 March, 1888 Drury, Robert - Biographical portrait of the English priest, martyred at Tyburn in February 1606 or 1607 Drusilla - Daughter of Herod Agrippa I Drusipara - A titular see in Thracia Prima Druys, Jean - Thirtieth Abbot of Parc near Louvain, Belgium, b. at Cumptich, near Tirlemont; d. 25 March, 1635 Druzbicki, Gaspar - Ascetic writer, b. at Sierady in Poland, 1589; entered the Society of Jesus, 20 August 1609; d. at Posen, 2 April, 1662 Druzes - Small Mohammedan sect in Syria, notorious for their opposition to the Marionites, a Catholic people dwelling on the slopes of the Lebanon Dryburgh Abbey - A monastery belonging to the canons of the Premonstratensian Order (Norbertine or White Canons), situated four miles south-east of Melrose, Scotland Dryden, John - Introductory biography of the poet and dramatist Dualism - Denotes the religious or theological system which would explain the universe as the outcome of two eternally opposed and coexisting principles Dublin - Archdiocese; occupies about sixty miles of the middle eastern coast of Ireland, and penetrates inland, about forty-six miles, including all the County of Dublin, nearly all of Wicklow, and parts of Kildare and Wexford, with three suffragans: Kildare and Leighlin, Ferns, and Ossory Dubois, Guillaume - A French cardinal and statesman, born at Brive, in Limousin, 1656; died at Versailles, 1723 Dubois, Jean-Antoine - French missionary in India, b. in 1765 at St. Remeze (Ardeche); d. in Paris, 17 Feb., 1848 Dubois, John - Third Bishop of New York, educator and missionary, b. in Paris, 24 August, 1764; d. in New York, 20 December, 1842 Dubourg, Louis-Guillaume-Valentin - Second Bishop of Louisiana and the Floridas, Bishop of Montauban, Archbishop of Besancon (1766-1833) Dubric, Saint - Welsh bishop and confessor, d. 612. Also called St. Dubricius or Dyfrig Dubuque - Archdiocese established, 28 July, 1837, created an archbishopric, 1893, comprises that part of Iowa, U.S.A., north of Polk, Jasper, Poweshiek, Iowa, Johnson, Cedar, and Scott, and east of Kossuth, Humboldt, Webster, and Boone Counties Duc, Fronton du - A French theologian and Jesuit, b. at Bordeaux in 1558; d. at Paris, 25 September, 1624 Du Cange, Charles Dufresne - Historian and philologist, b. at Amiens, France, 18 Dec., 1610; d. at Paris, 1688 Duccio di Buoninsegna - Painter, and founder of the Sienese School, b. about 1255 or 1260, place not known; d. 3 August, 1319 Duchesne, Philippine-Rose - Admiring biographical essay Duckett, Ven. James - Convert to Catholicism, publisher and bookseller, martyred in 1601 Du Coudray, Philippe-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Tronson - Soldier, b. at Reims, France, 8 September, 1738; d. at Philadelphia, U.S.A., 11 September, 1777 Duckett, John, Venerable - Biographical sketch of the English priest and martyr Ducrue, Francis Bennon - Missionary in Mexico, b. at Munich, Bavaria. of French parents, 10 June 1721; d. there 30 March, 1779 Dudik, Beda Franciscus - Moravian historian, b. at Kojetein near Kremsier, Moravia, 29 January, 1815; d. as abbot and titular bishop at the monastery of Raigern, 18 January, 1890 Duel - This word, as used both in the ecclesiastical and civil criminal codes, generally signifies every contest with deadly weapons which takes place by agreement between two persons on account of some private quarrel Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan - Politician and author, b. at Monaghan, Ireland, 12 April, 1816; d. at Nice, France, 9 Feb., 1903 Duhamel, Jean-Baptiste - A French scientist, philosopher, and theologian, b. at Vire, Normandy, 11 June, 1624; d. at Paris, 6 August, 1706 Du Lhut Daniel Greysolon, Sieur - Born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye about 1640; died at Montreal, 26 Feb., 1710. He first served in the French army, becoming a lieutenant in 1657 and a gendarme of the King's Guard in 1664 Dulia - A theological term signifying the honour paid to the saints, while latria means worship given to God alone, and hyperdulia the veneration offered to the Blessed Virgin Mary Duluth - Diocese, established 3 Oct., 1889, suffragan of the Archdiocese of St. Paul Dumas, Jean-Baptiste - French chemist and senator, b. at Alais, department of Gard, 14 July, 1800; d. at Cannes, 10 April, 1884 Dumetz, Francisco - Date of birth unknown; died 14 Jan., 1811. He was a native of Mallorca (Majorca), Spain, where he entered the Franciscan Order Dumont, Hubert-André - Belgian geologist, b. at Liege, 15 Feb., 1809; d. in the same city, 28 Feb., 1857 Dumoulin, Charles - French jurist, b. at Paris in 1500; d. there 27 December, 1566 Dunbar, William - Scottish poet, sometimes styled the 'Chaucer of Scotland', born c. 1460 Dunchadh, Saint - Abbot of Iona, confessor, d. 717. Also known as St. Dunichad, Duncad, or Donatus Dundrennan, Abbey of - In Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland; a Cistercian house founded in 1142 by King David I and Fergus Lord of Galloway for monks brought from Rievaulx in Yorkshire Dunedin - Diocese comprises the provincial district of Otago (including the Otago part, Southland, and Stewart Island, as well as other adjacent islands) Dunfermline, Abbey of - In the southwest of Fife, Scotland. Founded by King Malcolm Canmore and his queen, Margaret, about 1070, it was richly endowed by him and his sons, and remodelled as a Benedictine abbey by his successor, David I, who brought an abbot and twelve monks from Canterbury Dungal - Irish monk, teacher, astronomer, and poet who flourished about 820 Dunin, Martin von - Archbishop of Gnesen and Posen, born 11 Nov., 1774, in the village of Wat near the city of Rawa, Poland; died 26 Dec., 1842 Dunkeld - Located in Scotland, constituted, as far back as the middle of the ninth century, the primatial see of the Columban Church by King Kenneth Mac Alpine, who rebuilt there the church and monastery founded by King Constantine (afterwards destroyed by the Danes), and translated thither St. Columba's relics Dunkers - A Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite Duns Scotus, Blessed John - Called 'Doctor Subtilis,' Franciscan, philosopher, d. 1308 Dunstan, Saint - Long biographical essay on this tenth-century Anglo-Saxon archbishop and confessor Dupanloup, Félix-Antoine-Philibert - Bishop of Orleans, France, b. at Saint-Felix; Savoie, 2 June, 1802; d. at Lacombe, Isere, 11 October, 1878 Duperron, Jacques-Davy - A theologian and diplomat, born 25 Nov., 1556, at St-Lo (Normandy), France; died 5 Sept., 1618 Dupin, Louis Ellies - A theologian, born 17 June, 1657, of a noble family in Normandy; died 6 June, 1719 Dupin, Pierre-Charles-François - French mathematician and economist (1784-1873) Duponceau, Peter Stephen - Jurist and linguist (1760-1844) Duprat, Antoine & Guillaume - Antoine, chancellor of France and Cardinal, b. at Issoire in Auvergne, 17 January, 1463; d. 1535. Guillaume, son of the foregoing, b. at Issoire, 1507; d. at Beauregard, 1560. Appointed Bishop of Clermont in 1529 Dupré, Giovanni - Sculptor (1817-1882) Dupuytren, Baron Guillaume - French anatomist and surgeon (1777-1835) Duquesnoy, François - Sculptor (1594-1646) Duran, Narcisco - Franciscan missionary (1776-1846) Durand Ursin - Benedictine (1682-1771) Durandus, William - Canonist and writer (1237-1296) Durandus, William, the Younger - Died 1328, canonist, nephew of the famous ritualist and canonist of the same name Durandus of Saint-Pourçain - Philosopher and theologian (d. 1332) Durandus of Troarn - French Benedictine and ecclesiastical writer, b. about 1012, at Le Neubourg near Evreux; d. 1089 Durango - Archdiocese located in northwestern Mexico Durazzo - Archdiocese in Albania Durbin, Elisha John - The 'Patriarch-priest of Kentucky', born 1 February, 1800; died in 1887 Dürer, Albrecht - German artist (1471-1528) Durham - Ancient Catholic Diocese of Durham. Owing to its geographical position on the Scottish border, the successive bishops were led to assume constitutional and political functions in addition to their spiritual office Durham Rite - The earliest document giving an account of liturgical services in the Diocese of Durham is the so-called 'Rituale ecclesiae Dunelmensis' Durrow, School of - Irish Dairmagh, Plain of the Oaks. Situated in the King's County, a few miles from the town of Tullamore Duty - The definition of the term duty given by lexicographers is: 'something that is due', 'obligatory service'; 'something that one is bound to perform or to avoid' Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean - One of the authors of Jansenism, b. at Bayonne, France, 1581; d. in Paris, 1643 Duvernay, Ludger - A French-Canadian journalist and patriot, born at Vercheres, Quebec, 22 January, 1799; died 28 November, 1852 Dwight, Thomas - American anatomist (1843-1911) Dyck, Antoon (Anthonis) Van - Flemish portrait-painter, b. at Antwerp, 22 March, 1599; d. in London, 9 December, 1641 Dymoke, Robert - Confessor of the Faith, date of birth uncertain; d. at Lincoln, England, 11 Sept., 1580 Dymphna, Saint - Virgin and martyr, venerated since at least the thirteenth century Dynamism - A general name for a group of philosophical views concerning the nature of matter

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Eadmer - Precentor of Canterbury and historian Eanbald I - The first Archbishop of York by that name Eanbald II - Date of birth unknown; died 810 or 812 East Indies, Patriarchate of the - In consequence of an agreement between the Holy See and the Portuguese Government in 1886 Easter - Includes information on the feast and customs Easter Controversy - The dispute regarding the proper time of observing Easter Eastern Churches - Eastern Churches depended originally on the Eastern Empire at Constantinople Eastern Schism - From the time of Diotrephes (III John 1:9-10) there have been continual schisms, of which the greater number were in the East Easterwine - Abbot of Wearmouth, nephew of St. Benedict Biscop; born 650, died 7 March, 686 Easton, Adam - Cardinal, born at Easton in Norfolk; died at Rome, 15 September (according to others, 20 October), 1397 Eata, Saint - Second bishop of Hexham, d. 686 Ebbo - Archbishop of Reims, b. towards the end of the eighth century; d. 20 March, 851 Ebendorfer, Thomas - German chronicler, professor, and statesman, b. 12 August, 1385, at Haselbach, in Upper Austria; d. at Vienna, 8 Jan., 1464 Eberhard, Matthias - Bishop of Trier, b. 15 Nov., 1815, at Trier (Germany), d. there 30 May, 1876 Eberhard of Ratisbon - A German chronicler about the beginning of the fourteenth century Ebermann, Veit - Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in Bavaria; died 8 April, 1675 Ebionites - Two varieties: the earlier group called Ebionites denied the divinity of Christ; the later Ebionites were a Gnostic sect who believed that matter was eternal and was God's body Ebner - The name of two German mystics Ecclesiastes - The name given to the book of Holy Scripture which usually follows the Proverbs; the Hebrew Qoheleth probably has the same meaning Ecclesiastical Addresses - Rules as to what is fitting and customary in the matter of ecclesiastical correspondence Ecclesiastical Architecture - All ecclesiastical architecture may be said to have been evolved from two distinct germ-cells, the oblong and the circular chamber Ecclesiastical Archives - A collection of documents, records, and memorials, pertaining to the origin, foundation, growth, history, and constitutions of a diocese, parish, monastery, or religious community under the jurisdiction of the Church Ecclesiastical Art - Article explores the origin, history, and types Ecclesiastical Buildings - This term comprehends all constructions erected for the celebration of liturgical acts, whatever be the name given to them, church, chapel, oratory, and basilica Ecclesiastical Forum - Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is distinguished into that of the internal and external forum Ecclesiasticus - The longest of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible, and the last of the Sapiential writings in the Vulgate of the Old Testament Eccleston, Samuel - Fifth Archbishop of Baltimore, U.S.A (1801-1851) Eccleston, Thomas of - Thirteenth-century Friar Minor and chronicler Echard, Jacques - Historian of the Dominicans, born at Rouen, France, 22 September, 1644; died at Paris, 15 March, 1724 Echave, Baltasar de - Painter, born at Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the sixteenth century; died in Mexico about the middle of the seventeenth Echinus - A titular see of Thessaly, Greece Echternach, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in the town of that name, in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Diocese of Trier Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius - Prince-Bishop of Wuerzburg, b. 18 March, 1545, in the Castle of Mespelbrunn, Spessart (Bavaria); d. 13 Sept., 1617, at Wuerzburg Eck, Johann - Theologian and principal adversary of Luther. Detailed profile by J.P. Kirsch Eckart, Anselm - Missionary, born at Bingen, Germany, 4 August, 1721; died at the College of Polstok, Polish Russia, 29 June, 1809 Eckebert - Abbot of Schoenau, born in the early part of the twelfth century Eckhart, Johann Georg von - German historian, b. at Duingen in the principality of Kalenberg, 7 Sept., 1664; d. at Wuerzburg, 9 Feb., 1730 Eckhart, Meister - Biographical article on the Dominican theologian and mystic. Includes bibliography Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius - German numismatist (1737-1798) Eclecticism - A philosophical term meaning either a tendency of mind in a thinker to conciliate the different views or positions taken in regard to problems, or a system in philosophy which seeks the solution of its fundamental problems by selecting and uniting what it regards as true in the various philosophical schools Economics - The social science which treats of man's activities in providing the material means to satisfy his wants Ecstasy - Offers details of false views Ecuador - An independent state of South America, bounded on the north by Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the south by Peru, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean Ecumenical Councils - Article looking at the definition, place in church governance and short historical sketches of each council until Vatican I Ecumenism - Includes the Catholic Church together with the many other religious communions which have either directly or indirectly, separated from it Edda - A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or 'Elder Edda' and the prose or 'Younger Edda' Edelinck - The family name of four engravers Eden, Garden of - The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the scriptural Garden of Eden Edesius and Frumentius - Tyrian Greeks of the fourth century, probably brothers, who introduced Christianity into Abyssinia; the latter a saint and first Bishop of Axum, styled the Apostle of Abyssinia, d. about 383 Edessa - A titular archiepiscopal see in that part of Mesopotamia formerly known as Osrhoene Edgeworth, Henry Essex - Confessor of Louis XVI, and vicar-general of the Diocese of Paris at the height of the French Revolution (1745-1807) Edinburgh - Derives its name from the time (about A.D. 620) when the fortress of Edwin's burgh was raised on a lofty spur of the Pentland Hills, overlooking the Firth of Forth, and established the Anglian dominion in the northern part of the Northumbrian Kingdom Editions of the Bible - Includes Hebrew and Greek editions Edmund, Congregation of Saint - Founded in 1843, by Jean-Baptiste Muard, at Pontigny, France, for the work of popular missions Edmund Arrowsmith, Venerable - English Jesuit and martyr, d. 1628. Short biography Edmund Campion, Saint - English Jesuit, martyr, d. 1581. Biographical article Edmund Rich, Saint - This Archbishop of Canterbury died in 1240, and was canonized within six years. Biography Edmund the Martyr, Saint - Short biography of the King of East Anglia, who died in 870 Education - In the broadest sense, education includes all those experiences by which intelligence is developed, knowledge acquired, and character formed. In a narrower sense, it is the work done by certain agencies and institutions, the home and the school, for the express purpose of training immature minds Educational Association, The Catholic - A voluntary organization composed of Catholic educators and other persons who have an interest in the welfare of Catholic education in the United States Education of the Blind - Includes statistics and history Education of the Deaf - History, aids, and alphabets are discussed Edward III - Detailed biographical article on the King of England Edward Powell, Blessed - Biography of the Welsh priest, Bl. Thomas Abel's companion in martyrdom, d. 1506 Edward the Confessor, Saint - Short biography of the King of England, who died in 1066 Edward the Martyr, Saint - King of England, assassinated at the age of 16 or 17 at the behest of his stepmother. St. Edward was murdered in 979 Edwin, Saint - Biography of the first Christian King of Northumbria, who died in 633. Also known, in Latinized form, as Aeduini Edwy - King of the English, eldest son of Edmund and St. Aelfgifu, born about 940; died 959 Egan, Boetius - Archbishop of Tuam, born near Tuam, Ireland, 1734; died near Tuam, 1798 Egan, Michael - First bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A., b. in Ireland, most probably in Galway, in 1761; d. at Philadelphia, 22 July, 1814 Egbert, Saint - A Northumbrian by birth, became a monk in Ireland, died in 729 at the age of 90 Egbert - Frequently though incorrectly called 'First King of England', died A.D. 839 Egbert, Archbishop of Trier - Belonged to the family of the Counts of Holland. Died 8 or 9 December, 993 Egbert, Archbishop of York - Son of Eata, brother of the Northumbrian King Eadbert and cousin of King Ceolwulf, to whom the Venerable Bede dedicated his history; date of birth unknown; d. 19 November, 766 Egfrid - King of Northumbria, b. 650; d. 685 Eginhard - Historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the eastern part of the Frankish Empire; d. 14 March, 840, at Seligenstadt Egloffstein, Frederick W. von - Born at Aldorf, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, 18 May, 1824; died in New York, 1885 Egmont, Lamoral, Count of - Born at the Chateau de La Hamaide, in Hainault, 18 Nov., 1522; beheaded at Brussels, 5 June, 1568 Egoism - Synopsis of this ethical system, and short refutation Eguiara y Eguren, Juan José - Mexican scholar (d. 1763) Egwin, Saint - Third bishop of Worcester, founded the Benedictine monastery of Evesham, d. 717 or 720 Egypt - Provides information on history, religion, and literature Egyptian Church Ordinance - An early Christian collection of thirty-one canons regulating ordinations, the liturgy, and other main features of church life Eichendorff, Josef Karl Benedikt - Poet (1788-1857) Eichstätt - Diocese in Bavaria, north of the Danube, and suffragan to Bamberg Eimhin, Saint - Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin, d. first half of the sixth century. Some believe that Eimhin is the author of the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick Einhard - Historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the eastern part of the Frankish Empire; d. 14 March, 840, at Seligenstadt Einsiedeln, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits Eisengrein, Martin - Catholic theologian and polemical writer, born of Protestant parents at Stuttgart, 28 December, 1535; died at Ingolstadt, 4 May, 1578 Eithene, Saint - Sixth-century Irish woman, visionary Eithne, Saint - Irish princess, converted to Christianity by St. Patrick, died immediately after receiving her First Communion (433) Ekkehard - Name of five monks of the (Swiss) Abbey of St. Gall from the tenth to the thirteenth century Ekkehard of Aura - Benedictine monk and chronicler, b. about 1050; d. after 1125 Elaea - A titular see of Asia Minor Elba - The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago Elbel, Benjamin - Bavarian moral theologian (1690-1756) Elcesaites - A sect of Gnostic Ebionites El Cid - Popular hero of the chivalrous age of Spain, born at Burgos c. 1040; died at Valencia, 1099. He was given the title of seid or cid (lord, chief) by the Moors and that of campeador (champion) by his admiring countrymen Elder, George - Educator, b. 11 August, 1793, in Kentucky, U.S.A.; d. 28 Sept., 1838, at Bardstown Elder, William Henry - Third Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.A., and second Archbishop of Cincinnati, b. in Baltimore, Maryland, 22 March, 1819; d. in Cincinnati, 31 Oct., 1904 Eleazar - Includes information on three uses of this name Elect - Denotes in general one chosen or taken by preference from among two or more; as a theological term it is equivalent to 'chosen as the object of mercy or Divine favour, as set apart for eternal life' Election - In its broadest sense election means a choice among many persons, things, or sides to be taken. In the stricter juridical sense it means the choice of one person among many for a definite charge or function Election, Papal - The method of electing the pope has varied considerably at different periods of the history of the Church. . . Eleutherius, Pope Saint - Native of Nicopolis, served as deacon in the Roman Church, d. about 189 Eleutherius, Saint - First Bishop of Tournai, early sixth century Eleutheropolis - A titular see in Palaestina Prima Elevation, The - The Elevation of the Mass is a rite of comparatively recent introduction El Greco - Spanish artist. Born in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; died at Toledo, 7 April, 1614 Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Fausto de - Mineralogist and chemist (1755-1833) Eli - Discusses the Old Testament priest, and the New Testament father of Joseph Elias - Old Testament prophet Elias of Cortona - Minister General of the Friars Minor, b., it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, c. 1180; d. at Cortona, 22 April, 1253 Elias of Jerusalem - Died 518; one of the two Catholic bishops (with Flavian of Antioch) who resisted the attempt of the Emperor Anastasius I (491-518) to abolish the Council of Chalcedon (451) Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste-Armand-Louis-Léonce - Geologist, b. at Canon (Dep. Calvados), near Caen, France, 25 Sept., 1798; d. at Canon, 21 Sept., 1874 Eligius, Saint - Or Eloi. Bishop of Noyon-Tournai, founded several monasteries, d. 660 Elijah - Old Testament prophet Elined, Saint - British princess, virgin, and martyr, fl. c. 490. Venerated especially in Wales Eliseus - A Prophet of Israel Elisha - A Prophet of Israel Elishé - Armenian historian of the fifth century, place and date of birth unknown, d. 480 Eliud, Saint - Archbishop of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthenshire, probably in or before 560 Elizabeth - The wife of Zachary, mother of St. John the Baptist, and relative of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Some believe that it was Elizabeth who proclaimed the Magnificat Elizabeth Ann Seton, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Sisters of Charity in the United States Elizabeth, Sisters of Saint - From an association established by Dorothea Klara Wolff, in connection with the sisters, Mathilde and Maria Merkert, and Franziska Werner, 1842, in Nelsse (Prussia), to tend in their own homes, without compensation, helpless sick persons who could not or would not be received into the hospitals Elizabeth Associations - Charitable associations of women in Germany which aim for the love of Christ to minister to the bodily and spiritual sufferings of the sick poor and of neglected children Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint - Also called St. Elizabeth of Thuringia. Biographical article on the princess, widow, Third Order Franciscan, who died in 1231 Elizabeth of Portugal, Saint - Queen, also known as St. Isabel, d. 1336 Elizabeth of Reute, Saint - Even in her childhood was called 'the good Betha.' Third Order Franciscan, d. 1420 Elizabeth of Schönau, Saint - Benedictine visionary, friend of Hildegarde of Bingen. Elizabeth died in 1165 Ellis, Philip Michael - First Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, Italy, b. in 1652; d. 16 Nov., 1726 Ellwangen Abbey - The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the Diocese of Augsburg about thirty miles north-east of the town of Stuttgart Elohim - The common name for God Elphege, Saint - Also called Alphege or Godwine. Hermit, abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, martyred in 1012. Biographical article Elphin - Suffragan of Tuam, Ireland, a see founded by St. Patrick Elusa - A titular see of Palaestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra Elvira, Council of - Held early in the fourth century at Elliberis, or Illiberis, in Spain, a city now in ruins not far from Granada Ely - Ancient diocese in England Elzéar of Sabran - Married, Third Order Franciscan, d. 1323 Emanationism - The doctrine that emanation (Lat. emanare, 'to flow from') is the mode by which all things are derived from the First Reality, or Principle Emancipation, Ecclesiastical - In ancient Rome emancipation was a process of law by which a slave released from the control of his master, or a son liberated from the authority of his father (patria potestas), was declared legally independent. The earliest ecclesiastical employment of this process was in the freeing of slaves Ember Days - The days at the beginning of the seasons ordered by the Church as days of fast and abstinence Embolism - An insertion, addition, interpretation. The word has two specific uses in the language of the Church; in the prayer and in the calendar Embroidery - In Christian worship embroidery was used from early times to ornament vestments Emerentiana, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. at Rome in the third century Emery, Jacques-André - Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution, b. 26 Aug., 1732, at Gex; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1811 Emesa - A titular see of Phoenicia Secunda, suffragan of Damascus, and the seat of two Uniat archdioceses, Greek Melchite and Syrian Emigrant Aid Societies - Details of several organizations, the earliest being the Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Massachusetts, founded 17 March, 1737 Emiliana and Trasilla, Saints - Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century Emiliani, Saint Jerome - Soldier, priest, founder of the Order of Somascha, d. 1537 Emmanuel - Signifies 'God with us' (Matthew 1:23), and is the name of the child predicted in Isaias 7:14: 'Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel' Emmaus - A titular see in Palaestina Prima, suffragan of Caesarea Emmeram, Saint - Late seventh-century missionary to Bavaria, where he was martyred Emmeram, Saint, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery at Ratisbon (Regensburg), named after its traditional founder, the patron saint of the city Emmerich, Anne Catherine - An Augustinian nun, stigmatic, and ecstatic, born 8 September, 1774, at Flamsche, near Coesfeld, in the Diocese of Munster, Westphalia, Germany; died at Dulmen, 9 February, 1824 Empiricism - Primarily, and in its psychological application, the term signifies the theory that the phenomena of consciousness are simply the product of sensuous experience, i.e. of sensations variously associated and arranged Ems, Congress of - A meeting of the representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz, Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg, at the little town of Bad-Ems, near Coblenz, in August, 1786, for the purpose of protesting against papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers and fixing the future relations between these archbishops and the Roman pontiff Emser, Hieronymus - The most ardent literary opponent of Luther, born of a prominent family at Ulm, 20 March, 1477; died 8 Nov., 1527 at Dresden Encina, Juan de la - Biographical article commenting on his musical and writing abilities and his priestly positions Enciso, Diego Ximenez de - Dramatic poet, b. in Andalusia, Spain, c. 1585; date of death unknown Enciso, Martín Fernández de - Navigator and geographer, b. at Seville, Spain, c. 1470; d. probably about 1528 at Seville Encolpion - The name given in early Christian times to a species of reliquary worn round the neck, in which were enclosed relics Encratites - Literally, 'abstainers' or 'persons who practised continency', because they refrained from the use of wine, animal food, and marriage Encyclical - According to its etymology, an encyclical is nothing more than a circular letter. In modern times, usage has confined the term almost exclusively to certain papal documents which differ in their technical form from the ordinary style of either Bulls or Briefs, and which in their superscription are explicitly addressed to the patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops of the Universal Church in communion with the Apostolic See Encyclopedia - An abridgment of human knowledge in general or a considerable department thereof, treated from a uniform point of view or in a systematized summary Encyclopedists - Article by C.A. Dubray siscusses the group of philosophers who contributed to the Encyclopedie Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus - Austrian botanist, linguist, and historian, b. at Pressburg, Hungary, 24 June, 1804; d. at Vienna, 28 March, 1849 Endowment - A property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated for the support of any person, institution, or object, as a student, professorship, school, hospital Energy, The Law of Conservation of - Includes the history and philosophy Engaddi - The name of a warm spring near the center of the west shore of the Dead Sea, and also of a town situated in the same place Engel, Ludwig - Canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April 1694 Engelberg, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance Engelbert of Cologne, Saint - Went from excommunicated worldly soldier to martyred archbishop. He was killed by his cousin in 1225 Engelbert - Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Admont in Styria, b. of noble parents at Volkersdorf in Styria, c. 1250; d. 12 May, 1331 Engelbrechtsen, Cornelis - Dutch painter, b. at Leyden, 1468; d. there 1533; is believed to have been identical with a certain Cornelis de Hollandere who was a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1492 England (Before 1066) - History of the occupation, conversion, and development England (1066-1558) - This term England is here restricted to one constituent, the largest and most populous, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland England (After 1558) - Article on the relation of the post-Reformation Catholic church to the English state England, John - First Bishop of Charleston, S.C (1786-1842) Englefield, Sir Henry Charles, Bart. - Antiquary and scientist, b. 1752; d. 21 March, 1822 English College, The, in Rome - Information on its foundation, scholastic status, and students English Confessors and Martyrs (1534-1729) - Since this article was published, some of the causes for canonization have been successful, and others have progressed from 'venerable' to 'blessed.' English Hierarchy, Reorganization of the - The restoration of the English hierarchy in 1850 was a milestone for English Catholics after the Penal Times English Literature - Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influences English Revolution of 1688 - The history of the Revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill-judged measures which alienated the support of the Established Church, the Tory party, and the nation as a whole Ennodius, Magnus Felix - Rhetorician and bishop, b. probably at Arles, in Southern Gaul, in 474; d. at Pavia, Italy, 17 July, 521 Enoch - The name of the son of Cain, of a nephew of Abraham, of the first-born of Ruben, and of the son of Jared and the father of Mathusala Enoch, Book of - Introductory article Ensingen, Ulrich - Belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm, Wurtemberg, and who shared as master-builders in the construction of the most important Gothic buildings of the fifteenth century in Southern Germany Entablature - A superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns in classic architecture Enthronization - From Greek 'enthronizein, to place on a throne Envy - Taken to be synonymous with jealousy Eoghan, Saints - Some details on five Irish saints of this name Epact - The surplus days of the solar over the lunar year; hence, more freely, the number of days in the age of the moon on 1 January of any given year. The whole system of epacts is based on the Metonic Lunar Cycle, and serves to indicate the days of the year on which the new moons occur Eparchy - Originally the name of one of the divisions of the Roman Empire Epée, Charles-Michel de l' - A philanthropic priest and inventor of the sign alphabet for the instruction of the deaf and dumb; was b. at Versailles, 25 November, 1712; d. at Paris, 23 December, 1789 Eperies - Diocese of the Greek Ruthenian Rite, suffragan to Gran Ephesians, Epistle to the - The letter which, in the manuscripts containing the Epistles of St. Paul, bears the title 'To the Ephesians' comprises two parts distinctly separated by a doxology (Eph., iii, 20 sq.) Ephesus - A titular archiespiscopal see in Asia Minor, said to have been founded in the eleventh century B.C. by Androcles, son of the Athenian King Codrus, with the aid of Ionian colonists Ephesus, Council of - The third ecumenical council, held in 431 Ephesus, Robber Council of - The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit. 14,530, written in the year 535 Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of - One of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after wakes up to find the world changed Ephod - a kind of garment, which differed according to its use by the high-priest, by other persons present at religious services, or as the object of idolatrous worship Ephraem, Saint - Long article on the life and works of the hermit, deacon, poet Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex - The last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible, received its name from the treatises of St. Ephraem the Syrian (translated into Greek) which were written over the original text Ephraim of Antioch - One of the defenders of the Faith of Chalcedon (451) against the Monophysites, b. at Amida in Mesopotamia; d. in 545 Epicureanism - In its popular sense, the word stands for a refined and calculating selfishness, seeking not power or fame, but the pleasures of sense, particularly of the palate, and those in company rather than solitude Epiklesis - The name of a prayer that occurs in all Eastern liturgies (and originally in Western liturgies also) after the words of Institution, in which the celebrant prays that God may send down His Holy Spirit to change this bread and wine into the Body and Blood of His Son Epimachus and Gordianus, Saints - Roman martyrs under Julian the Apostate. Both died in 362. Although they did not die together, they are buried together, and the cemetery is named after them. Identifies two other martyrs named Gordianus, considers several named Epimachus Epiphania - A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, in Asia Minor, suffragan of Anazarbus Epiphanius - A translator of various Greek works in the middle of the sixth century of the Christian Era Epiphanius of Constantinople - Succeeded John II (518-20) as Patriarch of Constantinople Epiphanius of Salamis - Biographical article on the fourth-century monk and bishop Epiphany - The feast was called among the Syrians denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke. I, 78 Episcopalians - Protestant denomination born from Anglicanism Episcopal Subsidies - Since the faithful are obliged to contribute to the support of religion, especially in their own diocese, a bishop may ask contributions for diocesan needs from his own subjects, and particularly from the clergy Epistemology - That branch of philosophy which is concerned with the value of human knowledge Epistle (in Scripture) - The Old Testament exhibits two periods in its idea of an epistle: first, it presents the epistle under the general concept of a book or a writing; secondly, it regards the epistle as a distinct literary form. The New Testament presents a very highly developed form of an epistle Epping, Joseph - German astronomer and Assyriologist, b. at Neuenkirchen near Rhine in Westphalia, 1 Dec., 1835; d. at Exaeten, Holland, 22 Aug., 1894 Erasmus, Desiderius - Article by Joseph Sauer. An extensive overview of the life, works and impact of this scholar Erastus and Erastianism - The name 'Erastianism' is often used in a somewhat loose sense as denoting an undue subservience of the Church to the State Erbermann, Veit - Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in Bavaria; died 8 April, 1675 Ercilla y Zúñiga, Alonso de - Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid, 7 August, 1533; died in the same city, 29 November, 1594 Erconwald, Saint - Monk, Bishop of London, founded two monasteries, d. about 690. Biography Erdeswicke, Sampson - Antiquarian, date of birth unknown; died 1603 Erdington Abbey - Situated in a suburb of Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, belongs to the Benedictine congregation of St. Martin of Beuron, Germany, and is dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury Erhard of Ratisbon, Saint - Seventh-century Irish-born missionary bishop Erie - Diocese established 1853 Erin, The Twelve Apostles of - Twelve holy Irishmen of the sixth century who went to study at the School of Clonard in Meath Eriugena, John Scotus - Article by William Turner recounts this scholar's life and influence, and evaluates his teachings Ermland - A district of East Prussia and an exempt bishopric. St. Adalbert of Prague (d. 997) and St. Bruno of Querfurt (d. 1009) converted the early inhabitants of this region, the heathen Prussians, to Christianity and two centuries later Teutonic Knights and members of the Cistercian Order introduced civilization also into the land Ernakulam, Vicariate Apostolic of - In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response, however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race and rite, Leo XIII by his brief 'Quae Rei Sacrae' (28 July, 1896) divided the territory anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam Ernan, Saints - Some people count more than two dozen saints of this name. Article tries to distinguish four of them Ernst of Hesse-Rheinfels - The sixth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, after whose resignation of the government in 1627 to his son Wilhelm V, Ernst and his brother Hermann respectively founded the collateral lines of Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Rotenburg Ernulf - Architect, b. at Beauvais, France, in 1040; d. 1124 Errington, William - Priest, founder of Sedgley Park School, b. 17 July, 1716; d. 28 September, 1768 Error - Reduplicatively regarded, is in one way or another the product of ignorance. But besides the lack of information which it implies, it adds the positive element of a mental judgment, by which something false is held to be true, or something true avouched to be false Erskine, Charles - Cardinal, b. at Rome, 13 Feb., 1739; d. at Paris, 20 March, 1811 Erthal, Franz Ludwig von - Prince-Bishop of Wuerzburg and Bamberg, b. at Lohr on the Main, 16 September, 1730; d. at Wuerzburg, 16 February, 1795 Erthal, Friedrich Karl Joseph, Freiherr von - Last Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, b. 3 Jan., 1719, at Mainz; d. 25 July, 1802, at Aschaffenburg Erwin of Steinbach - One of the architects of the Strasburg cathedral, date of birth unknown; d. at Strasburg, 17 January, 1318 Erythrae - A titular see in Asia Minor. According to legend the city was founded by colonists from Crete Erzerum (Theodosiopolis) - The kings of Armenia established their summer residence here. Later Garin fell into the power of the Byzantines, who named it Theodosiopolis (415), under which title it is still a Latin titular see Esau - The eldest son of Isaac and Rebecca, the twin-brother of Jacob Esch, Nicolaus van - A famous mystical theologian, b. in Oisterwijk near Hertogenbosch (Boisle-Duc), Holland, in 1507; d. 19 July, 1578 Eschatology - A survey of the subject in various pre-Christian religions and cultures, an examination of the development of eschatology in the Old Testament, brief overview of Christian teaching Escobar, Marina de - Mystic and foundress of a modified branch of the Brigittine Order b. at Valladolid, Spain, 8 Feb., 1554; d. there 9 June, 1633 Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio - Preacher and writer, born at Valladolid in 1589; died there, 4 July, 1669 Escorial, The - A building in Spain situated on the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Guadarrama about twenty-seven miles northwest of Madrid. Its proper title is El Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial, Escorial being the name of a small town in the vicinity Esdras - Or Ezra. Article on the man and the books which bear his name Esglis, Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d' - Eighth Bishop of Quebec, Canada; born Quebec, 24 April, 1710; died 7 June, 1788 Eskil - Archbishop of Lund, Skåne, Sweden; b. about 1100; d. at Clairvaux, 6 (7?) Sept., 1181 Eskimo - A littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook Inlet in Alaska to the mouth of the St. Lawrence Esnambuc, Pierre Belain, Sieur d' - Captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inferieure); d. at St. Christopher in Dec., 1636 ESP - A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to denote 'the ability of one mind to impress or to be impressed by another mind otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense' Espejo, Antonio - A Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New Mexico and Arizona in 1582-3 Espen, Zeger Bernhard van - Belgian canonist, born at Louvain, 9 July, 1646; died at Amersfoort, Netherlands, 2 Oct., 1728 Espence, Claude D' - French theologian, born in 1511 at Chalons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., 1571, at Paris Espinel, Vincent - Poet and novelist; born at Ronda (Malaga), Spain, 1544; died at Madrid, 1634 Espinosa, Alonso De - Spanish priest and historian of the sixteenth century Espousals - A contract of future marriage between a man and a woman, who are thereby affianced Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary - A feast of the Latin Church Essence and Existence - Essence, described as that whereby a thing is what it is. Existence is that whereby the essence is an actuality in the line of being Essenes - One of three leading Jewish sects mentioned by Josephus as flourishing in the second century B.C., the others being the Pharisees and the Sadducees Est, Willem Hessels van - Famous commentator on the Pauline Epistles (1542-1613) Establishment, The - The union of Church and State setting up a definite and distinctive relation between the two is frequently expressed in English by the use of the word 'establishment' Estaing, Comte d' - French admiral, b. at the chateau de Ravel (Auvergne), 28 November, 1729; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1794 Esther - Queen of Persia and wife of Assuerus, who is identified with Xerxes (485-465 B.C.) Estiennot de la Serre, Claude - Benedictine (1639-1699) Eternity - Eternity is defined by Boetius (De Consol. Phil., V, vi) as 'possession, without succession and perfect, of interminable life' Ethelbert, Saint - Biography of the King of the East Angles, who was murdered in 794 Ethelbert, Saint - King of Kent, a worshipper of Odin well into his adulthood, converted to Christianity, d. 616. Biography Ethelbert - Archbishop of York Etheldreda, Saint - Queen of Northumbria, twice married for reasons of state, d. 679. Biography Ethethard - The fourteenth Archbishop of Canterbury, England, date of birth unknown; died 12 May, 805 Ethelwold, Saint - Bishop of Winchester, called 'father of monks,' d. 984 Etherianus, Hugh and Leo - Brothers, Tuscans by birth, employed at the court of Constantinople under the Emperor Manuel I (Comnenus, 1143-1180) Ethics - Many writers regard ethics as any scientific treatment of the moral order and divide it into theological, or Christian, ethics (moral theology) and philosophical ethics (moral philosophy) Ethiopia - Includes geography, history, and religion Etschmiadzin - An Armenian monastery, since 1441 the ecclesiastical capital of the schismatic Armenians, and seat of their patriarch or catholicos, whom the greater part of the Non-Uniat Armenian Church acknowledge as their head Euaria - A titular see of Phoenicia Secunda or Libanensis, in Palestine Eucarpia - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris in Asia Minor Eucharist, Introduction to the - The name given to the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar its twofold aspect of sacrament and Sacrifice of Mass, and in which Jesus Christ is truly present under the bread and wine Eucharist, as a Sacrament - Since Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine in a sacramental way, the Blessed Eucharist is unquestionably a sacrament of the Church Eucharist, as a Sacrifice - The word Mass (missa) first established itself as the general designation for the Eucharistic Sacrifice in the West after the time of Pope Gregory the Great, the early Church having used the expression the 'breaking of bread' (fractio panis) or 'liturgy' Eucharist, Early Symbols of the - The earliest and always the favourite symbol of the Eucharist in the monuments was that inspired by the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes; the banquet of the seven Disciples appears only in one (second-century) catacomb scene; the miracle of Cana in two, one of which is of the early third, the other of the fourth, century Eucharist, Real Presence of Christ in - Article considers: the fact of the Real Presence; the several allied dogmas grouped about it; and the speculations of reason, so far as speculative investigation regarding the august mystery under its various aspects is permissible, and so far as it is desirable to illumine it by the light of philosophy Eucharistic Congresses - Gatherings of ecclesiastics and laymen for the purpose of celebrating and glorifying the Holy Eucharist and of seeking the best means to spread its knowledge and love throughout the world Eucharistic Prayer - Article divided into four sections: (I) Name and place of the Canon; (II) History of the Canon; (III) The text and rubrics of the Canon; (IV) Mystical interpretations Eucharius, Saint - First bishop of Trier (Treves). Second half of third century Eucherius, Saint - Bishop of Lyons, theologian, d. about 449 Euchologion - The name of one of the chief Service books of the Byzantine Church. It corresponds more or less to the Missal and Ritual Eudes, Blessed Jean - French missionary, religious founder, writer, d. 1680 Eudists - An ecclesiastical society instituted at Caen, France, 25 March, 1643, by Jean Eudes Eudocia - Aelia Eudocia, sometimes wrongly called Eudoxia, was the wife of Theodosius II; died c. 460. Her original name was Athenais, and she was the daughter of Leontius, one of the last pagans who taught rhetoric at Athens Eudoxias - A titular see of Galatia Secunda in Asia Minor, suffragan of Pessinus Eugendus, Saint - Fourth abbot of Condat, d. 510. Also called St. Augendus, Oyand, or Oyan Eugene I, Saint, Pope - Made bishop of Rome after Pope St. Martin I had been in exile for 14 months. Eugene died in 657 Eugene II, Pope - Elected 6 June, 824; died 27 Aug., 827 Eugene III, Pope - Cistercian monk and abbot chosen by unanimous vote of the College of Cardinals to succeed Lucius II. Blessed Eugene died in 1151 Eugene IV, Pope - Gabriello Condulmaro, or Condulmerio, b. at Venice, 1388; elected 4 March, 1431; d. at Rome, 23 Feb., 1447 Eugenics - Eugenics literally means 'good breeding'. It is defined as the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally Eugenius I - Archbishop of Toledo, successor in 636 of Justus in that see; d. 647 Eugenius II (the Younger) - Archbishop of Toledo from 647 to 13 Nov., 657, the date of his death Eugenius of Carthage, Saint - Unanimously elected bishop of Carthage, exiled for a time for speaking out against the Arians, died 505 Eulalia of Barcelona, Saint - Martyred 12 February, 304, patron saint of sailors Eulogia - The term has been applied in ecclesiastical usage to the object blessed. It was occasionally used in early times to signify the Holy Eucharist, and in this sense is especially frequent in the writings of St. Cyril of Alexandria Eulogius of Alexandria, Saint - Patriarch of Alexandria. Argued against Novatians, and against Nestorius and Eutyches. Eulogius died in 607 Eulogius of Cordova, Saint - Writer, martyr, elected Archbishop of Toledo shortly before he was beheaded (11 March, 859) Eumenia - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis Eunan, Saint - Irish-born abbot of Iona, and St. Columba's biographer Eunomianism - A phase of extreme Arianism prevalent amongst a section of Eastern churchmen from about 350 until 381; as a sect it is not heard of after the middle of the fifth century Euphemius of Constantinople - Succeeded as patriarch Flavitas (or Fravitas, 489-490), who succeeded Acacius (471-489) Euphrasia, Saint - A desert mother, died after 410 Euphrosyne, Saint - According to the Vitae Patrum, passed as a man and lived in a men's monastery for 38 years. She died in about 470 Euroea - A titular see of Epirus Vetus in Greece, suffragan of Nicopolis Europe - The conception of Europe as a distinct division of the earth, separate from Asia and Africa, had its origin in ancient times Europus - A titular see in Provincis Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis Eusebius, Saint - Bishop of Vercelli, exiled for defending St. Athanasius, anti-Arian, martyr, d. 371 Eusebius, Saint - Anti-Arian bishop of Samosata, martyr, d. 379 or 380 Eusebius, Saint - A Roman presbyter, confessor, d. possibly in 357 Eusebius, Saint, Pope - Reigned for only four months, in 309 or 310, was deported, died in exile, is counted as a martyr Eusebius, Chronicle of - Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the 'Chronograph' or 'Chronographies'; the second he terms the 'Canon', or 'Canons', and also the 'Chronological Canons' Eusebius Bruno - Bishop of Angers, b. in the early part of the eleventh century; d. at Angers, 29 August, 1081 Eusebius of Alexandria - Ecclesiastical writer and author of a number of homilies well known in the sixth and seventh centuries Eusebius of Cæsarea - Biographical article on the 'Father of Church History.' Eusebius of Dorylæum - Bishop of Dorylaeum in Asia Minor, was the prime mover on behalf of Catholic orthodoxy against the heresies of Nestorius and Eutyches Eusebius of Laodicea - An Alexandrian deacon who had some fame as a confessor and became bishop of Laodicea in Syria, date of birth uncertain: d. about 268 Eusebius of Nicomedia - Bishop, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the Martyr, in whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines Eustace, Saint - Companion of St. Columbanus and second abbot of Luxeuil, d. 625 Eustace, John Chetwode - Antiquary, b. in Ireland, c. 1762; d. at Naples, Italy, 1 Aug., 1815 Eustace, Maurice - His own father had him arrested for secretly taking Holy Orders, and Maurice's brother accused him of treason. Martyred at Dublin in 1581 Eustachius, Bartolomeo - A distinguished anatomist of the Renaissance period Eustachius and Companions, Saints - Second-century Roman martyrs Eustathius, Saint - Anti-Arian bishop of Antioch, died in exile, probably in 360 Eustathius of Sebaste - Born about 300; died about 377. He was one of the chief founders of monasticism in Asia Minor, and for a long time was an intimate friend of St. Basil Eustochium Julia, Saint - Daughter of St. Paula. Monastic, spoke Latin and Greek, read Hebrew, the recipient of a famous letter from St. Jerome. She died in 419 or 420 Euthalius - A deacon of Alexandria and later Bishop of Sulca Euthanasia - From Greek eu, well, and thanatos, death, easy, painless death Euthymius, Saint - Called 'the Great,' abbot in Palestine, d. 473 Eutropius of Valencia - Spanish bishop; d. about 610 Eutyches - An heresiarch of the fifth century Eutychianism - Eutychianism and Monophysitism are usually identified as a single heresy. But as some Monophysites condemned Eutyches, the name Eutychians is given by some writers only to those in Armenia Eutychianus, Saint, Pope - The successor of Pope Felix I. Eutychianus died in 283 Eutychius I - Patriarch of Constantinople, b. about 512, in Phrygia; d. Easter Day, 5 April, 582 Eutychius - Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria, author of a history of the world, b. 876, at Fustat (Cairo); d. 11 May, 940 Evagrius - Church historian (536-594) Evagrius - Short article on this important fourth-century author of ascetical writings Evangeliaria - Liturgical books containing those portions of the Gospels which are read during Mass or in the public offices of the Church Evangelical Alliance, The - An association of Protestants belonging to various denominations founded in 1846 Evangelical Church - Almost from the beginning the new Evangelical Church was split, first into two communions, the Lutheran and the Reformed, then into a multitude of sects Evangelical Counsels - The difference between a precept and a counsel lies in this, that the precept is a matter of necessity while the counsel is left to the free choice of the person to whom it is proposed Evangelist - In the New Testament this word, in its substantive form, occurs only three times: Acts, xxi, 8; Eph., iv, 11; II Tim., iv, 5. It seems to indicate not so much an order in the early ecclesiastical hierarchy as a function Evaristus, Pope Saint - Sometimes called Aristus. Martyr, died about 107 Eve - First woman; wife of Adam Eve of a Feast - In the first ages, during the night before every feast, a vigil was kept. In the evening the faithful assembled in the place or church where the feast was to be celebrated and prepared themselves by prayers, readings from Holy Writ (now the Offices of Vespers and Matins), and sometimes also by hearing a sermon Evesham Abbey - Founded by St. Egwin, third Bishop of Worcester, about 701, in Worcestershire, England, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Evil - In a large sense, described as the sum of the opposition, which experience shows to exist in the universe, to the desires and needs of individuals; whence arises, among human beings at least, the sufferings in which life abounds Evin, Saint - Contemporary of St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, and often confused with St. Evin of Rosglass Evodius - The first Bishop of Antioch after St. Peter Evolution, Catholics and - Discussed under the headings: (1) Scientific Hypothesis vs. Philosophical Speculation; (2) Theistic vs. Atheistic Theories of Evolution; (3) The Theory of Evolution vs. Darwinism; and (4) Human Evolution vs. Plant and Animal Evolution Evolution, History and Scientific Foundation of - History, definition, and various arguments Evora - Located in Portugal, raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1544, at which time it was given as suffragans Leiria and Portalegre; in 1570 and later were added Sylves, Ceuta, Congo, Santo Thome, Funchal, Cabo Verde, and Angra Evreux - Diocese in the Department of Eure, France; suffragan of the Archbishopric of Rouen Ewald, Saints - Both saints named Ewald (or Hewald)--Ewald the Black and Ewald the Fair--were Northumbrian priests, martyred in Old Saxony about 695 Ewin, Saint - Contemporary of St. Abban of Magheranoidhe, and often confused with St. Evin of Rosglass Ewing, Thomas - Jurist and statesman, b. in West Liberty, Virginia (now West Virginia), U.S.A., 28 December, 1789; d. at Lancaster, Ohio, 26 October, 1871 Ex Cathedra - Literally 'from the chair', a theological term which signifies authoritative teaching and is more particularly applied to the definitions given by the Roman pontiff Examination - A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; an investigation, inquiry Examination of Conscience - By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of ascertaining their conformity with, or difformity from, the moral law Examiners, Apostolic - So called because appointed by the Apostolic See for service in Rome. In 1570 Pius V instituted the Apostolic examiners to conduct examinations of candidates for orders and of confessors Examiners, Synodal - The chief purpose of synodal examiners is to conduct competitive examinations or concursus though they may be designated to hold of other examinations Exarch - A title used in various senses both civilly and ecclesiastically Excardination and Incardination - In the ecclesiastical sense the words are used to denote that a given person is freed from the jurisdiction of one bishop and is transferred to that of another Exclusion, Right of - The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and Spain, to indicate to their respective cardinal protector, or cardinal procurator, those members of the Sacred College who were personae minus gratae, so that, if there was a possibility of one of these becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the name of his government, against such election Excommunication - Exclusion from the communion, the principal and severest censure, is a medicinal, spiritual penalty that deprives the guilty Christian of all participation in the common blessings of ecclesiastical society Executor, Apostolic - A cleric who puts into execution a papal rescript, completing what is necessary in order that it be effective Exedra - A semicircular stone or marble seat; a rectangular or semicircular recess; the portico of the Grecian palaestra, or gymnasium, in which disputations of the learned were held among the ancients; also, in private houses, the parastas, or vestibule, used for conversation Exegesis, Biblical - The branch of theology which investigates and expresses the true sense of Sacred Scripture Exemption - The whole or partial release of an ecclesiastical person, corporation, or institution from the authority of the ecclesiastical superior next higher in rank, and the placing of the person or body thus released under the control of the authority next above the former superior, or under a still higher one, or under the highest authority of all, the pope Exequatur - A faculty which civil rulers impart to a Bull, papal Brief, or other ecclesiastical enactment in order to give it binding force in their respective territories Exeter, Ancient Diocese of - English see, chosen by Leofric, Bishop of Crediton, as his cathedral city in 1050 Exmew, Blessed William — Carthusian monk and martyr (d. 1535) Exodus (See Pentateuch) - The name of the first five books of the Old Testament. Exorcism - Exorcism is (1) the act of driving out, or warding off, demons, or evil spirits, from persons, places, or things, which are believed to be possessed or infested by them, or are liable to become victims or instruments of their malice; (2) the means employed for this purpose, especially the solemn and authoritative adjuration of the demon, in the name of God, or any of the higher power in which he is subject Exorcist - (1) In general, any one who exorcises or professes to exorcise demons (cf. Acts 19:13); (2) in particular, one ordained by a bishop for this office, ordination to which is the second of the four minor orders of the Western Church Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Celebrated on 18 December by nearly the entire Latin Church. Owing to the ancient law of the Church prohibiting the celebration of feasts during Lent (a law still in vigour at Milan), the Spanish Church transferred the feast of the Annunciation from 25 March to the season of Advent, the Tenth Council of Toledo (656) assigning it definitely to 18 December Expectative - An expectative, or an expectative grace, is the anticipatory grant of an ecclesiastical benefice, not vacant at the moment but which will become so, regularly, on the death of its present incumbent Expeditors, Apostolic - Officials who attend to the sending of Bulls, Briefs, and Rescripts, that emanate from the Apostolic Chancery, the Dataria, the Sacred Paenitentiaria, and the Secretariate of Briefs Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament - A manner of honouring the Holy Eucharist, by exposing it, with proper solemnity, to the view of the faithful in order that they may pay their devotions before it Extension - Philosophical term. From Lat. ex-tendere, to spread out Extension Society, The Catholic Church - The first active agitation for a church extension or home mission society for the Catholic Church in North America was begun in 1904 by an article of the present writer, published in the 'American Ecclesiastical Review' (Philadelphia) Extra-Sensory Perception (ESP) - A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to denote 'the ability of one mind to impress or to be impressed by another mind otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense' Extravagantes - This word is employed to designate some papal decretals not contained in certain canonical collections which possess a special authority, i.e. they are not found in the Decree of Gratian or the three official collections of the 'Corpus Juris' Extreme Unction - A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be, the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are seriously ill Exul Hibernicus - The name given to an Irish stranger on the Continent of Europe in the time of Charles the Great, who wrote poems in Latin, several of which are addressed to the emperor Exultet - The hymn in praise of the paschal candle sung by the deacon, in the liturgy of Holy Saturday Exuperius, Saint - Or Exsuperius. Early fifth-century bishop of Toulouse Eyb, Albrecht von - One of the earliest German humanists, born in 1420 near Ansbach in Franconia; died in 1475 Eyck, Hubert and Jan van - Brothers, Flemish illuminators and painters, founders of the school of Bruges and consequently of all the schools of painting in the North of Europe Eycken, Jean Baptiste van - Painter, born at Brussels, Belgium, 16 September, 1809; died at Schaerbeek, 19 December, 1853 Eymard, Venerable Pierre-Julien - Biographical article on the French priest and founder Eymeric, Nicolas - Theologian and inquisitor, born at Gerona, in Catalonia, Spain, c. 1320; died there 4 January, 1399 Eyre, Thomas - First president of Ushaw College; born at Glossop, Derbyshire; in 1748; died at Ushaw, 8 May, 1810 Eyston, Charles - Antiquary, born 1667; died 5 November, 1721; he was a member of the ancient family of Eyston Ezechias - King of Juda, son and successor of Achaz Ezekiel - Son of Buzi, and was one of the priests who, in the year 598 B.C., had been deported together with Joachim as prisoners from Jerusalem Ezion-geber - More properly Ezion-geber, a city of Idumea, situated on the northern extremity of the Aelanitic Gulf, now called the Gulf of Akabah Eznik - A writer of the fifth century, born at Golp, in the province of Taikh, a tributary valley of the Chorokh, in Northern Armenia Ezra - Or Ezra. Article on the man and the books which bear his name Ezzo - A priest of Bamberg in the eleventh century, author of a famous poem known as the 'Song of the Miracles of Christ'

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Faa di Bruno, Francesco - Italian mathematician and priest (1825-1888) Faber, Felix - German writer, born about 1441 at Zurich, of a famous family commonly known as Schmid; died in 1502 at Ulm, Germany Faber, Frederick William - Oratorian and devotional writer (1814-1863) Faber, Johann - Theologian (1478-1541) Faber, Johann - Controversialist and preacher (1504-1558) Faber, Johann Augustanus - Theologian, born at Fribourg, Switzerland, c. 1470; died about 1531 Faber, Matthias - Writer and preacher, born at Altomuenster, Germany, 24 February, 1586; died at Tyrnau, 26 April 1653 Faber, Peter, Saint - French priest, one of the first Jesuits, d. 1546 Faber, Philip - Theologian, philosopher and noted commentator of Duns Scotus (1564-1630) Fabian, Pope Saint - Biography of this pope who was martyred in 250 Fabiola, Saint - Divorced, remarried, widowed, penitent, renowned for her generosity. She died in 399 or 400 Fabre, Joseph - Second Superior General of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (1824-1892) Fabri, Honoré - Jesuit, theologian, b. about 1607 in the Department of Ain, France; d. at Rome, 8 March, 1688 Fabri, Philip - Theologian, philosopher and noted commentator of Duns Scotus (1564-1630) Fabriano and Matelica - Fabriano, a city in the province of Macerata, Central Italy, is noted for its paper manufactories and its trade in salted fish. The town of Matelica possesses some ancient inscriptions. A Roman colony was established there in 89 B.C Fabrica Ecclesiæ - Latin term, meaning, etymologically, the construction of a church, but in a broader sense the funds necessary for such construction Fabricius, Hieronymus - Italian anatomist and surgeon. 1537-1619) Fabyan, Robert - English chronicler, died 28 February, 1513 Façade - The face or front of any building. In ecclesiastical architecture the term is generally used to designate the west front; sometimes the transept fronts Facciolati, Jacopo - Lexicographer and philologist (1682-1769) Fact, Dogmatic - Any fact connected with a dogma and on which the application of the dogma to a particular case depends Faculties, Canonical - In law, a faculty is the authority, privilege, or permission, to perform an act or function Faculties of the Soul - Article covers the meaning and classification Facundus of Hermiane - A sixth-century Christian author, Bishop of Hermiane in Africa, about whose career very little is known Faenza - Diocese in the province of Ravenna (Central Italy), suffragan of Ravenna Fagnani, Prospero - Canonist, b. in Italy, place and date of birth uncertain; d. in 1678 Fagnano, Guilio Carlo de' Toschi di - Mathematician (1682-1766) Faillon, Etienne-Michel - Historian (1800-1870) Faith - In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word means essentially steadfastness. As signifying man's attitude towards God it means trustfulness or fiducia Faith, Hope, and Charity (Saints) - Two groups of martyrs. The first were martyred along with their mother Sophia during the reign of Hadrian, and buried on the Aurelian Way. The second band, also along with someone named Sophia, were martyred at a later date, and buried along the Appian Way Faith, The Rule of - The word rule (Lat. regula, Gr. kanon) means a standard by which something can be tested, and the rule of faith means something extrinsic to our faith, and serving as its norm or measure Faithful, The - Those who have bound themselves to a religious association, whose doctrine they accept, and into whose rites they have been initiated. Among Christians the term is applied to those who have been fully initiated by baptism and, regularly speaking, by confirmation Falco, Juan Conchillos - Painter, b. at Valencia of an ancient noble family in 1641; d. 14 May, 1711 Faldstool - A movable folding chair used in pontifical functions by the bishop outside of his cathedral, or within it if he is not at his throne or cathedra Falkner, Thomas - Surgeon and missionary (1707-1784) Fall River - A suffragan see of the Province of Boston; comprises the counties of Bristol, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket, with the towns of Marion, Mattapoisett and Wareham in Plymouth county, Massachusetts Fallopio, Gabriello - Anatomist (1523-1562) Falloux du Coudray - Frederic Alfred Pierre (1811-1885) False Decretals - A name given to certain apocryphal papal letters contained in a collection of canon laws composed about the middle of the ninth century by an author who uses the pseudonym of Isidore Mercator, in the opening preface to the collection Falsity - A perversion of truth originating in the deceitfulness of one party, and culminating in the damage of another party Famagusta - A titular see in the Island of Cyprus Familiars - Strictly speaking, seculars subject to a master's authority and maintained at his expense. In canon law the term usually signifies seculars residing in monasteries and other religious houses, actually employed therein as servants and subject to the authority of the regular prelate to the same extent as servants are subject to their masters Family - In the classical Roman period the familia rarely included the parents or the children. Its English derivative was frequently used in former times to describe all the persons of the domestic circle, parents, children, and servants. Present usage, however, excludes servants Fano - Located in Italy Fanon - Shoulder-cape worn by the pope Faraud, Henri - Canadian bishop (1823-1890) Farfa, Abbey of - A legend in the 'Chronicon Farfense' relates the foundation of a monastery at Farfa in the time of the Emperors Julian, or Gratian, by the Syrian St. Laurentius, who had come to Rome with his sister, Susannah, and had been made Bishop of Spoleto Fargo - Diocese; suffragan of St. Paul, U.S.A Faribault, George-Barthélemy - Canadian archaeologist (1789-1866) Faribault, Jean-Baptiste - Early settler in Minnesota (1774-1860) Farinato, Paolo - Italian painter (1524-1606) Faringdon, Blessed Hugh - His family name was Cook; Faringdon is his probable birthplace. Mitred abbot of Reading. When he refused to surrender the abbey, he was condemned to death. Martyred in 1539 Farlati, Daniele - Ecclesiastical historian (1690-1773) Farnese, Alessandro - Cardinal (1520-1589) Faro - A suffragan of Evora, Portugal, and extending over the province of Algarve Faroe Islands - A group of Danish islands rising from the sea some four hundred miles west of Norway and almost as far south of Iceland Fast - Abstinence from food or drink Fatalism - The view which holds that all events in the history of the world, and, in particular, the actions and incidents which make up the story of each individual life, are determined by fate Fate - Lat. fatum, from fari, to tell or predict Fathers of the Church - The word Father is used in the New Testament to mean a teacher of spiritual things, by whose means the soul of man is born again into the likeness of Christ: Fathers of Mercy, The - A congregation of missionary priests first established at Lyons, France, in 1808, and later at Paris, in 1814, and finally approved by Pope Gregory XVI, 18 February, 1834 Faye, Hervé-Auguste-Etienne-Albann - Astronomer (1814-1902) Faunt, Lawrence Arthur - Jesuit theologian (1554-1590) Fauriel, Charles-Claude - French historian (1772-1844) Faustinus and Jovita, Saints - Brothers martyred at Brescia in 120 Faustus of Riez - Bishop of Riez in Southern Gaul, the best known and most distinguished defender of Semipelagianism, b. between 405 and 410, d. between 490 and 495 Faversham Abbey - A former Benedictine monastery of the Cluniac Congregation situated in the County of Kent about nine miles west of Canterbury. It was founded about 1147 by King Stephen and Queen Matilda Fathers, The Apostolic - Christian writers of the first and second centuries who are known, or are considered, to have had personal relations with some of the Apostles, or to have been so influenced by them that their writings may be held as echoes of genuine Apostolic teaching Fear (in Canon Law) - A mental disturbance caused by the perception of instant or future danger Fear (from a Moral Standpoint) - Viewed from the moral standpoint, that is, in so far as it is a factor to be reckoned with in pronouncing upon the freedom of human acts, as well as offering an adequate excuse for failing to comply with positive law, particularly if the law be of human origin Feast of Fools - A celebration marked by much license and buffoonery, which in many parts of Europe, and particularly in France, during the later middle ages took place every year on or about the feast of the Circumcision (1 Jan.) Feasts, Ecclesiastical - Feast Days, or Holy Days, are days which are celebrated in commemoration of the sacred mysteries and events recorded in the history of our redemption, in memory of the Virgin Mother of Christ, or of His apostles, martyrs, and saints, by special services and rest from work Febronianism - The politico-ecclesiastical system outlined by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, Auxiliary Bishop of Trier, under the pseudonym Justinus Febronius Feckenham, John de - Last Abbot of Westminster, and confessor of the Faith; b. in Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire, in 1515(?); d. at Wisbech Castle, 16 Oct., 1585 Feder, Johann Michael - German theologian (1753-1824) Feilding, Rudolph William Basil - English convert (1823-1892) Feilmoser, Andreas Benedict - Theologian and Scripture scholar (1777-1831) Felbiger, Johann Ignaz von - German Augustinian (1724-1788) Felician and Primus, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution, in about 304 Felician Sisters, O.S.F. - Founded 21 November, 1855, at Warsaw, Poland, by Mother Mary Angela Felicissimus - Third-century schismatic Felicitas, Saint - Roman martyr. Article explains how she and the seven martyrs who are called her sons have come to have different feast days Felicitas and Perpetua, Saints - Martyred at Carthage in 203 Felix I, Pope Saint - The successor of Pope St. Dionysius, Felix died in 274. He is sometimes confused with a Roman martyr of the same name Felix II - Pope (more properly Antipope), 355-358; d. 22 Nov., 365 Felix III (II), Pope Saint - Felix II was an antipope, irregularly imposed by the Arians while Pope Liberius was still alive, so St. Felix III is sometimes called Felix II. Pope St. Felix III was much involved in battling heresy, and died in 492 Felix IV (III), Pope Saint - Since Felix II was an antipope imposed by the Arians while Pope Liberius was still alive, St. Felix IV is sometimes called Felix III. Pope St. Felix IV died in 530 Felix V - Regnal name of Amadeus of Savoy, Antipope (1440-1449) (1383-1451) Félix, Célestin Joseph - French Jesuit, b. at Neuville-sur-l' Escaut (Nord), 28 June 1810; d. at Lille, 7 July, 1891 Felix and Adauctus, Saints - Martyrs at Rome in 303. 'Adauctus' is not the second martyr's proper name--it means 'added.' Felix and Nabor, Saints - Martyrs in the Diocletian persecution Felix of Cantalice, Saint - Biography of this Capuchin lay brother, known for his goodness, popular with children, d. 1587 Felix of Nola, Saint - Third-century confessor. Possibly the same as St. Felix of Nola, bishop and martyr Felix of Valois, Saint - Co-founder of the Order of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives, d. 1212 Feller, François-Xavier de - An author and apologist, b. at Brussels 18 August, 1735; d. at Ratisbon 22 May, 1802 Feneberg, Johann Michael Nathanael - Born in Oberdorf, Allgau, Bavaria, 9 Feb., 1751; died 12 Oct., 1812. He studied at Kaufbeuren and in the Jesuit gymnasium at Augsburg, and in 1770 entered the Society of Jesus, at Landsberg, Bavaria Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe- - French bishop and author, b. in the Chateau de Fenelon in Perigord (Dordogne), 6 August, 1651; d. at Cambrai, 7 January, 1715 Fenn, John - Born at Montacute near Wells in Somersetshire; d. 27 Dec., 1615. He was the eldest brother of Ven. James Fenn, the martyr, and Robert Fenn, the confessor Ferber, Nicolaus - A Friar Minor and controversialist, born at Herborn, Germany, in 1485; died at Toulouse, 15 April, 1534 Ferdinand, Blessed - Prince of Portugal, always pious and known for his generosity. When a military mission of his brother failed, Ferdinand offered himself as a hostage, and died in captivity in 1443 Ferdinand II - Emperor, eldest son of Archduke Karl and the Bavarian Princess Maria, b. 1578; d. 15 February, 1637 Ferdinand III, Saint - King of Leon and Castile, Third Order Franciscan, d. 1252 Ferdinando, Luigi, Count de Marsigli - Italian geographer and naturalist, b. at Bologna 10 July, 1658; d. at Bologna 1 Nov., 1730 Ferentino, Diocese of - In the province of Rome, immediately subject to the Holy See Fergus, Saints - There are at least ten Irish saints named Fergus. This article gives details on three of them: St. Fergus Cruithneach, or the Pict, bishop, d. about 730; St. Fergus, Bishop of Duleek, d. 778; and St. Fergus, Bishop of Downpatrick, d. 583 Feria - A day on which the people, especially the slaves, were not obliged to work, and on which there were no court sessions Ferland, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine - A French Canadian historian, b. at Montreal, 25 December, 1805; d. at Quebec, 11 January, 1865 Fermo, Archdiocese of - In the province of Ascoli Piceno (Central Italy) Fernández, Antonio - A Jesuit missionary; b. at Lisbon, c. 1569; d. at Goa, 12 November, 1642 Fernández, Juan - A Jesuit lay brother and missionary; b. at Cordova; d. 12 June, 1567, in Japan Fernández de Palencia, Diego - A Spanish conqueror and historian; b. at Palencia in the early part of the sixteenth century Ferns - Diocese in the province of Leinster (Ireland), suffragan of Dublin Ferrara - Archdiocese immediately subject to the Holy See Ferrari, Gaudenzio - An Italian painter and the greatest master of the Piedmontese School, b. at Valduggia, near Novara. Italy, c. 1470: d. at Milan, 31 January, 1546 Ferraris, Lucius - An eighteenth-century canonist of the Franciscan Order Ferre, Vicente - Theologian (d. 1682) Ferreira, Antonio - A poet, important both for his lyric and his dramatic compositions, b. at Lisbon, Portugal, in 1528; d. there of the plague in 1569 Ferrer, Rafael - A Spanish missionary and explorer; b. at Valencia, in 1570; d. at San Jose, Peru, in 1611 Ferrer, Saint Vincent - Biography of this Spanish-born Dominican missionary, who died in 1419 Ferrières, Abbey of - Situated in the Diocese of Orleans, department of Loiret, and arrondissement of Montargis Ferstel, Heinrich, Freiherr von - Architect; with Hansen and Schmidt, the creator of modern Vienna; b. 7 July, 1828, at Vienna; d. at Grinzing, near Vienna, 14 July, 1883 Fesch, Joseph - Cardinal, b. at Ajaccio, Corsica, 3 January, 1763; d. at Rome, 13 May, 1839 Fessler, Josef - Bishop of St. Polten in Austria and secretary of the Vatican Council; b. 2 December, 1813, at Lochau near Bregenz in the Vorarlberg; d. 25 April, 1872 Fetherston, Blessed Richard - Priest and martyr, died at Smithfield, 1540 Feti, Domenico - Italian painter; born at Rome, 1589; died at Venice, 1624 Fetishism - The word fetish is derived through the Portuguese feitico from the Latin factitius (facere, to do, or to make), signifying made by art, artificial (cf. Old English fetys in Chaucer) Feuardent, François - Franciscan, theologian, preacher of the Ligue, b. at Coutanees, Normandy, in 1539; d. at Paris, 1 Jan., 1610 Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von - An Austrian poet, philosopher, and physician; born at Vienna, 29 April, 1806; died 3 September, 1849 Feudalism - The source of feudalism rises from an intermingling of barbarian usage and Roman law Feuillants - The Cistercians who, about 1145, founded an abbey in a shady valley in the Diocese of Rieux (now Toulouse) named it Fuliens, later Les Feuillans or Notre-Dame des Feuillans Feuillet, Louis - Geographer, b. at Mane near Forcalquier, France, in 1660; d. at Marseilles in 1732 Féval, Paul-Henri-Corentin - French novelist (1817-1887) Feyjóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo - Spanish writer (1676-1764) Fiacc, Saint - Poet, chief bishop of Leinster, d. around 520 Fiacre, Saint - Biography of this Irish priest and hermit, patron saint of gardeners, d. 670 Ficino, Marsilio - Entry on this Renaissance Platonist, by M. Schumacher. Details his life and explores his relation to the classical thinkers Ficker, Julius - Historian, b. at Paderborn, Germany, 30 April, 1826; d. at Innsbruck, 10 June, 1902 Fideism - A philosophical term meaning a system of philosophy or an attitude of mind, which, denying the power of unaided human reason to reach certitude, affirms that the fundamental act of human knowledge consists in an act of faith, and the supreme criterion of certitude is authority Fidelis of Sigmaringen, Saint - Former lawyer who joined the Capuchins, and was sent as a missionary to the Calvinists. Martyred in 1622 Fiesole - Diocese in the province of Tuscany, suffragan of Florence Fiji, Vicariate Apostolic of - Comprising the islands belonging to the Fiji Archipelago Filby, Blessed William - English priest, martyred in 1582. Article also has details on Bl. Laurence Richardson and St. Luke Kirby, his companions in martyrdom Figueroa, Francisco de - A celebrated Spanish poet, surnamed 'the Divine', b. at Alcala de Henares, c. 1540, d. there, 1620 Figueroa, Francisco García de la Rosa - Franciscan, b. in the latter part of the eighteenth century at Toluca, in the Archdiocese of Mexico; date of death unknown Filelfo, Franscesco - A humanist, b. at Tolentino, 25 July, 1398; d. at Florence 31 July, 1481 Filial Church - A church to which is annexed the cure of souls, but which remains dependent on another church Filicaja, Vincenzo da - Lyric poet; born at Florence, 30 December, 1642; died there 24 September, 1707 Filioque - It expresses the Procession of the Holy Ghost from both Father and Son as one Principle; and, it was the occasion of the Greek schism Fillastre, Guillaume - French cardinal, canonist, humanist, and geographer (1348-1428) Filliucci, Vincenzo - Jesuit moralist (1566-1622) Filliucius, Felix - An Italian humanist, philosopher, and theologian, b. at Siena about the year 1525; supposed to have d. at Florence c. 1590 Final Perseverance - The preservation of the state of grace till the end of life Finan, Saint - Irish monk, second Bishop of Lindisfarne, d. 661 Finbarr, Saint - Bishop and patron of Cork, Ireland (550-623) Finch, Ven. John - A layman, raised Protestant. As a young man he converted to Catholicism, married, served as a catechist, and made his home a center of missionary activity. Captured, he was tortured and imprisoned for three years before being martyred in 1584 Finglow, Ven. John - Yorkshire priest, martyred in 1586 Finland - As of the time of this article, a department or province of the Russian Empire; bounded on the north by Norway, on the west by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland Finotti, Joseph M. - Italian-American Jesuit in Colorado (1817-1879) Finnian of Movilla, Saint - Irish monk, author of a monastic rule and a penitential. Also the founder of a famous school in County Down. St. Finnian died in 589 Fintan, Saints - Brief biographical sketches of two saints of this name: St. Fintan of Clonenagh, and St. Fintan (Munnu) of Taghmon Fioretti di San Francesco d'Assisi - Little Flowers of Francis of Assisi, the name given to a classic collection of popular legends about the life of St. Francis of Assisi and his early companions as they appeared to the Italian people at the beginning of the fourteenth century Fire, Liturgical Use of - One of the most expressive and most ancient of liturgical symbols Firmament - The notion that the sky was a vast solid dome seems to have been common among the ancient peoples Firmicus Maternus - Christian author of the fourth century Firmilian - Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, died c. 269 First-Born - The word, though casually taken in Holy Writ in a metaphorical sense, is most generally used by the sacred writers to designate the first male child in a family First-Fruits - First-fruit offerings are designated in the Law by a threefold name: Bikkurim, Reshith, and Terumoth Fiscal Procurator - The duties of the fiscal procurator consist in preventing crime and safeguarding ecclesiastical law Fischer, Antonius - Cardinal-Archbishop of Cologne (1840-1912) Fish, Symbolism of the - The symbol itself may have been suggested by the miraculous multification of the loaves and fishes or the repast of the seven Disciples, after the Resurrection, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, but its popularity among Christians was due principally, to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthys), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and His claim to the worship of believers: Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter, i.e. Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour Fisher, Philip - Missionary, b. in Madrid, 1595-6; d. in Maryland, U. S., 1652 Fisherman, The Ring of the - Ring worn by the popes, with a representation of St. Peter in a boat on it Fitter, Daniel - Born in Worcestershire, England, 1628; died at St. Thomas' Priory, near Stafford, 6 Feb., 1700 Fitton, James - Missionary, b. at Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 10 April, 1805; d. there, 15 Sept., 1881 Fitzalan, Henry - Twelfth Earl of Arundel, b. about 1511; d. in London, 24 Feb., 1580 FitzGibbon, Catherine - Catherine FitzGibbon, born in London, England, 12 May, 1823; died in New York, 14 August, 1896 Fitzherbert, Maria Anne - Wife of King George IV; b. 26 July, 1756 (place uncertain); d. at Brighton, England, 29 March, 1837 Fitzherbert, Anthony, Sir - Judge, b. in 1470; d. 27 May, 1538 Fitzherbert, Thomas - Born 1552, at Swynnerton, Staffs, England; died 17 Aug., 1640, at Rome Fitzpatrick, William John - Historian, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 31 Aug., 1830; d. there 24 Dec., 1895 Fitzralph, Richard - Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Dundalk, Ireland, about 1295; d. at Avignon, 16 Dec., 1360 Fitzsimon, Henry - Irish Jesuit (1566-1643) Fitz-Simons, Thomas - American merchant, b. in Ireland, 1741; d. at Philadelphia, U.S.A., 26 Aug., 1811 Fixlmillner, Placidus - Astromomer (1721-1791) Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis - Physicist (1819-1896) Flabellum - A fan made of leather, silk, parchment, or feathers intended to keep away insects from the Sacred Species and from the priest Flaccilla, Ælia - Empress, wife of Theodosius the Great, died c. A.D. 385 or 386 Flagellants - A fanatical and heretical sect that flourished in the thirteenth and succeeding centuries Flaget, Benedict Joseph - First Bishop of Bardstown (subsequently of Louisville), Kentucky, U.S.A (1763-1850) Flanagan, Thomas Canon - Canon of Birmingham Diocese. Born in England in 1814, though Irish by descent; died at Kidderminster, 21 July, 1865 Flanders - Designated in the eighth century a small territory around Bruges; it became later the name of the country bounded by the North Sea, the Scheldt, and the Canche Flandrin, Jean-Hippolyte - French painter (1809-1864) Flathead Indians - A name used in both Americas, without special ethnologic significance, to designate tribes practising the custom of compressing the skull in infancy by artificial means Flathers, Ven. Mathew - English priest martyred at York in 1607 Flavia Domitilla - A Christian Roman matron of the imperial family who lived towards the close of the first century Flavian, Saint - Bishop of Constantinople, excommunicated Eutyches, was the recipient of the famous 'Tome of Leo,' deposed by the Latrocinium, died from severe beatings in exile in 449 Flavias - A titular see of Cilicia Secunda Flavigny, Abbey of - Benedictine abbey in the Diocese of Dijon, the department of Cote-d'Or, and arroundissement of Semur Flaviopolis - A titular see in the province of Honorias Fléchier, Esprit - Bishop; b. at Pernes, France, 1632; died at Montpellier, 1710 Flemael, Bertholet - Painter, b. at Liege, Flanders, in 1614; d. there in 1675 Fleming, Patrick - Franciscan friar b. at Lagan, County Louth, Ireland, 17April, 1599; d. 7 November, 1631 Fleming, Richard - Bishop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln College, Oxford; b. about 1360; d. at Sleaford, 25 Jan., 1431 Fleming, Thomas - Archbishop of Dublin, son of the Baron of Slane (1593-1665) Fletcher, John - A missionary and theologian; d. about 1848 Flete, William - An Augustinian hermit friar, a contemporary and great friend of St. Catherine of Siena; the exact place and date of his birth are unknown and those of his death are disputed Fleuriot, Zénaide-Marie-Anne - French novelist, b. at Saint-Brieuc, 12 September, 1829; d. at Paris, 18 December, 1890 Fleury, Abbey of - One of the oldest and most celebrated Benedictine abbeys of Western Europe. Its modern name is Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire, applicable both to the monastery and the township with which the abbey has always been associated Fleury, André-Hercule de - Chaplain to Maria Theresa and Louis XIV (1653-1742) Flodoard - French historian and chronicler, b. at Epernay in 894; d. in 966 Flood of Noah - A catastrophe fully described in the Book of Genesis Floreffe, Abbey of - Situated on the Sambre, about seven miles southwest of Namur, Belgium, owes its foundation to Godfrey, Count of Namur, and his wife Ermensendis Florence - Located in the province of Tuscany (Central Italy) Florence, Council of - The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council was the continuation of the Council of Ferrara Florence of Worcester - English chronicler, died in 1118 Florentina, Saint - Sometimes called Florentia. Spanish nun, d. about 612 Flórez, Enrique - Spanish theologian, archeologist, and historian; born at Valladolid, 14 February, 1701; died at Madrid, 20 August, 1773 Florian, Jean-Pierre Claris, Chevalier de - Writer, born at the chateau of Florian (Gard), 6 March, 1755; died at Sceaux, 13 September, 1794 Florians, The - An independent order, and not, as some consider, a branch of the Cistercians; it was founded in 1189 by the Abbot Joachim of Flora Florida - The Peninsular or Everglade State, the most southern in the American Union and second largest east of the Mississippi Florilegia - Systematic collections of excerpts (more or less copious) from the works of the Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers of the early period, compiled with a view to serve dogmatic or ethical purposes Florus - A deacon of Lyons, ecclesiastical writer in the first half of the ninth century Floyd, John - English missionary (1572-1649) Fogaras - Archdiocese in Hungary, of the Greek-Rumanian Rite Foggia - Diocese in the province of the same name in Apulia (Southern Italy) Foillan, Saint - Blood brother of SS. Fursey and Ultan. Irish-born abbot of Cnoberesburg until it was captured by the Mercians, whereupon Foillan fled to Nivelles. He was murdered in 652 Folengo, Teofilo - Italian poet (1496-1544) Foley, Henry - English Jesuit lay brother (1811-1891) Foligno - Diocese in the province of Perugia, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See Foliot, Gilbert - Bishop of London, b. early in the twelfth century Folkestone Abbey - Located in England Fonseca, José Ribeiro da - Friar Minor; b. at Evora, 3 Dec., 1690; d. at Porto, 16 June, 1752 Fonseca, Pedro Da - A philosopher and theologian, born at Cortizada, Portugal, 1528; died at Lisbon, 4 Nov., 1599 Fonseca Soares, Antonio da - Friar Minor and ascetical writer (1631-1682) Fontana, Carlo - An architect and writer; b. at Bruciato, near Como, 1634; d. at Rome, 1714 Fontana, Domenico - A Roman architect of the Late Renaissance, b. at Merli on the Lake of Lugano, 1543; d. at Naples, 1607 Fontana, Felice - Italian naturalist and physiologist, b. at Pomarolo in the Tyrol, 15 April, 1730; d. at Florence, 11 January, 1805 Fontbonne, Jeanne - Mother St. John, second foundress and superior-general of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyons (1759-1843) Fonte-Avellana - A suppressed order of hermits, which takes its name from their first hermitage in the Apennines Fontenelle, Abbey of - A Benedictine monastery in Normandy (Seine-Inferieure), near Caudebec-en-Caux Fontevrault, Order and Abbey of - The monastery of Fontevrault was founded by Blessed Robert d'Arbrissel about the end of 1100 Fonts, Holy Water - Vessels intended for the use of holy water Fools, Feast of - A celebration marked by much license and buffoonery, which in many parts of Europe, and particularly in France, during the later middle ages took place every year on or about the feast of the Circumcision (1 Jan.) Foppa, Ambrogio - Italian goldsmith, sculptor, and die sinker, b. 1445, d. about 1527 Forbes, John - Capuchin, b. 1570; d. 1606 Forbin-Janson, Comte de Charles-Auguste-Marie-Joseph - A Bishop of Nancy and Toul, founder of the Association of the Holy Childhood (1785-1844) Forcellini, Egidio - Latin lexicographer, b. at Fener, near Treviso, Italy, 26 Aug., 1688; d. at Padua, 4 April, 1768 Ford, Blessed Thomas - English priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1582 Fordham University - Developed out of Saint John's College, founded by Bishop Hughes upon the old Rose Hill Farm at Fordham, then in Westchester County, and formally opened on St. John the Baptist's Day, 24 June, 1841 Foreman, Andrew - A Scottish prelate; b. at Hatton, near Berwick-on-Tweed; d. 1522 Forer, Laurenz - Controversialist, b. at Lucerne, 1580; d. at Ratisbon, 7 January, 1659 Foresters, Catholic Orders of - A Catholic fraternal insurance society Forgery, Forger - The deliberate untruthfulness of an assertion, or in the deceitful presentation of an object, and is based on an intention to deceive and to injure while using the externals of honesty Forli - Diocese in the province of Romagna (Central Italy); suffragan of Ravenna Form - The original meaning of the term form, both in Greek and Latin, was and is that in common use - eidos, being translated, that which is seen, shape, etc., with secondary meanings derived from this, as form, sort, particular, kind, nature Formby, Henry - Writer, born 1816; died at Normanton Hall, Leicester, 12 March, 1884 Formosus, Pope - Reigned 891-896 Formularies - Medieval collections of models for the execution of documents (acta), public or private; a space being left for the insertion of names, dates, and circumstances peculiar to each case Forrest, William - Sixteenth-century English priest and poet Förster, Arnold - German entomologist (1810-1884) Forster, Fobrenius - Bavarian Prince-Abbot (1709-1791) Forster, Thomas Ignatius Maria - Astronomer and naturalist (1789-1860) Fort Augustus Abbey - A Benedictine monastery in Inverness-shire, Scotland Fortaleza, Diocese of - Co-extensive with the State of Ceara in the Republic of Brazil Fortescue, Blessed Adrian - Knight of St. John, martyred in 1539 Fortitude - One of the gifts from the Holy Ghost is a supernatural virtue Fortunato of Brescia - Morphologist and Minorite of the Reform of Lombardy; b. at Brescia, 1701; d. at Madrid, 1754 Fortunatus - Lengthy biographical article on the talented sixth-century poet and hymn-writer Fort Wayne - The Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, U.S.A., established in 1834, comprised the whole State of Indiana till the Holy See, on 22 September, 1857, created the Diocese of Fort Wayne, assigning to it that part of Indiana north of the southern boundary of Warren, Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, and Randolph Counties Forty Hours' Devotion - Somewhat dated with regard to the liturgical details, but otherwise an accurate depiction. A eucharistic devotion Forty Martyrs - Article about this group of soldiers who, for professing Christianity, were ordered by the prefect to lie naked on a frozen lake. One of these threw himself into a warm bath which had been set up for defectors, but one of the guards was so impressed with the others that he declared himself a Christian and died with them. Early fourth century Forum, Ecclesiastical - Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is distinguished into that of the internal and external forum Fossano - Diocese located in the province of Cuneo, in Piedmont, Northern Italy, a suffragan of Turin Fossombrone - Diocese in the province of Pesaro, Italy, a suffragan of Urbino Fossors - Grave diggers in the Roman catacombs in the first three or four centuries of the Christian Era Foster, John Gray - Soldier, convert (1823-1874) Fothad, Saint - St. Fothad Na Canoine ('of the Canon'), late eighth-century monk in County Donegal, bard Fouard, Constant - An ecclesiastical writer b. at Elbeuf, near Rouen, 6 Aug. 1837 Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon - A physicist and mechanician, b. at Paris, 19 Sept., 1819; d. there 11 Feb., 1868 Foulque de Neuilly - A popular Crusade preacher, d. March, 1202 Foundation - An ecclesiastical foundation is the making over of temporal goods to an ecclesiastical corporation or individual, either by gift during life or by will after death, on the condition of some spiritual work being done either in perpetuity or for a long time Foundling Asylums - Under this title are comprised all institutions which take charge of infants whose parents or guardians are unable or unwilling to care for them Fountains Abbey - A monastery of the Cistercian Order situated on the banks of the Skell about two and a half miles from Ripon in Yorkshire, established by thirteen Benedictine monks of St. Mary's Abbey, York Fouquet, Jehan - French painter and miniaturist, b. at Tours, c. 1415; d. about 1480 Four Crowned Martyrs - The Four Crowned Martyrs are actually two groups, with a total of nine or ten martyrs. The first five were masons or sculptors in Pannonia, martyred in 305. The second was a group of four martyrs, names unknown. They have been venerated since the fourth century and share a feast day on 8 November Four Masters, Annals of the - The most extensive of all the compilations of the ancient annals of Ireland Fowler, John - Scholar and printer, b. at Bristol, England, 1537; d. at Namur, Flanders, 13 Feb., 1578-9 Foxe's Book of Martyrs - Protestant martyrology, from Wyclif to Cranmer, illustrated with woodcuts. The author was a controversialist sympathetic to John Knox Fra Angelico - Biography of this Dominican, a famous painter, who died in 1455 Fractio Panis - The name given to a fresco in the so-called 'Capella Greca' in the catacomb of St. Priscilla France - Geography, statistics, and history Franceschini, Marc' Antonio - Italian painter; b. at Bologna, 1648; d. there c. 1729; best known for the decorative works he carried out in Parma, Bologna, and Genoa, and for the designs executed for Clement XI for certain mosaics in St. Peter's Frances d'Amboise, Blessed - Biographical article on the Duchess of Brittany. While married, she was a great friend of the Poor Clares, Dominicans, and Carmelites. After she was widowed, she became a Carmelite herself, and died in 1485 Frances of Rome, Saint - Wife and mother, Benedictine oblate, mystic, d. 1440 Franchi, Ausonio - Philosopher; b. 24 February, 1821, at Pegli, province of Genoa; d. 12 September, 1895, at Genoa Francia - Bolognese goldsmith, engraver, and artist, b. about 1450; d. in 1517 Francis I - King of France; b. at Cognac, 12 September, 1494; d. at Rambouillet, 31 March, 1547 Francis, Rule of Saint - As known, St. Francis founded three orders and gave each of them a special rule Francis Borgia, Saint - Long essay on the dramatic life of the Duke of Gandia turned Jesuit Francis Caracciolo, Saint - Co-founder of the Congregation of the Minor Clerks Regular, d. 1608 Francis de Geronimo, Saint - Italian Jesuit, a popular preacher with a flair for the dramatic, d. 1716 Francis de Sales, Saint - Biographical article on the Bishop of Geneva, and Doctor of the Church, who died in 1622 Francis of Assisi, Saint - Long article on St. Francis, founder, mystic, perhaps the most beloved Catholic saint of all Francis Ingleby, Venerable - Brief biography of the Yorkshire priest and martyr, who died in 1586 Francis of Fabriano, Blessed - Italian Franciscan priest and missionary, d. 1322 Francis of Paula, Saint - Founder of the Order of Minims, d. 1507 Francis of Vittoria - Spanish theologian; b. about 1480, at Vittoria, province of Avila, in Old Castile; d. 12 August, 1546 Francis Regis Clet, Blessed - French Lazarist missionary to China, martyred in 1820 Francis Solanus, Saint - Spanish Franciscan missionary to South America, d. 1610. Short biographical article Francis Xavier, Saint - Biographical article on one of the first Jesuits, and missionary to Asia, who died in 1552 Franciscan Crown - Also known as the Seraphic Rosary. Brief history, general description of how one prays this chaplet Franciscan Order - An article on the history of the Franciscan order and its role within the Catholic Church Franck, Kasper - A theologian and controversialist; b. at Ortrand, Saxony, 2 Nov., 1543; d. at Ingolstadt, 12 March, 1584 Franco, Giovanni Battista - Italian historical painter and etcher, b. at Udine in 1510; d. at Venice in 1580 Frank, Michael Sigismund - Catholic artist and rediscoverer of the lost art of glass-painting; b. 1 June, 1770, at Nuremberg; d. at Munich, 16 January, 1847 Frankenberg - Archbishop of Mechlin (Malines), Primate of Belgium, and cardinal (1726-1804) Frankfort, Council of - Convened in the summer of 794, by the grace of God, authority of the pope, and command of Charlemagne (can. 1), and attended by the bishops of the Frankish kingdom, Italy, and the province of Aquitania, and even by ecclesiastics from England Frankfort-on-the-Main - Formerly the scene of the election and coronation of the German emperors Franks, The - A confederation formed in Western Germany of a certain number of ancient barbarian tribes who occupied the right shore of the Rhine from Mainz to the sea. Their name is first mentioned by Roman historians in connection with a battle fought against this people about the year 241 Franzelin, Johann Baptist - Cardinal and theologian (1816-1886) Frascati - One of the six suburbicarian (i.e. neighbouring) dioceses from an immemorial date closely related to the Roman Church Frassen, Claude - A celebrated Scotist theologian and philosopher of the Order of Friars Minor; b. near Peronne, France, in 1620; d. at Paris, 26 February, 1711 Fraternal Correction - The admonishing of one's neighbor by a private individual with the purpose of reforming him or, if possible, preventing his sinful indulgence Fraticelli - A name given to various heretical sects which appeared in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, principally in Italy Fraud - In the common acceptation of the word, an act or course of deception deliberately practised with the view of gaining a wrong and unfair advantage Fraunhofer, Joseph von - Optician (1787-1826) Frayssinous, Denis de - Bishop of Hermopolis in partibus infidelium, is celebrated chiefly for his conferences at Notre-Dame de Paris (1765-1841) Fréchette, Louis-Honoré - Canadian journalist and poet (1839-1908) Fredegarius - The supposed author of an anonymous historical compilation (Chronicon Fredegarii) of the seventh century, in which is related the history of the Franks from the earliest times until 658 Fredegis of Tours - A ninth-century monk, teacher, and writer Frederick I (Barbarossa) - German King and Roman Emperor (1123-1190) Frederick II - German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily; born 26 Dec., 1194; died at Fiorentina, in Apulia, 13 Dec., 1250 Fredoli, Berenger - Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati (1250-1323) Free Church of Scotland - Short introduction and history of the United Free Church. Briefly covers the secession, notes the events leading up to the disruption and deals with the events during the unification Free Will - The question of free will, moral liberty, or the liberum arbitrium of the Schoolmen, ranks amongst the three or four most important philosophical problems of all time Freeman, Ven. William - English priest, martyred at Warwick in 1595 Freemasonry - An overview of Freemasonry and description of its condemnation by the Catholic Church Free-Thinkers - Those who, abandoning the religious truths and moral dictates of the Christian Revelation, and accepting no dogmatic teaching on the ground of authority, base their beliefs on the unfettered findings of reason alone Fregoso, Federigo - Cardinal; b. at Genoa, about 1480; d. 22 July, 1541 Freiburg - City, archdiocese, and university in the Archduchy of Baden, Germany Fréjus - Suffragan of Aix; comprises the whole department of Var (France) Fremin, James - Jesuit missionary to the American Indians; b. at Reims, 12 March, 1628; d. at Quebec, 2 July, 1691 French, Nicholas - Bishop of Ferns, Ireland (1604-1678) French Academy, The - Founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1635 French Catholics in the United States - History and statistics of French Canadian immigration to the United States French Concordat of 1801, The - This name is given to the convention of the 26th Messidor, year IX (July 16, 1802), whereby Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte, First Consul, re-established the Catholic Church in France French Literature - Origin, foundations, and types French Revolution - A view of its effect on the Church Freppel, Charles-Emile - Bishop of Angers, France; and deputy from Finistere (1827-1891) Frequent Communion - Discusses the history and practice Fresnel, Augustin-Jean - Physicist; b. at Broglie near Bernay, Normandy, 10 May, 1788; d. at Ville d'Avray, near Paris, 14 July, 1827 Friar - A member of one of the mendicant orders Friars Minor, Order of - History, traditions, and saints of the order Fribourg, University of - A Catholic institution located in Switzerland Fridelli, Xavier Ehrenbert - Jesuit missionary and cartographer (1673-1743) Frideswide, Saint - Patron saint of Oxford, d. 735. Biographical entry Fridolin, Saint - Irish missionary, founded the Monastery of Saeckingen sometime before the ninth century Friedrich von Hausen - Medieval German poet Friends, Society of - Quakers, an Anglo-American religious sect Friends of God - An association of pious persons, both ecclesiastical and lay, having for its object the cultivation of holiness Frigolet, Abbey of - The monastery of St. Michael was founded, about 960, at Frigolet, by Conrad the Pacific, King of Arles Fringes (in Scripture) - A special kind of trimming, consisting of loose threads of wool, silk, etc., or strips of other suitable material, along the edge of a piece of cloth Fritz, Samuel - A Jesuit missionary of the eighteenth century noted for his exploration of the Amazon River and its basin Froissart, Jean - Biography of the French historian and poet Fromentin, Eugène - French writer and artist (1820-1876) Frontal, Altar - An appendage which covers the entire front of the altar, from the lower part of the table to the predella, and from the gospel corner to that of the epistle side Frontenac, Louis de Baude - A governor of New France, b. at Paris, 1662; d. at Quebec, 28 Nov., 1698 Frowin, Blessed - Abbot of Engelberg, renowned for learning as well as sanctity, d. 1178 Fructuosus of Braga, Saint - Hermit, abbot, archbishop, d. around 665 Fructuosus of Tarragona, Saint - Bishop, was martyred along with his deacons Augurius and Eulogius in 259 Fuchs, Johann Nepomuk von - Chemist and mineralogist (1774-1856) Führich, Joseph - Artist (1800-1876) Fulbert of Chartres - Bishop (952-1028) Fulcran, Saint - Bishop of Lodeve, d. 1006 Fulda - This diocese of the German Empire takes its name from the ancient Benedictine abbey of Fulda Fulgentius, Saint - Bishop of Ecija, died sometime between 619 and 633 Fulgentius, Saint - Full name, Fabius Claudius Gordianus Fulgentius. Monk, abbot, Bishop of Ruspe, anti-Arian theologian, d. 533 Fulgentius Ferrandus - A canonist and theologian of the African Church in the first half of the sixth century Fullerton, Lady Georgiana Charlotte - Novelist; born 23 September, 1812, in Staffordshire, died 19 January, 1885 Fullo, Peter - Intruding Monophysite Patriarch of Antioch (d. 488) Fumo, Bartolommeo - Theologian (d. 1545) Funchal - Diocese in the Madeira Islands Fundamental Articles - This term was employed by Protestant theologians to distinguish the essential parts of the Christian faith from those non-essential doctrines, which, as they believed, individual churches might accept or reject without forfeiting their claim to rank as parts of the Church universal Funeral Dues - The canonical perquisites of a parish priest receivable on the occasion of the funeral of any of his parishioners Funeral Pall - A black cloth usually spread over the coffin while the obsequies are performed for a deceased person Fünfkirchen - Diocese in Hungary, in the ecclesiastical province of Gran Funk, Franz Xaver von - Church historian (1840-1907) Furness Abbey - Originally a Benedictine monastery of the Savigny Reform it afterwards became Cistercian Furni - A titular see in Proconsular Africa, where two towns of this name are known to have existed Furniss, John - A well-known children's missioner (1809-1865) Fursey, Saint - Blood brother of St. Foillan. Fursey was an Irish monk and visionary, the abbot of Lagny. He died in about 650 Fürstenberg, Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von - A statesman and educator (1729-1810) Fussola - A titular see in Numidia Fust, John - A partner of Gutenberg in promoting the art of printing, d. at Paris about 1466 Fytch, William Benedict - An English Capuchin, whose family name was Filch (1563-1610)

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G Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Gabala - A titular see of Syria Prima Gabbatha - The Aramaic appellation of a place in Jerusalem, designated also under the Greek name of Lithostrotos Gaboon - Formerly called the Vicariate Apostolic of the Two Guineas Gabriel the Archangel, Saint - One of the three archangels mentioned in the Bible Gabriel, Brothers of Saint - Originally founded by St. Louis Grignon de Montfort in 1705, but it did not spread much till it was amalgamated with one founded in 1835 by Monsignor Deshayes. Vicar-General of Rennes Gabriel Possenti, Blessed - Passionist student, d. 1862 Gabriel Sionita - A learned Maronite, famous for his share in the publication of the Parisian polyglot of the Bible; b. 1577, at Edden on the Lebanon; d. 1648 Gad - A proper name which designates in the Bible, (I), a patriarch; (II), a tribe of Israel; (III), a prophet; (IV), a pagan deity Gadara - A titular see of Palaestina Prima; there were two sees of this name, one in Palaestina Prima, the other in Palaestina Secunda Gaddi, Agnolo, Giovanni, and Taddeo - Florentine artists, Taddeo being the father of Agnolo and Giovanni Gaeta - Archdiocese in the province of Caserta in Campania (Southern Italy) Gaetano, Saint - Also known as St. Gaetano. Biography of the founder of the Theatines Gagarin, Ivan Sergejewitch - Of the Russian family which traces its origin to the ancient rulers of Starodub; born at Moscow, 1 August, 1814; died at Paris, 19 July, 1882 Gagliardi, Achille - Ascetic writer and spiritual director; born at Padua, Italy, in 1537; died at Modena, 6 July, 1607 Gahan, William - A priest and author; born 5 June, 1732, in the parish of St. Nicholas, Dublin; died there, 6 December, 1804 Gaillard, Claude Ferdinand - French engraver and painter; b. at Paris, 7 Jan., 1834; d. there, 27 Jan., 1887 Gal, Saint - The sixteenth and twenty-third bishops of Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergne) were both named Gal, and both are saints. The first St. Gal was bishop from 527 to 551, and the second, from 640-650 Galantini, Ippolito, Blessed - Founder of the Christian Congregation of Florence, d. 1619 Galatians, Epistle to the - Background on Galatia, purpose and date, a summary of its contents, its importance and a discussion of some difficulties Galatino, Pietro Colonna - Friar Minor, philosopher, theologian, Orientalist; b. at Galatia (now Cajazzo) in Apulia; d. at Rome, soon after 1539 Galerius, Valerius Maximianus - Galerius, a native of Illyria, was made Caesar 1 March, 293, by Diocletian, whose daughter Valeria he married and who in turn adopted her husband Galien, Joseph - Dominican, professor of philosophy and theology at the University of Avignon, meteorologist, physicist, and writer on aeronautics; b. 1699 Galilee - The native land of Jesus Christ, where He began His ministry and performed many of His works, and whence He drew His Apostles Galilei, Alessandro - An eminent Florentine architect; born 1691; died 1737 Galilei, Galileo - Although in the popular mind Galileo is remembered chiefly as an astronomer, it was not in this character that he made really substantial contributions to human knowledge, but rather in the field of mechanics, and especially of dynamics, which science may be said to owe its existence to him Galitzin, Elizabeth - Princess, religious of the Sacred Heart; born at St. Petersburg, 22 February, 1797; died in Louisiana, 8 December, 1843 Gall, Saint - Late sixth- to early seventh-century Irish hermit Gall, Abbey of Saint - In Switzerland, Canton St. Gall, 30 miles southeast of Constance; for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine abbeys in Europe; founded about 613, and named after Gallus, an Irishman, the disciple and companion of St. Columbanus in his exile from Luxeuil Galla, Saint - A Roman widow of the sixth century; feast, 5 October Galla - Vicariate Apostolic embracing the territory of the Galla or Oromo tribes in Abyssinia Gallait, Louis - Flemish painter; born at Tournai, 10 May, 1810; died in Brussels, 20 November, 1887 Galland, Antoine - French Orientalist and numismatist, b. at Rollot, near Montdidier, in Picardy, 1646, d. at Paris, 1715 Gallandi, Andrea - Oratorian and patristic scholar, born at Venice, 7 December, 1709; died there 12 January, 1779, or 1780 Galle - Diocese in Ceylon, created by Leo XIII 25 Aug., 1893 Gallego, Juan Nicasio - Priest and poet; born at Zamora, Spain, 14 December, 1777; died at Madrid, 9 January, 1853 Galletti, Pietro Luigi - Benedictine, historian and archaeologist; b. at Rome in 1724; d. there, 13 December, 1790 Gallia Christiana - A documentary catalogue or list, with brief historical notices, of all the dioceses and abbeys of France from the earliest times, also of their occupants Gallicanism - This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time peculiar to the Church of France, or Gallican Church, and the theological schools of that country Gallican Rite, The - The rite which prevailed in Gaul until about the middle or end of the eighth century Gallicanus, Saints - Three saints by this name commemorated on 25 June Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius - Roman emperor; b. about 218; d. at Milan, 4 March, 268 Gallifet, Joseph de - French Jesuit (1663-1749) Gallipoli - Diocese in the province of Lecce (Southern Italy) Gallitzin, Adele Amalie - Princess; b. at Berlin, 28 Aug., 1748; d. at Angelmodde, near Muenster, Westphalia, 17 April, 1806 Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine - Prince, priest, and missionary (1770-1840) Galloway, Diocese of - Situated in the southwest of Scotland Galluppi, Pasquale - Philosopher, b. at Tropea, in Calabria, 2 April, 1770; d. at Naples, 13 Dec., 1846, where from 1831 he was a professor in the university Galura, Bernhard - Prince-Bishop of Brixen; b. 21 August, 1764, at Herbolzheim, Bresigau; d. 17 May, 1856 Gallwey, Peter - Famous London priest (1820-1906) Galtelli-Nuoro - Diocese in the province of Sassari (Sardinia), suffragan of Caglari Galvani, Luigi - Physician, b. at Bologna, Italy, 9 September, 1737; d. there, 4 December, 1798 Galveston - The Diocese of Galveston was established in 1847 and comprises that part of the State of Texas, U.S.A., between the Sabine River on the east, the Colorado River on the west, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the northern line of the counties of Lampasas, Coryell, McLennan, Limestone, Freestone, Anderson, Cherokee, Nacogdoches, and Shelby on the north Galway and Kilmacduagh - Diocese in Ireland; an amalgamation of two distinct ancient sees Gama, Vasco da - The discover of the sea route to East Indies; born at Sines, Province of Alemtejo, Portugal, about 1469; died at Cochin, India, 24 December, 1524 Gamaliel - Famous Pharisee and Rabbi Gamans, Jean - Priest and missionary (1606-1684) Gambling - The staking of money or other thing of value on the issue of a game of chance Gams, Pius Bonifacius - Ecclesiastical historian (1816-1892) Gandolphy, Peter - Jesuit preacher; b. in London, 26 July, 1779; d. at East Sheen, Surrey, 9 July, 1821 Gangra - A titular see in the province of Paphlagonia Gansfort, John Wessel - A fifteenth-century Dutch theologian, born at Groeningen in 1420; died there on 4 Oct., 1489 Gap - Diocese; suffragan of Aix, includes the department of the Hautes-Alpes García, Anne - Better known as Anne of St. Bartholomew. Biography of one of the first Discalced Carmelites. She died in 1626 Garcia, Saint Gonsalo - Biography of the Franciscan martyr born in Vasai García Moreno, Gabriel - Ecuadorean patriot and statesman; b. at Guayaquil, 24 December, 1821; assassinated at Quito, 6 August, 1875 Garcilasso de la Vega - Spanish poet (1503-1536) Garcilasso de la Vega - Historian of Peru (1539-1617) Gardellini, Aloisio - Born at Rome, 4 Aug., 1759; died there, 8 Oct., 1829, famous chiefly for his collection of the decrees of the Congregation of Rites Garesché, Julius Peter - Soldier; born 26 April, 1821, near Havana, Cuba; killed at the battle of Stone River, Tennessee, U.S.A., 31 December, 1862 Garet, Jean - Benedictine of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, born at Havre about 1627; died at Jumieges, 24 September, 1694 Gargara - A titular see in the province of Asia, suffragan of Ephesus Garin, André - An Oblate missionary and parish priest (1822-1895) Garland - A wreath of flowers or evergreens formerly used in connection with baptismal, nuptial, and funeral rites, as well as in solemn processions Garland, John - English poet and grammarian, who lived in the middle of the thirteenth century Garlick, Venerable Nicholas - Short biography of the English priest and martyr. Also some information on fellow martyr Robert Ludlam. They died in 1588 Garneau, François-Xavier - French Canadian historian (1809-1866) Garnet, Henry - English martyr, b. 1553-4; d. 1606 Garnet, Saint Thomas - Biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1608 Garnier, Charles - Short biography of the Jesuit missionary and martyr Garnier, Jean - Church historian, patristic scholar, and moral theologian; b. at Paris, 11 Nov., 1612; d. at Bologna, 26 Nov., 1681 Garnier, Julien - Jesuit missionary, born at Connerai, France, 6 January, 1642; d. in Quebec, 1730 Garrucci, Raffaele - A historian of Christian art, b. at Naples, 22 January, 1812; d. at Rome, 5 May, 1885 Garzon - Suffragan diocese of Popayan in the Republic of Colombia Gaspare del Bufalo, Blessed - Founder of the Missionaries of the Most Precious Blood, died 1837 Gaspe, Philippe-Aubert de - French Canadian writer, b. at Quebec, 30 Oct., 1786, of a family ennobled by Louis XIV in 1693, d. 29 Jan., 1871 Gassendi, Pierre - French philosopher and scientist. Article by J.G. Hagen covers Gassendi's life and work in some detail Gasser von Valhorn, Joseph - Austrian sculptor, b. 22 Nov., 1816 at Praegraten, Tyrol; d. 28 Oct., 1900 Gassner, Johann Joseph - A celebrated exorcist; b. 22 Aug., 1727, at Braz, Vorarlberg, Austria; d. 4 April, 1779 Gaston, William - Jurist: b. at Newbern, North Carolina, U.S.A., 19 Sept., 1778: d. at Raleigh, North Carolina, 28 January 1844 Gatianus, Saint - First bishop of Tours, d. 301 Gau, Franz Christian - Architect and archaeologist, b. at Cologne, 15 June, 1790; d. at Paris, January, 1854 Gaubil, Antoine - French Jesuit and missionary to China, b. at Gaillac (Aveyron), 14 July, 1689; d. at Peking, 24 July, 1759 Gaudentius, Saint - Successor of St. Philastrius as bishop of Brescia. Gaudentius died c. 410 Gaudentius of Brescia - A theologian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins; b. at Brescia in 1612; d. at Oriano, 25 March, 1672 Gaudete Sunday - The third Sunday of Advent, so called from the first word of the Introit at Mass (Gaudete, i.e. Rejoice) Gaudier, Antoine de - A writer on asectic theology; b. at Chateau-Thierry, France, 7 January, 1572; d. at Paris, 14 April, 1622 Gaudiosus - Bishop of Tarazona (Turiasso), Spain; died about 540 Gaul, Christian - The Church of Gaul first appeared in history in connexion with the persecution at Lyons under Marcus Aurelius (177) Gaultier, Aloisius-Edouard-Camille - Priest and schoolmaster; b. at Asti, Piedmont, about 1745; d. at Paris, 18 Sept., 1818 Gaume, Jean-Joseph - French theologian and author, b. at Fuans (Franche-Comte) in 1802; d. in 1879 Gavantus, Bartolommeo - Liturgist, a member of the Barnabite Order; b. at Monza, 1569; d. at Milan, 14 August, 1638 Gaza - A titular see of Palaestina Prima, in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem Gazzaniga, Pietro Maria - A theologian, b. at Bergamo, Italy, 3 March, 1722; d. at Vicenza, 11 Dec., 1799 Gebhard (III) of Constance - Bishop of that city and strenuous defender of papal rights against imperial encroachments during the Investitures conflict; b. about 1040; d. 12 November, 1110 Gebhart, Emile - French professor and writer, b. 19 July, 1839, at Nancy; d. 22 April, 1908 Gedeon - One of the Greater Judges of Israel. He belonged to the tribe of Manasses, and to the family of Abiezer Gédoyn, Nicolas - A French translator and literary critic; b. at Orleans, 17 June, 1667; d. 10 August, 1744 Gegenbauer, Josef Anton - An accomplished German historical and portrait painter, b. 6 March, 1800, at Wangen, Wuertemberg; d. 31 January, 1876, at Rome Geiler von Kayserberg, Johann - A celebrated German pulpit orator, b. at Schaffhausen, Switzerland, 16 March, 1445; d. at Strasburg, 10 March, 1510 Geissel, Johannes von - Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, b. 5 February, 1796, at Gimmeldingen, in the Palatinate; d. 8 September, 1864, at Cologne Gelasius I, Pope Saint - An assessment of his pontificate. He died in 496 Gelasius II, Pope - Reigned 1118-1119 Gelasius of Cyzicus - Ecclesiastical writer, son of a priest of Cyzicus, and wrote in Bithynia, about 475, to prove against the Eutychians, that the Nicene Fathers did not teach Monophysitism Gemblours - A suppressed Benedictine monastery on the river Orneau in Belgium, founded c. 945 by St. Guibert (Wibert) and dedicated to St. Peter the Apostle and the holy martyr Exuperius Genealogy (in the Bible) - The word genealogy occurs only twice in the New Testament. In these passages commentators explain the word as referring to the Gentile theogonies, or to the Essene generation of angels, or to the emanation of spirits and aeons as conceived by the Gnostics, or to the genealogies of Jesus Christ, or finally to the genealogies of the Old Testament construed into a source of an occult doctrine Genealogy of Christ - Offers the genealogy according to Saint Matthew and Saint Luke General Judgment - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 3:4; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine Génebrard, Gilbert - Benedictine exegete and Orientalist, b. 12 December, 1535, at Riom, in the department of Puy-de-Dome; d. 16 Feb., 1597 General Chapter - The daily assembling of a community for purposes of discipline and administration of monastic affairs has always included the reading of a chapter of the rule, and thus the assembly itself came to be called the chapter and the place of meeting the chapter-house Generation - Definitions include: a definite period of time, with a special reference to the average length of man's life; an indefinite period of time, of time past; the men who lived in the same period of time who were contemporaries; a race or class of men; and a dwelling place or habitation Genesareth - This is the name given to the Lake of Tiberias in Luke 5:1 Genesius - Five people with this name including: Genesius of Rome; Genesius of Arles; Genesius, Bishop of Clermont; Genesius Count of Clermont; and Genesius of Lyons Genevieve, Saint - Patroness of Paris, d. 512 Genezareth, Land of - By this name is designated in Mark, vi, 53, a district of Palestine bordering on the Sea of Galilee, and which in the parallel passage of Matthew (xiv, 34) is called 'the country of Genesar' Genga, Girolamo - A painter, born at Urbino in 1476; died at the same place, 1551 Génicot, Edward - Moral theologian, b. at Antwerp, Belgium, 18 June, 1856; d. at Louvain, 21 February, 1900 Gennadius I, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, d. 471 Gennadius II - His original name was George Scholarius. Born about 1400, was first a teacher of philosophy and then judge in the civil courts under the Emperor John VIII Gennadius of Marseilles - A priest whose chief title to fame is his continuation of St. Jerome's catalogue 'De Viris illustribus' Gennings, Edmund and John - The first, a martyr for the Catholic Faith, and the second, the restorer of the English province of Franciscan friars, were brothers and converts to the Church Genoa - Archdiocese in Liguria, Northern Italy Gentile da Fabriano - Italian painter; b. probably about 1378 in the District of the Marches; d. probably 1427 Gentiles - In the English versions of both Testaments it collectively designates the nations distinct from the Jewish people Gentili, Aloysius - Proficient in poetry, displayed considerable musical aptitude, had a taste for mechanical and electrical science and was devoted to the cultivation of modern languages, applying himself more particularly to the study of English (1801-1848) Genuflexion - To genuflect, to bend the knee Geoffrey of Clairvaux - A disciple of Bernard, was b. between the years 1115 and 1120, at Auxerre; d. some time after the year 1188 Geoffrey of Dunstable - Abbot of St. Alban's, d. at St. Alban's, 26 Feb., 1146 Geoffrey of Monmouth - Abbot of St. Alban's, d. at St. Alban's, 26 Feb., 1146 Geoffrey of Vendôme - A cardinal, b. in the second half of the eleventh century of a noble family, at Angers, France; d. there, 26 March, 1132 Geography, Biblical - With the exception of the didactic literature, there is no book in the Bible which, to a greater or less extent, does not contain mention of, or allusions to, the geography and topography of the Holy Land Geography and the Church - Explains the nature of this science and the course of its evolution George, Saint - Long, scholarly article on St. George, martyr, patron saint of England George, Orders of Saint - Knights of St. George appear at different historical periods and in different countries as mutually independent bodies having nothing in common but the veneration of St. George, the patron of knighthood George Hamartolus - A monk at Constantinople under Michael III (842-867) and the author of a chronicle of some importance George of Trebizond - A Greek scholar of the early Italian Renaissance; b. in Crete (a Venetian possession from 1206-1669), 1395; d. in Rome, 1486 George Pisides - A Byzantine poet who lived in the first half of the seventh century George the Bearded - Duke of Saxony, b. at Dresden, 27 August, 1471; d. in the same city, 17 April, 1539 Georgetown University - Founded immediately after the Revolutionary War, by the incorporated Catholic Clergy of Maryland, who selected from their Body Trustees, and invested them with full power to choose a President and appoint Professors. Since the year 1805, it has been under the direction of Society of Jesus' Georgia - The largest of the original thirteen United States; bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina, on the east by the Savannah River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Florida, and on the west by Florida and Alabama Georgius Syncellus - The author of one of the more important medieval Byzantine chronicles, died after 810 Gerace - Diocese in the province of Reggio in Calabria (Southern Italy) Gerald, Saint - English monk, Bishop of Mayo, d. 731. Brief biography Geraldton - Diocese in Australia, established in 1898, suffragan of Adelaide Géramb, Baron Ferdinand de - In religion, Brother Mary Joseph; Abbot and procurator-general of La Trappe, came of a noble and ancient family in Hungary; b. in Lyons, 14 Jan., 1772; d. at Rome, 15 March, 1848 Gérando, Joseph-Marie de - French statesman and writer, born at Lyons, 29 February, 1772; died at Paris, 10 November, 1842 Gérard, Abbot of Brogne, Saint - Soldier turned monk, d. 959 Gerard, Bishop of Toul, Saint - Biography of this tenth-century bishop Gerard, Archbishop of York - Date of birth unknown; died at Southwell, 21 May, 1108 Gerard, John - Jesuit; born 4 October, 1564; died 27 July, 1637 Gerard, Ven. Miles - Priest martyred in 1590 Gerard, Richard - Confessor; born about 1635; died 11 March, 1680 Gerard Majella, Saint - Tailor, Redemptorist, called 'Father of the Poor,' d. 1755 Gerard of Cremona - A twelfth-century student of Arabic science and translator from Arabic into Latin; born at Cremona, in 1114; died in 1187 Gerardus Odonis - Also Geraldus Othonis, or Ottonis, a medieval theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order; born probably at Chateauroux, in the present department of Indre, France, date unknown; died at Catania, Sicily, 1348 Gerasa - A titular see in the province of Arabia and the Patriarchate of Antioch Gerberon, Gabriel - A Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation (1628-1711) Gerbet, Olympe-Phillipe - A French bishop and writer; b. at Poligny (Jura), 1798; d. at Perpignan (Pyrenees Orientales), 1864 Gerbillon, Jean-François - French missionary; born at Verdun, 4 June, 1654; died at Peking, China, 27 March, 1707 Gerdil, Hyacinthe Sigismond - Cardinal and theologian; b. at Samoëns in Savoy, 20 June, 1718; d. at Rome, 12 August 1802 Gerhard of Zütphen - Born at Zuetphen, 1367; died at Windesheim, 1398; a mystical writer and one of the first of the Brothers of the Common Life, founded by Gerhard Groote and Florentius Radewyn at Deventer, in the Netherlands Gerhoh of Reichersberg - Provost of that place and Austin canon, one of the most distinguished theologians of Germany in the twelfth century, b. at Polling, Bavaria, 1093; d. at Reichersberg, 27 June, 1169 Germain, Saint, Bishop of Auxerre - A married lawyer, rather worldly, became Bishop of Auxerre, d. 448 or 450. Biography Germain, Saint, Bishop of Paris - Monk, Bishop of Paris, d. 576 Germaine Cousin, Saint - Sickly, pious shepherdess, cruelly treated by her stepmother. St. Germaine died in 1601, at the age of 22 German Gardiner, Blessed - Layman, the last martyr under Henry VIII. Executed at Tyburn on 7 March, 1544, for refusing to grant that the King was the head of the English and Irish Church Germanicia - A titular see in the province of Euphratensis and the patriarchate of Antioch; incorrectly called Germaniciana and located in Byzacene, Africa Germanicopolis - A titular see in the province of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia Germans in the United States - Includes all German-speaking people, whether originally from Germany proper, Austria, Switzerland, or Luxemburg Germanus I, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, defender of the veneration of ikons, d. 733 or 740 Germany - History divided by time periods, beginning with before 1556 German Literature - History starting with the pre-Christian period to 800 A.D Germany, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - Its jurisdiction covers the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Meeklenburg-Strelitz, the Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, the free Hanse towns, Hamburg, Luebeck, and Bremen, the Principality of Luebeck (capital Eutin), belonging to the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, and the Island of Helgoland Germia - A titular see of Galatia Secunda, a suffragan of Pessinus; mentioned by Hierocles in the sixth century Gerona - The Diocese of Geronia in Catalonia, Spain, suffragan of Tarragona, is bounded on the north by the Pyrenees, on the south and east by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the dioceses of Barcelona and Vich Gerrha - A titular see in the province of Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium in the Patriarchate of Alexandria Gerson, Jean de Charlier de - Biographical article. Examines his view of conciliarism, and considers his mystical theology Gertrude of Aldenberg, Blessed - Longtime abbess of a Premonstratensian convent near Wetzlar. She died in 1297 Gertrude of Hackeborn - Cistercian Abbess of Helfta, near Eisleben; born near Halberstadt in 1232; died towards the end of 1292 Gertrude of Nivelles, Saint - Benedictine abbess of a double monastery, d. 659 Gertrude the Great, Saint - Benedictine, mystic, author, d. 1301 or 1302 Gertrude van der Oosten, Venerable - Beguine, had the stigmata and the gift of prophecy, died on Epiphany, 1358 Gervaise, Dom François Armand - Discalced Carmelite, b. at Paris, 1660; d. at Reclus, France, 1761 Gervase, George - Account of the dramatic life of this Benedictine priest and martyr, who died in 1608 Gervase of Canterbury - English chronicler, b. about 1141; d. in, or soon after, 1210 Gervase of Tilbury - Medieval writer, b. probably at Tilbury, in the County of Essex, England, about 1150; d. at Arlington, about 1220 Gervasius and Protasius, Saints - Martyred in Milan, probably in the second century Géry, Saint - Bishop of Cambrai-Arras, d. between 623 and 626 Gesellenvereine - German Catholic societies for the religious, moral, and professional improvement of young men Gesta Dei per Francos - Title adopted by Guibert de Nogent (died about 1124) for his history of the First Crusade Gesta Romanorum - A medieval collection of anecdotes, to which moral reflections are attached Gethsemane - The place in which Jesus Christ suffered the Agony and was taken prisoner by the Jews Gethsemane, Abbey of Our Lady of - An abbey of the Order of Reformed Cistercians, commonly called Trappists, established in 1848 in Nelson Co., Kentucky, in the Diocese of Louisville, being the first abbey on American soil Gezireh - Seat of two Catholic residential sees, one Chaldean, the other Syrian Gfrörer, August Friedrich - German historian; b. at Calw, Wuertemberg, 5 March, 1803; d. at Karlsbad, 6 July, 1861 Ghardaia - Prefecture Apostolic in the French Sahara, separated in 1901 from the Vicariate Apostolic of Sahara and the Soudan Ghent - Comprises the whole territory of East Flanders, one of the nine provinces of Belgium Ghibellines and Guelphs - Names adopted by the two factions that kept Italy divided and devastated by civil war during the greater part of the later Middle Ages Ghiberti, Lorenzo di Cione - Sculptor; b. at Florence about 1381; d. there, December, 1455 Ghirlandajo - Florentine painter; b. 1449; d. 11 Jan., 1494 Ghislain, Saint - Hermit in Belgium, confessor, died c. 680 Ghost Dance - The principal ceremonial rite of an Indian religion which originated about 1887 with Wovoka, alias jack Wilson, an Indian of the Piute tribe in Nevada Giannone, Pietro - Italian historian, born 7 May, 1676, at Ischitella in the province of Capinata, Naples; died at Turin, 27 March, 1748 Gibail and Batrun - A Maronite residential see Gibault, Pierre - Missionary, b. at Montreal, Canada, 1737; d. at New Madrid, about 1804 Gibbons, John - Jesuit theologian and controversialist; b. 1544, at or near Wells, Somersetshire; died 16 Aug. or 3 Dec., 1589 Gibbons, Richard - Brother of Father John Gibbons, born at Winchester, 1550 or 1549; died at Douai, 23 June, 1632 Giberti, Jean-Pierre - Canonist; b. at Aix, Provence, in 1660; d. at Paris in 1736 Giberti, Gian Matteo - Cardinal, and Bishop of Verona, the natural son of Francesco Giberti, a Genoese naval captain, b. at Palermo in 1495; d. at Verona, 30 Dec., 1543 Gibraltar - A rugged promontory in the province of Andalusia, Spain, about 6 miles in circumference. Its almost perpendicular walls rise to a height of 1396 feet Gideon - One of the Greater Judges of Israel. He belonged to the tribe of Manasses, and to the family of Abiezer Giffard, Bonaventure - Bishop, born at Wolverhampton, England, 1642; died at Hammersmith, Middlesex, 12 March, 1734 Giffard, Godfrey - Bishop of Worcester, b. about 1235; d. 26 Jan., 1301 Giffard, William - Second Norman Bishop of Winchester from 1100 to 1129 Gifford, William - Archbishop of Reims; b. in Hampshire, 1554; d. at Reims, 11 April, 1629 Gift of Miracles - The gift of miracles is one of those mentioned by St. Paul in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (xii, 9, 10), among the extraordinary graces of the Holy Ghost Gift, Supernatural - Something conferred on nature that is above all the powers (vires) of created nature Gilbert, Nicolas-Joseph-Laurent - Poet, b. at Fontenoy-le-Chateau, 1751; d. at Paris, 12 November, 1780 Gilbert, Sir John Thomas - Irish archivist and historian, b. in Dublin, 23 January, 1829; d. there, 23 May, 1898 Gilbert de la Porrée - Bishop of Poitiers, philosopher, theologian and general scholar; b. at Poitiers in 1076; d. in 1154 Gilbert Foliot - Bishop of London, b. early in the twelfth century Gilbertines, Order of - Founded by St. Gilbert, about the year 1130, at Sempringham, Gilbert's native place, where he was then parish priest Gilbert Islands - Vicariate apostolic; comprises the group of that name, besides the islands of Ellice and Panapa Gilbert of Sempringham, Saint - Short biography of the founder of the Gilbertines, who died in 1189 Gildas, Saint - Biographical entry for St. Gildas the Wise, also called 'Badonicus,' born to a British family in Scotland, educated in Wales, monk, priest, died in 570 Gil de Albornoz, Alvarez Carillo - A renowned cardinal, general, and statesman; b. about 1310 at Cuenca in New Castile; d. 23 Aug., 1367 Giles, Saint - Also known as Aegidius. Hermit and then abbot in late seventh-century Gaul Gillespie, Eliza Maria - In religion Mother Mary of St. Angela. Born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, 21 February, 1824; died at St. Mary's convent, Notre Dame, Indiana, 4 March, 1887 Gillespie, Neal Henry - Brother of the foregoing; b. in Washington county, Pa., 19 January 1831; d. at St. Mary's, Notre Dame, Indiana, 12 November, 1874 Gillis, James - Scottish bishop; b. at Montreal, Canada, 7 April, 1802; d. at Edinburgh, 24 February 1864 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield - A musician, born at Ballygar Galway, Ireland, 25 Dec., 1829; died at St. Louis, 24 Sept., 1892 Gil of Santarem, Blessed - Portuguese Dominican, d. 1265 Gindarus - A titular see of Syria Prima, in the Patriarchate of Antioch Ginoulhiac, Jacques-Marie-Achille - A French bishop; b. at Montpellier (department of Herault) 3 Dec., 1806; d. there 17 Nov., 1875 Gioberti, Vincenzo - An Italian statesman and philosopher; b. at Turin, 5 April, 1801; d. at Paris, 26 October, 1852 Giocondo, Fra Giovanni - An Italian architect, antiquary, archaeologist, and classical scholar, b. in Verona, c. 1445; d. in Venice (?), c. 1525 Giordani, Tommasso - A composer, b. at Naples in 1738; d. at Dublin, Ireland, February 1806 Giordano, Luca - Neapolitan painter; b. at Naples, 1632; d. in the same place, 12 Jan., 1705 Giorgione - Italian painter, b. at Castelfranco in or before 1477; d. in Venice in October or November, 1510 Giotto di Bondone - A Florentine painter, and founder of the Italian school of painting, b. most probably, in the village of Vespignano near Florence; d. at Milan, 8 Jan., 1337 Giovanelli, Ruggiero - Composer, b. at Velletri, near Rome, in 1560; d. at Rome, 7 January, 1625 Giraldi, Giovanni Battista - Italian dramatist and novelist; b. at Ferrara, Italy, 1504; d. there, 1573 Giraldi, Ubaldo - An Italian canonist; b. in 1692; d. in 1775 Giraldus Cambrensis - Biographical article on the medieval ecclesiastic and writer Girard, Jean-Baptiste - Known as Pere Girard, a Swiss pedagogue, b. at Fribourg, 17 December, 1765; d. there, 6 March, 1850 Girardon, François - A noted sculptor of the reign of Louis XIV, b. at Troyes, France, 1630; d. at Paris, 1715 Giraud de Borneil - A Provencal troubadour, b. about the middle of the twelfth century, at Excideuil in the Viscounty of Limoges Girba - A titular see in the province of African Tripoli Girgenti - The capital of a province in Sicily Gisbert, Blaise - French rhetorician and critic; born at Cahors, 21 February, 1657; died at Montpellier, 21 February, 1731 Giovanni Dominici, Blessed - Biography of the Dominican preacher and writer Giuliani, Veronica - Short biographical article on this Capuchin, who died in 1727 Giulio Romano - A famous architect and painter, the best-known of Raphael's pupils, and the unique representative of the so-called 'Roman School'; b. at Rome in 1492; d. at Mantua in 1546 Giuseppe Maria Tommasi, Blessed - Cardinal, scholar, and author, died 1713 Giuseppe Giusti - A poet and patriot; b. 1809, at Monsumano near Pescia, Italy; d. 31 March, 1850 Glaber, Raoul - Benedictine chronicler; b. in Burgundy before 1000; d. at Cluny about 1050 Glabrio, Manius Acilius - Consul at Rome during A.D. 91, with Trajan Glagolitic - An ancient alphabet of the Slavic languages, also called in Russian bukvitsa Glaire, Jean-Baptiste - Priest, hebraist, and Biblical scholar; b. at Bordeaux, 1 April, 1798; d. at Issy, near Paris, 25 Feb., 1879 Glanville, Ranulf de - Chief Justiciar of England; b. at Stratford, Suffolk, England, date unknown; d. before Acre, Palestine, 1190 Glarean, Henry - Swiss humanist, poet, philosopher, geographer, mathematician, and musician, born at Mollis, near Glarus, Switzerland, in June, 1488, and died at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 27 March, 1563 Glasgow - Archdiocese in the southwest of Scotland Glastonbury Abbey - Benedictine monastery, Somersetshire, England, pre-eminently the centre of early Christian tradition in England Glebe - Originally signified, in common law, any farm, estate, or parcel of land, and the word is so used in the Theodosian Code. But in ecclesiastical law it has become the technical term for land permanently assigned for the maintenance of the incumbent of a parish, and is the oldest form of parochial endowment Glendalough, School of - Founded by St. Kevin Gloria in Excelsis Deo - The great doxology (hymnus angelicus) in the Mass is a version of a very old Greek form'. It begins with the words sung by the angels at Christ's birth (Luke 2:14). To this verse others were added very early, forming a doxology Gloria, Laus et Honor - A hymn composed by St. Theodulph of Orleans in 810 Glory - In the English version of the Bible the word Glory, one of the commonest in the Scripture, is used to translate several Hebrew terms in the Old Testament, and the Greek doxa in the New Testament. Sometimes the Catholic versions employ brightness, where others use glory Glory Be - The doxology in the form in which we know it has been used since about the seventh century all over Western Christendom, except in one corner Glosses, Scriptural - The word gloss designates not only marginal notes, but also words or remarks inserted for various reasons in the very text of the Scriptures Glosses, Glossaries, Glossarists - To gloss is to interpret or explain a text by taking up its words one after another. A glossary is therefore a collection of words about which observations and notes have been gathered, and a glossarist is one who thus explains or illustrates given texts Glossolalia - A supernatural gift of the class gratiae gratis datae, designed to aid in the outer development of the primitive Church Gloves, Episcopal - Liturgical gloves are a liturgical adornment reserved for bishops and cardinals Gluttony - The excessive indulgence in food and drink Gnesen-Posen - Archdiocese in the Kingdom of Prussia Gnosticism - History of Gnosticism from its pre-Christian roots through its developed doctrines concerning cosmogony, the Sophia-myth, soteriology, and eschatology. Includes information on rites, schools, and literature Goa - Archdiocese in India Goajira, Vicariate Apostolic of - The most northern portion of South America is a peninsula running into the Caribbean Sea Goar, Saint - Priest, hermit, d. 649 Goar, Jacques - Dominican and hellenist (1601-1653) Gobat, George - Moral theologian; born at Charmoilles, in the Diocese of Basil, now in the Department of the Doubs, France, 1 July, 1600; died 23 March, 1679 Gobban Saer - Regarded in traditional lore as the greatest Irish architect of the seventh century, and popularly canonized as St. Gobban; b. at Turvey, near Malahide, Co. Dublin, about 560 Gobelinus, Person - Westphalian known as an historian and an ardent reformer of monastic life in his native land (1358-1421) God - Links to five articles about the subject "God", Etymology of the Word - Anglo-Saxon God; German Gott; akin to Persian khoda; Hindu khooda God, Existence of - The arguments for God's existence are variously classified and entitled by different writers, but all agree in recognizing the distinction between a priori, or deductive, and a posteriori, or inductive reasoning in this connection God, Nature and Attributes of - Covered as natural reason and faith God, Relation of the Universe to - Sections include essential dependence of the universe on God, divine immanence and transcendence, and possibility of the supernatural God, Three Persons of - The term employed to signify the central doctrine of the Christian religion, the truth that in the unity of the Godhead there are three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, these three persons being truly distinct one from another Godard, Saint - Benedictine abbot, bishop of Hildesheim, d. 1038 Godden, Thomas - True name Tylden. Born at Addington, Kent, 1624; died in London, 1 Dec., 1688 Godeau, Antoine - Bishop, poet and exegete; b. at Dreux in the diocese of Chartres, 1605; d. at Vence, 21 April, 1672 Godeberta, Saint - Born in about 640, superior of a convent at Noyon Godelina, Saint - Physically and psychologically abused by her husband Bertolf and mother-in-law, until finally she was murdered at Bertolf's orders in 1070 Godet des Marais, Paul - Bishop of Chartres, France; b. at Talcy, near Blois, 1647; d. at Chartres, 1709 Godfrey of Bouillon - Duke of Lower Lorraine and first King of Jerusalem, son of Eustache II, Count of Boulogne, and of Ida, daughter of Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine; b. probably at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1060; d. at Jerusalem, 18 July, 1100 Godfrey of Fontaines - A scholastic philosopher and theologian; born near Liege within the first half of the thirteenth century Godfrey of Viterbo - German writer of the twelfth century Godinez - Mystical theologian, born at Waterford, Ireland (1591-1644) Godric - The name of two Abbots of Croyland Goesport, John Wessel - A fifteenth-century Dutch theologian, born at Groeningen in 1420; died there on 4 Oct., 1489 Goetz, Marie Josephine - Second superior-general of the Society of the Sacred Heart, daughter of Joseph Goetz of Strasburg and Marie Anne Wagner; b. 7 March, 1817; d. 4 January, 1874 Goffe, Stephen - Oratorian; b. 1605; d. at Paris, Christmas Day, 1681 Goffine, Leonard - Priest and writer. Born at Cologne, or according to some, at Broich, 6 December, 1648; died 11 August, 1719 Gog and Magog - Names, respectively, of a king and of his supposed kingdom, mentioned several times in chapters 38 and 39 of the Book of Ezechiel, and once in the Apocalypse (20:7) Golden Bull - A fundamental law of the Holy Roman Empire; probably the best known of all the many ordinances of the imperial diet Golden Calf - An object of worship among the Hebrews, mention of which occurs principally in Ex., xxxii, where the story of the molten calf of Aaron is narrated, and in 1 Kings 12 (cf. 2 Chronicles 11), in connection with the policy of Jeroboam after the schism of the ten tribes Golden Rose - A precious and sacred ornament made of pure gold by skilled artificers, which the popes have been accustomed for centuries to bless each year, and occasionally confer upon illustrious churches and sanctuaries as a token of special reverence and devotion, upon Catholic kings or queens, princes or princesses, renowned generals or other distinguished personages, upon governments or cities conspicuous for their Catholic spirit and loyalty to the Holy See, as a mark of esteem and paternal affection Goldoni, Carlo - Brief biography of the Italian dramatist Goldwell, Thomas - Bishop of St. Asaph, the last survivor of the ancient hierarchy of England; b. between 1501 and 1515; d. in Rome, 3 April, 1585 Golgotha - The place of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ Gómara, Francisco Lopez de - Chaplain to Cortes. Born 1510. Wrote a severely flawed history of the Spanish conquest of the New World, though he himself had never been there Gomes De Amorim, Francisco - Portuguese poet, dramatist, and novelist (1827-1891) Gondulphus - The name of three saints, of whom one was Bishop of Tongres (Maestricht), the second Bishop of Metz, while the third is known as Gondulphus of Berry Gonet, Jean Baptiste - Theologian, b. about 1616 at Béziers, in the province of Languedoc; d. there 24 Jan., 1681 Gonnelieu, Jérôme de - Theologian, ascetical writer, and preacher; born at Soissons, 8 Sept., 1640; died at Paris, 28 Feb., 1715 Gonzaga, Saint Aloysius - Short biography of this Jesuit student, who died in 1591 at the age of 23 Gonzaga, Ercole - Cardinal; b. at Mantua, 23 November, 1505; d. 2 March, 1563 Gonzaga, Scipione - Cardinal; b. at Mantua, 11 November, 1542; d. at San Martino, 11 January, 1593 Gonzalez, Saint Peter - Spanish Dominican, d. 1246. Patron saint of Spanish and Portuguese sailors González de Santalla, Thyrsus - Theologian and thirteenth general of the Society of Jesus, b. at Arganda, Spain, 18 January, 1624; died at Rome, 27 October, 1705 González, Zeferino - Dominican, cardinal, theologian, and philosopher (1831-1894) Gonzalo de Berceo - Spanish poet, active between 1220 and 1242 Good - The moral good (bonum honestum) consists in the due ordering of free action or conduct according to the norm of reason, the highest faculty, to which it is to conform Good, Highest, The - (1)Utilitarianism, when the highest good is identified with happiness; (2)Rational Deontologism, when the highest good is identified with virtue or duty; (3)Rational Eudaemonism, or tempered Deontologism, when both virtue and happiness are combined in the highest good Good Faith - A phrase employed to designate the mental and moral state of honest, even if objectively unfounded, conviction as to the truth or falsehood of a proposition or body of opinion, or as to the rectitude or depravity of a line of conduct Good Friday - The Friday on which the Church keeps the anniversary of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ Good Hope, Cape of (Eastern) - Established in 1847, when the Vicariate of the Cape of Good Hope was divided into Eastern and Western Good Hope, Cape of (Western) - The Western vicariate and the Central prefecture, although different in name, are virtually one Godfrey Goodman - Anglican Bishop of Gloucester (1582-3-1656) Goodman, Ven. John - Priest and martyr; born in the Diocese of Bangor, Wales, 1590; died 1642 Good Samaritan, Sisters of the - A congregation of Tertiaries Regular of St. Benedict, established 2 February, 1857, at Sydney, Australia Good Shepherd, Our Lady of Charity of the - The aim of this institute is to provide a shelter for girls and women of dissolute habits, who wish to do penance for their iniquities and to lead a truly christian life Goossens, Pierre-Lambert - Cardinal, Archbishop of Michlin (Belgium), b. at Perck, near Vilvorde, 18 July, 1827; d. at Michlin, 25 January, 1906 Gordian - There were three Roman emperors of this name, who reigned between A.D. 237-44, and all of whom met with violent deaths Gordianus and Epimachus, Saints - Roman martyrs under Julian the Apostate. Both died in 362. Although they did not die together, they are buried together, and the cemetery is named after them. Identifies two other martyrs named Gordianus, considers several named Epimachus Gordon, Andrew - Monk and physicist (1712-1751) Gordon Riots - This agitation, so called from the head and spirit of the movement, Lord George Gordon, convulsed the metropolis of England from 2 June till 9 June, 1780 Gordos - A titular see in the province of Lydia, suffragan of Sardis Gorgonius, Saint - Identifies six martyrs of this name. Article concentrates on an imperial official who suffered in the Diocletian persecution and whose feast is 9 September. His cult was strong in France Gorkum, The Martyrs of - Their beatification took place on 14 Nov., 1675, and their canonization on 29 June, 1865 Görres, Guido - Historian, publicist, and poet; b. at Coblenz on 28 May, 1805; d. at Munich on 14 July, 1852 Görres, Johann Joseph - Writer and professor of physics (1776-1848) Gortyna - A titular see, and in the Greek Church metropolitan see, of the Island of Crete Görz - Capital of the Austrian crown-land Goerz and Gradiska Goscelin - Benedictine biographical writer (d. 1099) Gospel and Gospels - The word Gospel usually designates a written record of Christ's words and deeds Gospel in the Liturgy - From the very earliest times the public reading of parts of the Bible was an important element in the Liturgy inherited from the service of the Synagogue Gospel of Mark - The Second Gospel, like the other two Synoptics, deals chiefly with the Galilean ministry of Christ, and the events of the last week at Jerusalem Goss, Alexander - Bishop of Liverpool (1814-1872) Gossaert, Jan - Flemish painter; b. about 1472; d. at Middelburg about 1533 Gosselin, Jean-Edmé-Auguste - Ecclesiastical author; b. at Rouen, France, 28 Sept., 1787; d. at Paris, 27 Nov., 1858 Gother, John - Priest and controversialist; b. at Southampton, date unknown; d. at sea on a voyage to Lisbon, 2 October, 1704 Gothic Architecture - History of the style Gottfried von Strasburg - Middle High German epic poet Gotti, Vincent Louis - Cardinal and theologian (1664-1742) Gottschalk, Saint - Wendish prince, considered a martyr, d. 1066 Gottschalk of Orbais - A medieval theologian; b. about 800, d. after 866, probable 30 October, 868 Göttweig, Abbey of - A Benedictine abbey situated on a hill of the same name, south of Krems, in Lower Austria Goulburn - One of the six suffragan sees of the ecclesiastical province of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Gounod, Charles-François - An article focusing especially on his religious compositions and the effect of his beliefs on his compositions Goupil, René - Short biography of the Jesuit missionary, martyred in 1642 Gousset, Thomas-Marie-Joseph - French cardinal and theologian; b. at Montigny-les-Charlieu, a village of Franche-Comte, in 1792; d. at Reims in 1866 Government Authority - The moral power of command, supported by physical coercion, which the State exercises over its members Gower, John - Poet; born between 1327-1330, probably in Kent; died October, 1408 Goya y Lucientes, Francisco José de - Painter and etcher, b. in Fuendetodos, Aragon, Spain, 31 March, 1746; d. in Bordeaux, 16 April, 1828 Goyaz, Diocese of - Co-extensive with the state of the same name, one of the twenty states which, with the Federal District, comprise the Republic of Brazil Gozo, Diocese of - Comprises the island of Gozo in the Mediterranean Sea and the islet of Comino Gozzi, Carlo - Italian author, born at Venice, 1720; died 1806 Gozzoli - Painter; b. at Florence, 1420; d. at Pisa 1497 Gozzolini, Saint Sylvester - Founder of the Sylvestrines. Canon, hermit. Died 1267 Grace - Leads to four articles on the subject Grace, Actual - A grace that is given for the performance of salutary acts and is present and disappears with the action itself Grace, Supernatural - Treatise on this fundamental building block of Christianity Grace, Controversies on - Controversies that are concerned chiefly with the relation between grace and free will Grace, William Russell - Philanthropist and merchant, born at Cork, Ireland, 10 May, 1832; died at New York, 21 March, 1904 Grace at Meals - One of the most ancient formulae of prayer at meals is found in a treatise of the fourth century, attributed without foundation to Saint Athanasius Gradual - In English often called Grail, is the oldest and most important of the four chants that make up the choir's part of the Proper of the Mass Gradual Psalms - Fifteen psalms, namely Psalms 119-133 Gradwell, Robert - Bishop; b. at Clifton-in-the-Fylde, Lancashire, 26 Jan., 1777; d. in London, 15 March, 1833 Graffiti - The term in common usage among archaeologists to designate a class of rude inscriptions scratched on the walls of ancient monuments, generally sepulchral, as distinguised from the formal inscriptions engraved on the tombs of the deceased Graham, Patrick - First Archbishop of St. Andrews and Metropolitan of Scotland, date of birth uncertain; d. 1478 Grail, The Holy - The name of a legendary sacred vessel, variously identified with the chalice of the Eucharist or the dish of the Pascal lamb, and the theme of a famous medieval cycle of romance Gramont, Eugénie de - Religious of the Society of the Sacred Heart; b. at Versailles, 17 September, 1788; d. at Paris, 19 November, 1846 Gran - Located in Hungary Granada - Archdiocese in Spain, founded by St. Cecilius about the year 64, was made an archiepiscopal see by Alexander VI, 23 Jan., 1493 Granada, University of - The origin of this university is to be traced to the Arab school at Cordova, which, when the city was captured by St. Ferdinand in 1236, was removed to Granada and there continued Grancolas, Jean - Doctor of the Sorbonne, theologian, liturgist; b. near Chateaudun, about 1660; d. at Paris, 1 August, 1732 Grande Chartreuse, La - The mother-house of the Carthusian Order lies in a high valley of the Alps of Dauphine Granderath, Theodor - Known for his monumental labours on the Vatican Council Grandidier, Philippe-André - Priest and historian, b. at Strasburg, Alsace, 9 Nov., 1752; d. at the Abbey of Luntzel (Lucelles), Sundgau, 11 Oct., 1787 Grandmont, Abbey and Order of - Abbey and Order in the department of Hte-Vienne, France Grand Rapids - Diocese created 12 May, 1882 out of the diocese of Detroit Grant, Thomas - First Bishop of Southwark; b. at Ligny-les-Aires, Arras, France, 25 Nov., 1816; d. at Rome, 1 June, 1870 Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de - Named Archbishop of Mechlin in 1559 and cardinal in 1561 Gras, Venerable Louise de Marillac Le - Founder of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, d. 1660 Grasse, François-Joseph-Paul - Count and Marquess de Grasse-Tilly, lieutenant-general of the naval forces; b. near Toulon, 1723; d. at Paris, 11 January, 1788 Grässel, Lorenz - Coadjutor-elect of Baltimore; born at Ruemannsfelden, Bavaria, 18 August, 1753; died at Philadelphia, U.S.A., October, 1793 Grassis, Paris de - Master of ceremonies to Julius II and Leo X; b. at Bologna, about 1470; d. at Rome, 10 June, 1528 Gratian - Details on this Roman Emperor who was the son of Valentinian I. He was born at Sirmium, 359 and died at Lyons, 383 Gratian, Jerome - Spiritual director of St. Teresa and first Provincial of the Discalced Carmelites; born at Valladolid, 6 June, 1545; died at Brussels, 21 September, 1614 Gratian, Johannes - The little that is known concerning the author of the 'Concordantia discordantium canonum', more generally called the 'Decretum Gratiani', is furnished by that work itself, its earliest copies, and its twelfth-century 'Summae' or abridgments Gratianopolis - A titular see in Caesarea Mauretania, Africa Gratius, Ortwin - Humanist; b. 1475 at Holtwick, near Coesfeld, Westphalia; d. at Cologne, 22 May, 1542 Gratry, Auguste-Joseph-Alphonse - French priest and writer; b. at Lille, 30 March, 1805; d. at Montreux, Switzerland, 7 February, 1872 Gratz, Peter Aloys - Schoolmaster and exegete, b. 17 Aug., 1769, at Mittelberg, Allgaeu, Bavaria; d. at Darmstadt, 1 Nov., 1849 Gravier, Jacques - Jesuit missionary; born 1651 at Moulins, where he studied classics and philosophy under the Jesuits; died in Louisiana in 1708 Gravina, Dominic - Theologian; b. in Sicily, about 1573; d. in the Minerva, at Rome, 26 Aug., 1643 Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo - Italian jurist and litterateur of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; b. at Rogliano, Calabria, 21 January, 1664; d. at Rome, 6 January, 1718 Gravina and Montepeloso - Gravina is a town in the Province of Bari (Southern Italy), since the ninth century an episcopal see, suffragan of Acerenza and Matera. In 1818 it was united aeque principaliter with Montepeloso, which dates back to the twelfth century (some say the fifteenth) and was suffragan of Potenza Graz, University of - Located in the capital of the Province of Steiermark, owes its establishment to the Counter-Reformation and the efforts of Archduke Karl von Steiermark, who, in 1584, requested Pope Gregory XIII to grant autonomous university privileges to the Jesuit college of Graz Great Falls - Created by Pope Pius X, 18 May, 1904; comprises the following counties in the State of Montana: Carbon, Cascade, Chouteau, Custer, Dawson, Fergus, Park, Rosebud, Sweet Grass, Valley, and Yellowstone Greco, El - Spanish artist. Born in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; died at Toledo, 7 April, 1614 Greece - History of the country and church Greek Catholics in America - Includes the history and statistics Greek Church - Details the history and various divisions of the church Greek Orthodox Church in America - The name Orthodox Church is generally used to distinguish those of the Greek Rite who are not in communion with the Holy See Greek Rites - People who speak of the Greek Rite generally mean that of Constantinople Green, Hugh - An English priest who had converted to Catholicism. He was martyred in a brutal way in 1642 Green, Thomas Louis - Priest and controversialist; b. at Stourbridge, Worcestershire, 1799; d. at Newport, Shropshire, 27 Feb., 1883 Green Bay - Diocese established 3 March, 1868, from the territory of the Diocese of Milwaukee Greenland - An island stretching from within the Arctic Circle south to about 59 degrees N. latitude, being between 20 degrees and 75 degrees W. longitude Gregorian Chant - Short description and history, with links to more information Gregory I, Pope Saint - Biographical article on this Doctor of the Church, d. 604 Gregory II, Pope Saint - Also known as Gregory Junior, or Gregory the Younger, d. 731 Gregory III, Pope Saint - A Syrian, was elected the successor of Pope St. Gregory II by acclamation, d. 741 Gregory IV, Pope - Reigned 827-44 Gregory V, Pope - Reigned 996-999 Gregory VI, Pope - Reigned 1045-46 Gregory VI - Eleventh-century antipope Gregory VII, Pope Saint - Also known as Hildebrand: 'one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs and one of the most remarkable men of all times.' He died in 1085. Biographical article Gregory VIII, Pope - Reigned 1187 Gregory VIII - Antipope placed upon the papal chair by Emperor Henry V, 8 March, 1118 Gregory IX - Reigned 1227-1241 Gregory X - Biographical article on this thirteenth-century pope. Includes bibliography Gregory XI - Reigned 1370-1378 Gregory XII - Reigned 1406-1415 Gregory XIII, Pope - Reigned 1572-1585 Gregory XIV, Pope - Reigned 1590-1591 Gregory XV, Pope - Reigned 1621-1623 Gregory XVI, Pope - Reigned 1831-1846 Gregory Bæticus - Bishop of Elvira, in the province of Baetica, Spain, from which he derived his surname; d. about 392 Gregory of Heimburg - Humanist and Statesman, b. at Wuerzburg in the beginning of the fifteenth century; d. at Tharandt near Dresden, August, 1472 Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint - Biographical article on this Doctor of the Church, known in the Christian East as St. Gregory the Theologian Gregory of Neocaesarea, Saint - Also known as Gregory Thaumaturgus, converted to Christianity by Origen, became a bishop, d. between 270 and 275 Gregory of Nyssa, Saint - Bishop, one of the Cappadocian Fathers, d. after 385 or 386 Gregory of Rimini, Saint - Augustinian theologian, d. 1358 Gregory of Tours, Saint - Lengthy article about this bishop, historian, and theologian. He died in 593 or 594 Gregory of Utrecht, Saint - Missionary companion of St. Boniface, and later an abbot, d. 775 or 780 Gregory of Valencia - Professor of the University of Ingolstadt, b. at Medina, Spain); d. at Naples, 25 April, 1603 Gregory the Illuminator - Patron of Armenia. Husband and father, bishop, d. possibly in 337 Greifswald, University of - The oldest university of Prussia, founded in 1456 Greith, Karl Johann - Bishop and church historian, b. at Rapperswyl, Switzerland, 25 May, 1897; d. at St. Gall, 17 May, 1882 Gremiale - A square or oblong cloth which the bishop should wear over his lap, when seated on the throne during the singing of the Kyrie, Gloria, and Credo by the choir, during the distribution of blessed candles, palms or ashes, and also during the anointments in connection with Holy orders Grenoble - Comprises the Department of Isere and the Canton of Villeurbanne (Rhone) Gresemund, Dietrich - German humanist; b. in 1477, at Speyer; d. 1512, at Mainz Greslon, Adrien - French Jesuit missionary (1618-1697) Gresset, Jean Baptiste - Born 29 August, 1709; died 16 June, 1777, at Amiens Gretser, Jacob - A celebrated Jesuit writer; b. at Markdorf in the Diocese of Constance in 1562; d. at Ingolstadt in 1625 Greuze, Jean-Baptiste - French painter, b. at Tournus in Ardeche, 21 August, 1725; d. at Paris, 21 March, 1805 Grey Nuns - The Order of Sisters of Charity of the Hopital General of Montreal, commonly called Grey Nuns because of the colour of their attire, was founded in 1738 Grey Nuns of the Cross - A community founded in 1745 at Monteal by Madame d'Youville, known as the Grey Sisters, or Grey Nuns, from the colour of the costume Griffin, Gerald - A novelist, dramatist, lyricist; b. 12 December, 1803, at Limerick, Ireland; d. at Cork, 12 June, 1840 Griffin, Martin Ignatius Joseph - Journalist, historian (1842-1911) Griffiths, Thomas - Born in London, 2 June, 1791; died 19 August, 1847; the first and only Vicar Apostolic of the London District educated wholly in England Grillparzer, Franz - An Austrian poet, b. at Vienna, 15 January, 1791, d. 21 January, 1872 Grimaldi, Francesco Maria - Italian physicist, b. at Bologna, 2 April, 1618; d. in the same city, 28 Dec., 1663 Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco - An eclectic painter of the Bolognese school; b. at Bologna, 1606; d. at Rome, 1680 Grimmelshausen, Johann Jacob Christoffel von - German novelist of the seventeenth century Gröne, Valentin - Catholic theologian (1817-1882) Groote, Gerard - Founder of the 'Brethren of the Common Life', b. 1340 at Deventer, Gelderland; d. 20 Aug., 1384 Gropper, John - An eminent jurist and theologian, b. 24 Feb., 1503, at Soest, Westphalia; d. at Rome, 13 March, 1559 Grosseteste, Robert - Bishop of Lincoln and one of the most learned men of the Middle Ages; b. about 1175; d. 9 October, 1253 Grosseto - Suffragan diocese of Siena Grosswardein - A diocese of the Latin Rite in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa-Bacs Grottaferrata, Abbey of - A Basilian monastery near Rome Grueber, Johann - German Jesuit missionary in China and noted explorer of the seventeenth century Grün, Anastasius - Pseudonym for Anton Alexander (Maria), Count von Auersperg, a nineteenth-century Austrian poet Guadalajara - Archdiocese in Mexico, separated from the Diocese of Michoacan by Paul III, 31 July, 1548 Guadalupe, Shrine of - Guadalupe is strictly the name of a picture, but was extended to the church containing the picture and to the town that grew up around Guadeloupe - Diocese in the West Indies, comprises the islands of Guadeloupe, Les Saintes, Marie-Galante, La Desirade, and the French portions of St. Martin and St Bartholomew Guadix, Diocese of - Diocese in Spain, comprises the greater part of the Province of Granada and a portion of the Province of Almeria Guaicuri Indians - A group of small tribes, speaking dialectic forms of a common language, probably of distinct stock, formerly occupying part of Lower California Guamanga, Diocese of - A Peruvian diocese, suffragan to Lima Guaraní Indians - A tribal group of South America, having the former home territory chiefly between the Uruguay and lower Paraguay Rivers, in what is now Paraguay and the Provinces of Corrientes and Entre Rios of Argentina Guarantees, Law of - A law passed by the senate and chamber of the Italian parliament, 13 May, 1871, concerning the prerogatives of the Holy See, and the relations between State and Church in the Kingdom of Italy Guarda, Diocese of - Province of Beira, Portugal Guardi, Francesco - Venetian painter (1712-1793) Guardian Angels - The lowest orders of angels are sent to men Guardian Angels, Feast of - This feast, like many others, was local before it was placed in the Roman calendar Guardianship, in Civil Jurisprudence - A person intrusted by law with the interests of another whose youth, inexperience, mental weakness or feebleness of will, disqualifies him from acting for himself in the ordinary affairs of life, and who is known as the ward Guarini, Battista - An Italian poet, b. at Ferrara, 1538, d. at Venice, 7 Oct., 1612 Guarino da Verona - A humanist, b. 1370, at Verona, Italy; d. 1460, at Ferrara Guastalla, Diocese of - Situated in the province of Reggio Emilia (Central Italy) on the left bank of the Po at its junction with the Crostolo Guastallines - Luigia Torelli, Countess of Guastalla (b. about 1500; d. 29 Oct., 1559 or 1569), widowed for the second time when she was twenty-five, resolved to devote her life to the service of God Guatemala, Santiago de - Archdiocese conterminous with the Republic of Guatemala, in Central America Guayaquil - The capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas Gubbio - Diocese of Eugubinensis, in the province of Perugia in Umbria (Central Italy) Gudenus, Moritz - German convert to the Catholic faith from the Protestant ministry; b. 11 April, 1596, at Cassel; d. February, 1680 Gudula, Saint - Born in Brabant, one of a family of saints. She died in the early eighth century Guelphs and Ghibellines - Names adopted by the two factions that kept Italy divided and devastated by civil war during the greater part of the later Middle Ages Guéranger, Prosper Louis Pascal - Benedictine and polygraph; b. 4 April, 1805, at Sable-sur-Sarthe; d. at Solesmes, 30 January, 1875 Guérard, Robert - Writer, born at Rouen, 1641; died at the monastery of Saint-Ouen, 2 January, 1715 Guérin, Anne-Thérèse - In religion, Mother Theodore. Born at Etables (Cote du Nord), Brittany, France, 2 October, 1798; died 14 May, 1856 Guérin - Eugenie de Guerin, a French writer; b. at the chateau of La Cayla, in Languedoc, 15 January, 1805; d. there 5 June, 1848. Georges-Maurice de Guerin, a French poet, brother of Eugenie; b. at the chateau of La Cayla, in Languedoc, 5 August, 1810; d. there, 19 July, 1839 Gügler, Joseph Heinrich Aloysius - Born at Udligerschwyl, near Lucerne, Switzerland, 25 August, 1782; died at Lucerne, 28 February, 1827 Guglielmini, Giovanni Battista - Scientist, b. at Bologna, 16 August, 1763; d. in the same city, 15 December, 1817 Guiana - The name given to all that region of South America which extends along the Atlantic coast from the Orinoco to the Amazon Guibert of Ravenna - An antipope, known as Clement III, 1080 (1084) to 1100; born at Parma about 1025; died at Civita Castellana, 8 Sept., 1100 Guicciardini, Francesco - Biographical article by Edmund G. Gardner on the historian and statesman, who died in 1540 Guido of Arezzo - Article with life and summary of his contributions to musical theory and composition Guigues du Chastel - Medieval Carthusian (1083-1137) Guijon, André - Bishop and orator (1548-1631) Guilds - Voluntary associations for religious, social, and commercial purposes Guiney, Patrick Robert - Soldier, born at Parkstown, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, on 15 Jan., 1835; died at Boston, 21 March, 1877 Guiscard, Robert - Duke of Apulia and Calabria, founder of the Norman state of the Two Sicilies; born about 1016; died 17 July, 1085 Guise, House of - A branch of the ducal family of Lorraine who played an important part in the religious troubles of France during the seventeenth century Guitmund - A Bishop of Aversa, a Benedictine monk, theologian, and opponent of Berengarius; born at an unknown place in Normandy during the first quarter of the eleventh century; died between 1090-95, at Aversa, near Naples Gulf of St. Lawrence - Vicariate erected 12 September, 1905, and formed from the prefecture Apostolic of the same name organized 29 May, 1882 Gunpowder Plot, The - Oath taken May, 1604, plot discovered November, 1605. Robert Catesby, the originator of the Powder Plot, owned estates at Lapworth and Ashby St. Legers Gunther, Blessed - Lay brother, penitent, hermit in Bohemia, d. 1045 Günther, Anton - Philosopher; b. 17 Nov., 1783, at Lindenau, near Leitmeritz, Bohemia; d. at Vienna, 24 February, 1863 Günther of Cologne - An archbishop of that city, died 8 July, 873 Gurk - A prince-bishopric of Carinthia, suffragan to Salzburg Gury, Jean-Pierre - Moral theologian; b. at Mailleroncourt, Haute-Saone, 23 January, 1801; d. at Merc ur, Haute Loire, 18 April, 1866 Gusmão, Bartholomeu Lourenço de - Naturalist, and the first aeronaut; b. in 1685 at Santos in the province of Sao Paulo, Brazil; d. 18 November, 1724, in Toledo, Spain Gutenberg, Johann - Inventor of printing (1400-1467) Guthlac, Saint - Brief biography of this soldier, monk, and hermit, who died in 714 Guyon, Jeanne-Marie-Bouvier de La Motte- - Essay on the life, experiences, and teachings of this seventeenth-century French mystic Guzmán, Fernando Pérez de - Senor de Batres; Spanish historian and poet (1376-1458) Györ - A Hungarian see, suffragan to the Archdiocese of Gran

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Haarlem - One of the suffragan sees of the Archdiocese of Utrecht in the Netherlands Habacuc - Article on the minor prophet of the Old Testament, and his book Habakkuk - Article on the minor prophet of the Old Testament, and his book Haberl, Francis Xavier - Music historian (1840-1910) Habington, William - Poet and historian; born at Hindlip, Worcestershire, 1605; died 1654; son of Thomas Habington the antiquarian Habit - Habit is an effect of repeated acts and an aptitude to reproduce them, and may be defined as 'a quality difficult to change, whereby an agent whose nature it is to work one way or another indeterminately, is disposed easily and readily at will to follow this or that particular line of action' Habor River - A river of Mesopotamia in Asiatic Turkey, an important eastern affluent of the Euphrates Haceldama - The name given by the people to the potter's field, purchased with the price of the treason of Judas Hadewych, Blessed - Prioress of the Premonstratensian convent of Mehre, d. around 1200. Also known as Hedwig or Hadewig Hadrian, Publius Ælius - Emperor of the Romans; born 24 January, A.D. 76 at Rome; died 10 July, 138 Hadrian - Article on this martyr, who died in about 306 Hadrumetum - A titular see of Byzacena Haeften, Benedict van - Benedictine writer, provost of the Monastery of Afflighem, Belgium; born at Utrecht, 1588; died 31 July, 1648 Hagen, Gottfried - Town clerk of Cologne, and author of the Cologne 'Reimchronik' (rhymed chronicle); died 1299 Haggai - The tenth among the minor prophets of the Old Testament Haggith - One of David's wives Hagiography - The name given to that branch of learning which has the saints and their worship for its object Hague, The - Capital and seat of Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as well as of the (civil) Province of South Holland Hahn-Hahn, Ida - Countess, convert and authoress, born 22 June, 1805; died 12 January, 1880 Haid, Herenaus - Catechist, born in the Diocese of Ratisbon, 16 February, 1784; died 7 January, 1873 Hail Holy Queen - The opening words (used as a title) of the most celebrated of the four Breviary anthems of the Blessed Virgin Mary Hail Mary - Analysis of the prayer Ave Maria: origins and development Haimhausen, Karl von - German missionary; b. at Munich, of a noble Bavarian family, 28 May, 1692; d. in Chile, 7 April, 1767 Hair (in Christian Antiquity) - The paintings in the catacombs permit the belief that the early Christians simply followed the fashion of their time. The short hair of the men and the waved tresses of the women were, towards the end of the second century, curled, frizzed with irons, and arranged in tiers, while for women the hair twined about the head forming a high diadem over the brow Hairshirt - A garment of rough cloth made from goats' hair and worn in the form of a shirt or as a girdle around the loins, by way of mortification and penance Haiti - An island of the Greater Antilles Haito - Bishop of Basle; b. in 763, of a noble family of Swabia; d. 17 March, 836, in the Abbey of Reichenau, on an island in the Lake of Constance Hakodate - Comprises the six northern provinces of the island of Nippon, the island of Yezo, and the Kurile Islands, as well as the administration of the southern part of the island of Saghalin, which still belongs to the Diocese of Mohilev Hakon the Good - King of Norway, 935 (936) to 960 (961), youngest child of King Harold Fair Hair and Thora Mosterstang Halicarnassus - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis Halifax - This see takes its name from the city of Halifax which has been the seat of government in Nova Scotia since its foundation by Lord Cornwallis in 1749 Hallahan, Margaret - Foundress of the Dominican Congregation of St. Catherine of Siena (third order); b. in London, 23 January, 1803; d. 10 May, 1868 Haller, Karl Ludwig von - A professor of constitutional law, b. 1 August, 1768, at Berne, d. 21 May, 1854, at Solothurn, Switzerland Hallerstein, August - Jesuit missionary in China, born in Germany, died in China, probably about 1777 Halloween - Celebrated on the first of November. Instituted to honour all the saints, known and unknown, and, according to Urban IV, to supply any deficiencies in the faithful's celebration of saints' feasts during the year Halloy, Jean-Baptiste-Julien D'Omalius - Belgian geologist, b. at Liege, Belgium, 16 February, 1783; d. at Brussels, 15 January, 1875 Halma, Nicholas - French mathematician; born at Sedan, 31 December, 1755; died at Paris, 4 June, 1828 Ham, Hamites - Son of Noe and progenitor of one of the three great races of men whose ethnographical table is given by Genesis 10 Hamar, Ancient See of - Located in Norway Hamatha - A titular see of Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea Hambley, Ven. John - More than once this priest offered to conform to the state-mandated religion, but at last he died a martyr Hamburg - A city supposed to be identical with the Marionis of Ptolemy, was founded by a colony of fishermen from Lower Saxony Hamilton, Ontario, Diocese of - Located in Ontario, Canada; a suffragan of Toronto Hamilton, John - Archbishop of St. Andrews; b. 1511; d. at Stirling, 1571; a natural son of James, first Earl of Arran Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von - A distinguished Austrian Orientalist; b. at Graz, 9 June, 1774; d. at Vienna, 23 November, 1856 Hammurabi - The sixth king of the first Babylonian dynasty Hamsted, Adrian - Founder of the sect of Adrianists; born at Dordrecht, 1524; died at Bruges, 1581 Haneberg, Daniel Bonifacius von - German prelate and Orientalist of the nineteenth century, b. At Tanne near Kempten, Bavaria, 16 June, 1816 Hanover - The former Kingdom of Hanover has been a province of the Prussian monarchy since 20 September, 1866 Hanse, Blessed Everald - Priest martyred at Tyburn in 1581 Hansiz, Markus - Historian, b. at Volkermarkt, Carinthia, Austria, 25 April, 1683; d. at Vienna, 5 September, 1766 Hanthaler, Chrysostomus - A Cistercian, historical investigator and writer (1690-1754) Hanxleden, Johann Ernest - Jesuit missionary in the East Indies; b. at Ostercappeln, near Osnabruck, in Hanover, 1681; d. in Malabar, 20 March, 1732 Happiness - The primary meaning of this term in all the leading European languages seems to involve the notion of good fortune, good chance, good happening Haraldson, Saint Olaf - Martyr and King of Norway, d. 1030 Harbor Grace - Diocese in Newfoundland, erected in 1856 Hardee, William J. - Soldier, convert, b. at Savannah, Georgia, U.S.A., 1817, d. at Wytheville, Virginia, 6 Nov., 1873 Hardey, Mary Aloysia - Of the Society of the Sacred Heart, who established all the convents of her order, up to the year 1883, in the eastern part of the United States, Canada, and Cuba; b. at Piscataway, Maryland, 1809; d. at Paris, France, 17 June. 1886 Harding, St. Stephen - English Cistercian, confessor, the third abbot of Citeaux, d. 1134 Harding, Thomas - Controversialist; b. at Combe Martin, Devon, 1516 d. at Louvain, Sept., 1572 Hardman, Mary Juliana - Known in religion as Sister Mary; b. 26 April, 1813; d. 24 March, 1884 Hardouin, Jean - Jesuit, and historian; b. at Quimper, Brittany, 23 Dec., 1646, son of a bookseller of that town; d. at Paris, 3 Sept., 1729 Hardyng, John - An English chronicler; b. 1378; d. about 1460 Hare Indians - A Dene tribe which shares with the Loucheux the distinction of being the northernmost in America, their habitat being immediately south of that of the Eskimos Harland, Henry - American novelist (1861-1905) Harlay, Family of - An important family of parliamentarians and bishops, who deserve a place in religious history Harlez de Deulin, Charles-Joseph de - A Belgian Orientalist, domestic prelate, canon of the cathedral of Liege, member of the Academic Royale of Belgium; b. at Liege, 21 August, 1832; d. at Louvain, 14 July, 1899 Harmony - A concord of sounds, several tones of different pitch sounded as a chord; among the Greeks, the general term for music Harney - William Selby Harney, soldier, convert; b. near Haysboro, Tennessee, U.S.A., 27 August, 1800; d. at St. Louis, Missouri, 9 May, 1889. John Milton Harney, brother of foregoing, b. in Delaware, 9 March, 1789; d. at Somerset, Kentucky, 15 January, 1825 Harold, Francis - Irish Franciscan and historical writer, d. at Rome, 18 March, 1685 Harold Bluetooth - Son of King Gorm the Old of Denmark (911-986) Harpasa - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis Harper, Thomas Morton - Priest, philosopher, theologian and preacher. Born in London 26 Sept., 1821, of Anglican parents, his father being a merchant of good means in the City; d. 29 Aug., 1893 Harrington, Ven. William - Short biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1594 Harris, Joel Chandler - Folklorist, novelist, poet, journalist; born at Eatonton, Georgia, U.S.A., 1848; died at Atlanta, Georgia, 3 July, 1908 Harrisburg - Diocese in Pennsylvania Harrison, James - Priest and martyr; b. in the Diocese of Lichfield, England, date unknown; d. at York, 22 March, 1602 Harrison, William - Third and last archpriest of England, b. in Derbyshire in 1553; d. 11 May, 1621 Harrowing of Hell - This is the Old English and Middle English term for the triumphant descent of Christ into hell (or Hades) between the time of His Crucifixion and His Resurrection, when, according to Christian belief, He brought salvation to the souls held captive there since the beginning of the world Hart, William - English priest, was betrayed by an apostate on Christmas Day of 1582, chained in an underground dungeon, and martyred at York in 1583 Hartford - Diocese of Hartford, established by Gregory XVI, 18 Sept., 1843 Hartley, Ven. William - Short biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1588. Also some information on his companions in martyrdom John Hewitt, Robert Sutton, and John Harrison Hartmann, Georg - Mechanician and physicist; b. at Eckoltsheim, Bavaria, 9 Feb. 1489; d. at Nuremberg, 9 April, 1564 Hartmann von Aue - A Middle High German epic poet and minnesinger; died between 1210 and 1220 Hasak, Vincenz - Historian, b. at Neustadt, near Friedland, Bohemia, 18 July, 1812; d. 1 September, 1889, as dean of Weisskirchlitz, near Teplitz Haschka, Lorenz Leopold - A poet-author of the Austrian national anthem; b. at Vienna, 1 Sept. 1749, d. there 3 Aug., 1827, was in his youth a member of the Society of Jesus Haspinger, Johann Simon - A Tyrolese priest and patriot; b. at Gries, Tyrol, 28 October, 1776; d. in the imperial palace of Mirabell, Salzburg, 12 January, 1858 Hassard, John Rose Greene - An editor, historian; b. in New York, U.S.A., 4 September, 1836; d. in that city, 18 April, 1888 Hasslacher, Peter - Preacher; b. at Coblenz, 14 August, 1810; d. at Paris, 5 July, 1876 Hatred - In general, a vehement aversion entertained by one person for another, or for something more or less identified with that other Hatto - Archbishop of Mainz; b. of a noble Swabian family, c. 850; d. 15 May, 913 Hatton, Edward Anthony - Dominican, apologist; b. in 1701; d. at Stourton Lodge, near Leeds, Yorkshire, 23 October, 1783 Hauara - A titular see of Palestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra Haudriettes - A religious congregation founded in Paris early in the fourteenth century by Jeanne, wife of Etienne Haudry, a private secretary of St. Louis, King of France Haughery, Margaret - 'The mother of the orphans', as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, Ireland, about 1814; d. at New Orleans, Louisiana, 9 February, 1882 Hauréau, Jean-Barthélemy - Historian and publicist; b. at Paris, 1812; d. there, 1896 Hautecombe - A Cistercian monastery near Aix-les-Bains in Savoy Hautefeuille, Jean de - French physicist, b. at Orleans, 20 March, 1647; d. there, 18 October, 1724 Hautefeuille, Jean de - French physicist, b. at Orleans, 20 March, 1647; d. there, 18 October, 1724 Hauteserre - Antoine Dadin d'Hauteserre, born 1602, died 1682; a distinguished French historian and canonist, dean of the faculty of law at the University of Toulouse. Flavius Hauteserre, younger brother of the above, died about 1670; professor of law at Poitiers Haüy, René-Just - Mineralogist; b. at Saint-Just (Oise), 28 Feb., 1743; d. at Paris, 3 June, 1822 Haüy, Valentin - Founder of the first school for the blind, and known under the name of 'Father and Apostle of the Blind' (1745-1822) Hauzeur, Mathias - A Franciscan theologian, b. at Verviers, 1589; d. at Liege 12 November, 1676, for many years professor of theology Havana - Jurisdiction of the See of Havana comprises the two provinces of Havana and Matanzas Havestadt, Bernhard - German Jesuit; b. at Cologne, 27 February, 1714; died at Muenster after 1778 Hawarden, Edward - Theologian and controversialist, b. in Lancashire, England, 9 April, 1662; d. in London, 23 April, 1735 Hawes, Stephen - Poet; b. in Suffolk about 1474; d. about 1523 Hawker, Robert Stephen - Poet and antiquary; b. at Plymouth 3 December, 1803, d. there 15 August, 1875 Hawkins, Sir Henry - Raised to the peerage as Lord Brampton, eminent English lawyer and Judge, b. at Hitchin, Hertfordshire, 14 September, 1817; d. at London, 12 October, 1907 Hay, Edmund and John - Edmund Hay, jesuit, and envoy to Mary Queen of Scots, b. 1540?; d. at Rome, 4 Nov., 1591. John Hay, kinsman and contemporary of Edmund, of the family of Hay of Dalgetti; b., 1546; d. at Pont-a-Mousson, 1608; a well-known scholar, professor, and writer Hay, George - Bishop and writer, b. at Edinburgh, 24 Aug., 1729; d. at Aquhorties, 18 Oct., 1811 Haydn, Johann Michael - Younger brother of Franz Joseph Haydn (1737-1806) Haydn, Franz Joseph - Famous composer (1732-1809) Haydock, Venerable George - Biographical article on the English priest and martyr. Includes bibliography Haydock, George Leo - Priest and biblical scholar (1774-1849) Haymo - Benedictine bishop (d. 853) Haymo of Faversham - English Franciscan and schoolman, b. at Faversham, Kent; d. at Anagni, Italy, in 1243, according to the most probable opinion; Wadding gives 1244 Haynald, Lajos - Cardinal, Archbishop of Kalocsa-Bacs in Hungary; b. at Szecseny, 3 October, 1816; d. at Kalocsa, 3 July, 1891 Hazart, Cornelius - Controversialist, orator, and writer, b. 28 October, 1617, at Oudenarde in the Netherlands; entered the Society of Jesus, 24 Sept., 1634; d. 25 October, 1690, at Antwerp Healy, George Peter Alexander - An American portrait and historical painter, b. at Boston, 15 July, 1808; d. at Chicago, 14 June 1894 Hearse, Tenebrae - The triangular candlestick used in the Tenebrae service Heart of Jesus, Devotion to the - Description, spiritual significance, and historical background of devotion to the Sacred Heart Heart of Mary, Congregations of - Details on several congregations under this name Heart of Mary, Devotion to the - Description of this devotion, along with its history Heath, Ven. Henry - Short biography of the English Franciscan, martyred for being a priest. He died in 1643 Heaven - In the Holy Bible the term heaven denotes, in the first place, the blue firmament, or the region of the clouds that pass along the sky. Genesis 1:20 speaks of the birds 'under the firmament of heaven'. In other passages it denotes the region of the stars that shine in the sky. Furthermore heaven is spoken of as the dwelling of God; for, although God is omnipresent, He manifests Himself in a special manner in the light and grandeur of the firmament Hebrew Bible - As compared with the Latin Vulgate, the Hebrew Bible includes the entire Old Testament with the exception of the seven deuterocanonical books, Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, I and II Machabees, and the deuterocanonical portions of Esther (x, 4 to end) and Daniel (iii, 24-90; xiii; xiv) Hebrew Language and Literature - Hebrew was the language spoken by the ancient Israelites, and in which were composed nearly all of the books of the Old Testament Hebrews, Epistle to the - The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and His Divine mediatorial office Hebrides, New - Vicariate Apostolic of New Hebrides; in Oceania Hebron - An ancient royal city of Chanaan, famous in biblical history, especially at the time of the patriarchs and under David Hecker, Isaac Thomas - Missionary, author, founder of the Paulists; b. in New York, 18 December, 1819; d. there, 22 Dec., 1888 Hédelin, François - Grammarian, poet, preacher, archeologist, philologist (1604-1676) Hedonism - The name given to the group of ethical systems that hold, with various modifications, that feelings of pleasure or happiness are the highest and final aim of conduct; that, consequently those actions which increase the sum of pleasure are thereby constituted right, and, conversely, what increases pain is wrong Hedwig, Saint - Duchess of Silesia, aunt of St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Hedwig married Henry I, and was the mother of seven. Upon her husband's death, she entered a Cistercian monastery. Died 1243 Heeney, Cornelius - Merchant and philanthropist; b. in King's County, Ireland, 1754; d. at Brooklyn, U.S.A., 3 May, 1848 Heereman von Zuydwyk, Freiherr von - Catholic statesman and writer on art, b. 26 Aug., 1832, at Surenburg near Riesenbeck, Westphalia; d. 23 March, 1903, at Berlin Heeswijk - A village in the diocese of Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), Holland, in which the dispersed religious of the confiscated Norbertine Abbey of Berne created a new abbey and college Hefele, Karl Joseph von - Bishop of Rottenburg, b. at Unterkochen, Wuertemberg, 15 March, 1890; d. at Rottenburg, 5 June, 1893 Hegelianism - Article by William Turner, evaluating this school of thought Hegesippus, Saint - Second-century writer, opposed Marcionism and Gnosticism Hegesippus, The Pseudo- - Fourth-century translator of Josephus Hegius, Alexander - Humanist; b. probably in 1433, at Heeck (Westphalia); d. 7 December, 1498 Heidelberg, University of - The fame of Heidelberg is due to its university, which was founded in 1386 by the warlike Rupert I of Wittelsbach when he was over seventy years of age, on the model of the University of Paris Heiligenkreuz - An existing Cistercian monastery in the Wienerwald, eight miles northwest of Baden in Lower Austria Heilsbronn - Formerly a Cistercian monastery in the Diocese of Eichstatt in Middle Franconia Heilsbronn, Monk of - This name indicates the unknown author of some small mystical treatises, written about the beginning of the fourteenth century at the Cistercian Abbey of Heilsbronn Heim, François Joseph - French historical painter, b. near Belfort, 1787, d. in Paris, 1865 Heinrich der Glïchezäre - A Middle High German poet, author of a narrative poem 'Reinhart Fuchs' Heinrich von Ahaus - Founder of the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany (1371-1439) Heinrich von Laufenberg - A German poet of the fifteenth century, d. at Strasburg in 1460; he was a priest in Freiburg (Breisgau), and later dean of the cathedral Heinrich von Meissen - Usually called 'Frauenlob' (Woman's praise), a Middle High German lyric poet; b. at Meissen about 1250; d. at Mainz, 1318 Heinrich von Melk - German satirist of the twelfth century; of knightly birth and probably a lay brother in the convent of Melk, in Styria Heinrich von Veldeke - A medieval German poet of knightly rank; b. near Maastricht in the Netherlands about the middle of the twelfth century Heinz, Joseph - Swiss painter (1564-1609) Heis, Eduard - German astronomer, b. at Cologne, 18 February, 1806; d. at Muenster, Westphalia, 30 June, 1877 Heisterbach - A former Cistercian monastery in the Siebengebirge near the little town of Oberdollendorf in the Archdiocese of Cologne Helena, Saint - The mother of Constantine the Great, she died about 330 Helena (Montana) - Erected from the Vicariate of Montana, 7 March, 1884 Helen of Sköfde, Saint - Biography of the twelfth-century Swedish widow and martyr, killed in perhaps the year 1160 Helenopolis - A titular see of Bithynia Prima, suffragan of Prusa Heli - Discusses the Old Testament priest, and the New Testament father of Joseph Heliae, Paul - A Carmelite, opponent of the Reformation in Denmark, born at Warberg (in the Laen of Halland), about 1480; died after 1534 Heliand, The - The oldest complete work of German literature Hélinand - Medieval poet, chronicler, and ecclesiastical writer Heliogabalus - The name adopted by Varius Avitus Bassianus, Roman emperor (218-222), born of a Syrian family and a grandnephew of Julia Domna, the consort of Emperor Septimus Severus Hell - Hell (infernus) in theological usage is a place of punishment after death Hell, Maximilian - Astronomer, b. at Schemnitz in Hungary, 15 May, 1720; d. at Vienna, 14 April, 1792 Hello, Ernest - 19th-century French philosopher and essayist. Article by Susan Tracy Otten Helmold - A historian, born in the first half of the twelfth century; died about 1177 Helmont, Jan Baptista van - Born at Brussels, 1577; died near Vilvorde, 30 December, 1644. This scientist, distinguished in the early annals of chemistry, belonged to a Flemish family Helpers of the Holy Souls, Society of the - A religious order of women founded in Paris, France, 1856, with the object of assisting the Holy Souls, by [Blessed] Eugenie Smet (in religion, Marie de la Providence) Helpidius, Flavius Rusticius - The name of several Latin writers Hélyot, Pierre - Usually known as Hippolyte, his name in religion. Born at Paris, in 1660; died there 5 January, 1716 Hemmerlin, Felix - A provost at Solothurn, in Switzerland, born at Zurich, in 1388 or 1389; died about 1460 Henderson, Issac Austin - Theologian, musician, singer, and writer (1850-1909) Hendrick, Thomas Augustine - Twenty-second Bishop of Cebu, Philippine Islands, b. at Penn Yan, New York, U.S.A., 29 Oct., 1849; d. at Cebu, 29 Nov., 1909 Hengler, Lawrence - Catholic priest and the inventor of the horizontal pendulum, b. at Reichenhofen, Wuertemberg, 3 Feb., 1806; d. at Tigerfeld, 1858 Hennepin, Louis - One of the most famous explorers in the wilds of North America during the seventeenth century Henoch - The name of the son of Cain (Gen., iv, 17, 18), of a nephew of Abraham (Gen., xxv, 4), of the first-born of Ruben (Gen., xlvi, 9), and of the son of Jared and the father of Mathusala (Gen., v. 18 sq.) Henoch, Book of - Introductory article Henoticon - The unsuccessful law made by the Emperor Zeno in order to conciliate Catholics and Monophysites Henri de Saint-Ignace - A Carmelite theologian, b. in 1630, at Ath in Hainaut, Belgium; d. in 1719 or 1720, near Liege Henrion, Mathieu-Richard-Auguste - Baron, French magistrate, historian, and journalist; b. at Metz, 19 June, 1805; d. at Aix, September, 1862 Henríquez, Crisóstomo - A Cistercian of the Spanish Congregation; b. at Madrid, 1594; d. 23 December, 1632, at Louvain Henríquez, Enrique - Jesuit theologian, b. at Oporto, 1536; d. at Tivoli, 28 January, 1608 Henry II - Biographical article that focuses on the King of England's constitutional and legal reforms, and his conflict with Thomas Becket Henry II, Saint - Biography of the German king and Holy Roman Emperor, d. 1024 Henry III - German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1017-1056) Henry IV - King of France and Navarre (1553-1610) Henry IV - German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1050-1108) Henry V - German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1081-1125) Henry VI - German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1165-1197) Henry VIII - Lengthy article which concentrates on Henry's break with the Church of Rome Henry Abbot - A layman and convert to Catholicism, martyred at York in 1597. Explains the circumstances which led to his martyrdom Henry of Friemar - German theologian; b. at Friemar, a small town near Gotha in Thuringia, about the end of the thirteenth century; d. probably at Erfurt about 1355 Henry of Ghent - A notable scholastic philosopher and theologian of the thirteenth century Henry of Herford - Friar and chronicler; date of birth unknown; died at Minden, 9 Oct., 1370 Henry of Huntingdon - Historian; b. probably near Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, between 1080 and 1085; d. 1155 Henry of Kalkar - Carthusian writer, b. at Kalkar in the Duchy of Cleves in 1328; d. at Cologne, 20 December, 1408 Henry of Langenstein - Theologian and mathematician; b. about 1325 at the villa of Hainbuch (Hembuche), near Langenstein in Hesse; d. at Vienna, 11 Feb., 1397 Henry of Nördlingen - A Bavarian secular priest, of the fourteenth century, date of death unknown; the spiritual adviser of Margaretha Ebner (died 1351), the mystic of Medingen Henry of Rebdorf - Alleged author of an imperial and papal chronicle of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Henry of Segusio, Blessed - Usually called Hostiensis. Italian canonist, bishop of Ostia, d. 1261 Henryson, Robert - Scottish poet, born probably 1420-1430; died about 1500 Henry Suso, Blessed - Biography of this German Dominican mystic, d. 1366 Henry the Navigator, Prince - Born 4 March, 1394; died 13 November, 1460; he was the fourth son of John I, King of Portugal, by Queen Philippa, a daughter of John of Gaunt Henschen, Godfrey - Jesuit, hagiographer; b. at Venray (Limburg), 21 June, 1601; d. at Antwerp, 11 Sept., 1681 Hensel, Luise - Poetess and convert; born at Linum, 30 March, 1798; died. at Paderborn, 18 December, 1876 Henten, John - John Henton, Biblical exegete, born 1499 at Nalinnes Belgium; died 10 Oct., 1566 Heortology - The science of sacred festivals, embracing the principles of their origin, significance, and historical development, with reference to epochs or incidents in the Christian year Hephæstus - A titular see of Augustamnica Prima, mentioned by Hierocles (Synecd., 727, 9), by George of Cyprus, and by certain rare documents, as among the thirteen towns of that province Heptarchy - By the term heptarchy is understood that complexus of seven kingdoms, into which, roughly speaking, Anglo-Saxon Britain was divided for nearly three centuries, until at last the supremacy, about the year 829, fell definitely and finally into the hands of Wessex Heraclas - Bishop of Alexandria from 231 or 232; to 247 or 248 Heraclea - A titular see of Thracia Prima Heraldry, Ecclesiastical - Information on heraldry as it is used in and by the Catholic Church Herbart and Herbartianism - Article on the life and philosophy of Johann Friedrich Herbart, by Michael Maher Herbert of Bosham - A biographer of St. Thomas Becket, dates of birth and death unknown Herbert of Derwentwater, Saint - Short biography of the seventh-century anchorite Herbert of Lea, Lady Elizabeth - English authoress and philanthropist (1822-1911) Herbst, Johann Georg - Born at Rottweil, in Wuertemberg, 13 January, 1787; died 31 July, 1836 Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo, Alejandro - Born at Lisbon, 28 March, 1810; died near Santarem, 13 Sept., 1877 Herder - The name of a German firm of publishers and booksellers Herdtrich, Christian Wolfgang - An Austrian Jesuit missionary in China; born at Graz, Styria, 25 June, 1625; d. 18 July, 1684 Heredity - The offspring tends to resemble, sometimes with extraordinary closeness, the parents Hereford, Ancient Diocese of - Located in England Hereswitha, Saint - Also known as Haeresvid or Hereswyde, blood sister of St. Hilda of Whitby. Mother, widow, and nun Heresy - St. Thomas defines heresy: 'a species of infidelity in men who, having professed the faith of Christ, corrupt its dogmas' Hergenröther, Joseph - Church historian and canonist, first Cardinal-Prefect of the Vatican Archives, b. at Wuerzburg, 15 Sept., 1824; d. at Mehrerau (Bodensee), 3 Oct., 1890 Heribert, Saint - Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1021 Heribert - Archbishop of Milan (1018-1045) Heriger of Lobbes - A medieval theologian and historian; born about 925; died 31 October, 1007 Herincx, William - A theologian, born at Helmond, North Brabant, 1621; died 17 Aug., 1678 Hermann I - Landgrave of Thuringia (1190-1217), famous as a patron of medieval German poets Hermann Contractus - Chronicler, mathematician, and poet (1013-1054) Hermann Joseph, Saint - Biographical article on this German Premonstratensian mystic, who died in 1241 Hermann of Altach - A medieval historian; b. 1200 or 1201; d. 31 July, 1275 Hermann of Fritzlar - With this name are connected two works on mysticism written in German Hermann of Minden - Provincial of the German province of Dominicans; b. at or near Minden on an unknown date; d. shortly after 1294 Hermann of Salza - Fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, descendant of the noble Thuringian house of Salza; b. 1180 at Langensalza in Thuringia; d. 19 March, 1239, at Barletta in Southern Italy Hermanos Penitentes, Los - A society of flagellants existing among the Spanish of New Mexico and Colorado. Hermas, Saint - The Roman Martyrology includes for 18 August Roman martyrs Hermas, Serapion, and Polyaenus. Ten days later a Roman martyr Hermes and Alexandrian martyrs Polienus and Serapion are commemorated. Perhaps they are the same Hermas - First or second century, author of the book called 'The Shepherd' (Poimen, Pastor), a work which had great authority in ancient times and was ranked with Holy Scripture Hermeneutics - Derived from a Greek word connected with the name of the god Hermes, the reputed messenger and interpreter of the gods Hermengild, Saint - The son of an Arian Visigothic king. His mother and wife were Catholic, and he converted to Catholicism, and resisted Arianism. He was beheaded in 585 Hermes, Saint - Martyr, Bishop of Salano (Spalato) in Dalmatia Hermes, George - Joseph Schulte's treatment of this German religious thinker Hermite, Charles - Mathematician, born at Dieuze, Lorraine, 24 December, 1822; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1901; Hermits - Also called anchorites, men who fled the society of their fellow-men to dwell alone in retirement Hermits of St. Augustine - A religious order which in the thirteenth century combined several monastic societies into one, under this name Hermon - A group of mountains forming the southern extremity of Anti-Lebanon, and marking on the east of the Jordan the northern boundary of Israel Hermopolis Magna - A titular see of Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoe, in Egypt Hermopolis Parva - A titular see of Aegyptus Prima, suffragan of Alexandria Herod - Herod was the name of many rulers mentioned in the N.T. and in history. It was known long before the time of the biblical Herods Herodias - Wife of Herod Philip, and mistress of Herod Antipas Heroic Act of Charity - A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences dated 18 December, 1885, and confirmed the following day by Leo XIII Heroic Virtue - St. Augustine first applied the pagan title of hero to the Christian martyrs Herp, Henry - A fifteenth century Franciscan of the Strict Observance and a distinguished writer on mysticism Herrad of Landsberg - A twelfth-century abbess, author of the 'Hortus Deliciarum'; born about 1130, at the castle of Landsberg, the seat of a noble Alsatian family; died 1195 Herregouts - There were three artists of the name of Herregouts, father, son, and grandson, of whom the chief was Hendrik, the son of David, and the father of Jan Herrera, Fernando de - A Spanish lyric poet; born 1537; died 1597 Herrera, Francisco - A Spanish painter, etcher, medallist, and architect; born in Seville, 1576; died in Madrid, 1656 Herrera Barnuevo, Sebastiano de - A painter, architect, sculptor and etcher; born in Madrid, 1611 or 1619; died there, 1671 Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de - A Spanish historian; born at Cuellar, in the province of Segovia, in 1559; died at Madrid, 27 March, 1625 Herrgott, Marquard - A Benedictine historian and diplomat (1694-1762) Hersfeld - An ancient imperial abbey of the Benedictine Order Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo - Spanish Jesuit and famous philologist; b. at Horcajo, 1 May, 1735; d. at Rome, 24 August, 1809 Hervetus, Gentian - French theologian and controversialist; b. at Olivet, near Orleans, in 1499; d. at Reims, 12 September, 1584 Hesebon - A titular see of the province of Arabia, suffragan of Bostra Hesse - The name of a German tribe, and also a district in Germany extending along the Lahn, Eder, Fulda, Werra, and the Lower Main and Rhine Hessels, Jean - A distinguished theologian of Louvain; born 1522; died 1566 Hesychasm - Hesychasts (hesychastes — quietist) were people, nearly all monks, who defended the theory that it is possible by an elaborate system of asceticism, detachment from earthly cares, submission to an approved master, prayer, especially perfect repose of body and will, to see a mystic light; which is none other than the uncreated light of God Hesychius of Alexandria - Grammarian and lexicographer; of uncertain date, but assigned by most authorities to the later fourth or earlier fifth century Hesychius of Jerusalem - Presbyter and exegete, probably of the fifth century Hesychius of Sinai - A priest and monk of the Order of St. Basil in the Thorn-bush (Batos) monastery on Mt. Sinai, and ascetic author of the Byzantine period in literature Hethites - One of the many peoples of North-Western Asia, styled Hittim in the Hebrew Bible, Khuti or Kheta on the Egyptian monuments, and Hatti in the cuneiform documents Hettinger, Franz - A Catholic theologian; born 13 January, 1819, at Aschaffenburg; died 26 January, 1890, at Wuerzburg Heude, Pierre - Missionary to China and zoologist (1836-1902) Hewett, John - English martyr; son of William Hewett of York; date of birth unknown; executed at Mile End Green, 6 October, 1588 Hewit, Augustine Francis - Priest and second Superior General of the Institute of St. Paul the Apostle (1820-1897) Hexaemeron - Signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis Hexapla - Article on Origen's compilation of six ancient versions of the Bible in parallel columns, his purpose and the principles that guided his work Hexateuch - A name commonly used by the critics to designate the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. the Pentateuch and Josue Hexham and Newcastle - Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle (Hagulstadensis et Novocastrensis) Heynlin of Stein, Johann - A theologian, born about 1425; died at Basle, 12 March, 1496 Heywood, Jasper and John - Jasper Heywood, poet and translator; born 1535 in London; died 1598 at Naples. John Heywood, father of Jasper, dramatist and epigrammatist; born probably c. 1497; died about 1580 Hezekiah - King of Juda, son and successor of Achaz Hibernians, Ancient Order of - This organization grew up gradually among the Catholics of Ireland owing to the dreadful hardships and persecutions to which they were subjected Hickey, Antony - A theologian, born in the Barony of Islands, Co. Clare, Ireland, in 1586; died in Rome, 26 June, 1641 Hidalgo, Miguel - Mexican patriot (1753-1811) Hierapolis - Titular Archdiocese, metropolis of the Province of Euphrates, in the Patriarchate of Antioch Hierapolis - Titular see of Phrygia Salutaris Hierarchy - This word has been used to denote the totality of ruling powers in the Church, ever since the time of the Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagita (sixth century), who consecrated the expression in his works, 'The Celestial Hierarchy' and 'The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy' Hierarchy of the Early Church - The word hierarchy is used here to denote the three grades of bishop, priest, and deacon (ministri) Hierocæsarea - A titular see of Lydia, suffragan of Sardis Hieronymites - In the fourth century, certain Roman ladies, following St. Paula, embraced the religious life in Bethlehem, putting themselves under the direction of St. Jerome, who had founded a monastery in that city Hierotheus - All attempts to establish as historical a personality corresponding to the Hierotheus who appears in the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius are rendered abortive by the fact, now definitely proven, that those writings, with intent to mislead, weave into their narrative various fictitious personalities of the Apostolic Era, such as Peter, James, John, Timothy, Carpus, and others Higden, Ranulf - Benedictine chronicler (d. 1364) High Altar - The chief altar in a church, raised on an elevated plane in the sanctuary, where it may be seen simultaneously by all the faithful in the body of the church Higher Criticism - Biblical criticism in its fullest comprehension is the examination of the literary origins and historical values of the books composing the Bible, with the state in which these exist at the present day High Priest, The - The chief priest in the Old Testament Hilarion, Saint - Hermit, died in about 371 Hilarius, Pope Saint - As an archdeacon, he had acted as one of Pope St. Leo the Great's legates at the 'Robber Synod.' Biographical article Hilarius of Sexten - Moral theologian (1839-1900) Hilarus, Pope Saint - As an archdeacon, he had acted as one of Pope St. Leo the Great's legates at the 'Robber Synod.' Biographical article Hilary of Arles, Saint - Biographical article on this 5th-century archbishop Hilary of Poitiers, Saint - Biographical article on this bishop, a staunch opponent of Arianism, who died in 368. Includes bibliography Hilda, Saint - Biographical article on the influential abbess, who died in 680 Hildebert of Lavardin - Bishop of Le Mans, Archbishop of Tours, and celebrated medieval poet; b. about 1056, at the Castle of Lavardin near Montoir on the Loire; d. 8 December, 1133 or 1134 Hildegard, Saint - Seer and prophet, Sibyl of the Rhine, d. 1179. Never formally canonized, but she is listed in the Roman Martyrology Hildesheim - An exempt see, comprising the Prussian province of Hanover east of the Weser, besides the Duchy of Brunswick Hilduin, Abbot of St-Denis - Died 22 November, 840 Hill, Ven. Richard - A Yorkshireman and priest, executed in 1590. Martyred together with John Hogg, Richard Holiday, and Edmund Duke Hillel - Short essay on the Jewish rabbi and philosopher Hilton, Walter - Article about the spiritual writings of this Augustinian mystic, d. 1396 Himeria - A titular see in the province of Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa Himerius - An Archbishop of Tarragona in Spain, 385 Hincmar of Reims - Archbishop of Reims Hincmar of Laon - A bishop of Laon, died 879 Hinderer, Roman - A German missionary in China, born at Reiningen, near Muelhausen, in Alsace, 21 Sept., 1668; died 24 Aug., 1744 Hinduism - The conglomeration of religious beliefs and practices existing in India that have grown out of ancient Brahminism Hingston, Sir William Hales - Canadian physician and surgeon, b. at Hinchinbrook near Huntingdon, Quebec, June 29, 1829; d. at Montreal, 19 February, 1907 Hippo Diarrhytus - Titular see of Northern Africa Hippo Regius - Titular see of Numidia Hippolytus of Rome, Saint - Presbyter, antipope, martyr, died about 236 Hippolytus, Saints - Several mentions of a saint or saints named Hippolytus occur in the Roman Martyrology. Some must be identified with Hippolytus of Rome, but at least one (a 'Greek martyr') cannot possibly be the same person as the Roman presbyter Hippos - Several mentions of a saint or saints named Hippolytus occur in the Roman Martyrology. Some must be identified with Hippolytus of Rome, but at least one (a 'Greek martyr') cannot possibly be the same person as the Roman presbyter Hirena - Titular see of Tunis Hirschau, Abbey of - A celebrated Benedictine monastery in Wuertemberg, Diocese of Spires Hirscher, Johann Baptist von - Professor of moral theology and catechetics at the University of Freiburg in the Breisgau Historical Criticism - The art of distinguishing the true from the false concerning facts of the past History, Ecclesiastical - A survey of the role of church history, the history of the Catholic Church and historiography of church history Hittites - One of the many peoples of North-Western Asia, styled Hittim in the Hebrew Bible, Khuti or Kheta on the Egyptian monuments, and Hatti in the cuneiform documents Hittorp, Melchior - A theologian and liturgical writer, born about 1525, at Cologne; died there in 1584 Hladnik, Franz von Paula - Botanist and schoolmaster (1773-1844) Hobart - Archdiocese comprises Tasmania, Bruni Island, and the Cape Barren, Flinders, King, and other islands in Bass Straits Hodgson, Sydney - Was martyred in 1591 for having assisted priests and for being a convert to Catholicism Hofer, Andreas - A patriot and soldier, born at St. Leonhard in Passeyrthale, Tyrol, 22 Nov., 1767; executed at Mantua, 20 Feb., 1810 Höfler, Konstantin von - Historian; born at Memmingen, Bavaria, 26 March, 1811; died at Prague, 29 December, 1898 Hogan, John Baptist - Better known, on account of his long sojourn in France, as Abbe Hogan (1829-1901) Hohenbaum van der Meer, Moritz - A Benedictine historian; born at Spoerl near Belgrade, 25 June, 1718; died at the monastery of Rheinau, near Schaffhausen in Switzerland, 18 December, 1795 Hohenburg - A suppressed nunnery, situated on the Odilienberg, the most famous of the Vosges mountains in Alsace Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Alexander Leopold - A titular Bishop of Sardica, famous for his many supposedly miraculous cures (1794-1849) Holbein, Hans - A German painter; b. at Augsburg about 1460; d. at Isenheim, Alsace, in 1524 Holden, Henry - An English priest; born 1596; died March, 1662 Holiness - Holiness or sanctity is the outcome of sanctification, that Divine act by which God freely justifies us, and by which He has claimed us for His own; by our resulting sanctity, in act as well as in habit, we claim Him as our Beginning and as the End towards which we daily unflinchingly tend Holland, Ven. Thomas - Short biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1642 Hollanders in the United States - Statistics and other information about Dutch immigrants Holmes, John - Catholic educator and priest; born at Windsor, Vermont, in 1799; died at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada, in 1852 Holocaust - As suggested by its Greek origin (holos 'whole', and kaustos 'burnt') the word designates an offering entirely consumed by fire, in use among the Jews and some pagan nations of antiquity. [Definition from 1910.] Holstenius, Lucas - German philologist, b. at Hamburg, 1596; d. at Rome, 2 February, 1661 Holtei, Karl von - German novelist, poet, and dramatist; b. at Breslau, 24 January, 1798; d. in that city, 12 February, 1880 Holy Agony, Archconfraternity of - An association for giving special honour to the mental sufferings of Christ during His Agony in the Garden of Gethsemani Holy Alliance - The Emperor Francis I of Austria, King Frederick William III of Prussia, and the Tsar Alexander I of Russia, signed a treaty on 26 September, 1815, by which they united in a 'Holy Alliance.' Holy Childhood, Association of the - A children's association for the benefit of foreign missions Holy Child Jesus, Society of the - Founded in England in 1840 by Mrs. Cornelia Connelly, nee Peacock, a native of Philadelphia, U.S.A., who had become a convert to the Catholic Faith in 1835 Holy Coat - The possession of the seamless garment of Christ, for which the soldiers cast lots at the Crucifixion, is claimed by the cathedral of Trier and by the parish church of Argenteuil Holy Communion - By Communion is meant the actual reception of the Sacrament of the Eucharist Holy Cross, Congregation of - A body of priests and lay brothers constituted in the religious state by the simple vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and bearing the common name of Religious of Holy Cross Holy Cross, Sisters Marianites of - Founded in 1841, in the parish of Holy Cross near Le Mans, Sarthe, France, by a priest of the same city, Basile-Antoine Moreau Holy Cross, Sisters of the - Mother House, St. Mary's of the Immaculate Conception, Notre Dame, Indiana Holy Cross Abbey - The ruins of this monastery are situated on the right bank of the River Suir, about three miles southwest of the cathedral town of Thurles, Co. Tipperary Holy Faith, Sisters of the - Founded at Dublin, in 1857, by Margaret Aylward, under the direction of Rev. John Gowan, C.M., for the care of Catholic orphans Holy Family, Archconfraternity of the - This archconfraternity owes its origin to Henri Belletable, an officer in the Engineers' Corps, Liege, Belgium Holy Family, Congregations of the - Details of various groups by this name Holy Ghost - The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms an integral part of her teaching on the mystery of the Holy Trinity Holy Ghost, Orders of the - The Hospital of the Holy Ghost at Rome was the cradle of an order, which, beginning in the thirteenth century, spread throughout all the countries of Christendom, and whose incalculable services have been recognized by every historian of medicine Holy Ghost, Religious Congregations of the - Several groups by this name are covered Holy Grail, The - The name of a legendary sacred vessel, variously identified with the chalice of the Eucharist or the dish of the Pascal lamb, and the theme of a famous medieval cycle of romance Holy House of Loreto - Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the 'Holy House' of Loreto has been numbered among the most famous shrines of Italy Holy Humility of Mary, Sisters of the - Founded at Dommartin-sous-Amance, France, in 1855, by John Joseph Begel (b. 5 April, 1817; d. 23 Jan., 1884), pastor of the two villages of Laitre and Dommartin Holy Infancy, Brothers of the - Founded in 1853 by the Right Rev. John Timon, the first Bishop of Buffalo. The special aim of this congregation is the sanctification of its members and the care of destitute and wayward boys Holy Innocents - Fairly long article on these children, and the commemoration of their martyrdom. Both Western and Eastern Christianity Holy Name, Feast of the - Formerly the second Sunday after Epiphany, no longer on the Roman Calendar. Article's value is mostly historical. Mentions some of the more beautiful hymns addressed to Jesus Holy Name, Litany of the - Does not give the text of the litany itself, but mentions many of the titles of Jesus Christ Holy Name, Society of the - A.k.a. Holy Name Society. Men's confraternity to encourage prayer Holy Name of Jesus - Reverence for the name of Jesus is not optional for believers. Article highlights the Scriptural reasons, and describes some customary ways of showing reverence Holy Oils - Oil is a product of great utility the symbolic signification of which harmonizes with its natural uses. It serves to sweeten, to strengthen, to render supple; and the Church employs it for these purposes in its rites Holy Oils, Vessels for - In Christian antiquity there existed an important category of vessels used as receptacles for holy oil Holy Orders - The sacrament by which grace and spiritual power for the discharge of ecclesiastical offices are conferred. Holy Saturday - In the early Church this was the only Saturday on which fasting was permitted (Constit. Apost., VII, 23), and the fast was one of special severity Holy See - A term derived from the enthronement-ceremony of the bishops of Rome Holy Sepulchre - The tomb in which the Body of Jesus Christ was laid after His death upon the Cross Holy Sepulchre, Canonesses Regular of the - Concerning the foundation there is only a tradition connecting it with St. James the Apostle and representing St. Helena as invested with the habit by St. Macanus, Bishop of Jerusalem Holy Sepulchre, Fathers of the - Franciscan Fathers, who with lay brothers keep watch over the Holy Sepulchre and the sanctuaries of the basilica Holy Sepulchre, Knights of the - A secular confraternity which gradually grew up around the most august of the Holy Places Holy Spirit - The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms an integral part of her teaching on the mystery of the Holy Trinity Holy Stairs (Scala Sancta) - Consisting of twenty-eight white marble steps, at Rome, near the Lateran; according to tradition the staircase leading once to the praetorium of Pilate at Jerusalem, hence sanctified by the footsteps of Our Lord during his Passion Holy Synod - The name of the council by which the Church of Russia and, following its example, many other Orthodox Churches are governed Holy Thursday - The feast of Maundy (or Holy) Thursday solemnly commemorates the institution of the Eucharist and is the oldest of the observances peculiar to Holy Week Holy Water - In the earliest Christian times, water was used for expiatory and purificatory purposes, to a way analogous to its employment under the Jewish Law Holy Water Fonts - Vessels intended for the use of holy water Holy Week - The week which precedes the great festival of the Resurrection on Easter Sunday, and which consequently is used to commemorate the Passion of Christ, and the event which immediately led up to it Holy Year of Jubilee - Background information relating to the Jubilee Holyrood Abbey - Located in Edinburgh, Scotland; founded in 1128 by King David I for the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, probably brought from St. Andrews Holywell - Two documents of the twelfth century, preserved in the British Museum, and printed by the Bollandists, give its history, with the earliest record of the miraculous cures effected by its waters Holywood, Christopher - Jesuit; b. At Artane, Dublin, in 1559; d. 4 September, 1626 Holywood, John - John Holywood, a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as professor of astronomy at Paris; died in that city, 1256 Holzhauser, Bartholomew - Parish priest, ecclesiastical writer, and founder of a religious community; born 24 Aug., 1613, at Laugna in the Diocese of Augsburg, Bavaria; died 20 May, 1658 Homes - This term, when used in an eleemosynary sense, covers all institutions that afford the general comforts of domestic life to persons who are defective and dependent Homicide - Signifies, in general, the killing of a human being. In practice, however, the word has come to mean the unjust taking away of human life, perpetrated by one distinct from the victim and acting in a private capacity Homiletics - Lengthy historical article. Includes extensive bibliography Homiliarium - A collection of homilies, or familiar explanations of the Gospels Homily - Etymology, early development. Also a summary of four ways of preaching on Scripture Homoousion - The word used by the Council of Nicaea (325) to express the Divinity of Christ Honduras - The territory of the vicariate is co-extensive with that of the British Crown Colony of the same name Hong-Kong - A prefect Apostolic under the Bishop of Macao was nominated by Gregory XVI (1846); a vicariate Apostolic was created in 1874 Honoratus, Saint - Founder of the famous monastery at Lerins, Archbishop of Arles, d. 429 Honoratus a Sancta Maria - A Discalced Carmelite; born at Limoges, 4 July, 1651 ; died at Lille, 1729 Honorius, Saint - Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 653 Honorius I, Pope - Reigned 625-638 Honorius II, Pope - Archdeacon of Bologna. Died at Rome, 14 February, 1130 Honorius III, Pope - Born at Rome, date of birth unknown; died at Rome, 18 March, 1227 Honorius IV, Pope - Born at Rome about 1210; died at Rome, 3 April, 1287 Honorius, Flavius - Roman Emperor, d. 25 August, 423 Honorius of Autun - A theologian, philosopher, and encyclopedic writer who lived in the first half of the twelfth century Honour - May be defined as the deferential recognition by word or sign of another's worth or station Hontheim, Johannes Nicolaus von - An auxiliary Bishop of Trier; born at Trier, 27 January, 1701; died at Montquentin, near Orval, 2 Sept., 1790 Hood - A flexible, conical, brimless head-dress, covering the entire head, except the face Hoogstraten, Jacob van - A theologian and controversialist, born about 1460, in Hoogstraeten, Belgium; died in Cologne, 24 January, 1527 Hooke, Luke Joseph - Born at Dublin in 1716; died at St. Cloud, Paris, 16 April, 1796, son of Nathaniel Hooke the historian Hope - The desire of something together with the expectation of obtaining it Hope-Scott, James Robert - Parliamentary barrister, Q.C.; b. 15 July, 1812, at Great Marlow, Berkshire, England; d. in London, 29 April, 1873 Hopi Indians - A tribe of Pueblo Indians of Shoshonean stock Hôpital, Guillaume-François-Antoine de L' - Marquis de Sainte-Mesme and Comte d'Entremont, French mathematician; b. at Paris, 1661; d. at Paris, 2 February, 1704 Hopkins, Gerard Manley - Jesuit and poet (1844-1889) Hormisdas, Pope Saint - Died 523. The father of Pope Silverius Horner, Nicholas - Short biography of the London tailor, a layman, who was hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1590 for assisting a Catholic priest Horns, Altar - On the Jewish altar there were four projections, one at each corner, which were called the horns of the altar. These projections are not found on the Christian altar, but the word cornu ('horn') is still maintained to designate the sides or corners of the altar Hornyold, John Joseph - A titular Bishop of Phiomelia, Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District, England; born 19 February, 1706; died at Longbirch, Staffordshire, 26 December, 1778 Hortulus Animæ - A prayer book popular in the early years of the sixteenth century Hosanna - The general opinion is that of St. Jerome, that the word originated from two Hebrew words of Psalm 117:25. This psalm, was recited by one of the priests every day during the procession round the altar, during the Feast of Tabernacles, when the people were commanded to 'rejoice before the Lord' (Levitucs 13:40); and on the seventh day it was recited each time during the seven processions Hosea - The prophet and his book Hosius, Stanislaus - Cardinal and Prince-Bishop of Ermland; born of German parents at Cracow, 5 May, 1504; died at Capranica, near Rome, S August, 1579 Hosius of Cordova - The foremost Western champion of orthodoxy in the early anti-Arian struggle; born about 256; died about 358 Hospice - During the early centuries of Christianity the hospice was a shelter for the sick, the poor, the orphans, the old, the travellers and the needy of every kind Hospitality - In the religious orders the duty of hospitality was insisted upon from the beginning both in East and West Hospitallers - During the Middle Ages, among the hospitals established throughout, religious of both sexes lived under one roof, following the Rule of St. Augustine Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem - The most important of all the military orders, both for the extent of its area and for its duration Hospitals - Originally, hospital meant a place where strangers or visitors were received; in the course of time, its use was restricted to institutions for the care of the sick Hospital Sisters of the Mercy of Jesus - These sisters are established in religion under the Rule of St. Augustine, the institute being dependent on the pope represented by the bishop Hospitius, Saint - Popularly known as Sospis. A hermit, he died in 581 Hossche, Sidron de - Poet and priest; born at Mercken, West Flanders, in 1596; died at Tongres in 1653 Host, Johann - One of the seven Dominicans, who distinguished themselves in the struggle against Luther in Cologne Host - Archaeological and historical aspects Hottentots - One of three tribes of South Africa which may be divided Bantus, Hottentots, and Bushmen Houbigant, Charles François - Oratorian, one of the ablest Biblical scholars of his time. Born in Paris, 1686; died there 31 October, 1783 Houdon, Jean-Antoine - Born at Versailles, 1741; died 16 July, 1828; the most distinguished sculptor of France during the latter half of the eighteenth century Houdry, Vincent - Preacher and writer on ascetics; b. 23 January, 1631, at Tours; d. 21 March, 1729, at Paris Houghton, John, Blessed - Biography of the Carthusian martyr, who died in 1535, and details on some of his companions in martyrdom Houghton, William - Archbishop of Dublin, date and place of birth unknown; died at Dijon, 1298 Hours, Canonical - Essay on the practice of reciting the Divine Office according to set hours Hours, Liturgy of the - Brief essay on the historical development of the Liturgy of the Hours Hove, Peter van - Friar Minor, lector in theology and exegete; b. at Rethy, in Campine (Belgium); d. at Antwerp, in 1793 Howard, Mary, of the Holy Cross - Poor Clare, born 28 December, 1653; died at Rouen, 21 Mary's 1735 Howard, Philip Thomas - Dominican and cardinal, commonly called the 'Cardinal of Norfolk'; born at Arundel House, London, 21 September, 1629; died at Rome, 17 June, 1694 Howard, Philip, Venerable - Biographical article on the Earl of Arundel, martyred in 1595 Howard, Venerable William - Biography of the Viscount Stafford, who headed the list of Catholic lords pursued by Titus Oates in the so-called Popish Plot. Imprisoned in the Tower and tried before the House of Lords, Stafford was executed in 1680 Hroswitha - A celebrated nun-poetess of the tenth century, whose name has been given in various forms, Roswitha, Hrotswitha, Hrosvitha, and Hrotsuit; born probably between 930 and 940, died about 1002 Huajuápam de León - Diocese in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, erected by Bull of Leo XIII Huánuco - Suffragan of Lima in Peru Huaraz - Suffragan of Lima. It comprises the entire department of Ancachs in the Republic of Peru Huber, Alphons - Historian; born 14 October, 1834, at Fuegen, Zillerthal (Tyrol); died 23 November, 1898, at Vienna Hubert, Saint - Confessor, first bishop of Liege, d. 727 or 728 Hubert, Jean-François - The ninth Bishop of Quebec, born at Quebec, 23 February, 1739; died 17 October, 1799 Hubert, Saint, Military Orders of - The highest order of Bavaria, founded in 1444 or 1445 by Gerhard V, Duke of Juelich, in commemoration of a victory gained on St. Hubert's day (3 Nov.); some, however, date the establishment as late as 1473 and 1475 Hubert Walter - Archbishop of Canterbury (1193-1205); died 13 July, 1205 Hübner, Count Alexander - An Austrian statesman, born 26 Nov., 1811; died 30 July, 1892 Huc, Evariste Régis - A French Lazarist missionary and traveller; born at Caylus (Tarn-et-Garonne), 1 June, 1813; died at Paris, 26 March, 1860 Hucbald of St-Amand - A Benedictine monk; born in 840; died in 930 or 932 Huddleston, John - Monk of the Order of St. Benedict; b. at Farington Hall, Lancashire, 15 April, 1608; exact date of death unknown; buried at London, 13 September, 1698 Hudson, Blessed James - Also called James Hudson. Priest who was imprisoned and then martyred at York in 1582 Hueber, Fortunatus - A Franciscan historian and theologian, born at Neustadt on the Danube; died 12 Feb., 1706, at Munich Huelgas de Burgos - Founded by Alfonso VIII at the instance of his consort, Dona Leonor of England, about the year 1180 Huesca - Diocese embracing parts of the province of Huesca in north-eastern Spain, seven parishes in the Broto valley and three within the limits of the Archdiocese of Saragossa, one parish being situated in the city of Saragossa itself Huet, Pierre-Daniel - A distinguished savant and celebrated French bishop; born 8 February, 1630, at Caen (Normandy), where his father, a convert from Calvinism, was sheriff; died at Paris, 26 January, 1721 Hüffer, Hermann - Historian and jurist; born 24 March, 1830, at Muenster in Westphalia; died at Bonn, 15 March, 1905 Hug, Johann Leonhard - A German Catholic exegete, b. at Constance, 1 June, 1765; d. at Freiburg im Br., 11 March, 1846 Hugh, Saint - Article on Little St. Hugh of Lincoln Hugh Capet - King of France, founder of the Capetian dynasty, b. about the middle of the tenth century; d. about 996, probably 24 October Hughes, John - Fourth bishop and first Archbishop of New York, born at Annaloghan, Co. Tyrone, Ireland, 24 June, 1797 of Patrick Hughes and Margaret McKenna: died in New York, 3 January, 1864 Hugh Faringdon, Blessed - His family name was Cook; Faringdon is his probable birthplace. Mitred abbot of Reading. When he refused to surrender the abbey, he was condemned to death. Martyred in 1539 Hugh of Digne - Friar Minor and ascetical writer; b. at Digne, south-east France, date uncertain; d. at Marseilles about 1285 Hugh of Lincoln, Saint - Biography of this Augustinian and later a Carthusian, d. 1200, canonized 1220 Hugh of Flavigny - Benedictine monk and historian; b. about 1064, probably at Verdun (Lorraine); d. before the middle of the twelfth century Hugh of Fleury - Benedictine monk and ecclesiastical writer; d. not before 1118 Hugh of Remiremont - Cardinal, born of a noble family, probably in Lorraine, died soon after 1098 Hugh of St-Cher - Dominican cardinal (1200-1263) Hugh of St. Victor - Lengthy essay on the life and writings of this philosopher, theologian, and mystical writer Hugh of Strasburg - Theologian, flourished during the latter half of the thirteenth century Hugh the Great, Saint - Biographical article on the distinguished and influential Abbot of Cluny, d. 1109 Hugo, Charles-Hyacinthe - Historiographer of the Norbertine Order (1667-1739) Huguccio - Italian canonist, b. at Pisa, date unknown; d. in 1210 Huguenots - An extensive history of this French Protestant tradition Hülshoff, Annette Elisabeth von - Biographical article on 'Germany's greatest poetess.' Hulst, Maurice Le Sage d'Hauteroche d' - A prelate, writer, orator; born at Paris, 10 Oct., 1841; died there, 6 Nov., 1896 Human Acts - St. Thomas and the scholastics in general regard only the free and deliberate acts of the will as human Humanism - The name given to the intellectual, literary, and scientific movement of the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, which aimed at basing every branch of learning on the literature and culture of classical antiquity Humbert of Romans - Fifth Dominican master general (1194-1277) Humeral Veil - The name given to a cloth of rectangular shape about 8 feet long and 18 inches wide Humiliati - A penitential order dating back, according to some authorities, to the beginning of the eleventh, but more probably to the beginning of the twelfth century, to the reign of Emperor Henry V, who, after quelling a rebellion in Lombardy, led the principal nobles of the cities implicated back to Germany as captives Humility - The word humility signifies lowliness or submissiveness and it is derived from the Latin humilitas or, as St. Thomas says, from humus, i.e. the earth which is beneath us Humphrey Middlemore, Blessed - English Carthusian priest and martyr, was executed in 1535 for unwillingness to take the oath of supremacy Humphreys, Laurence - Short account of the life of this young layman who was martyred in 1591 for words allegedly uttered when he was seriously ill Hungarian Catholics in America - Information about immigrants from this country Hungary - History of the country Hungarian Literature - History from the pre-Reformation period to the modern period Hunolt, Franz - The most popular German preacher of the early part of the eighteenth century, b. 31 March, 1691, at Siegen; d. 12 September, 1746, at Trier Hunt, Ven. Thurston - When Robert Middleton was arrested, Hunt tried to rescue him but was captured. The two priests were martyred at Lancaster in 1601. Efforts by the government to bring the condemned men into public disrepute were failures Hunter, Sylvester Joseph - English Jesuit priest and educator; b. at Bath, 13 Sept., 1829; d. at Stonyhurst, 20 June, 1896 Hunting, Canons on - From early times, hunting, in one form or another has been forbidden to clerics Huntington, Jedediah Vincent - Clergyman, novelist; born 20 January, 1815, in New York City; died 10 March, 1862, at Pau, France Hunyady, János - Governor of Hungary, born about 1400; died 11 August, 1456 Huron Indians - If language may be taken as a fair criterion to go by, the Hurons proper were the original stock from which sprang all the branches of the great Iroquoian family, whether included in the primitive federation of the Five Nations, or standing apart territorially, within historical times, as did the Tuskaroras, the Cherokees, and the Andastes Hurst, Richard - Also called Richard Herst. Layman martyred at Lancaster in 1628 following a show trial Hurtado, Caspar - A Spanish Jesuit and theologian, b. at Mondejar, New Castle, in 1575; d. at Alcala, 5 August, 1647 Hurter - Several members of this family detailed Hus, Jan - Biographical article, with extensive hyperlinks Husenbeth, Frederick Charles - Writer and editor, born at Bristol, 30 May, 1796; died at Cossey, Norfolk, 31 October, 1872 Hussey, Thomas - Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, b. at Ballybogan, Co. Meath, in 1746; d. at Tramore, Co. Waterford, 11 July, 1803 Hussites - The followers of Jan Hus did not of themselves assume the name of Hussites. Like Hus, they believed their creed to be truly Catholic; in papal and conciliar documents they appear as Wycliffites, although Hus and even Jerome of Prague are also named as their leaders Hutton, Peter - Priest, b. at Holbeck, Leeds, Yorkshire, England, 29 June, 1811; d. at Ratcliffe, Leicestershire, England, 2 Sept., 1880 Huysmans, Joris Karl - French novelist (1848-1907) Hyacinth and Protus, Saints - Martyrs in the Valerian persecution (257-259) Hyacinth, Saint - Polish Dominican, died in 1257 Hyacintha Mariscotti, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, founder of the Oblates of Mary (Sacconi), died 1640 Hydatius of Lemica - Chronicler and bishop (d. 468) Hyderabad-Deccan, Diocese of - Hyderabad, also called Bhagnagar, and Fakhunda Bunyad, capital of the Nizam's dominions, was founded in 1589, by Mohammed Kuli, King of Golconda Hyginus, Pope Saint - Greek by birth, the successor of Pope Telesphorus. Died in about 142 Hylozoism - The doctrine according to which all matter possesses life Hymn - A derivative of the Latin hymnus, which comes from the Greek hymnos, derived from hydein, to sing Hymnody and Hymnology - Hymnody means exactly 'hymn song', but as the hymn-singer as well as the hymn-poet are included under (hymnodos), so we also include under hymnody the hymnal verse or religious lyric. Hymnology is the science of hymnody or the historico-philogical investigation and aesthetic estimation of hymns and hymn writers Hypæpa - Titular see of Asia Minor Hypnotism - The nervous sleep, induced by artificial and external means, which has been made the subject of experiment and methodical study by men of science, physicians or physiologists Hypocrisy - The pretension to qualities which one does not possess, or, more cognately to the scope of this article, the putting forward of a false appearance of virtue or religion Hypostatic Union - A theological term used with reference to the Incarnation to express the revealed truth that in Christ one person subsists in two natures, the Divine and the human Hypsistarians - A distinct Jewish-pagan sect which flourished from about 200 B.C. to about A.D. 400, mostly in Asia Minor (Cappadocia Bithynia, Pontus) and on the South Russian coasts of the Euxine Sea Hyrtl, Joseph - Austrian anatomist, b. at Eisenstadt in Hungary, December 7, 1810; d. 17 July, 1894, on his estate near Vienna Hyssop - A plant which is referred to in a few passages of Holy Writ, and which cannot be identified with certainty at the present day

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I Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Ibar, Saint - Irishman, contemporary of St. Patrick, and was a missionary in County Wexford before Patrick set foot in Ireland. Uncle of St. Abban Ibarra - Diocese in Southern Ecuador, suffragan of Quito, created by Pius IX Ibagué - Suffragan of Bogota, in the Republic of Colombia, South America Ibas - Elected Bishop of Edessa in 439 as successor of Rabbulas, one of the most ardent supporters of St. Cyril; d. 457 Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d' - Founder of the colony of Louisiana, b. at Villemarie, Montreal, 16 July, 1661; d. at Havana, 9 July, 1706 Ibora - A titular see in the Province of Helenopont, suffragan of Amasia Iceland - The island called Iceland, is considered, because of its population and history as forming a part of Europe, is situated in the North Atlantic Ocean Ichthys (Fish), Symbolism of the - The symbol itself may have been suggested by the miraculous multification of the loaves and fishes or the repast of the seven Disciples, after the Resurrection, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, but its popularity among Christians was due principally, to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthys), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and His claim to the worship of believers: Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter, i.e. Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour Iconoclasm - The name of the heresy that in the eighth and ninth centuries disturbed the peace of the Eastern Church, caused the last of the many breaches with Rome that prepared the way for the schism of Photius, and was echoed on a smaller scale in the Frankish kingdom in the West Iconography, Christian - The science of the description, history, and interpretation of the traditional representations of God, the saints and other sacred subjects in art Iconium - A titular see of Lycaonia Iconostasis - A great screen or partition running from side to side of the apse or across the entire end of the church, which divides the sanctuary from the body of the church, and is built of solid materials such as stone, metal, or wood, and which reaches often (as in Russia) to the very ceiling of the church, thus completely shutting off the altar and the sanctuary from the worshipper Idaho - Probably from an Arapahoe Indian word, 'Gem of the Mountains', the name first suggested for the territory of Colorado Idatius of Lemica - Chronicler and bishop (d. 468) Idea - The word was originally Greek, but passed without change into Latin. It seems first to have meant form, shape, or appearance, whence, by an easy transition, it acquired the connotation of nature, or kind Idealism - The characteristic of those who regard the ideas of truth and right, goodness and beauty, as standards and directive forces Ideas, Association of - A principle in psychology to account for the succession of mental states Idioms, Communication of - A technical expression in the theology of the Incarnation. It means that the properties of the Divine Word can be ascribed to the man Christ, and that the properties of the man Christ can be predicated of the Word Idiota - The nom de plume of an ancient, learned, and pious writer whose identity remained unknown for some centuries Idolatry - Etymologically denotes divine worship given to an image, but its signification has been extended to all divine worship given to anyone or anything but the true God Idumea - The country inhabited by the descendants of Edom Iglesias, Diocese of - A suffragan of Cagliari in Sardinia Iglesias de la Casa, José - A Spanish of the coterie gathered about Melendez, Valdes, born at Salamanca, 31 October, 1748; died 1791 Ignacio de Azevedo, Blessed - Portuguese Jesuit, missionary to Brazil, martyred with thirty-nine companions by Huguenot pirates near the island of Palma in 1570 Ignatius Loyola, Saint - Biography of the Spanish founder of the Jesuits, who died in 1556 Ignatius of Antioch, Saint - Biography of the bishop and writer. Ignatius was martyred at Rome sometime between 98 and 117 Ignatius of Constantinople, Saint - Tells the story of this son of Emperor Michael I, forced into monastic life by a rival. Patriarch of Constantinople, deposed on a wicked pretext. Ignatius died in 877 Igneus, Blessed Peter - So-called because he successfully underwent trial by fire. Vallombrosian monk, Cardinal of Albano, d. 1089 Ignorance - Lack of knowledge about a thing in a being capable of knowing IHS - A monogram of the name of Jesus Christ Ildephonsus, Saint - Archbishop of Toledo, d. 667 Illegitimacy - As generally defined, and as understood in this article, illegitimacy denotes the condition of children born out of wedlock Illinois - One of the United States of America, bounded on the north by Wisconsin, on the west by the Mississippi, which separates it from Iowa and Missouri, on the south by the confluent waters of the Mississippi and the Ohio, which separate it from Kentucky, on the east by Indiana and Lake Michigan Illinois Indians - An important confederacy of Algonquian tribes formerly occupying the greater part of the present state of Illinois, together with the adjacent portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri Illtyd, Saint - Also known as Iltutus. Late fifth- to early sixth-century Welsh saint. Biographical article Illuminated Manuscripts - A large number of manuscripts covered with painted ornaments Illuminati - Secret society founded in 1776 Illuminati - False Spanish mystics Illuminative Way - Stages in the spiritual life Illyria - A district of the Balkan Peninsula, which has varied in extent at different periods Iltutus, Saint - Also known as Iltutus. Late fifth- to early sixth-century Welsh saint. Biographical article Images, Veneration of - It is an uncompromising attitude in the late Jewish history, together with the apparently obvious meaning of the First Commandment, that are responsible for the common idea that Jews had no images Imagination - The faculty of representing to oneself sensible objects independently of an actual impression of those objects on our senses Imbonati, Carlo Giuseppe - Cistercian of the Reform of St. Bernard, orientalist, biographer, theologian; born at Milan; flourished in the latter half of the seventeenth century Imhof, Maximus von - German physicist, born 26 July, 1758, at Rissbach, in Bavaria; died 11 April, 1817 at Munich Imitation of Christ - A work of spiritual devotion, also sometimes called the 'Following of Christ'. Its purpose is to instruct the soul in Christian perfection with Christ as the Divine Model Immaculate Conception - In the Constitution Ineffabilis Deus of 8 December, 1854, Pius IX pronounced and defined that the Blessed Virgin Mary 'in the first instance of her conception, by a singular privilege and grace granted by God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved exempt from all stain of original sin.' Immaculate Conception, Congregation of the - Article covers several groups of this name Immanence - Latin, in manere, to remain in. The quality of any action which begins and ends within the agent Immanuel - Signifies 'God with us' (Matthew 1:23), and is the name of the child predicted in Isaias 7:14: 'Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel' Immortality - By immortality is ordinarily understood the doctrine that the human soul will survive death, continuing in the possession of an endless conscious existence Immunity - An exemption from a legal obligation (munus), imposed on a person or his property by law, custom, or the order of a superior Imola - Diocese; suffragan of Bologna Imola, Innocenzo di Pietro Francucci da - Italian painter; b. at Imola, c. 1494; d. at Bologna, c. 1550 Impanation - An heretical doctrine according to which Christ is in the Eucharist through His human body substantially united with the substances of bread and wine, and thus is really present as God, made bread Impediments, Canonical - Canon law uses the word impediment in its restricted and technical sense, only in reference to marriage, while impediments to Holy orders are spoken of as irregularities Imperative, Categorical - A term which originated in Immanuel Kant's ethics Imperfect Contrition - Also called 'imperfect contrition.' Definition, its relation to sacramental penance, and moral considerations Imposition of Hands - A symbolical ceremony by which one intends to communicate to another some favour, quality or excellence (principally of a spiritual kind), or to depute another to some office Impostors - That there would be hypocrites who would take advantage of a profession of piety to mask their own evil designs had been clearly foretold by Christ in the Gospels Improperia - The reproaches which in the liturgy of the Office of Good Friday the Saviour is made to utter against the Jews, who, in requital for all the Divine favours and particularly for the delivery from the bondage of Egypt and safe conduct into the Promised Land, inflicted on Him the ignominies of the Passion and a cruel death In Commendam - A phrase used in canon law to designate a certain manner of collating an ecclesiastical benefice Incorporation of Church Property, Civil - Christianity at its very beginning, found the concept of the corporation well developed under Roman law and widely and variously organized in Roman society. It was a concept that the early Christians soon adapted to their organization and, as a means of protection in the periods of persecution In Partibus Infidelium - A term meaning 'in the lands of the unbelievers,' words added to the name of the see conferred on non-residential or titular Latin bishops In Petto - An Italian translation of the Latin in pectore, 'in the breast', i.e. in the secret of the heart Incardination and Excardination - In the ecclesiastical sense the words are used to denote that a given person is freed from the jurisdiction of one bishop and is transferred to that of another Incarnate Word, Sisters of Charity of the - This congregation, with simple vows, was founded by Rt. Rev. C.M. Dubuis, Bishop of Galveston Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament, Order of the - Founded in the early part of the seventeenth century by Jeanne Chezard de Matel Incarnation, The - The Incarnation is the mystery and the dogma of the Word made Flesh Incense - An aromatic substance which is obtained from certain resinous trees and largely employed for purposes of religious worship Incest - Sexual intercourse between those who are related by blood or marriage Inchbald, Elizabeth - Novelist, dramatist, and actress; b. at Staningfield, near Bury St. Edmunds, 15 Oct., 1753; d. at Kensington, London, 1 Aug., 1821 In Cæna Domini - A papal Bull, so called from the feast on which it was annually published in Rome, viz, the feast of the Lord's Supper, or Maundy Thursday Index of Prohibited Books - The exact list or catalogue of books, the reading of which was once forbidden to Catholics by the highest ecclesiastical authority India - The peninsula is separated on the north from Tibet and Central Asia by the Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountains, and some lower ranges divide it from Afghanistan and Baluchistan Indiana - One of the United States of America, the nineteenth in point of admission Indianapolis - Diocese; suffragan of Cincinnati, established as the Diocese of Vincennes in 1834, but by brief dated 28 March, and promulgated 30 April, 1898, the pope changed the see to Indianapolis Indian Missions, Bureau of Catholic - An institution originated (1874) by J. Roosevelt Barley, Archbishop of Baltimore, for the protection and promotion of Catholic Indian mission interests in the United States of America Indians, American - History, customs, and language are covered here Indies, Patriarchate of the East - In consequence of an agreement between the Holy See and the Portuguese Government in 1886 Indifferentism, Religious - The term given, in general, to all those theories, which, for one reason or another, deny that it is the duty of man to worship God by believing and practicing the one true religion Individualism - The tendency to magnify individual liberty, as against external authority, and individual activity, as against associated activity Individual, Individuality - An individual being is defined by St. Thomas as 'quod est in se indivisum, ab aliis vero divisum' (a being undivided in itself but separated from other beings) Indo-China - The most easterly of the three great peninsulas of Southern Asia, is bounded on the north by the mountains of Assam, the Plateau of Yun-nan, and the mountains of Kwang-si; on the east by the province of Kwang-si (Canton), the Gulf of Tong-king, and the Sea of China; on the south by the Sea of China, the Gulf of Siam and the Strait of Malacca; on the west by the Gulf of Martaban and the Bay of Bengal Induction - Induction is the conscious mental process by which we pass from the perception of particular phenomena (things and events) to the knowledge of general truths Indulgences - A remission of the temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven Indulgences, Apostolic - Those which the Roman pontiff, the successor of the Prince of the Apostles, attaches to the crosses, crucifixes, chaplets, rosaries, images, and medals which he blesses, either with his own hand or by those to whom he has delegated this faculty Indult, Pontifical - General faculties granted by the Holy See to bishops and others, of doing something not permitted by the common law Ine, Saint - King of the West Saxons, d. 728. Also known as Ina or Ini Infallibility - In general, exemption or immunity from liability to error or failure; in particular in theological usage, the supernatural prerogative by which the Church of Christ is, by a special Divine assistance, preserved from liability to error in her definitive dogmatic teaching regarding matters of faith and morals Infamy - Loss of a good name Infanticide - Child-murder; the killing of an infant before or after birth Infessura, Stefano - Lawyer and antipapal chronicler (1435-1500) Infidels - As in ecclesiastical language those who by baptism have received faith in Jesus Christ and have pledged Him their fidelity and called the faithful, so the name infidel is given to those who have not been baptized Infinity - The infinite, as the word indicates, is that which has no end, no limit, no boundary, and therefore cannot be measured by a finite standard, however often applied; it is that which cannot be attained by successive addition, not exhausted by successive subtraction of finite quantities Infralapsarians - The name given to a party of Dutch Calvinists in the seventeenth century, who sought to mitigate the rigour of Calvin's doctrine concerning absolute predestination Ingen-Housz, Jan - Investigator of the physiology of plants, physicist, and physician (1730-1799) Inghirami, Giovanni - Italian astronomer, b. at Volterra, Tuscany, 16 April, 1779; d. at Florence, 15 August, 1851 Ingleby, Venerable Francis - Brief biography of the Yorkshire priest and martyr, who died in 1586 Ingolstadt, University of - Founded by Louis the Rich, Duke of Bavaria Ingram, Venerable John - English priest, tortured and twice imprisoned, martyred in 1594 Ingres, Jean-Auguste Dominique - A French painter, b. at Montauban, 29 August, 1780; d. at Paris, 14 January, 1867 Ingulf - Abbot of Croyland, Lincolnshire; d. there 17 December 1109 Ingworth, Richard of - A Franciscan preacher who flourished about 1225 Injustice - The violation of another's strict right against his reasonable will, and the value of the word right is determined to be the moral power of having or doing or exacting something in support or furtherance of one's own advantage Innocent I, Pope - Unanimously chosen to succeed Anastasius. Essay on his writings and some of the more notable events of his pontificate. Innocent died in 417 Innocent II, Pope - Reigned 1130-1143 Innocent III, Pope - Reigned 1198-1216 Innocent IV, Pope - Reigned 1243-1254 Innocent V, Blessed Pope - French Dominican, known as 'most famous doctor,' d. 1276 Innocent VI, Pope - Reigned 1352-1362 Innocent VII, Pope - Reigned 1406 Innocent VIII, Pope - Reigned 1484-1492 Innocent IX, Pope - Reigned 1591 Innocent X, Pope - Reigned 1644-1655 Innocent XI, Pope - Lengthy biography of this pope known for his piety and unselfish devotion to duty Innocent XII, Pope - Reigned 1691-1700 Innocent XIII, Pope - Reigned 1721-24 Innsbruck University - Opened at Innsbruck in 1562 by Blessed Peter Canisius, at the request and on the foundation of the Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria Inquisition - By this term is usually meant a special ecclesiastical institutional for combating or suppressing heresy Inquisition, Canonical - Either extra-judicial or judicial: the former might be likened to a coroner's inquest in civil law; while the latter is similar to an investigation by the grand jury Insane, Asylums and Care for the - The Church, from the earliest times, arranged for the care of the insane Insanity - The dividing line between sanity and insanity, like the line that distinguishes a man of average height from a tall man, can be described only in terms of a moral estimate Inscriptions, Early Christian - Divided into three main classes: sepulchral inscriptions, epigraphic records, and inscriptions concerning private life Inspiration of the Bible - Covered in four sections, I. Belief in Inspired books; II. Nature of Inspiration; III. Extent of Inspiration; IV. Protestant Views on the Inspiration of the Bible Installation - This word, strictly speaking, applies to the solemn induction of a canon into the stall or seat which he is to occupy in the choir of a cathedral or collegiate church Instinct - The term usually includes the idea of a purposive adaptation of an action or series of actions in an organized being, not governed by consciousness of the end to be attained Institute of Mary - The official title of the second congregation founded by Mary Ward Institute of Mission Helpers of the Sacred Heart - There are houses of the institute in New York, Trenton, Porto Rico, and Baltimore Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Irish - Founded by Frances Mary Teresa Ball, under the direction and episcopal jurisdiction of the Most Rev. D. Murray, Archbishop of Dublin Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools - A society of male religious approved by the Church, but not taking Holy orders, and having for its object the personal sanctification of its members and the Christian education of youth, especially of the children of artisans and the poor Institutes, Roman Historical - Collegiate bodies established at Rome by ecclesiastical or civil authority for the purpose of historical research, notably in the Vatican archives Institution, Canonical - In its strictest sense the word denotes the collation of an ecclesiastical benefice by a legitimate authority, on the presentation of a candidate by a third person Intellect - The faculty of thought Intendencia Oriental y Llanos de San Martín - Vicariate Apostolic in the province of Saint Martin, Colombia, South America, created 24 March, 1908, and entrusted to the Society of Mary Intention - An act of the will by which that faculty efficaciously desires to reach an end by employing the means Intercession - To go or come between two parties, to plead before one of them on behalf of the other Intercession, Episcopal - The right to intercede for criminals, which was granted by the secular power to the bishops of the Early Church Interdict - Originally in Roman law, an interlocutory edict of the praetor, especially in matter affecting the right of possession; it still preserves this meaning in both Roman and canon law Interest (in Psychology) - Defined as a kind of consciousness accompanying and stimulating attention, a feeling pleasant or painful directing attention, the pleasurable or painful aspect of a process of attention, and as identical with attention itself Interest (in Economics) - A value exacted or promised over and above the restitution of a borrowed capital Interims - Temporary settlements in matters of religion, entered into by Emperor Charles V (1519-56) with the Protestants Internuncio - The name given in the Roman Curia to a diplomatic agent who, though not belonging to the five highest classes of the papal diplomatic service (legatus a latere, nuncio with full powers of a legatus a latere, legate, nuncio of the first class, and nuncio of the second class), is, nevertheless, chief of a legation (chef de mission) Introduction, Biblical - Designates the part of Scriptural science which is concerned with topics preliminary to the detailed study and correct exposition of Holy Writ, and also, it is given to a work in which these various topics are actually treated Introit - The Introit (Introitus) of the Mass is the fragment of a psalm with its antiphon sung while the celebrant and ministers enter the church and approach the altar Intrusion - The act by which unlawful possession of an ecclesiastical benefice is taken Intuition - A psychological and philosophical term which designates the process of immediate apprehension or perception of an actual fact, being, or relation between two terms and its results Inventory of Church Property - An inventory is to be made at the beginning of a given administration; when the period of management has expired, the out-going official must produce all the things which appear in this inventory or were added later, excepting those which have been consumed or rendered useless Investiture, Canonical - The act by which a suzerain granted a fief to his vassal, and the ceremonies which accompanied that grant Investitures, Conflict of - The terminus technicus for the great struggle between the popes and the German kings Henry IV and Henry V, during the period 1075-1122 Invincible Armada, The - A fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish Crown Invitatorium - The invitation addressed to the faithful to come and take part in the Divine Office Iona, School of - Thorough history of the ancient monastery Ionian Islands - A group of seven islands and a number of islets scattered over the Ionian Sea to the west of Greece Ionian School of Philosophy - Includes the earliest Greek philosophers, who lived at Miletus, an Ionian colony in Asia Minor, during the sixth century B.C., and a group of philosophers who lived about one hundred years later and modified the doctrines of their predecessors in several respects Ionopolis - A titular see in the province of Paphlagonia, suffragan of Gangres Iowa - One of the North Central States of the American Union, and is about midway between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans Ipolyi, Arnold - Bishop of Grosswardein (Nagy-Varad), b. at Ipoly-Keszi, 20 Oct., 1823; d. at Grosswardein, 2 December 1886 Ippolito Galantini, Blessed - Founder of the Christian Congregation of Florence, d. 1619 Ipsus - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, suffragan of Synnada Ireland - Ireland lies in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain . . . Ireland, Ven. William - English Jesuit who was arrested by Titus Oates himself, and martyred along with layman John Grove in 1679 Irenaeus, Saint - Article on the bishop of Lyons, Father of the Church, d. late second or early third century Irene, Sister - Catherine FitzGibbon, born in London, England, 12 May, 1823; died in New York, 14 August, 1896 Irenopolis - A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia Iriarte, Ignacio de - Painter, b. at Azcoitia, Guipuzcoa, in 1620; d. at Seville, 1685 Irish, The, (in countries other than Ireland) - Includes the United States, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, and South America Irish College, in Rome - Towards the close of the sixteenth century, Gregory XIII had sanctioned the foundation of an Irish college in Rome, and had assigned a large sum of money as the nucleus of an endowment Irish Colleges, on the Continent - The religious persecution under Elizabeth and James I lead to the suppression of the monastic schools in Ireland in which the clergy for the most part received their education. It became necessary, therefore, to seek education abroad, and many colleges for the training of the secular clergy were founded on the Continent, at Rome, in Spain and Portugal, in Belgium, and in France Irish Confessors and Martyrs - The period covered by this article embraces that between the years 1540 and (approximately) 1713 Irish Literature - It is uncertain at what period and in what manner the Irish discovered the use of letters. It may have been through direct commerce with Gaul, but it is more probable, as McNeill has shown in his study of Irish oghams, that it was from the Romanized Britons that they first learned the art of writing Irnerius - An Italian jurist and founder of the School of Glossators, b. at Bologna about 1050; d. there about 1130 Iroquois - A noted confederacy of five, and afterwards six, cognate tribes of Iroquoian stock, and closely cognate languages, formerly occupying central New York, and claiming right of conquest over nearly all the tribes from Hudson Bay to Tennessee River, and westward to Lake Michigan and Illinois River Irregularity - A canonical impediment directly impeding the reception of tonsure and Holy orders or preventing the exercise of orders already received Irremovability - A quality of certain ecclesiastical offices and dignities. It implies that the incumbent's appointment is, under certain conditions, a perpetual one, or for the term of his natural life Irvingites - A religious sect called after Edward Irving (1792-1834), a deposed Presbyterian minister Isaac - The son of Abraham and Sara Isaac Jogues, Saint - French Jesuit missionary to Canada, martyred in 1646 Isaac of Armenia - Catholicos or Patriarch of Armenia (338-439) Isaac of Nineveh - A Nestorian bishop of that city in the latter half of the seventh century, being consecrated by the Nestorian Patriarch George (660-80) Isaac of Seleucia - Patriarch of the Persian Church, d. 410 Isabella I - Queen of Castile (1451-1504) Isabel of France, Saint - Daughter of Blanche of Castille and sister of St. Louis IX. Founded a convent of Poor Clares. Died 1270 Isaias - Essay on the Biblical prophet and the book which bears his name Isaura - Titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of Iconium Ischia - Diocese, suffragan to Naples Isernia and Venafro - Diocese in the province of Campobasso in Molise (Southern Italy) Ishmael - Son of Abraham and Hagar Isidore of Pelusium, Saint - Born at Alexandria, became a monk, opposed Nestorianism and Eutychianism, d. no later than 449-450 Isidore of Seville, Saint - Biographical entry for this bishop, who died in 636 Isidore of Thessalonica - Cardinal and sometime Metropolitan of Kiev or Moscow, b. at Thessalonica (Saloniki) towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. at Rome, 27 April, 1463 Isidore the Labourer, Saint - Spanish day laborer, married to St. María de la Cabeza. He died in 1130 Isionda - A titular see in the province of Pamphylia Secunda; it was a suffragan of Perge Isla, José Francisco de - Spanish preacher and satirist, b. at Villavidantes (Kingdom of Leon), 24 March, 1703; d. at Bologna, 2 November, 1782 Islam (Concept) - An Arabic word which, since Mohammed's time, has acquired a religious and technical significance denoting the religion of Mohammed and of the Koran, just as Christianity denotes that of Jesus and of the Gospels, or Judaism that of Moses, the Prophets, and of the Old Testament Islam (Religion) - Mohammed, 'the Praised One', the prophet of Islam and the founder of Mohammedanism, was born at Mecca (20 August?) A.D. 570 Isleta Pueblo - The name of two pueblos of the ancient Tigua tribe, of remote Shoshoncan stock Islip, Simon - An Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Islip, near Oxford; d. at Mayfield, Sussex, 26 April, 1366 Ismael - Son of Abraham and Hagar Ispahan - A Catholic Armenian Latin see Israelites - The word designates the descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, or Israel Issachar - Ninth son of Jacob, and name of the tribe descended from him Issus - Titular see of Cilicia Prima Ita, Saint - The 'Brigid of Munster,' d. 570 Italian Literature - The modern language of Italy is naturally derived from Latin, a continuation and development of the Latin actually spoken among the inhabitants of the peninsula after the downfall of the Roman Empire Italians in the United States - Information on distribution, statistics, and religion Italo-Greeks - The name applied to the Greeks in Italy who observe the Byzantine Rite Italy - In ancient times Italy had several other names: it was called Saturnia, in honour of Saturn; Enotria, wine-producing land; Ausonia, land of the Ausonians; Hesperia, land to the west (of Greece); Tyrrhenia, etc. The name Italy, which seems to have been taken from vitulus, to signify a land abounding in cattle, was applied at first to a very limited territory Ite Missa Est - This is the versicle chanted in the Roman Rite by the deacon at the end of Mass, after the Post-Communions Itineraria - Under this term are comprised two kinds of works: travellers' relations describing the places and countries visited by them, together with such incidents of the voyage as are worth noting; and compilations intended to furnish information for the guidance of travellers, i.e. works which we now distinguish as books of travel and guide-books Itinerarium - A form of prayer used by monks and clerics before setting out on a journey, and for that reason usually printed at the end of the Breviary, where it can be conveniently found when required Ittenbach, Franz - Historical painter; born at Koenigswinter, at the foot of the Drachenfels, in 1813; died at Duesseldorf, 1879 Ives, Saint - Or St. Yves. Patron saint of lawyers, d. 1303 Ives, Levi Silliman - Born at Meriden, Connecticut, U.S.A., 16 September, 1797; d. at New York, 13 October, 1867. He was one of the most distinguished converts to the Church made in the United States through the influence of the Tractarian Movement of 1848-49 Ivo of Chartres, Saint - Essay on the life and writings of this bishop, who died in 1116 Ivory - The tusks of the elephant, hippopotamus, walrus, and other animals: a tough and elastic substance, of a creamy white, taking a high and lasting polish, largely employed in the arts since pre-historic times, and used extensively in making or adorning ecclesiastical objects by the primitive and medieval Christians Ivrea, Diocese of - Suffragan of Turin, Northern Italy Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alba - Mexican historian (1568-1648)

J

J Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Jaca, Diocese of - Located in the Spanish province of Huesca. Jaca, the chief town of the mountain district of Sobrarbe Jackson, Henry Moore - Knight, born in Grenada, 1849; died in London, 29 August, 1908 Jacob - The son of Isaac and Rebecca, third great patriarch of the chosen people, and the immediate ancestor of the twelve tribes of Israel Jacob of Jüterbogk - Theologian and canonist, born of poor parents near Jueterbogk, Brandenburg, Germany, 1381; died at Erfurt in 1465 Jacobus de Teramo - Canonist and bishop, born in 1349 at Teramo in Italy; died in 1417 in Poland Jacopo de Voragine, Blessed - Became a Dominican at a very early age, was a renowned preacher, provincial, and then Archbishop of Genoa. He died in about 1298. Biographical article Jacopone da Todi - More properly called Jacopo Benedetti. Biographical article on the lawyer, widower, Franciscan poet sympathetic to the Spirituals, who died about 1306 Jacotot, Joseph - French educator, b. at Dijon, March, 1770; d. at Paris, 30 July, 1840 Jacques de Vitry - Historian of the crusades, cardinal Bishop of Acre, later of Tusculum, b. at Vitry-sur-Seine, near Paris, probably about 1160; d. at Rome, 1240 Jacquier, François - French mathematician and physicist, born at Vitry-le-Francois, 7 June, 1711; died at Rome, 3 July, 1788 Jaén - Diocese in Southern Spain Jaenbert - Thirteenth Archbishop of Canterbury; died at Canterbury 11 or 12 August, 791 Jaffa - A titular see in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem Jaffna, Diocese of - Situated in the northern portion of Ceylon, Jaffna comprises the northern and north-central provinces of the island Jainism - A form of religion intermediate between Brahminism and Buddhism, originated in India in pre-Christian times Jamaica - The largest of the British West Indian islands, situated in the Caribbean Sea Jamay, Denis - Franciscan, missionary, date and place of birth unknown; died in France, 1625; an important figure in the early history of the Church in Canada James, Epistle of Saint - The author is commonly identified with the Lord's brother, the Bishop of Jerusalem; the view that the Lord's brother must be identified with James, the son of Alpheus, is by far the most probable James of Brescia - Theologian of the fifteenth century James of Edessa - A celebrated Syrian writer, b. most likely in A.D. 633; d. 5 June, 708 James of Sarugh - A writer of the Syrian Church James of the Marches, Saint - Surnamed Gangala, civil lawyer, Franciscan priest, d. 1476 James Primadicci - Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460 James the Greater, Saint - What can be known of St. James, son of Zebedee and brother of John, from Scripture. Also discusses the tradition that St. James preached in Spain and that his body was translated to Compostela James the Less, Saint - Identifies James the Less with James the Apostle, son of Alpheus, and with James the brother of the Lord James Thompson, Blessed - Also called James Hudson. Priest who was imprisoned and then martyred at York in 1582 Janauschek, Leopold - Cistercian, born at Bruenn, Moravia, 13 October, 1827; died 23 July, 1898, at Baden, near Vienna Jandel, Alexandre Vincent - General of the Dominican order, born at Gerbevilliers (Lorraine), 18 July, 1810; died at Rome, 11 December, 1872 Jane Frances de Chantal, Saint - Biography of the widowed baroness, mother, founder of the Congregation of the Visitation, who died in 1641 Janner, Ferdinand - Theologian, born at Hirschau, in the Upper Palatinate (Bavaria), 4 Feb., 1836; died 1 November, 1895 Janow, Matthew of - A medieval ecclesiastical author, born in the fourteenth century in Bohemia; died at Prague, 30 Nov., 1394 Jansen, Cornelius - Exegete, born at Hulst, Flanders, 1510; died at Ghent, 11 April, 1576 Jansenius and Jansenism - The subject of this article lived three-quarters of a century later than his namesake. He was born 28 October, 1585, of a Catholic family, in the village of Accoi, near Leerdam, Holland; died at Ypres, 6 May, 1638 Janssen, Arnold - Short biography of the founder of the Society of the Divine Word Janssen, Johann - Historian, born 10 April, 1829, at Xanten, Germany; died 24 December, 1891, at Frankfort-on-the-Main Janssens, Abraham - Flemish painter, b. at Antwerp about 1573; d. probably in the same place about 1631 Janssens, Johann Hermann - Catholic theologian, b. at Maeseyck, Belgium, 7 Dec., 1783; d. at Engis, 23 May, 1853 Januarius, Saint - Bishop of Beneventum, martyr, believed to have died in the Diocletian persecution, c. 305. Article has a lengthy discussion of the liquefaction of the saint's blood Japan - Called in the language of the country Nihon or Nippon (Land of the Rising Sun), and Dai Nihon or Dai Nippon (Great Japan), situated northwest of the Pacific Ocean and east of the Asiatic continent Japanese Martyrs - The most famous of the Japanese martyrs are the twenty-six who were crucified in Nagasaki in 1597, but thousands of other Japanese died for the faith between 1560 and 1860 Jarcke, Karl Ernst - Born 10 November, 1801, at Danzig, Prussia; died 27 December, 1852, at Vienna. He belonged to a Protestant merchant family. He took up the study of jurisprudence, and became at an early age professor of criminal law at Bonn and later in Berlin Jaricot, Pauline-Marie - Foundress of the Society of the Propagation of the Faith and the Association of the Living Rosary, born at Lyons, 22 July, 1799; died there, 9 January, 1862 Jarlath, Saint - Studied under St. Benen, founded a college at Cloonfush, was noted for his fasting, died about 540 Jaro - Diocese in the Philippine Islands, formerly a part of the Diocese of Cebu, was made a separate diocese on 27 May, 1865 Jarric, Pierre de - Missionary writer, born at Toulouse in 1566; d. at Saintes, 2 March, 1617 Jason - A Greek name adopted by many Jews whose Hebrew designation was Joshua (Jesus). In the Old Testament, it is applied to three or four persons connected with the period of the Machabees Jassus - A titular see of Caria, and suffragan of Aphrodisias Jassy - Diocese in Rumania Jáuregui, Juan de - A Spanish painter and poet, born at Seville c. 1570, or, according to some, as late as 1583; died at Madrid c. 1640-1 Javouhey, Venerable Anne-Marie - Founder of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny, missionary to Africa and South America, d. 1851 Jealousy - Taken to be synonymous with envy Jean de La Bruyère - Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of municipal revenue Jean Eudes, Blessed - French missionary, religious founder, writer, d. 1680 Jean-Baptiste-Marie Vianney, Saint - The Cure of Ars, d. 1869 Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, Blessed - Vincentian priest, missionary to China, where he was tortured and martyred in 1840 Jeanne de Valois, Saint - Biography of St. Jeanne, also known as Jehanne de France or Jane of Valois, queen, founder of the Annonciades. She died in 1505 Jeaurat, Edmond - French engraver, b. at Vermenton, near Auxerre, 1688; d. at Paris, 1738 Jedburgh - Augustinian abbey, in the town of the same name, established as a priory by David I, King of Scots, in 1118, and colonized by Canons Regular of St. Augustine from the Abbey of St-Quentin, at Beauvais, France Jehoshaphat - Fourth King of Juda after the schism of the Ten Tribes Jehoshaphat, Valley of - Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible (Joel, iii-Heb. text, iv) Jehovah - Proper name of God in the Old Testament Jehu - The derivation of the name is uncertain. By some it is translated 'Yahweh is he'. Several by this name are noted in the article Jemez Pueblo - An Indian pueblo situated upon the north bank of the river of the same name about twenty miles northwest of Bernalillo, New Mexico Jeningen, Venerable Philipp - Born at Eichstaett, Bavaria, 5 January, 1642;d, at Ellwangen, 8 February, 1704. Entering the Society of Jesus, 19 January, 1663, he became a most successful popular missionary at the shrine of Our Lady of Schoenenberg, near Ellwangen in Swabia Jenks, Silvester - Theologian, born in Shropshire, c. 1656; died in December, 1714 Jennings, Sir Patrick Alfred - An Australian statesman, b. at Newry, Ireland, 1831; d. July, 1897 Jephte - One of the judges of Israel. The story of Jephte is narrated in chapters xi and xii of the Book of Judges Jeremias - Name of several Old Testament figures Jeremias the Prophet - Background information on his era. His life and mission. Analysis of the Biblical book which bears his name Jericho - Three cities of this name have successively occupied sites in the same neighbourhood Jeroboam - Name of two Israelitish kings Jerome, Saint - Lengthy article on the life and works of St. Jerome Jerome Emiliani, Saint - Soldier, priest, founder of the Order of Somascha, d. 1537 Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71) - This article deals with the destruction by the Romans after it had become the scene of the Redemption Jerusalem (71-1099) - History in several periods to the first crusade Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of (1099-1291) - Founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed a first time by Saladin in 1187, it was re-established around Saint-Jean d'Acre and maintained until the capture of that city in 1291 Jerusalem (After 1291) - The Latin dominion over Jerusalem really came to an end on 2 October, 1187, when the city opened its gates to Saladin (Yusuf ibn Ayyub, Salah-ed-din, Emir of Egypt, 1169-93); although fragments of the Latin kingdom in Palestine lasted into another century Jerusalem, Assizes of - The code of laws enacted by the Crusaders for the government of the Kingdom of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Liturgy of - The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch Jesi - Diocese in the Province of Ancona, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See Jesu Dulcis Memoria - A poem ranging from forty two to fifty three stanzas (in various manuscripts), to form the three hymns of the Office of the Holy Name Jesuits, The - Comprehensive information about the past of the Jesuit order Jesuit Apologetic - The accusations brought against the Society have been exceptional for their frequency and fierceness Jesuit Generals Prior to the Suppression - Details of several who held the position Jesuits, Distinguished - A list without details of the Jesuits. Does include links to articles when there is one about the person Jesuits, History of the (pre-1750) - Includes details of activities in various countries Jesuits, Suppression of the (1750-1773) - The most difficult part of the history of the Society Jesuits, History of the (1773-1814) - The execution of the Brief of Suppression having been largely left to local bishops, there was room for a good deal of variety in the treatment the Jesuits might receive in different places Jesuits, History of the (1814-1912) - Pius VII had resolved to restore the Society during his captivity in France; and after his return to Rome he did so with little delay Jesuit's Bark - On account of its alkaloids, is the most celebrated specific remedy for all forms of malaria Jesus Christ - The incarnate Son of God and the redeemer of the human race Jesus Christ, Character of - The surpassing eminence of the character of Jesus has been acknowledged by men of the most varied type Jesus Christ, Chronology of the Life of - Includes absolute and relative chronologies Jesus Christ, Devotion to the Heart of - Description, spiritual significance, and historical background of devotion to the Sacred Heart Jesus Christ, Early Historical Documents on - Divided into three classes: pagan sources, Jewish sources, and Christian sources Jesus Christ, Genealogy of - Offers the genealogy according to Saint Matthew and Saint Luke Jesus Christ, Holy Name of - Reverence for the name of Jesus is not optional for believers. Article highlights the Scriptural reasons, and describes some customary ways of showing reverence Jesus Christ, Knowledge of - 'Knowledge of Jesus Christ,' as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know about Jesus Christ, but a survey of the intellectual endowment of Christ Jesus Christ, Origin of the Name of - Article examines the name Jesus and Christ separately Jesus Christ, Resurrection of - Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life Jesus, Daughters of - Founded at Kermaria, in the Diocese of Vannes, France, in 1834, for the care of the sick poor, and the education of girls Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy Childhood of - Several groups detailed Jesus Mary, Religious of - Founded at Lyons, France, in October, 1818, by Claudine Thevenet, in religion, Mother St. Ignatius Jesus, The Society of - Comprehensive information about the past of the Jesuit order Jewish Calendar - Details include days, weeks, months, years, and eras Jewish Tribe - The earlier Hebrew term rendered in English versions by the word 'tribe' is shebet, while the term matteh, prevails in the post-exilic writings Jews (as a Religion) - Judaism designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of the Jewish nation by the Assyrians and the Babylonians Jews, History of the - Of the two terms, Jews and Judaism, the former denotes usually the Israelites or descendants of Jacob (Israel) in contrast to Gentile races; the latter, the creed and worship of the Jews in contrast to Christianity and others Jezabel - Wife of Achab, King of Israel Jíbaro Indians - An important tribal group of Ecuador, comprising a great number of small subtribes speaking a common language with dialectic variants, and together constituting a distinct linguistic stock Joachim, Saint - According to apocryphal literature, the father of Mary Joachim of Flora - Article on this Cistercian abbot, mystic, regarded as a prophet, d. 1202 Joan, Popess - The fable about a female pope, who afterwards bore the name of Johanna (Joan), is first noticed in the middle of the thirteenth century Joanna of Portugal, Blessed - Princess, Dominican, d. 1490 Joannes de Sacrobosco - John Holywood, a monk of English origin, lived in the first half of the thirteenth century as professor of astronomy at Paris; died in that city, 1256 Joan of Arc, Saint - Her brief life, her trial and death, swift rehabilitation, and her beatification in 1909 Job - One of the books of the Old Testament, and the chief personage in it Jocelin - Cistercian monk and Bishop of Glasgow; d. at Melrose Abbey in 1199 Jocelin de Brakelond - An English chronicler, of the late twelfth century Jocelin of Wells - Bishop of Bath and Wells, d. 19 Nov., 1242 Joel - Profile of the Old Testament prophet and analysis of the book bearing his name Joest, Jan - Dutch painter, b. at Calcker, or Calcar, about 1460; d. at Haarlem in 1519 Jogues, Saint Isaac - French Jesuit missionary to Canada, martyred in 1646 John I, Pope Saint - A Tuscan, was warmly received in Constantinople, but upon his return to Rome, was imprisoned by King Theodoric. Pope John died in prison in 526 John II, Pope - A Roman and the son of Projectus; if not born in the second region (Coelimontium) he had at least been a priest of St. Clement's Basilica John III, Pope - A Roman surnamed Catelinus, d. 13 July, 574 John IV, Pope - A native of Dalmatia, and the son of the scholasticus (advocate) Venantius John V, Pope - A Syrian whose father was one Cyriacus; when he was born is not known; d. 2 August, 686 John VI, Pope - A Greek, the date of whose birth is unknown; d. 11 January, 705 John VII, Pope - Reigned 705-707 John VIII, Pope - Reigned 872-82 John IX, Pope - Reigned 898-900 John X, Pope - Born at Tossignano, Romagna; enthroned, 914; died at Rome, 928 John XI, Pope - Reigned 931-935 John XII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; reigned 955-64 John XIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; enthroned on 1 Oct., 965; d. 6 Sept., 972 John XIV, Pope - After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, earlier imperial chancellor of Italy, was elected pope with the consent of Emperor Otto II, and took the name of John John XV (XVI), Pope - Enthroned 985; d. April, 996 John XVI (XVII) - Antipope 997-998; d. probably in 1013 John XVII (XVIII), Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 6 Nov., 1003 John XVIII (XIX), Pope - Successor of John XVII, consecrated Christmas, 1003; d. June, 1009 John XIX (XX), Pope - Enthroned in 1024; d. 1032 John XXI (XX), Pope - Born at Lisbon between 1210 and 1220; enthroned, 1276; died at Viterbo, 20 May, 1277 John XXII, Pope - Born at Cahors in 1249; enthroned, 5 September, 1316; died at Avignon, 4 December, 1334 John XXIII - Antipope (1370-1419) John, Epistles of - Three canonical books of the New Testament written by the Apostle St. John John, Gospel of - According to the traditional order, the Gospel of St. John occupies the last place among the four canonical Gospels John and Cyrus, Saints - Companions in life and in martyrdom. Beheaded in the Diocletian persecution John and Paul, Saints - Roman martyrs, c. 362 John Baptist de la Salle, Saint - Essay on the founder of the Christian Brothers John Baptist de Rossi, Saint - Priest, canon, preacher, d. 1764 John Beche, Blessed - Benedictine abbot. When Beche refused to grant that the king had any authority to confiscate St. John's Abbey, Colchester, he was thrown in the Tower on charges of treason. Though weak, he gained the crown of martyrdom in 1539 John Berchmans, Saint - Biography of this Jesuit, always pious, who died in 1621 at the age of 22 John Bosco, Saint - Commonly called Don Bosco or John Bosco. Founder of the Salesians, d. 1888 John Boste, Saint - Or John Boast. Priest, martyred at Durham in 1594. One of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales John Britton, Venerable - Also called John Bretton. Short biography of the layman and martyr John Buckley, Venerable - Alias John Jones. Welsh Franciscan priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1598 John Cantius, Saint - Polish priest, professor of Sacred Scripture, d. 1473 John Capistran, Saint - Lawyer, governor, ambassador, became a Franciscan priest and a renowned preacher, died in 1456 John Chrysostom, Saint - Long biographical article on this bishop and Doctor of the Church John Climacus, Saint - Sometimes called Scholasticus or the Sinaita. Article on the sixth-century Syrian abbot of Mt. Sinai. He is called 'Climacus' because he wrote the spiritual classic 'The Ladder of Divine Ascent,' 'Klimax' being the Greek for 'ladder.' John Colombini, Blessed - Sienese husband and father whose life was transformed by reading the life of St. Mary of Egypt. Founder of the Jesuati. He died in 1367 John Cornelius and Companions, Venerable - Cornelius, born of Irish parents in Cornwall, studied for the priesthood at Reims. For 10 years he worked as a missionary in England till he was martyred in 1594 for being a Catholic priest, and three companions were also martyred for aiding him John Damascene, Saint - Lengthy biographical article on the last of the Greek Fathers John de Britto, Blessed - Portuguese Jesuit missionary to India, martyr, d. 1693 John Felton, Blessed - Arrested, imprisoned, and tortured for having attached a copy of the papal bull excommunicating the queen to the Bishop of London's door. He died a martyr in 1570 John Fisher, Saint - Cardinal, Bishop of Rochester, martyr, d. 1535 John Forest, Blessed - English Franciscan, served as confessor to Queen Catherine, was burned at the stake at Smithfield in 1538 John Francis Regis, Saint - Jesuit priest and missionary, d. 1640 John Hambley, Venerable - More than once this priest offered to conform to the state-mandated religion, but at last he died a martyr John Ingram, Venerable - English priest, tortured and twice imprisoned, martyred in 1594 John Joseph of the Cross, Saint - Italian Franciscan priest, had the gift of miracles, d. 1739 John Larke, Blessed - Parish priest and friend of St. Thomas More. Martyred at Tyburn in 1543 or 1544, along with another priest (Bl. John Ireland) and the layman Bl. German Gardiner John Malalas - A Monophysite Byzantine chronicler of the sixth century John Nelson, Blessed - Jesuit priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1577 or 1578 John Nepomucene, Saint - Biography of the vicar general of the Archdiocese of Prague, who was tortured and then thrown into the Moldau and drowned, by order of King Wenceslaus IV, in 1393 John of Antioch - There are four persons commonly known by this name John of Avila, Blessed - Priest, preacher, author, d. 1569 John of Beverley, Saint - Benedictine bishop of Hexham and later of York, monastic founder, d. 721 John of Biclaro - Chronicler, born in Portugal, probably about the middle of the sixth century; died after 621 John of Cornwall - Lived about 1176. Author of a treatise written against the doctrine of Abelard John of Ephesus - Syriac historian, born at Amida (Diarbekir, on the upper Tigris), about 505; d. about 585 John of Falkenberg - Author, b. at Falkenberg, Pomerania, Prussia, date unknown; d. about 1418 in Italy John of Fécamp - Ascetic writer, b. near Ravenna about the beginning of the eleventh century; d. at Fecamp, Normandy, 22 February, 1079 John of Fermo, Blessed - Also known as John of La Verna. Franciscan, a friend of Jacopone of Todi. John died in 1322 John of Genoa - Grammarian; born at Genoa, date unknown; died there about 1298 John of God, Saint - Portuguese shepherd, soldier, bookseller, finally found his niche caring for the health of the poor in Granada, became de facto founder of a religious order, d. 1550 John of Hauteville - Moralist and satirical poet of the twelfth century (flourished about 1184) John of Janduno - An Averroistic philosopher, theologian, and political writer of the fourteenth century John of Montecorvino - A Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China, b. at Montecorvino in Southern Italy, in 1246; d. at Peking, in 1328 John of Montesono - Theologian and controversialist, born at Monzon, Spain; dates of birth and death unknown John of Nikiû - An Egyptian chronicler who flourished in the latter part of the seventh century John of Paris - Theologian and controversialist; born at Paris, date unknown; died at Bordeaux, 22 September, 1306 John of Parma, Blessed - Franciscan, professor of theology, Minister General, peacemaker, d. 1289 John of Ragusa - Dominican theologian (1380-1443) John of Roquetaillade (de Rupescissa) - Franciscan alchemist, date of birth unknown; d. probably at Avignon, 1362 John of Rupella - Franciscan theologian, b. at La Rochelle (Rupella), towards the end of the twelfth century John of Sahagun, Saint - Spanish canon, became an Augustinian hermit, d. 1479 John of Saint Thomas - Theologian, born at Lisbon, 9 June, 1589; died at Fraga, Spain, 17 June, 1644 John of Salisbury - Article on the life and thought of this medieval philosopher, by P. Coffey John of Segovia - A Spanish theologian, b. at Segovia towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. probably in 1458 John of the Cross, Saint - Article on the life and teaching of this Discalced Carmelite associated with St. Teresa of Avila. Mystic, Doctor of the Church, d. 1591 John of Victring - Chronicler, b. probably between 1270 and 1280; d. at Victring, Austria, 12 November, 1347 John of Winterthur - Historian, born about 1300 at Winterthur (Switzerland); died subsequently to 1348, probably at Zurich John Parvus - A French theologian and professor in the University of Paris; b. most likely at Brachy, Caux, in Normandy, and certainly in the Diocese of Rouen, about 1360; d. 15 July, 1411 John Payne, Blessed - English priest, tortured and martyred on completely fabricated charges of conspiracy to murder the queen. Executed in 1582 John Rigby, Saint - Rigby, an unmarried layman, appeared in court on behalf of his employer's daughter and admitted that he was himself a Catholic. He was martyred in 1600 John Roberts, Saint - A Welsh Benedictine, the first prior of Downside, was arrested six times, exiled four times, and finally martyred at Tyburn in 1610 John Rochester, Blessed - Brief biography of this English Carthusian priest and martyr, d. 1537 John Sarkander, Blessed - This priest was tortured for refusing to break the seal of confession, and died in prison in 1620 John Scholasticus - Patriarch of Constantinople, the author of an important collection of ecclesiastical laws; b. at Sirimis near Antioch; d. 577 John Shert, Blessed - Very brief biographical profile of the English priest, martyred in 1581 Johnston, Richard Malcolm - Educator, author, b. 8 March, 1822, at Powellton, Georgia, U.S.A.; d. at Baltimore, Maryland, 23 September, 1898 John Stone, Blessed - English Augustinian friar, martyred probably in 1539 John Story, Blessed - Or Storey. Member of Parliament, was arrested but escaped and became a Spanish subject. Kidnapped in Flanders, he was carried to the Tower, where he was tortured repeatedly. Died a martyr in 1571 John Talaia - Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (481-482) at the time of the Monophysite troubles John the Almsgiver, Saint - Also called John Eleemosynarius. Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 616 John the Baptist, Saint - Lengthy article on the Precursor John the Deacon - Article about four historians of the Middle Ages who bear this name John the Evangelist, Saint - Brother of James and son of Zebedee John the Faster - Patriarch of Constantinople (John IV, 582-595), famous chiefly through his assumption of the title 'ecumenical patriarch'; d. 2 September, 595 John the Silent, Saint - Or John Hesychastes. Monk, runaway bishop of Colonia, hermit, d. 558 John Twenge, Saint - Canon regular, prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington. Miracle-worker, d. 1379 Johnson, Lionel Pigot - Born at Broadstairs on the Kentish coast, 15 Mar., 1867; died 4 Oct., 1902 Johnson, Blessed Robert - English priest and martyr (d. 1581) Johnson, Blessed Thomas - The last of nine London Carthusians to die of starvation in prison in 1537. He died 20 September, after nearly 5 months of barbaric treatment Joinville, Jean, Sire de - Seneschal of Champagne, historian, b. in 1225; d. at Joinville, 1317 Joliet, Louis - A discoverer and the son of a wagon-maker, was born at Quebec, Canada, on 21 September 1645; d. in Canada, May 1700 Joliette - Diocese created by Pius X, 27 January, 1904 by division of the Archdiocese of Montreal; comprises three counties, Joliette, Berthier, and Montcalm, with four parishes of L'Assomption County Jolly, Philipp Johann Gustav von - German physicist, born at Mannheim, 26 September, 1809; died at Munich, 24 December, 1884 Jonah - The fifth of the Minor Prophets. Article takes a look at the Book of Jonah Jonas - The fifth of the Minor Prophets. Article takes a look at the Book of Jonah Jonas of Bobbio - Monk and hagiographer, b. about the close of the sixth century at Sigusia (Susa) in Piedmont; d. after 659 Jonas of Orléans - Bishop and ecclesiastical writer, born in Aquitaine; died in 843 or 844 Jonathan - Name of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament Jones, Venerable Edward - Welsh convert to Catholicism. Became a priest. He was martyred in 1590. Article also has some information on his fellow martyr Anthony Middleton Jones, Inigo - A biography with references of the London-born architect who drew his inspiration from the Classical forms of Italy Jordan, The - Formed at a point about five and a half miles below Banias, by the junction of three streams, the Jordan enters Lake Huleh about nine and a third miles lower down Jordanis - Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire Jordanus of Giano - Italian Minorite, b. at Giano in the Valley of Spoleto, c. 1195; d. after 1262 Jörg, Joseph Edmund - Historian and politician, b. 23 Dec., 1819 at Immenstadt (Ahgau); d. at Landshut, 18 Nov., 1901 Jornandes - Historian, lived about the middle of the sixth century in the Eastern Roman Empire Josaphat - Fourth King of Juda after the schism of the Ten Tribes Josaphat, Valley of - Mentioned in only one passage of the Bible (Joel, iii-Heb. text, iv) Josaphat and Barlaam - Main characters of a seventh-century Christian legend. Barlaam, a hermit, converted the prince Josaphat to Christianity, despite the efforts of Josaphat's father Abenner to prevent such a thing. Although Barlaam and Josaphat are included in the Roman Martyrology and in the Greek calendar, the story is actually a Christianized version of a legend about Buddha Josaphat Kuncevyc, Saint - Lithuanian-born Basilian monk and Ruthenian Rite archbishop of Polotsk, writer. He loved to make profound bows while reciting the Jesus Prayer. Martyred in 1623 Joseph, Saint - Information on the entire life of St. Joseph Joseph - The eleventh son of Jacob, the firstborn of Rachel, and the immediate ancestor of the tribes of Manasses and Ephraim Joseph Calasanctius, Saint - Priest, founder of the Piarists, d. 1648 Joseph Calasanctius of the Mother of God, Pious Workers of Saint - Founded at Vienna, 24 November, 1889, by Father Anton Maria Schwartz for all works of charity, but especially the apostolate among workingmen Joseph of Arimathea - All that is known for certain concerning him is derived from the canonical Gospels Joseph of Cupertino, Saint - Mystic from a very young age, priest, d. 1663. Biographical article Joseph of Exeter - A twelfth-century Lain poet; b. at Exeter, England Joseph of Issachar - A man of the tribe of Issachar, and the father of Igal who was one of the spies sent by Moses to traverse Chanaan and report on the country (Numbers 13:8) Joseph of Leonessa, Saint - Capuchin missionary, confessor, d. 1612 Joseph II - German Emperor (reigned 1765-90), of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine, son and successor of Maria Theresa and Francis I Joseph, Sisters of Saint - Founded at Le Puy, in Velay, France, by the Rev. Jean-Paul Medaille of the Society of Jesus Josephites - A congregation devoted to the Christian education of youth, founded in the Diocese of Ghent (Belgium) by Canon van Crombrugghe, in 1817 Joseph's Society for Colored Missions, Saint - This organization began its labours in 1871, when four young priests from Mill Hill were put in charge of St. Francis Xavier's church, with a large congregation of black Catholics, in Baltimore. Other black missions were soon begun at Louisville, Charleston, Washington, Richmond, Norfolk, and other places in the South Joseph's Society for Foreign Missions, Saint - A society of priests and laymen whose object is to labour for the conversion of heathens in foreign countries Josephus, Flavius - Jewish historian, born A.D. 37, at Jerusalem; died about 101 Joshua - The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books Josias - A pious King of Juda (639-608 B.C.), who ascended the throne when he was only eight years of age. He was the son of Amon and the grandson of Manasses Josue - The name of eight persons in the Old Testament, and of one of the Sacred Books Joubert, Joseph - French philosopher; b. at Martignac (Dordogne), 7 May, 1754, d. at Villeneuve-le-Roi (Yonne), 4 May 1824 Jouffroy, Claude-François-Dorothée de - Mechanician, b. at Abbans, near Besancon, 30 Sept., 1751; d. at Paris, 18 July, 1832 Jouffroy, Jean de - French prelate and statesman; b. at Luxeuil (Franche-Comte) about 1412; d. at the priory of Rulli, in the Diocese of Bourges, 24 November, 1473 Jouin, Louis - Linguist, philosopher, author, b. at Berlin, 14 June, 1818, d. at New York, 10 June, 1899 Jouvancy, Joseph de - Poet, pedagogue, philologist, and historian, b. at Paris, 14 September, 1643; d. at Rome, 29 May, 1719 Jouvenet, Jean - French painter, b. at Rouen in 1644, d. at Paris, 5 April, 1717 Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de - Spanish statesman and man of letters, at Gijon, Asturias, 5 Jan., 1744, d. at Puerto de Vega on the borders of Asturias, 27 Nov., 1811 Jovinianus - An opponent of Christian asceticism in the fourth century, condemned as a heretic (390) Jovianus, Flavius Claudius - Roman Emperor, 363-4 Jovius, Paulus - Historian, b. at Como, Italy, 9 April, 1483, d. at Florence, 11 Dec., 1552 Joyeuse, Henri, Duc de - Born in 1563 and not, as is mistakenly stated in the 'Biographic Michaud', in 1567; died at Rivoli, 28 Sept., 1608. He was the third son of Marechal Guillaume de Joyeuse, and was a brother of the Admiral Anne de Joyeuse and of the prelate Francois de Joyeuse Juan Bautista de Toledo - An eminent Spanish sculptor and architect; b. at Madrid (date not known); d. there 19 May, 1567 Jubilate Sunday - The third Sunday after Easter Jubilee, Holy Year of - Background information relating to the Jubilee Jubilee, Year of (Hebrew) - According to the Pentateuchal legislation contained in Leviticus, a Jubilee year is the year that follows immediately seven successive Sabbatic years (the Sabbatic year being the seventh year of a seven-year cycle) Jubilees, Book of - An apocryphal writing, so called from the fact that the narratives and stories contained in it are arranged throughout in a fanciful chronological system of jubilee-periods of forty-nine years each; each event is recorded as having taken place in such a week of such a month of such a Jubilee year Juda - The name of one of the Patriarchs, the name of the tribe reputed to be descended from him, the name of the territory occupied by the same, and also the name of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament Judaism - Judaism designates the religious communion which survived the destruction of the Jewish nation by the Assyrians and the Babylonians Judaizers - A party of Jewish Christians in the Early Church, who either held that circumcision and the observance of the Mosaic Law were necessary for salvation and in consequence wished to impose them on the Gentile converts, or who at least considered them as still obligatory on the Jewish Christians Judas Iscariot - The Apostle who betrayed Jesus Judas Machabeus - Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the patriotic and religious revolt of the Jews against the King of Syria (I Mach., ii, 4) Judde, Claude - French preacher and spiritual father; born at Rouen, about 20 December, 1661; died at Paris, 11 March, 1735 Jude, Epistle of Saint - One of the so-called antilegomena; but, although its canonicity has been questioned in several Churches, its genuineness has never been denied Judea - It designates the part of Palestine adjacent to Jerusalem and inhabited by the Jewish community after their return from captivity Judge, Ecclesiastical - An ecclesiastical person who possesses ecclesiastical jurisdiction either in general or in the strict sense Judges, The Book of - The seventh book of the Old Testament, second of the Early Prophets of the Hebrew canon Judgment, Divine - Divine judgment (judicium divinum), as an immanent act of God, denotes the action of God's retributive justice by which the destiny of rational creatures is decided according to their merits and demerits Judgment, General - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 3:4; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine Judgment, Last - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 3:4; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine Judgment, Particular - The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that immediately after death the eternal destiny of each separated soul is decided by the just judgment of God Judica Sunday - Name given to the fifth Sunday of Lent, and derived from the first words of the Introit of that day Judith, Book of - The book exists in distinct Greek and Latin versions, of which the former contains at least eighty-four verses more than the later Julian and Basilissa, Saints - Husband and wife, of whom little is known except that he was martyred in the Diocletian persecution. According to later legend, Basilissa was the founder of a monastery Julian of Eclanum - Born about 386; died in Sicily, 454; the most learned among the leaders of the Pelagian movement and Bishop of Eclanum near Beneventum Julian of Speyer - A famous composer, poet, and historian of the thirteenth century, b. at Speyer, d. at Paris about 1250 Juliana, Saint - Martyred in the Diocletian persecution. The oldest notice says that she died near Naples; the notion that she lived in Nicomedia is strictly legendary Juliana Falconieri, Saint - Niece of St. Alexis Falconieri. She founded the Servite Third Order, and died in 1341 Juliana of Liège, Saint - Devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, lobbied for the institution of the feast of Corpus Christi, d. 1258 Juliana of Norwich - Biographical article on this fourteenth-century English anchoress, mystic, author. By Edmund Gardner Julian the Apostate - Roman emperor 361-63, b. at Constantinople in 331, d. 26 June, 363, son of Julius Constantius, the half-brother of Constantine the Great Julia Billiart, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. She died in 1816 Julie Billiart, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. She died in 1816 Juliopolis - Titular see in the province of Bithynia Secunda, suffragan of Nicaea Julitta and Quiricus - Martyrs in the Diocletian persecution Julius I, Pope Saint - A Roman, anti-Arian, supporter of St. Athanasius. Julius died in 352 Julius II, Pope - Born on 5 December, 1443, at Albissola near Savona; crowned on 28 November, 1503; died at Rome, in the night of 20-21 February, 1513 Julius III, Pope - Born at Rome, 10 September, 1487; died there, 23 March, 1555 Julius Africanus - The father of Christian chronography Jumièges, Abbey of - Founded in 634 by St. Philibert, who had been the companion of Sts. Ouen and Wandrille at the Merovingian court Jungmann, Bernard - A dogmatic theologian and ecclesiastical historian, born at Muenster in Westphalia, 1 March, 1833; died at Louvain, 12 Jan., 1895 Jungmann, Josef - In 1850 he entered the German College at Rome, and was ordained priest in 1855. He afterwards joined the Society of Jesus Junípero Serra - Biography of the famed Franciscan priest, missionary to Mexico and California, who died in 1784 Jurisdiction, Ecclesiastical - The right to guide and rule the Church of God Jussieu, De - Name of five French botanists Jus Spolii - A claim, exercised in the Middle Ages, of succession to the property of deceased clerics, at least such as they had derived from their ecclesiastical benefices Juste - The name conventionally applied to a family of Italian sculptors, whose real name was Betti, originally from San Martino a Mensola, near Florence Justice - In its ordinary and proper sense, signifiies the most important of the cardinal virtues Justification - A biblio-ecclesiastical term; which denotes the transforming of the sinner from the state of unrighteousness to the state of holiness and sonship of God Justin de Jacobis, Blessed - Italian, a Lazarist priest, titular bishop of Nilopolis, d. 1860 Justinian I - Roman Emperor (527-65) Justin Martyr, Saint - Lengthy article on the life and teachings of the apologist Justina and Cyprian, Saints - Christians of Antioch martyred at Nicomedia, 26 September, 304. Already in the same century, quite a colorful legend arose about them Justiniani, Benedetto - Theological and Biblical writer (1550-1622) Justiniani, Nicholas - Benedictine monk, dispensed from his vows, never formally beatified Justinianopolis - A titular see of Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebaste Justus, Saint - The first bishop of Rochester, and later the fourth archbishop of Canterbury, died possibly in 627 Juvencus, C. Vettius Aquilinus - Fourth-century Christian Latin poet Juvenile Courts - Tribunals for the trial of children charged with crimes or offences

K

K Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Kabbala - It primarily signifies reception, and, secondarily, a doctrine received by oral tradition Kadlubek, Blessed Vincent - Bishop of Cracow, resigned his office and became the first Pole to join the Cistercians. He died in 1223 Kafiristan and Kashmir, Prefecture Apostolic of - Created (1887) by Leo XIII in the extreme North of India Kafirs - A term popularly to nearly all the natives of South Africa. It was originally imposed by the Arab traders of the East coast, and means 'unbeliever' Kager, Johann Matthias - German historical painter, born at Munich, 1566; died at Augsburg, 1634 Kaiser, Kajetan Georg von - Chemist, born at Kelheim on the Danube (Bavaria), 5 January, 1803; died at Munich, 28 August, 1871 Kaiserchronik - A German epic poem of the twelfth century Kaiserwilhelmsland - Prefecture Apostolic, comprises the German part of the island of New Guinea Kalands Brethren - The name given to religious and charitable associations of priests and laymen especially numerous in Northern and Central Germany, which held regular meetings for religious edification and instruction, and also to encourage works of charity and prayers for the dead Kalcker, Jan Stephanus van - Flemish painter, native of the Duchy of Cleves; b. between 1499 and 1510; d. at Naples, 1546 Kalinka, Valerian - Polish historian, born near Cracow in 1826; died at Jaroslaw in 1886 Kalispel Indians - Popularly known under the French name of Pend d'Oreilles, 'ear pendants', an important tribe of Salishan stock originally residing about Pend d Oreille lake and river, in northern Idaho and northeast Washington Kalocsa-Bacs, Archdiocese of - This archdiocese embraces within its territories an archdiocese and a diocese founded by St. Stephen of Hungary in 1010 Kamerun, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located in German West Africa, between British Nigeria and French Congo Kandy, Diocese of - Formerly part of the Vicariate of Southern Colombo, Ceylon, India, from which it was cut off as a vicariate Apostolic on 16 April, 1883, and erected into a diocese on 1 September, 1886 Kansas - One of the United States of America, is the central state of the Union, to which it was admitted 29 January, 1861 Kansas City, Diocese of - Established 10 September, 1880 Kan-Su, Prefecture Apostolic of Southern - Separated from the Northern Kan-su mission in 1905, and committed to the Belgian Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Scheutveld, Brussels) Kan-Su, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - This vicariate includes the territory of Ku-ku-nor, northern part of Tibet, and the five northern prefectures of the Chinese province of Kan-su: Lan-chou-fu, Si-ning-fu, Liang-chou-fu, Kan-chou-fu, and Su-chou Kant, Philosophy of - A detailed evaluation by William Turner Karinthia - A former crownland of the Austrian Empire Karnkowski, Stanislaw - Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, born about 1526; died at Lowicz, in the Government of Warsaw, 25 May (al., 8 June), 1603 Kaskaskia Indians - Formerly chief tribe of the confederacy of Illinois Indians Kassai, Upper - Erected as a simple mission in 1901, and detached, as a prefecture Apostolic, from the Vicariate of Belgian Congo since 20 August, 1901 Kauffmann, Angelica - Artist's biography with bibliography Kaufmann, Alexander - Poet and folklorist, born at Bonn, 14 May, 1817; died at Wertheim, 1 May, 1893 Kaufmann, Leopold - Chief Burgomaster of Bonn, brother of the poet and folklorist Alexander Kaufmann, born 13 March, 1821; died 27 Feb., 1898 Kaulen, Franz Philip - Scriptural scholar, born 20 March, 1827, at Duesseldorf; died at Bonn, 11 July, 1907 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton - An Austrian prince and statesman, born at Vienna 2 February, 1711; died there 27 June, 1794 Kateri Tekakwitha, Blessed - Biographical article on the 'Lily of the Mohawks,' who died in 1680. Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha or Takwita Kavanagh, Edward - American statesman and diplomat, born at Newcastle, Maine, 27 April, 1795; died there, 21 Jan., 1844 Kavanagh, Julia - Novelist and biographer, born 7 Jan., 1824, at Thurles, Ireland; died 28 October, 1877, at Nice, France Kearney, Diocese of - By Decree of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation of 8 March, 1912, Pius X divided into two parts the territory of the Diocese of Omaha, erecting the western part into a new and distinct diocese with its see at Kearney Keating, Geoffrey - Irish theologian, historian, and poet, b. at Burgess in the parish of Tubbrid, Co. Tipperary, about 1569; d. at Tubbrid about 1644 Keewatin, Vicariate Apostolic of - Includes the northern half of the Province of Saskatchewan Kehrein, Joseph - Educator, philologist, and historian of German literature, born at Heidesheim, near Mainz, 20 October, 1808; died at Montabaur, Hesse-Nassau, 25 March, 1876 Keller, Jacob - Controversialist, born at Sackingen, Baden, Germany, in 1568; died at Munich, Bavaria, 23 February, 1631 Kellner, Lorenz - Educationist, born at Kalteneber in the district of Eichsfeld, 29 January, 1811; died at Trier, 18 August, 1892 Kells, Book of - An Irish manuscript containing the Four Gospels, a fragment of Hebrew names, and the Eusebian canons, known also as the 'Book of Columba' Kells, School of - Kells (in Gaelic Cenannus) was the chief of the Irish Columban monasteries Kemble, Ven. John - Biography of the priest and martyr, who died in 1679 Kemp, John - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, Chancellor of England (1380-1454) Kenia - Vicariate Apostolic in Africa Kenites - A tribe or family often mentioned in the Old Testament, personified as Qayin from which the nomen gentilicium Qeni is derived Kennedy, James - Bishop of St. Andrews, Scotland. Born about 1406; died 10 May, 1466 Kenneth, Saint - Irish priest, monastic founder, missionary to Scotland, d. 600 Kenny, Saint - Irish priest, monastic founder, missionary to Scotland, d. 600 Kenosis - A term derived from the discussion as to the real meaning of Phil. 2:6 Kenraghty - Irish priest, d. 30 April, 1585, at Clonmel, Co. Tipperary Kenrick, Francis Patrick and Peter Richard - Archbishops of Baltimore, Maryland, and of St. Louis, Missouri Kent, Nun of - Born probably in 1506; executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1534; called the 'Nun of Kent' Kentigern, Saint - Also known as Mungo. First bishop of Glasgow, died in 603. Biography Kentucky - A state situated between the parallels of latitude 36°30' and 39°6' N., and between the meridians 82° and 89°38' W Keon, Miles Gerard - Irish journalist (1821-1875) Kerkuk - Chaldean Catholic diocese Kernan, Francis - Lawyer, statesman; born in Steuben County, New York, 14 January, 1816; d. at Utica, New York, 7 September, 1892 Kerry and Aghadoe - The Diocese of Kerry and Aghadoe (Kerriensis Et Aghadoensis), suffragan of Cashel, Ireland, is sixty-six miles in length, and sixty-one in breadth, containing a superficial area of 983,400 acres, and extending over the whole County of Kerry and a portion of that of Cork; in 1901 the Catholic population was 187,346 Kerssenbroch, Hermann von - A teacher and historian, b. at Monchshof, near Barntrup (Lippe), about 1520; d. at Osnabruck, 5 July, 1585 Kervyn de Lettenhove, Joseph-Marie-Bruno-Constantin, Baron - Belgian statesman and historian, b. at Saint-Michel-lez-Bruges, 17 August, 1817; d. there, 3 April, 1891 Kessels, Matthias - Sculptor, b. at Maastricht, 1784; d. at Rome, 3 March, 1836 Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von - Bishop of Mainz, b. at Muenster, in Westphalia, 25 Dec., 1811; d. at Burghausen, 13 July, 1877 Kevin of Glendalough, Saint - Abbot of Glendalough, d. 618 Keyes, Erasmus Darwin - Soldier, convert, b. at Brimfield, Massuchusetts, U.S.A., 29 May, 1810; d. at Nice, France, 14 October, 1895 Keys, Power of the - The expression 'power of the keys' is derived from Christ's words to St. Peter (in Matthew 16:19) Kharput - Armenian Uniat diocese created in 1850 Kiang-nan - The Vicariate comprises the two provinces of Kiang-su and Ngan-hwei Kiang-si, Eastern - The mission of Eastern Kiang-si was separated from the mission of Northern Kiang-si in 1885 Kiang-si, Northern - Father Matteo Ricci of the Society of Jesus was the first missionary who entered the province of Kiang-si at the end of the sixteenth century Kiang-si, Southern - Separated from the mission of Northern Kiang-si in 1879, and organized into an independent Vicariate Apostolic Kickapoo Indians - Apparently corrupted from a longer term signifying 'roamers', a tribe of Algonquian stock, closely related dialectically to the Sauk and Foxes, and living when first known in south central Wisconsin Kickham, Charles Joseph - Patriot, novelist, and poet, b. at Mullinahone, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1828; d. at Blackrock, Co. Dublin, 22 Aug., 1882 Kielce - Diocese in the sourthern part of Russian Poland Kieran, Saints - Of the many Irish saints of this name, the most famous is St. Kieran of Clonmacnoise. SS. Kieran of Seir-Kieran and Kieran of Disert-Kieran are fairly well-known. There is also a St. Kieran, patron of Clonsost, and a St. Kieran, son of Colga Kildare, School of - Situated in Magh Liffe, or the Plain of the Liffey, came to be known as Cill-Dara, or the Church of the Oak, from the stately oak-tree so much loved by St. Brigid, who under its branches laid the foundations of what in process of time became a monastic city Kildare and Leighlin - One of the four suffragans of Dublin, Ireland Kilian, Saint - Missionary, bishop of Wuerzburg, martyred with his companions Colman and Totnan in about 689 Killala - Diocese, one of the five suffragan sees of the ecclesiastical Province of Tuam Killaloe - A suffragan diocese of Cashel Kilmore - Diocese in Ireland, includes almost all Cavan and about half of Leitrim Kilwardby, Robert - Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1279) Kilwinning, Benedictine Abbey of - Located in Ayrshire, Scotland, in the town of the same name, where a church was said to have been founded early in the eighth century by St. Winning Kimberley - Vicariate apostolic; suffragan of Adelaide, erected by Leo XIII, 5 May, 1887 Kimberley in Orange - The portion of South Africa which at the present day forms the Vicariate of Kimberley in Orange became in the division of the Vicariate of Good Hope part of the Eastern District, and later on part of the Vicariate of Natal Kingdom of God - In this expression the innermost teaching of the Old Testament is summed up, but it should be noted that the word kingdom means ruling as well; thus it signifies not so much the actual kingdom as the sway of the king Kingisel - The name of two abbots who ruled Glastonbury in the seventh and eighth centuries respectively Kings - The 'wise men from the East' who came to adore Jesus in Bethlehem (Matthew 2) Kings, First and Second Books of - Known as the First and Second Books of Kings in the Authorized Version, in the Hebrew editions and the Protestant versions these are known as 1st and 2nd Samuel, with the Third and Fourth Books of Kings being styled First and Second Books of Kings Kings, Third and Fourth Books of - The historical book called in the Hebrew Melakhim, i.e. Kings, is in the Vulgate, in imitation of the Septuagint, styled the Third and Fourth Book of Kings Kings, Chronology of the - Offers a table with the kings from the Bible Kingston - The Archdiocese of Kingston comprises the territory from the eastern line of Dundas County to the western boundary of Hastings County in the Province of Ontario, Canada Kinloss - Cistercian abbey on the coast of Morayshire, Scotland, founded in 1150 or 1151 (authorities differ) by King David I, in gratitude, according to the popular legend, for having been guided into safety by a white dove when he had lost his way hunting in the adjacent forest Kino, Eusebius - A famous Jesuit missionary of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; b. 10 August, 1644, in Welschtirol (Anauniensis); d. 15 March, 1711 Kiowa Indians - An important Plains tribe, constituting a distinct linguistic stock Kirby, Blessed Luke - English priest, martyred in 1582. Article also has details on Bl. Laurence Richardson and St. Luke Kirby, his companions in martyrdom Kircher, Athanasius - Celebrated for the versatility of his knowledge and particularly distinguished for his knowledge of the natural sciences, b. 2 May, 1601, at Geisa, a small town on the northern bank of the Upper Rhone (Buchonia); d. at Rome, 28 Nov., 1680 Kirkwall - A parish, also a royal and parliamentary burgh and chief or county town of Orkney, in the north of Scotland Kisfaludy - Born at Suemeg, Hungary, 27 Sept., 1772; died at Suemeg, 28 October, 1844 Kiss - Four times in the Epistles of St. Paul is met the injunction, used as a sort of formula of farewell, 'Salute one another in a holy kiss' (en philemati hagio), for which St. Peter (1 Pet., v, 14) substitutes 'in a kiss of love' (en philemati agapes) Klaczko, Julian - Polish author, b. at Vilna, 6 November, 1825, of Jewish parents; d. at Cracow, 26 November, 1906 Klee, Heinrich - German theologian and exegete, b. at Muenstermaifeld, in the Rhine province, 20 April, 1800; d. at Munich, 28 July, 1840 Klesl, Melchior - A cardinal and Austrian statesman, b. at Vienna, 19 February, 1552; d. at Wiener-Neustadt, 18 September, 1630 Kleutgen, Josef Wilhelm Karl - German theologian and philosopher, b. at Dortmund, Westphalia, 9 April, 1811; d. at St. Anton near Kaltern, Tyrol, 13 Jan., 1883 Klinkowström - Artist, author and teacher; b. at Ludwigsburg in Swedish Pomerania on 31 August, 1778; d. at Vienna, 4 April, 1835 Klopp, Onno - Historian, b. on 9 October, 1822, at Leer (East Friesland); d. at Vienna, 9 August 1903 Knabl, Joseph - A master of religious plastic art, b. at Fliess, Tyrol, in 1819; d. at Munich in 1881 Kneeling - To genuflect, to bend the knee Kneipp, Sebastian - Bavarian priest and hydrotherapist, b. at Stephansreid, Bavaria, 17 May, 1821; d. at Woerishofen, 17 June, 1897 Knight, Venerable William - Put to death for the Faith at York, on 29 November, 1596; with him also suffered Venerables George Errington of Herst, William Gibson of Ripon, and William Abbot of Howden, in Yorkshire Knighton, Henry - A fourteenth-century chronicler Knighthood - Considered from three points of view: the military, the social, and the religious Knights of Christ, Order of the - A military order which sprang out of the famous Order of the Temple Knights of Columbus - Brief explanation and history of the organization Knights of the Cross - A religious order famous in the history of Bohemia, and accustomed from the beginning to the use of arms, a custom which was confirmed in 1292 by an ambassador of Pope Nicholas IV Knights of Malta - The most important of all the military orders, both for the extent of its area and for its duration Knights Templars, The - The earliest founders of the military orders Knoblecher, Ignatius - Catholic missionary in Central Africa, born 6 July, 1819, at St. Cantian in Lower Carniola; died 13 April, 1858, at Naples Knoll, Albert (Joseph) - Dogmatic theologian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, born at Bruneck in northern Tyrol, 12 July, 1796; died at Bozen, 30 March, 1863 Knowledge - Knowledge, being a primitive fact of consciousness, cannot, strictly speaking, be defined; but the direct and spontaneous consciousness of knowing may be made clearer by pointing out its essential and distinctive characteristics Knowledge of Jesus Christ - 'Knowledge of Jesus Christ,' as used in this article, does not mean a summary of what we know about Jesus Christ, but a survey of the intellectual endowment of Christ Knownothingism - Article on this 1850s United States anti-immigrant movement Knox, John - Scotch Protestant leader, b. at Haddington, Scotland, between 1505 and 1515; d. at Edinburgh, 24 November, 1572 Kober, Franz Quirin von - German canonist and pedagogist, b. of simple countryfolk on 6 March, 1821, at Warthausen, Biberach, Wuertemberg; d. at Tuebingen, 25 January, 1897 Koberger, Anthony - German printer, publisher, and bookseller, b. about 1445; d. at Nuremberg, 3 October, 1513 Kobler, Andreas - An historian, b. at Muhldorf in Bavaria, 22 June, 1816; d. at Klagenfurt, 15 November, 1892 Kochanowski, Jan - Born at Sycyna, 1530, died at Lublin, 22 August, 1584 Kochowski, Vespasian - Born at Sandomir?, 1633; died at Krakow, 1699. He received his education at the Jesuit College, Sandomir, served in the army, and then spent the rest of his life on his estate Kögler, Ignaz - Jesuit missionary to China (1680-1746) Kohlmann, Anthony - Educator and missionary (1771-1836) Koller, Marian Wolfgang - Scientist and educator (1792-1866) Konarski, Stanislaus - Born in 1700; died in 1773. This great reformer of Polish schools was a Piarist who, during a visit to Rome after his ordination, received there the first idea of his life's mission König, Joseph - Theologian and exegete (1819-1900) Königgrätz - Diocese in Bohemia Königshofen, Jacob - Medieval chronicler (1346-1420) Konings, Anthony - Born at Helmond, Diocese of Bois-1e-Duc, Holland, 24 August, 1821; died 30 June, 1884 Konrad ("der Pfaffe") - A German epic poet of the twelfth century Konrad of Lichtenau - Medieval German chronicler (d. 1240) Konrad of Megenberg - Scholar and writer, b. probably at Mainberg, near Schweinfurt, Bavaria, 2 February, 1309; d. at Ratisbon, 11 April, 1374 Konrad of Würzburg - A Middle High German poet, b. about 1230; d. at Basle, 1287 Konsag, Ferdinand - A German missionary of the eighteenth century, b. 2 December, 1703, at Warasdin, Croatia; d. 10 September, 1758 Koran, The - The sacred book of the Muslims, by whom it is regarded as the revelation of God Kosciuszko, Tadeusz - Polish patriot and soldier, b. near Novogrudok, Lithuania, Poland, 12 February, 1752; d. at Solothurn, Switzerland, 15 October, 1817 Kostka, Saint Stanislas - Polish Jesuit, died in 1568 at the age of 17, less than a year after entering the Society Kottayam, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located on the Malabar Coast, India Kozmian, Stanislaus and John - Two brothers who took part in the Polish insurrection of 1831, and subsequently fled the country Krafft, Adam - Sculptor, b. about 1440 at Nuremberg; d. Jan., 1509 at Schwabach Krain - A duchy and crownland in the Austrian Empire, bounded on the north by Karinthia, on the north-east by Styria, on the south-east and south by Croatia, and on the west by Trieste, Goritza, and Istria Krämer, John - Born about the end of the fourteenth century, he must have died between 1437 and 1440, as a manuscript of the Carthusian monastery of Memmingen speaks of the gift made to it by Kraemer in 1437, and the general chapter of the Carthusian Order held in 1440 mentions his death Krasicki, Ignatius - Born in 1735; died at Berlin, 1801. He took orders in early youth, and soon after became a canon, travelled abroad, preached the coronation sermon for King Stanislaus Poniatowski, by whose favour he shortly got a bishopric in what was soon to become Prussian Poland Krasinski, Sigismund - Count, son of a Polish general, b. at Paris, 19 Feb., 1812; d. there, 23 Feb., 1859 Kraus, Franz Xaver - An ecclesiastical and art historian, b. at Trier, 18 September, 1840; d. at San Remo, 28 December, 1901 Kreil, Karl - Austrian meteorologist and astronomer, b. at Ried, Upper Austria, 4 Nov., 1798; d. at Vienna, 21 Dec., 1862 Kreiten, William - Literary critic and poet, b. 21 June, 1847, at Gangelt near Aschen; d. 6 June, 1902, at Kerkrade (Kirchrath) in Dutch Limburg Kremsmünster - A Benedictine abbey in Austria, on the little river Krems, about twenty miles south of Linz, founded A.D. 777 by Tassilo II Duke of Bavaria, who richly endowed it, as did subsequently Charlemagne and his successors Kromer, Martin - A distinguished Polish bishop and historian; b. at Biecz in Galicia in 1512; d. at Heilsberg, Ermland (now East Prussia), on 23 March, 1589 Krzycki, Andrew - A typical humanistic poet, a most supple courtier for whom poetry was to be a source of renown and profit, Krzycki was well-read in Latin poetry and knew the language to perfection. Date of birth uncertain; d. in 1535 Kuhn, Johannes von - Theologian, b. at Waeschenbeuren in Wuertemberg, 19 Feb., 1806; d. at Tuebingen, 8 May, 1887 Kulturkampf - The name given to the political struggle for the rights and self-government of the Catholic Church, carried out chiefly in Prussia and afterwards in Baden, Hesse, and Bavaria Kumbakonam - Kumbakonam, signifying in English the 'Jug's Corner,' is a town of 60,000 inhabitants, and is situated in the fertile plain of the Tanjore District about half-way on the railroad which connects Madras with Tuticorin Kuncevyc, Saint Josaphat - Lithuanian-born Basilian monk and Ruthenian Rite archbishop of Polotsk, writer. He loved to make profound bows while reciting the Jesus Prayer. Martyred in 1623 Kutenai Indians - An important tribe of south-eastern British Columbia and the adjacent portions of Montana and Idaho Kwango - The name of a river which flows into the Kassai, which itself is a tributary of the River Congo Kwang-si - The mission of Kwang-si comprises the entire province of that name Kwang-tung - This prefecture comprises the whole province of that name except the civil prefecture of Shin-hing, the three districts of Heung-shan, Yan-ping, and Yeung-tsun, which belong to the Diocese of Macao, and the three districts of San-on, Kwei-shin, and Hoi-fung, which belong to the Vicariate Apostolic of Hong-Kong Kwei-chou - The mission of Kwei-chou embraces the entire province of that name Kyrie Eleison - Greek for 'Lord have mercy'; the Latin transliteration supposes a pronunciation as in Modern Greek, is a very old, even pre-Christian, expression used constantly in all Christian liturgies

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L Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... La Chaise, François d'Aix de - Confessor of King Louis XIV, born at the mansion of Aix, in Forez, Department of Loire, 25 August, 1624; died at Paris, 20 January, 1709 La Crosse - Diocese erected in 1868; included that part of the State of Wisconsin, U.S.A., lying north and west of the Wisconsin River La Richardie, Armand de - Born at Perigueux, 7 June, 1686; died at Quebec, 17 March, 1758. He entered the Society of Jesus at Bordeaux, 4 Oct., 1703, and in 1725 was sent to the Canada mission La Roche Daillon, Joseph de - Recollect, one of the most zealous missionaries of the Huron tribe, d. in France, 1656 La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, The Duke of - Opposed during the last years of the reign of Louis XV to the government of Maupeou, and the friend of all the reformers who surrounded Louis XVI, he owed to the influence of these economists the favour of the king La Rochejacquelein, Henri-Auguste-Georges du Vergier, Comte de - French politician, b. at the chateau of Citran (Fironde), on 28 September, 1805; d. on 7 January, 1867 La Rochelle - The Diocese of La Rochelle (Rupellensis), suffragan of Bordeaux, comprises the entire Department of Charente-Inferieure Larrey, Dominique-Jean - Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudean, Hautes-Pyrenees, July, 1766; d. at Lyons, 25 July, 1842 La Rue, Charles de - French Jesuit orator (1643-1725) La Salette - Located in the commune and parish of La Salette-Fallavaux, Canton of Corps, Department of Isere, and Diocese of Grenoble La Salette, Missionaries of - Founded in 1852, at the shrine of Our Lady of La Salette, where some priests banded together to care for the numerous pilgrims frequenting the mountain La Salle, John Baptist de, Saint - Essay on the founder of the Christian Brothers La Salle, René-Robert-Cavelier, Sieur de - Explorer, born at Rouen, 1643; died in Texas, 1687 La Serena, Diocese of - Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of Santiago, erected 1 July, 1840 La Verna - An isolated mountain hallowed by association with St. Francis of Assisi, situated in the centre of the Tuscan Appenines Labadists - A pietist sect of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries founded by Jean de Labadie, who was born at Bourg, near Bordeaux, 13 February, 1610, and died at Altonia, 13 February, 1674 Laban - Son of Bathuel, the Syrian Labarum (Chi-Rho) - The name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his celebrated vision (Lactantius, 'De mortibus persecutorum', 44), was known in antiquity Labat, Jean-Baptiste - Dominican missionary, born at Paris, 1664; died there, 1738 Labbe, Philippe - Born at Borges, 10 July, 1607; died at Paris, at the College of Clermont, 17 (16) March, 1667; a distinguished Jesuit writer on historical, geographical, and philological questions Labour and Labour Legislation - Labour is work done by mind or body either partly or wholly for the purpose of producing utilities Labour Unions, Moral Aspects of - Since a labour union is a society, its moral aspects are determined by its constitution, its end, its results, and the means employed in pursuit of the end La Bruyère, Jean de - Born at Paris in 1645; died at Chantilly in 1696. He was the son of a comptroller general of municipal revenue Labyrinth - A complicated arrangement of paths and passages; or a place, usually subterraneous, full of windings, corridors, rooms, etc., so intricately arranged as to render the getting out of it a very difficult matter Lac, Stanislaus du - Jesuit educationist and social work, b. at Paris, 21 November, 1835; d. there, 30 August, 1909 Lace - The two earliest known specimens of lace-worked linen albs are that of St. Francis, preserved at St. Clare's convent, Assisi, and the alb of Pope Boniface VIII, now in the treasury of the Sistine Chapel Lacedonia, Diocese of - Located in the province of Avellino, Southern Italy Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste-Henri-Dominique - Dominican orator (1802-1861) Lactantius, Lucius Cæcilius Firmianus - Fourth-century Christian apologist Lacy, Blessed William - English widower, became a priest. He was martyred at York in 1582 Laderchi, James - An Italian Oratorian and ecclesiastical historian, born about 1678, at Faenza near Ravenna; died 25 April, 1738, at Rome Ladislaus, Saint - King of Hungary, d. 1095 Laennec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe - Born at Quimper, in Brittany, France, 17 February, 1781; died at Kerlouanec, 13 August, 1826, a French physician, discoverer of auscultation, and father of modern knowledge of pulmonary diseases Laetare Sunday - The fourth, or middle, Sunday of Lent, so called from the first words of the Introit at Mass Laetus, Pomponius - Humanist, b. in Calabria in 1425; d. at Rome in 1497 La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de - Author of memoirs and novels, born in Paris, 1634; died there, 1693 LaFarge, John - Painter, decorator, and writer (1835-1910) Lafitau, Joseph-Françs - Jesuit missionary and writer, born at Bordeaux, France, 1 January, 1681; died there, 1746 Laflèche, Louis-François Richer - French-Canadian bishop, b. 4 Sept., 1818, at Ste-Anne de la Perade, Province of Quebec; d. 14 July, 1898 La Fontaine, Jean de - French poet, b. at Chateau-Thierry, 8 July, 1621; d. at Paris, 13 April, 1695 Laforêt, Nicholas-Joseph - Belgian philosopher and theologian, born at Graide, 23 January, 1823; died at Louvain, 26 January, 1872 La Fosse, Charles de - Painter, b. in Paris, 15 June, 1636; d. in Paris, 13 December, 1716, and buried in the church of Saint Eustache Lafuente y Zamalloa, Modesto - Spanish critic and historian, d. 1866 Lagania - A titular see in Galatia Prima Lagrené, Pierre - A missionary in New France, b. at Paris, 12 Nov (al. 28 Oct.), 1659; d. at Quebec in 1736 La Harpe, Jean-François - A French critic and poet, b. at Paris, 20 November, 1739; d. February, 1803 La Haye, Jean de - Franciscan Biblical scholar, b. at Paris, 20 March, 1593; d. there 15 Oct., 1661 La Hire, Philippe de - Mathematician, astronomer, physicist, naturalist, and painter, b. in Paris, 18 March, 1640; d. in Paris, 21 April, 1718 Lahore - Diocese in northern India, part of the ecclesiastical Province of Agra Laibach - Austrian bishopric and suffragan of Goerz, embraces the territory of the Austrian crown-land of Carniola (Krain) Laicization - The term laity signifies the aggregation of those Christians who do not form part of the clergy. Consequently the word lay does not strictly connote any idea of hostility towards the clergy or the Church much less towards religion. Laicization, therefore, considered etymologically, simply means the reducing of persons or things having an ecclesiastical character to a lay condition Lainez, James - Second general of the Society of Jesus, theologian, b. in 1512, at Almazan, Castille, in 1512; d. at Rome, 19 January, 1565 Laity - The body of the faithful, outside of the ranks of the clergy Lake Indians - A small tribe of Salishan stock, originally ranging along Columbia River in northeast Washington from about Kettle Falls to the British line Lalemant, Charles - Born at Paris, 17 November, 1587; died there, 18 November, 1674. He was the first superior of the Jesuit missions in Canada, and his letter to his brother dated 1 August, 1626, inaugurated the series of 'Relations' about the missionary work in that country Lalemant, Gabriel - Short biography of this Jesuit missionary Lalemant, Jerome - Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 27 April, 1593, d. at Quebec, 16 November, 1665 Lallemant, Jacques-Philippe - French Jesuit, b. at St-Valery-sur-Somme about 1660; d. at Paris 1748 Lallemant, Louis - French Jesuit, b. at Chalons-sur-Marne, 1588; d. at Bourges, 5 April, 1635 Lalor, Teresa - Co-foundress, with Bishop Neale of Baltimore, of the Visitation Order in the United States, b. in Ireland; d. 9 Sept., 1846 La Luzerne, César-Guillaume - French cardinal b. at Paris, 1738; d. there, 1821 Lamarck, Chevalier de - Distinguished botanist, zoologist, and natural philosopher, b. at Bazentin in Picardy (department of Somme), France, 1 August, 1744; d. at Paris, 18 December, 1829 Lamartine, Alphonse de - Poet, b. at Macon Saone-et-Loire, France, 21 Oct., 1790; d. at Paris, l March, 1869 Lamb, Paschal - A lamb which the Israelites were commanded to eat with peculiar rites as a part of the Passover celebration Lamb (in Early Christian Symbolism) - One of the few Christian symbols dating from the first century is that of the Good Shepherd carrying on His shoulders a lamb or a sheep, with two other sheep at his side Lambeck, Peter - Historian and librarian, b. at Hamburg, 13 April 1628; d. at Vienna, 4 April, 1680 Lambert, Saint - Bishop of Maestricht, martyred between 698 and 701 for defending the sanctity of marriage. Also called St. Landebertus Lambert, Louis A. - Priest and journalist (1835-1910) Lambert Le Bègue - Priest and reformer, lived at Liege, Belgium, about the middle of the twelfth century Lambert of Hersfeld - A medieval historian; b. in Franconia or Thuringia, c. 1024; d. after 1077 Lambert of St-Bertin - Benedictine chronicler and abbot, b. about 1060; d. 22 June, 1125, at St-Bertin, France Lamberville, Jacques and Jean de - Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries Lambillotte, Louis - Belgian Jesuit and composer (1796-1855) Lambin, Denis - French philologist (1520-1572) Lambruschini, Luigi - Cardinal, b. at Sestri Levante, near Genoa, 6 March, 1776, d. at Rome, 12 May, 1854 Lambton, Ven. Joseph - Yorkshire man, a priest, martyred at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1592 Lamego - Diocese situated in the district of Vizeu, province of Beira, Portugal Lamennais, Félicité Robert de - Born at Saint-Malo, 29 June, 1782; died at Paris, 27 February, 1854 Lamennais, Jean-Marie-Robert de - French priest, brother of Felicite Robert de Lamennais, b. at St-Malo in 1780; d. at Ploërmel, Brittany, in 1860 Lamoignon, Family of - Illustrious in the history of the old magistracy, originally from Nivernais Lamont, Johann von - Astronomer and physicist, b. 13 Dec., 1805, at Braemar in Scotland, near Balmoral Castle; d. 6 Aug., 1879, at Bogenhausen near Munich, Bavaria La Moricière, Louis-Christophe-Leon Juchault de - French general and commander-in-chief of the papal army, b. at Nantes, 5 February, 1806; d. at the chateau of Prouzel, near Amiens, 11 September, 1865 Lamormaini, Wilhelm - Confessor of Emperor Ferdinand II, b. 29 December, 1570, at Dochamps, Luxemburg; d. at Vienna, 22 February, 1648 Lampa - A titular see in Crete, suffragan of Gortyna, was probably a colony of Tarrha Lamp, Altar - In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should always burn in the Tabernacle of the Testimony without the veil Lamp and Lampadarii - There is very little evidence that any strictly liturgical use was made of lamps in the early centuries of Christianity. The fact that many of the services took place at night, and that after the lapse of a generation or two the meetings of the Christians for purposes of worship were held, at Rome and elsewhere, in the subterranean chambers of the Catacombs, make it clear that lamps must have been used to provide the necessary means of illumination Lamprecht - German poet of the twelfth century, of whom practically nothing personal is known but his name and the fact that he was a cleric Lamps, Early Christian - Of the various classes of remains from Christian antiquity there is probably none so numerously represented as that of small clay lamps adorned with Christian symbols Lampsacus - A titular see of Hellespont, suffragan of Cyzicus Lamuel - Name of a king mentioned in Prov., xxxi, 1 and 4, but otherwise unknown Lamus - A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia Lamy, Bernard - Oratorian, b. at Le Mans, France, in June, 1640; d. at Rouen, 29 Jan., 1715 Lamy, François - An ascetical and apologetic writer of the Congregation of St-Maur, b. in 1636 at Montireau in the Department of Eure-et-Loir; d. 11 April, 1711, at the Abbey of St-Denis near Paris Lamy, Thomas Joseph - Biblical scholar end orientalist, b. at Ohey, in Belgium, 27 Jan., 1827, d. at Louvain, 30 July, 1907 Lana, Francesco - Born 10 Dec., 1631, at Brescia in Italy; died in the same place, 22 Feb., 1687. Mathematician and naturalist, he was also the scientific founder of aeronautics Lance, The Holy - In the Gospel of St. John (xix, 34), that, after our Saviour's death, 'one of the soldiers with a spear [lancea] opened his side and immediately there came out blood and water' Lancelotti, Giovanni Paolo - Canonist, b. at Perugia in 1522; d. there, 23 September, 1590 Lanciano and Ortona - Lanciano is a small city in the province of Chieti, in the Abruzzi, Central Italy, between the Pescara and the Trigni, with a majestic view of Mount Maiella Land-Tenure in the Christian Era - The way in which land has been held or owned during the nineteen hundred years which have seen in Europe the rise and establishment of the Church is a matter for historical inquiry. Strictly speaking, the way in which such ownership or tenure was not only legally arranged, but ethically regarded, is a matter for historical inquiry also Lando, Pope - Reigned 913-914 Landriot, Jean-François-Anne - French bishop, b. at Couches-les-Mines near Autun, 1816, d. at Reims, 1874 Lanfranc - Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Pavia c. 1005; d. at Canterbury, 24 May, 1089 Lanfranco, Giovanni - Decorative painter, b. at Parma, 1581, d. in Rome, 1647 Lang, Matthew - Cardinal, Bishop of Gurk and Archbishop of Salzburg, b. at Augsburg in 1468; d. at Salzburg, 30 March, 1540 Langen, Rudolph von - Humanist and divine, b. at the village of Everswinkel, near Munster, Westphalia, 1438 or 1439; d. at Munster, 25 Dec., 1519 Langénieux, Benoit-Marie - Cardinal, Archbishop of Reims, b. at Villefranche-sur-Saone, Department of Rhone, 1824; d. at Reims, 1 Jan., 1905 Langham, Simon - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England, b. at Langham in Rutland; d. at Avignon, France, 22 July, 1376 Langheim - A celebrated Cistercian abbey situated in Upper Franconia (Bavaria), not far from Mein, in the Diocese of Bamberg Langhorne, Ven. Richard - Married Englishman, lawyer, martyred in 1679 Langley, Richard - Biographical portrait of the Yorkshire layman who refused to compromise his faith, and who paid the price for it. He was martyred in 1586 Langres - Diocese comprising the Department of the Haute-Marne Lanigan, John - Irish Church historian (1758-1825) Lanspergius - Carthusian monk and ascetical writer, b. at Landsberg in Bavaria 1489, d. at Cologne, 11 Aug., 1539 Lantern - In Italian or modern architecture, a small structure on the top of a dome, for the purpose of admitting light, for promoting ventilation, and for ornament Lanterns, Altar - Used in churches to protect the altar candles and lamp, if the latter for any reason, such as a draught, cannot be kept lit Lanzi, Luigi - An Italian archeologist, b. at Mont Olmo, near Macerata, in 1732; d. at Florence in 1810 Laodicea - A titular see, of Asia Minor, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana, said to have been originally called Diospolis and Rhoas; Antiochus II colonized it between 261 and 246 B.C., and gave it the name of his wife, Laodice Laos - Separated from the Vicariate Apostolic of Siam by a decree of 4 May, 1899 La Paz - Diocese in Bolivia Laplace, Pierre-Simon - Mathematician and astronomer (1749-1827) Lapland and Lapps - This singular race is divided into three different groups: mountain, forest, and fisher Lapps La Plata - The city of La Plata, capital of the Argentine Province of Buenos Aires, is situated on the right bank of the Rio de la Plata, about 35 miles south-east of the city of Buenos Aires La Plata - The metropolitan see of Bolivia Lapparent, Albert Auguste de - French geologist, b. at Bourges, 30 Dec., 1839; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1908 Laprade, Victor de - French poet and critic, b. at Montbrison in 1812; d. at Lyons in 1883 Lapsi - The regular designation in the third century for Christians who relapsed into heathenism, especially for those who during the persecutions displayed weakness in the face of torture, and denied the Faith by sacrificing to the heathen gods or by any other acts Lapuente, Venerable Luis de - Born at Valladolid, 11 November, 1554; died there, 16 February 1624. Having entered the Society of Jesus, he studied under the celebrated Suarez, and professed philosophy at Salamanca Laranda - A titular see of Isauria, afterwards of Lycaonia Lares - Formerly a titular archiepiscopal see in proconsular Africa Larino - Diocese in the province of Capmobasso, Southern Italy Larissa - The seat of a titular archbishopric of Thessaly Larke, Blessed John - Parish priest and friend of St. Thomas More. Martyred at Tyburn in 1543 or 1544, along with another priest (Bl. John Ireland) and the layman Bl. German Gardiner Larrey, Dominique-Jean - Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudean, Hautes-Pyrenees, July, 1766; d. at Lyons, 25 July, 1842 Larue, Charles de - He took the habit of St. Benedict in the Abbey of St. Faro at Meaux, and made his religious profession on 21 Nov., 1703 Lasaulx, Ernst von - Scholar and philosopher, born at Coblenz, 16 March, 1805; died at Munich, 9 May, 1861 Lascaris, Constantine - Greek scholar from Constantinople; born 1434; died at Messina in 1501 Lascaris, Janus - A noted Greek scholar, born about 1445; died at Rome in 1535 Laski, John - Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, b. at Lask, 1456; d. at Gnesen, 19 May, 1531 Lassberg, Baron Joseph Maria Christoph von - A distinguished German antiquary, born at Donaueschingen, 10 April, 1770; died 15 March, 1855 Lassus, Orlandus de - Biography emphasizing his religious compositions Last Judgment, The - To it the prophets of the Old Testament refer when they speak of the 'Day of the Lord' (Joel 3:4; Ezekiel 13:5; Isaiah 2:12), in which the nations will be summoned to judgment. In the New Testament the second Parusia, or coming of Christ as Judge of the world, is an oft-repeated doctrine Last Supper, The - The Evangelists and critics generally agree that the Last Supper was on a Thursday, that Christ suffered and died on Friday, and that He arose from the dead on Sunday Lataste, Marie - Born at Mimbaste near Dax, France, 21 February, 1822; died at Rennes, 10 May, 1847; was the youngest child of simple pious peasants Latera, Flaminius Annibali de - Historian, born at Latera, near Viterbo, 23 November, 1733; died at Viterbo, 27 February, 1813 Lateran, Christian Museum of - Established by Pius IX in 1854, in the Palazzo del Laterano erected by Sixtus V on the part of the site of the ancient Lateran palace destroyed by fire in 1308. In 1843 the 'profane' Museum of the Lateran was founded by Gregory XVI, in whose pontificate also was mooted the idea of establishing a museum of Christian antiquities in the same edifice Lateran, Saint John - This is the oldest, and ranks first among the four great 'patriarchal' basilicas of Rome Lateran Councils - A series of five important councils held at Rome from the twelfth to the sixteen century Lateran Council, First - It put a stop to the arbitrary conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by laymen, reestablished freedom of episcopal and abbatial elections, separated spiritual from temporal affairs, and ratified the principle that spiritual authority can emanate only from the Church; lastly it tacitly abolished the exorbitant claim of the emperors to interfere in papal elections Lateran Council, Second - To efface the last vestiges of the schism, to condemn various errors and reform abuses among clergy and people Innocent, in the month of April, 1139, convoked, at the Lateran, the tenth ecumenical council Lateran Council, Third - In September, 1178, the pope in agreement with an article of the Peace of Venice, convoked an ecumenical council at the Lateran for Lent of the following year and, with that object, sent legates to different countries Lateran Council, Fourth - From the commencement of his reign Innocent III had purposed to assemble an ecumenical council, but only towards the end of his pontificate could he realize this project, by the Bull of 19 April, 1213. The assembly was to take place in November, 1215 Lateran Council, Fifth - Convoked, by the Bull of 18 July, 1511, to assemble 19 April, 1512, in the church of St. John Lateran Lathrop, George Parsons - Poet, novelist (1851-1898) Latin, Ecclesiastical - The Latin in the official textbooks of the Church (the Bible and the Liturgy), as well as in the works of those Christian writers of the West who have undertaken to expound or defend Christian beliefs Latin Church - The Latin Church is simply that vast portion of the Catholic body which obeys the Latin patriarch, which submits to the pope, not only in papal, but also in patriarchal matters Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem - Founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed a first time by Saladin in 1187, it was re-established around Saint-Jean d'Acre and maintained until the capture of that city in 1291 Latin Literature in Christianity (Before the Sixth Century) - The Latin language was not at first the literary and official organ of the Christian Church in the West. The Gospel was announced by preachers whose language was Greek, and these continued to use Greek, if not in their discourses, at least in their most important acts Latin Literature in Christianity (Sixth to Twentieth Century) - During the Middle Ages the so-called church Latin was to a great extent the language of poetry, and it was only on the advent of the Renaissance that classical Latin revived and flourished in the writings of the neo-Latinists as it does even today though to a more modest extent Classical Latin Literature in the Church - This article deals only with the relations of the classical literature, chiefly Latin, to the Catholic Church Latini, Brunetto - Florentine philosopher and statesman, born at Florence, c. 1210; the son of Buonaccorso Latini, died 1294 La Trappe - Abbey of the Order of Reformed Cistercians Latreille, Pierre-André - A prominent French zoologist; born at Brives, 29 November, 1762; died in Paris, 6 February, 1833 Latria - In classical Greek originally meant 'the state of a hired servant' (Aesch., 'Prom.', 966), and so service generally. It is used especially for Divine service (Plato, 'Apol.', 23 B). In Christian literature it came to have a technical sense for the supreme honour due to His servants, the angels and saints Latrocinium - The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit. 14,530, written in the year 535 Latter-day Saints, The Church of Jesus Christ of - Also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This religious body had its origin during the early part of the nineteenth century. Joseph Smith, the founder and first president of the sect, was the son of a Vermont farmer, and was born in Sharon township, Windsor County, in that state, on 23 December, 1805 Lauda Sion - The opening words (used as a title of the sequence composed by St. Thomas Aquinas, about the year 1264, for the Mass of Corpus Christi Lauds - Article on the canonical hour once known as Matins, then as Lauds, now as Morning Prayer. One of the two principal hours Laura - The Greek word laura is employed by writers from the end of the fifth century to distinguish the monasteries of Palestine of the semi-eremitical type. The word signifies a narrow way or passage, and in later times the quarter of a town Laurence O'Toole, Saint - Confessor, abbot, and the first Irish-born bishop of Dublin, d. 1180 Laurentie, Pierre-Sébastien - French publicist (1793-1876) Lausanne and Geneva - Diocese in Switzerland, immediately subject to the Holy See Lauzon, Jean de - Fourth governor of Canada, b. at Paris, 1583; d. there, 16 Feb., 1666 Lauzon, Pierre de - A noted missionary of New France in the eighteenth century, born at Poitiers, 26 September, 1687; died at Quebec, 5 September, 1742 Lavabo - The first word of that portion of Psalm 25 said by the celebrant at Mass while he washes his hands after the Offertory, from which word the whole ceremony is named Laval, François de Montmorency - First bishop of Canada, b. at Montigny-sur-Avre, 30 April, 1623, of Hughes de Laval and Michelle de Pericard; d. at Quebec on 6 May, 1708 La Valette, Jean Parisot de - Forty-eighth Grand Master of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem; b. in 1494; d. in Malta, 21 Aug., 1568 Laval University of Quebec - Founded in 1852 by the Seminary of Quebec; the royal charter granted to it by Queen Victoria was signed at Westminster, 8 December, 1852 Lavant - An Austrian bishopric in the southern part of Styria, suffragan of Salzburg Laverdière, Charles-Honoré - French-Canadian historian, born Chateau-Richer, Province of Quebec, 1826; died at Quebec, 1873 Lavérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de - Discoverer of the Canadian West, born at Three Rivers, Quebec, 17 November, 1685; died at Montreal, 6 December, 1749 Laverlochère, Jean-Nicolas - Missionary, born at St. Georges d'Esperance, Grenoble, France, 6 December, 1812; died at Temiscaming, Canada, 4 October, 1884 Lavigerie, Charles-Martial-Allemand - French cardinal, b. at Huire near Bayonne, 13 Oct., 1825; d. at Algiers, 27 Nov., 1892 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent - Chemist, philosopher, economist (1743-1794) Law - By law in the widest sense is understood that exact guide, rule, or authoritative standard by which a being is moved to action or held back from it Law, Canon - Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members Law, Cemeteries in - Includes information concerning the laws in the United States and Canada Law, Civil (Influence of the Church on) - Christianity is essentially an ethical religion; and, although its moral principles were meant directly for the elevation of the individual, still they could not fail to exercise a powerful influence on such a public institution as law, the crystallized rule of human conduct Law, Common - The term is of English origin and is used to describe the juridical principles and general rules regulating the possession, use and inheritance of property and the conduct of individuals, the origin of which is not definitely known, which have been observed since a remote period of antiquity, and which are based upon immemorial usages and the decisions of the law courts as distinct from the lex scripta; the latter consisting of imperial or kingly edicts or express acts of legislation Law, Divine (Moral Aspect of) - That which is enacted by God and made known to man through revelation Law, International - Defined to be 'the rules which determine the conduct of the general body of civilized states in their dealings with each other' (American and English Encycl. of Law) Law, Mosaic - The body of juridical, moral, and ceremonial institutions, laws, and decisions comprised in the last four books of the Pentateuch, and ascribed by Christian and Hebrew tradition to Moses Law, Natural - In English this term is frequently employed as equivalent to the laws of nature, meaning the order which governs the activities of the material universe. Among the Roman jurists natural law designated those instincts and emotions common to man and the lower animals, such as the instinct of self-preservation and love of offspring Law, Roman - This subject is briefly treated under the two heads of; I. Principles; II. History Lawrence, Saint - Deacon, martyr, d. 258 Lawrence, Saint - Successor of St. Augustine of Canterbury as archbishop of that see, and died in 619 Lawrence Justinian, Saint - Bishop and first Patriarch of Venice. He died in 1456 Lawrence of Brindisi, Saint - An Italian Capuchin with a talent for languages, much in demand as a preacher, was chaplain of the Imperial army. Doctor of the Church. He died in 1619 Lawrence O'Toole, Saint - Confessor, abbot, and the first Irish-born bishop of Dublin, d. 1180 Laws, Penal - Treats of the penal legislation affecting Catholics in English-speaking countries since the Reformation. Lay Abbot - A name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services rendered Lay Brothers - Religious occupied solely with manual labour and with the secular affairs of a monastery or friary Lay Communion - Speaking generally, the expression 'lay communion' does not necessarily imply the idea of the Eucharist, but only the condition of a layman in communion with the Church Lay Confession - This article does not deal with confession by laymen but with that made to laymen, for the purpose of obtaining the remission of sins by God Lay Tithes - Ecclesiastical tithes, which in the course of time became alienated from the Church to lay proprietors Laymann, Paul - A famous Jesuit moralist, b. in 1574 at Arzl, near Innsbruck; d. of the plague on 13 November, 1635, at Constance Lazarites - A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul Lazarus - The name of two persons in the N.T.; a character in one of Christ's parables, and the brother of Martha and Mary of Bethania Lazarus of Bethany, Saint - Reputed first Bishop of Marseilles, died in the second half of the first century Lazarus of Jerusalem, Order of Saint - The military order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital founded in the twelfth century by the crusaders of the Latin Kingdom Lead, Diocese of - Established on 6 August, 1902 League, The - From a religious point of view it aimed at supporting Catholicism in France politically at restoring the 'ancient franchises and liberties' against the royal power League, German - Early in 1608 Duke Maximilian started negotiations with the spiritual electors and some of the Catholic states of the empire, with a view to the formation of a union of the Catholic states League of the Cross - A Catholic total abstinence confraternity founded in London in 1873 by Cardinal Manning to unite Catholics, both clergy and laity, in the warfare against intemperance, and thus improve religious, social, and domestic conditions, especially among the working classes Leander of Seville, Saint - Bishop, d. 601 Leavenworth - Suffragan to St. Louis, established, 22 May, 1877 Lebanon - So called from the snow which covers the highest peaks during almost the entire year, or from the limestone which glistens white in the distance Lebedus - Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus Le Blant, Edmond-Frederic - French archeologist and historian, born 12 August, 1818; died 5 July, 1897 at Paris Lebrun, Charles - French historical painter, born in Paris, 1619; died at the Gobelin tapestry works, 1690 Lebwin, Saint - Also called Lebuinus or Liafwin. English-born missionary to the Frisians, died at Deventer around 770. Biography Le Camus, Emile-Paul-Constant-Ange - Preacher, theologian, scripturist, Bishop of La Rochelle and Saintes, b. at Paraza, France, 24 August, 1839; d. at Malvisade, near Castelnaudary, France, 28 September, 1906 Le Camus, Etienne - French cardinal, b. at Paris, 1632; d. at Grenoble, 1707 Le Caron, Joseph - One of the four pioneer missionaries of Canada and first missionary to the Hurons, b. near Paris in 1586; d. in France, 29 March, 1632 Lecce - Diocese; suffragan of Otranto Leclerc du Tremblay, François - A Capuchin, better known as Pere Joseph, b. in Paris, 4 Nov., 1577; d. at Rueil, 18 Dec., 1638 Leclercq, Chrestien - A Franciscan Recollet and one of the most zealous missionaries to the Micmac of Canada, also a distinguished historiographer of Nouvelle France Lecoy de La Marche - French historian; b. at Nemours, 1839; d. at Paris, 1897 Le Coz, Claude - French bishop, b. at Plouevez-Parzay (Finistere), 1740; d. at Villevieux (Jura), 1813 Lectern - Support for a book, reading-desk, or bookstand, a solid and permanent structure upon which the Sacred Books, which were generally large and heavy, were placed when used by the ministers of the altar in liturgical functions Lectionary - A term of somewhat vague significance, used with a good deal of latitude by liturgical writers Lector - A lector (reader) in the West is a clerk having the second of the four minor orders. In all Eastern Churches also, readers are ordained to a minor order preparatory to the diaconate Ledge, Altar - A step behind the altar, raised slightly above it, for candlesticks, flowers, reliquaries, and other ornaments Ledochowski, Miecislas Halka - Polish cardinal (1822-1902) Leeds - Diocese embracing the West Riding of Yorkshire, and that part of the city of York to the south of the River Ouse Lefebvre, Camille - Apostle of the Acadians, b. at St. Philippe, P. Q., 1831; d. at St. Joseph, N. B., 1895 Lefèvre, Family of - A family engaged in tapestry weaving in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Le Fèvre, Jacques - A French theologian and controversialist, b. at Lisieux towards the middle of the seventeenth century; d. 1 July, 1716, at Paris Lefèvre de la Boderie, Guy - French Orientalist and poet; b. near Falaise in Normandy, 9 August, 1541; d. in 1598 in the house in which he was born Lefèvre d'Etaples, Jacques - A French philosopher, biblical and patristic scholar; b. at Etaples in Picardy, about 1455; d. at Nerac, 1536 Legacies - In its most restricted sense, by a pious legacy or bequest (legatum pium) is understood, the assigning, by a last will, of a particular thing forming part of an estate, to a church or an ecclesiastical institution Legate - In its broad signification, means that person who is sent by another for some representative office. In the ecclesiastical sense it means one whom the pope sends to sovereigns or governments or only to the members of the episcopate and faithful of a country, as his representative, to treat of church matters or even on a mission of honour Legends, Literary or Profane - In the period of national origins history and legend are inextricably mingled. In the course of oral transmission historic narrative necessarily becomes more or less legendary Legends of the Saints - The legenda are stories about the saints, and often include a mix of historical fact and unhistorical embellishments Leghorn - City in Italy. Suffragan of Pisa Legio - Titular see of Palestina Secunda Legipont, Oliver - Benedictine bibliographer (1698-1758) Legists - Teachers of civil or Roman law, who, besides expounding sources, explaining terms, elucidating texts, summarizing the contents of chapters, etc., illustrated by cases, real or imaginary, the numerous questions and distinctions arising out of the 'Corpus Juris' enactments of the ancient Roman code Legitimation - The canonical term for the act by which the irregularity contracted by being born out of lawful wedlock is removed Le Gobien, Charles - French Jesuit and founder of the famous collection of 'Lettres edifiantes et curieuses', one of the most important sources of information for the history of Catholic missions, b. at St-Malo, Brittany, 25 November, 1671; d. at Paris, 5 March, 1708 Legrand, Louis - French theologian and noted doctor of the Sorbonne, b. in Burgundy at Lusigny-sur-Ouche, 12 June, 1711, d. at Issy (Paris), 21 July, 1780 Le Gras, Venerable Louise de Marillac - Founder of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, d. 1660 Le Hir, Arthur-Marie - Biblical scholar and Orientalist; b. at Morlaix (Finisterre), in the Diocese of Quimper, France, 5 Dec., 1811; d. at Paris, 13 Jan., 1868 Lehnin, Abbey of - Founded in 1180 by Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg, for Cistercian monks Leibniz, System of - A thorough overview of the life and views of Leibniz Leigh, Venerable Richard - Article on this English priest and missionary to his native land, martyred in 1588 Leipzig - Chief town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Pleisse, Parthe, and Weisse Elster Leipzig, University of - Next to Heidelberg, the oldest university in the German Empire Leitmeritz - In Austria, embraces the northern part of the Kingdom of Bohemia Lejeune, Jean - Born at Poligny in 1592; died at Limoges, 19 Aug., 1672; member of the Oratory of Jesus, founded by de Berulle in 1611 Lelong, Jacques - A French bibliographer, b. at Paris, 19 April, 1665 d. there, 13 Aug., 1721 Le Loutre, Louis-Joseph - A missionary to the Micmac Indians and Vicar-General of Acadia under the Bishop of Quebec, b. in France about 1690: d. there about 1770 Le Mans - Comprises the entire Department of Sarthe Lemberg - Seat of a Latin, a Uniat Ruthenian, and a Uniat Armenian archbishopric Lemcke, Henry - Missionary in the United States, b. at Rhena, Mecklenburg, 27 July, 1796; d. at Carrolltown, Pennsylvania, 29 November, 1882 Le Mercier, François - One of the early missionaries of New France, b. at Paris, 4 October, 1604; d. in the island of Martinique, 12 June, 1690 Lemercier, Jacques - Born at Pontoise, about 1585; died at Paris, 1654. Lemercier shares with Mansart and Le Muet the glory of representing French architecture most brilliantly under Louis XIII and Richelieu Lemos, Thomas de - Spanish theologian and controversialist, b. at Rivadavia, Spain, 1555, d. at Rome 23 Aug., 1629 Le Moyne - The name of one of the most illustrious families of the New World, whose deeds adorn the pages of Canadian history Le Moyne, Simon - A Jesuit missionary, b. at Beauvais, 1604; d. in 1665 at Cap de la Madeleine, near Three Rivers L'Enfant, Pierre-Charles - French engineer (1755-1833) Lennig, Adam Franz - Theologian, b. 3 Dec., 1803, at Mainz; d. there, 22 Nov., 1866 Lenormant, Charles - French archaeologist, b. in Paris, 1 June, 1802; d. at Athens, 24 November, 1859 Lenormant, François - Archaeologist; son of Charles Lenormant, b. at Paris, 17 January, 1837; d. there, 9 December, 1883 Le Nourry, Denis-Nicolas - Ecclesiastical writer, b. at Dieppe in Normandy, 18 Feb., 1647; d. at the Abbey of St-Germain in Paris, 24 March, 1724 Lent - An article on the origins of Lenten fasting Lentulus, Publius - A fictitious person, said to have been Governor of Judea before Pontius Leo I (the Great), Pope - Article on his pontificate, in Christian antiquity second only to that of Gregory the Great in importance. Leo died in 461 Leo II, Pope Saint - Biographical article on this pontiff, who died in 683 Leo III, Pope Saint - Biography of this pope, who died in 816 Leo IV, Pope - Biographical article on this Roman, who died in 855 Leo V, Pope - Very little is known of him. No certainty either as to when he was elected or as to exactly how long he reigned Leo VI, Pope - The exact dates of the election and death of Leo VI are uncertain, but it is clear that he was pope during the latter half of 928 Leo VII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. 13 July, 939. A Roman and priest of St. Sixtus, and probably a Benedictine monk, he was elected pope 3 January, 936 Leo VIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; d. between 20 February and 13 April, 965 Leo IX, Pope - Hagiographical article on this reformer pope, who died in 1054 Leo X, Pope - Reigned 1513-1521 Leo XI, Pope - Reigned 1605 Leo XII, Pope - Born at the Castello della Genga in the territory of Spoleto, 22 August, 1760; died in Rome, 10 February, 1829 Leo XIII, Pope - Lengthy biographical article on the author of 'Rerum novarum.' Leo, Brother - Companion of St. Francis of Assisi (d. 1271) Leocadia, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. probably in 304 Leodegar, Saint - Bishop of Autun, martyred in 678. Also known as St. Leger Leo Diaconus - Byzantine historian; b. at Kaloe, at the foot of Mount Tmolos, in Ionia, about the year 950; the year of his death is unknown Leon - Provides history and geography of the area León - Suffragan of Michoacan in Mexico, erected in 1863 León, Luis de - Spanish poet and theologian, b. at Belmonte, Aragon, in 1528; d. at Madrigal, 23 August, 1591 Leonard of Chios - Born at an uncertain date on the Island of Chios, then under Genoese domination; died in Chios or in Italy, 1842 Leonard of Limousin, Saint - According to eleventh-century legend, he was a sixth-century Frankish nobleman Leonard of Port Maurice, Saint - Franciscan preacher and ascetic writer, d. 1751 Leonardo da Vinci - Florentine painter, sculptor, architect, engineer and scholar (1452-1519) Leonidas, Saint - The Roman Martyrology mentions at least six martyrs named Leonidas or Leonides, the most famous being St. Leonidas of Alexandria, the father of Origen Leontius, Saint - Bishop of Frejus, d. 488. On good terms with Honoratus, who founded the famous monastery of Lerins, and with John Cassian and Pope St. Leo I Leontius Byzantinus - An important theologian of the sixth century Leontopolis - A titular archiepiscopal see of Augustamnica Secunda Leopoldine Society, The - Established at Vienna for the purpose of aiding the Catholic missions in North America Lepanto - Italian name for Naupactos (Naupactus) a titular metropolitan see of ancient Epirus Leprosy - A chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of growths in the skin, mucous membranes, peripheral nerves, bones, and internal viscera, producing various deformities and mutilations of the human body, and usually terminating in death Leptis Magna - A titular see of Tripolitana Le Puy - Diocese in France Le Quien, Michel - French historian and theologian, b. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, department of Pas-de-Calais, 8 Oct., 1661; d. at Paris, 12 March, 1733 Lérida - Diocese; suffragan of Tarragona Lérins, Abbey of - Situated on an island of the same name, now known as that of Saint-Honorat, about a league from the coast of Provence, in the Department of the Maritime Alps, now included in the Diocese of Nice, formerly in that of Grasse or of Antibes Leros - Titular see of the Cyclades, suffragan of Rhodes Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole - French publicist (1842-1912) Le Sage, Alain-René - Writer, b. at Sarzeau (Morbihan), 1668; d. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1747 Lesbi - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Setif, in Algeria Lescarbot, Marc - French lawyer, writer, and historian, b. at Vervins, between 1565 and 1570; d. about 1629 Lescot, Pierre - One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about 1510; d. there, 1571 Lesina - Diocese in Dalmatia; includes the three islands of Hvar (Lesina), the ancient Pharia colonized by the Greeks in 385 B.C.; Brac, formerly Brattia or Brachia, also colonized by the Greeks; and Lissa, formerly Issa Leslie, John - Bishop of Ross, Scotland, born 29 September, 1527, died at Guirtenburg, near Brussels 30 May, 1596 Lesbi - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Setif, in Algeria Lescarbot, Marc - French lawyer, writer, and historian, b. at Vervins, between 1565 and 1570; d. about 1629 Lescot, Pierre - One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about 1510; d. there, 1571 Lessius, Leonard - A Flemish Jesuit and a theologian of high reputation, born at Brecht, in the province of Antwerp, 1 October, 1554; died at Louvain, 15 January, 1623 Lessons in the Liturgy - The reading of lessons from the Bible, Acts of Martyrs, or approved Fathers of the Church, forms an important element of Christian services in all rites since the beginning Lestrange, Louis-Henri de - Born in 1754, in the Chateau de Colombier-le-Vieux, Ardeche, France; died at Lyons, 16 July, 1827 Lesueur, François Eustache - Jesuit missionary and philologist, of the Abnaki mission in Canada; born (according to notes given by Thwaites, apparently from official sources) near Coutances, Normandy, 22 July, 1685 or 1686, though Maurault gives his birthplace as Lunel, in Languedoc; died at Montreal, 28 or 26 April, 1760, or (according to Maurault) at Quebec, in 1755 Lesueur, Jean-François - Detailed biography emphasizing religious works of this composer, with links to related material Lete - A titular see of Macedonia Le Tellier, Charles-Maurice - Archbishop of Reims, b. at Turin, 1642; d. at Reims, 1710 Le Tellier, Michel - Born 16 October, 1643, of a peasant family, not at Vire as has so often been said, but at Vast near Cherbourg; died at La Fleche, 2 September, 1719 Letourneux, Nicolas - A well-known French preacher and ascetical writer of Jansenistic tendencies, born at Rouen, 30 April, 1640; died at Paris, 28 November, 1686 Letters, Ecclesiastical - Publications or announcements of the organs of ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, more particularly, however, of popes and bishops, addressed to the faithful in the form of letters Leubus - A celebrated ancient Cistercian abbey, situated on the Oder, northwest of Breslau, in the Prussian Province of Silesia Leuce - A titular see of Thrace, not mentioned by any ancient historian or geographer Levadoux, Michael - One of the first band of Sulpicians who, owing to the distressed state of religion in France, went to the United States and founded St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore; born at Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, France, 1 April, 1746; died at Le-Puy-en-Velay, 13 Jan., 1815 Levau, Louis - A contemporary of Jacques Lemercier and the two Mansarts, and the chief architect of the first decade of Louis XIV's independent reign, born 1612; died at Paris, 10 Oct., 1670 Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph - An astronomer and director of the observatory at Paris, born at Saint Lo, the ancient Briodurum later called Saint-Laudifanum, in northwestern France, 11 May, 1811; died at Paris, 25 September, 1877 Levites - The subordinate ministers appointed in the Mosaic Law for the service of the Tabernacle and of the Temple Leviticus - The third book of the Pentateuch, so called because it treats of the offices, ministries, rites, and ceremonies of the priests and Levites Lex - While official or private collections of Roman Law made under the Empire are called codices, e. g. 'Codex Theodosianus', probably because they were written on parchment sheets bound together in book form, the title lex was given to collections of Roman Law made by order of the barbarian kings for such of their subjects as followed that legislation Lezana, Juan Bautista de - Theologian, born at Madrid, 23 Nov., 1586; died in Rome, 29 March, 1659 L'Hospital, Michael de - Born at Aigueperse, about 1504; d. at Courdimanche, 13 March, 1573. While very young he went to Italy to join his father, who had been a follower of the traitor, the Constable of Bourbon, in the camp of Charles V Libel - A malicious publication by writing, printing, picture, effigy, sign, or otherwise than by mere speech, which exposes any living person, or the memory of any person deceased, to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or obloquy, or which causes or tends to cause any person to be ashamed or avoided, or which has a tendency to injure any person, corporation, or association of persons, in his, her, or its business or occupation Libellatici, Libelli - The libelli were certificates issued to Christians of the third century Liber Pontificalis - A history of the popes beginning with St. Peter and continued down to the fifteenth century, in the form of biographies Liber Septimus - Three canonical collections of quite different value from a legal standpoint are known by this title Libera Me - The responsory sung at funerals Libera Nos - The first words of the Embolism of the Lord's Prayer in the Roman Rite Liberal Arts, The Seven - Chiefly used during the Middle Ages. Doesn't mean arts as the word is understood today, but those branches of knowledge which were taught in the schools of that time Liberalism - A free way of thinking and acting in private and public life Liberatore, Matteo - A philosopher, theologian, and writer, born at Salerno, Italy, 14 August, 1810; died at Rome, 18 October, 1892 Liberatus of Carthage - Archdeacon author of an important history of the Nestorian and Monophysite troubles Liber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum - A miscellaneous collection of ecclesiastical formularies used in the papal chancery until the eleventh century Liberia - A republic on the west coast of Africa Liberius, Pope - Reigned 352-366 Libermann, Ven. Francis Mary Paul - Founder of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, which was afterwards merged in the Congregation of the Holy Ghost Libraries - Collections of books accumulated and made accessible for public or private use Libri Carolini - A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and written about 790-92 Lichfield - This diocese took its rise in the conversion of Mercia by St. Cedd and his three companions in 652 and subsequent years Lidwina, Saint - Biography of this Dutch woman who died in 1433 Lieber, Ernst Maria - Born at Camberg in the Duchy of Nassau, 16 Nov., 1838; died 31 March, 1902 Lieber, Moriz - Politician and publicist, b. at the castle of Blankenheim in the Eifel, 1 Oct., 1790, d. at Kamberg, in Hesse-Nassau, 29 Dec., 1860 Liebermann, Bruno Franz Leopold - Catholic theologian, b., at Molsheim in Alsace 12 Oct., 1759; 4. at Strasburg, 11 Nov., 1844 Liège - The first capital of this diocese was Tongres, northeast of Liege; its territory originally belonged to the Diocese of Trier, then to Cologne; but after the first half of the fourth century Tongres received autonomous organization Liesborn - A former noted Benedictine Abbey in Westphalia, Germany, founded in 815; suppressed in 1803 Liesborn, Master of - A Westphalian painter, who in 1465 executed an altar-piece of note in the Benedictine monastery of Liesborn, founded by Charlemagne Liessies - A Benedictine monastery near Avesnes, in the Diocese of Cambrai, France (Nord), founded about the middle of eighth century and dedicated to St. Lambert Life - The enigma of life is still one of the two or three most difficult problems that face both scientist and philosopher Ligamen - The existing marriage tie which constitutes in canon law a public impediment to the contracting of a second marriage Lights - Article concerned with the general aspects and in particular with the charge so often levelled against Catholicism of adopting wholesale the ceremonial practices of the pagan world Ligugé - A Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Poitiers, France, was founded about the year A.D. 360, by St. Martin of Tours Liguori, Saint Alphonsus - Long biographical article on the founder of the Redemptorists and devotional writer Lilienfeld - A Cistercian Abbey south of St. Polten, Lower Austria, founded in 1202 by Leopold the Glorious, Margrave of Austria, the first monks being supplied from the monastery of Heiligen Kreus near Vienna Lilius, Aloisius - Principal author of the Gregorian Calendar, was a native of Cirò or Zirò in Calabria Lille - The ancient capital of Flanders, now the chief town of the Departement du Nord in France Lillooet Indians - An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, in southern British Columbia Lima - Capital of Peru Limbo - A word of Teutonic derivation, meaning literally 'hem' or 'border,' as of a garment, or anything joined on Limbourg, Pol de - A French miniaturist. With his two brothers, he flourished at Paris at the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century Limburg - Diocese in the Kingdom of Prussia, suffragan of Freiburg Limerick - Diocese in Ireland; includes the greater part of the County of Limerick and a small portion of Clare Limoges - Diocese comprising the Departments of Haute Vienne and Creuse in France Limyra - A titular see of Lycia, and was a small city on the southern coast of Lycia, on the Limyrus, and twenty stadia from the mouth of this river Linacre, Thomas - English physician and clergyman, founder of the Royal College of Physicians, London, b. at Canterbury about 1460; d. in London, 20 October, 1524 Linares - In 1777, at the request of Charles III of Spain, Pius VII erected the episcopal See of Linares as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico Lincoln - Suffragan of Dubuque, erected 2 August, 1887, to include that part of the State of Nebraska, U.S.A., south of the Platte River Lincoln - This see was founded by St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 678, when he removed the Lindiswaras of Lincolnshire from the Diocese of Lindisfarne Lindanus, William Damasus - Bishop of Ruremonde and of Ghent, b. at Dordrecht, in 1525; d. at Ghent, 2 November, 1588; he was the son of Damasus van der Lint Linde, Justin Timotheus Balthasar, Freiherr von - Hessian jurist and stateman, b. in the village of Brilon, Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1797; d. at Bonn during the night of 8-9 June, 1870 Lindemann, Wilhelm - A Catholic historian of German literature, b. at Schonnebeck near Essen, 17 December, 1828; d. at Niederkruechten near Erkelenz (Rhine Province) 20 December, 1879 Lindisfarne, Ancient Diocese and Monastery of - The island of Lindisfarne lies some two miles off the Northumberland coast, nine and one-half miles southeast of the border-town of Berwick Lindores, Benedictine Abbey of - On the River Tay, near Newburgh, Fifeshire, Scotland, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon, younger brother of King William the Lion, about 1191 Line, Saint Anne - A convert to Catholicism, hanged in 1601 for the (unproven) crime of harboring a priest. She is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Linens, Altar - The corporal, pall, purificator, and finger towels Lingard, John - English priest and prominent historian Linköping, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden; originally included Östergoetland, the Islands of Gotland and Öland, and Smaaland Linoe - A titular see of Bithynia Secunda, known only from the 'Notitiae Episcopatuum' which mention it as late as the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as a suffragan of Nicaea Linus, Pope Saint - Reigned about A.D. 64 or 67 to 76 or 79 Linz - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Vienna Lippe - One of the Confederate States of the German Empire Lippi, Filippino - Italian painter, d. 1515. Artist's biography with bibliography Lippi, Filippo - Biography of the Italian painter (1406-1469) Lippomano, Luigi - A cardinal, hagiographer, b. in 1500; d. 15 August, 1559. Of a noble Venetian family, he devoted himself from his youth to the study of the classical languages and later to the pursuit of the sacred sciences Lipsanotheca - A term sometimes used synonymously with reliquary, but signifying, more correctly, the little box containing the relics, which is placed inside the reliquary Lipsius, Justus - Biographical article on the humanist by Paul Lejay Lisbon - Patriarchate of Lisbon (Lisbonensis) Lismore - The Diocese of Lismore extends over a territory of 21,000 squire miles in the nort-east of New South Wales (Australia) Lismore, School of - Founded in the year 635 by St. Carthach the Younger Lismore and Waterford - Suffragan of Cashel Lister, Thomas - Jesuit writer, b. in Lancashire, about 1559; d. in England, probably before 1628; was the son of Christopher Lister, of Midhope, Yorks Liszt, Franz - Article follows the pianist and composer's life and career, showing how his religious expression waned during his middle years, then increased toward the end of his life Litany - A form of responsive prayer, used in public liturgical services and private devotions Litany of Loreto - Long article examines the somewhat murky history of the Litany of Loreto. Also information on Marian litanies in general Litany of the Holy Name - Does not give the text of the litany itself, but mentions many of the titles of Jesus Christ Litany of the Saints - The model of all other litanies, of great antiquity Literature, English - Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influences Lithuania - An ancient grandy-duchy united with Poland in the fourteenth century Lithuanians in the United States - Includes information about immigration, religion, schools, and periodicals Litta - A noble Milanese family which gave two distinguished cardinals to the Church Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assissi - Little Flowers of Francis of Assisi, the name given to a classic collection of popular legends about the life of St. Francis of Assisi and his early companions as they appeared to the Italian people at the beginning of the fourteenth century Little Office of Our Lady - Historical article on the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, modeled on the Divine Office Little Rock - The State of Arkansas and the Indian Territory, parts of the Louisiana Purchase, were formed, 1843, into the Diocese of Little Rock Littré, Paul-Maximilien-Emile - A French lexicographer and philosopher; born at Paris, 1 February, 1801; died there, 2 June, 1881 Liturgical Books - All the books, published by the authority of any church, that contain the text and directions for her official (liturgical) services Liturgical Chant - A chant, if its style, composition, and execution prove it suitable for liturgical use, may properly be called liturgical chant Liturgy - A Greek composite word meaning originally a public duty, a service to the state undertaken by a citizen Liturgy of the Hours - Brief essay on the historical development of the Liturgy of the Hours Liturgy of Jerusalem - The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch Liutprand of Cremona - Bishop and historian, b. at the beginning of the tenth century; d. after 970 Liverpool - One of the thirteen dioceses into which Pius IX divided Catholic England, 29 September, 1850, when he re-established the Catholic hierarchy Livias - A titular see in Palestina Prima, suffragan of Caesarea Livorno - City in Italy. Suffragan of Pisa Llancarvan - Llancarvan, Glamorganshire, Wales, was a college and monastery founded apparently about the middle of the fifth century Llandaff - The origins of this see are to be found in the sixth century monastic movement initiated by St. Dubricius, who presided over the monastery of Mochros Llanthony Priory - A monastery of Augustinian Canons, situated amongst the Black Mountains of South Wales, nine miles north-east of Abergavenny Lloyd, Saint John - Welsh priest and martyr, executed at Cardiff in 1679. Article also has information on his fellow martyr the Jesuit Philip Evans Loaisa, Garcia de - Cardinal and Archbishop of Seville, b. in Talavera, Spain, c. 1479; d. at Madrid, 21 April, 1546 Loango - Formerly included in the great Kingdom of Congo, Loango became independent towards the end of the sixteenth century, at which time it extended from the mouth of the Kwilou to that of the River Congo Loaves of Proposition - Heb. 'bread of the faces', i.e. 'bread of the presence (of Yahweh)' (Ex., xxxv, 13; xxxix, 35, etc.), also called 'holy bread' Lobbes, Benedictine Abbey of - Located in Hainault, Belgium, founded about 650, by St. Landelin, a converted brigand, so that the place where his crimes had been committed might benefit by his conversion Lobera, Ann - Carmelite nun, companion of St. Teresa; b. At Medina del Campo (Old Castile), 25 November, 1545; d. at Brussels, 4 March, 1621 Loccum - A Cistercian abbey in the Diocese of Minden, formerly in Brunswick but now included in Hanover, was founded by Count Wilbrand von Hallermund in 1163 Lochleven - A lake in Kinross-shire, Scotland, an island of which, known as St. Serf's Island (eighty acres in extent), was the seat of a religious community for seven hundred years Lochner, Stephen - A painter, born at Meersburg, on the Lake of Constance, date of birth unknown; died at Cologne, 1452 Loci Theologici - Loci theologici or loci communes, are the common topics of discussion in theology Locke, Matthew - Article on the English composer includes his musical development, conversion, conflicts, and noted works Lockhart, William - Son of the Rev. Alexander Lockhart of Waringham, Surry; b. 22 Aug., 1820; d. at St. Etheldreda's Priory, Eby Place, Holborn, London, 15 May, 1892 Lockwood, Venerable John - Short biographical article on the English priest and martyr Lodi - A suffragan of Milan Logia, Jesu - Found partly in the Inspired Books of the New Testament, partly in uninspired writings Logic - A historical survey from Indian and Pre-Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill Logos, The - The word Logos is the term by which Christian theology in the Greek language designates the Word of God, or Second Person of the Blessed Trinity Lohel, Johann - Archbishop of Prague, b. at Eger, Bohemia, 1549; d. 2 Nov., 1622 Lohner, Tobias - Professor of philosophy and speculative theology. Born 13 March, 1619, at Neuoetting in the Diocese of Salzburg; died 26 (probably) May, 1697 Loja, Diocese of - Suffragan of Quito, Ecuador, includes the greater part of the Provinces of Loja and El Oro Lollards - The name given to the followers of John Wyclif, an heretical body numerous in England in the latter part of the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth century Loman, Saint - Brief article accepts the tradition that Loman, bishop of Trim, was a nephew of St. Patrick Lombard, Peter - Biobibliographical essay on the Master of the Sentences Lombard, Peter - Archbishop (1555-1625) Lombardy - A word derived from Longobardia and used during the Middle Ages to designate the country ruled over by the Longobards, which varied in extent with the varying fortunes of that race in Italy Loménie de Brienne, Etienne-Charles de - French cardinal and statesman (1727-1794) London (England) - The capital of England and chief city of the British Empire, is situated about fifty miles from the mouth of the Thames London (Ontario) - Diocese in Canada, established 21 February, 1855; see transferred to Sandwich, 2 February, 1859, transferred back to London, 3 October, 1869 Longstreet, James - Soldier and Catholic convert. Born 8 January, 1821, at Edgefield, South Carolina, U.S.A.; died at Gainesville, Georgia, 2 January, 1904 Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix de - Poet and dramatist, b. at Madrid, 1562; d. 23 Aug., 1635 Lopez-Caro, Francisco - Spanish artist, b. at Seville in 1598; d. at Madrid in 1662; he was a pupil of Juan de Las Roelas, the painter of the great altar-piece in the church of St. Isidore in Seville, of the 'Martyrdom of St. Andrew' in the museum at Seville, and of the pictures in the university chapel Lord's Prayer - Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase 'Lord's Prayer' does not seem to have been generally familiar in England before the Reformation. During the Middle Ages the 'Our Father' was always said in Latin, even by the uneducated. Hence it was then most commonly known as the Pater noster Lorea - Titular see in Arabia Lorenzana, Francisco Antonio de - Cardinal, b. 22 Sept., 1722 at Leon in Spain; d. 17 April, 1804, at Rome Lorenzetti, Pietro and Ambrogio - Sienese painters. The time of their birth and death is not known Lorenzo da Brindisi, Saint - An Italian Capuchin with a talent for languages, much in demand as a preacher, was chaplain of the Imperial army. Doctor of the Church. He died in 1619 Loreto, Holy House of - Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the 'Holy House' of Loreto has been numbered among the most famous shrines of Italy Loreto, Litany of - Long article examines the somewhat murky history of the Litany of Loreto. Also information on Marian litanies in general Lorette - An Indian village occupied by the principal remnant of the ancient Huron tribe on the east bank of Saint Charles River Lorrain, Claude de - French painter and etcher, b. in 1600 at Chamagnc on the banks of the Moselle in Lorraine; d. in Rome, 21 Nov., 1681 (or 23 Nov., 1682) Lorraine - By the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided in three parts: Ludwig the German received Eastern Franconia; Charles the Bald, Western Franconia; and Lothair I, the strip of land lying between the two and reaching from the North Sea to the Rhone, with Italy in addition. After the death of Lothair I, in 855, Italy passed to his son Lothair II, who gave his name to the district henceforth known as Lotharii Regnum - Lotharingen, Lothringen, or Lorraine Lorsch Abbey - One of the most renowned monasteries of the old Franco-German Empire, is situated about ten miles east of Worms in the Grand Duch of Hesse, Germany Loryma - A titular see of Caria, small fortified town and harbour on the coast of Caria Los Angeles and Monterey - Comprises that part of the State of California which lies south of 37 deg. 5 min. N. lat. and covers an area of 80,000 square miles Lossada, Luis de - Spanish philosopher (1681-1748) Lossen, Karl August - German petrologist and geologist, born at Kreuznach (Rhine Province), 5 January, 1841; died at Berlin, 24 February, 1893 Lot - Nephew of Abraham Lottery - A lottery is one of the aleatory contracts and is commonly defined as a distribution of prizes by lot or by chance Lotti, Antonio - Biography of the Venetian composer noting his accomplishments as organist, teacher, and creator of operas and religious works Lotto, Lorenzo - Italian portrait painter, d. 1556. Artist's biography with bibliography Loucheux - The would-be Kuchin of some ethnologists, and the Tukudh of the Protestant missionaries; Richardson called them Quarrellers Louis IX, Saint - Biographical article on St. Louis, King of France, d. 1270 Louis XIV - King of France, b. at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 16 September, 1638; d. at Versailles, 1 September, 1715; was the son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, and became king, upon the death of his father, 14 May 1643 Louis Allemand, Blessed - Brief article on this 15th-century Cardinal Archbishop of Arles, who was a supporter of antipope Felix V Louis Bertrand, Saint - Spanish Dominican novicemaster and preacher, d. 1581 Louise, Sister - Educator and organizer, b. at Bergen-op-Zoom, Holland, 14 Nov., 1813; d. at Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 Dec., 1886 Louisiana - Includes history, religious information, and statistics Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, Saint - Missionary to Brittany, d. 1716 Louis of Casoria, Venerable - Friar Minor and founder of the Frati Bigi (1814-1885) Louis of Granada, Venerable - Spanish theologian, writer, and preacher (1505-1588) Louis of Toulouse, Saint - Bishop, d. 1297 Louise de Marillac Le Gras, Venerable - Founder of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, d. 1660 Louisville, Diocese of - Comprises that part of Kentucky west of the Kentucky River and western borders of Carroll, Owen, Franklin, Woodford, Jessamine, Garrard, Rockcastle, Laurel, and Whitley Counties Lourdes, Brothers of Our Lady of - A community devoted to the education of youth and the care of the sick and infirm. It was founded at Renaix, Flanders, in 1830, by Etienne Modeste Glorieux, a Belgian priest, and approved in 1892 by Leo XIII Lourdes, Notre-Dame de - The pilgrimage of Lourdes is founded on the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin to a poor, fourteen-year-old girl, Bernadette Soubiroux. The first apparition occurred 11 February, 1858 Louvain, University of - In order to restore the splendour of Louvain, capital of his Duchy of Brabant, John IV of the House of Burgundy petitioned the papal authority for the establishment of an educational institution called at the time studium generale. The Bull of Martin V, dated 9 December, 1425, was the result Love, Theological Virtue of - The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul (1 Cor., xiii, 13), usually called charity, defined: a divinely infused habit, inclining the human will to cherish God for his own sake above all things, and man for the sake of God Low Church - The name given to one of the three parties or doctrinal tendencies that prevail in the Established Church of England and its daughter Churches, the correlatives being High Church and Broad Church Lower California, Vicariate Apostolic of - Located in Mexico Lower Criticism - The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work the autograph of which has been lost Low Sunday - The first Sunday after Easter Loyola, Saint Ignatius - Biography of the Spanish founder of the Jesuits, who died in 1556 Loyola University (Chicago) - The outgrowth of St. Ignatius College, founded by the Jesuits in 1869 for the higher education of the Catholic youth of Chicago, and empowered by the Legislature of Illinois (30 June, 1870) to confer the usual degrees in the various faculties of a university Loyola University (New Orleans) - Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana, was (in 1912) the only Catholic university in what is popularly designated 'The Old South' Lübeck - A free imperial state and one of the Hanse towns, is in area the second smallest and in population the twentieth state in the German Empire Lublin - The city of Lublin is in Russian Poland, capital of the Government of Lublin, lies on the Bistrzyca, a tributary of the Vistula, and in 1897 had a population of 50,152, of whom 30,914 were Catholics Luca, Giovanni Battista de - A Cardinal and Italian canonist of the seventeenth century, b. at Venusia, Southern Italy, in 1614; d. at Rome, on 5 February, 1683 Lucas, Frederick - A member of Parliament and journalist, b. in Westminster, 30 March, 1812, d. at Staines, Middlesex, 22 Oct., 1855 Lucca - The capital of the like named province in Tuscany, Central Italy Lucera - An ancient city in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Southern Italy Lucerne - Chief town of the Canton of Lucerne in Switzerland Lucian of Antioch - Biographical article on the presbyter famed for his sanctity and scholarship, who died a martyr in 312 Lucic, John - Croatian historian, b. early in the seventeenth century, at Trojir, or Tragurion, in Dalmatia; d. at Rome, 11 January, 1679 Lucifer - The name Lucifer originally denotes the planet Venus, emphasizing its brilliance Lucifer of Cagliari - A bishop, who must have been born in the early years of the fourth century; died in 371 Lucina, Crypt of - The traditional title of the most ancient section of the catacomb of St. Callistus Lucius I, Pope Saint - Biographical article on this pope, exiled for a time, who reigned less than one year, and died in 254 Lucius II, Pope - Born at Bologna, unknown date, died at Rome, 15 February, 1145 Lucius III, Pope - Died 1185. Innocent II created him Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede on 23 February, 1141, and afterwards sent him as legate to France Luçon - Embraces the Department of La Vendee Lucy, Saint - Virgin and martyr, d. 303 in the Diocletian persecution Ludger, Saint - Also known as St. Luediger, or Liudger. Biography of this missionary, the first bishop of Munster, who died in 809 Ludmilla, Saint - Bohemian duchess, grandmother of St. Wenceslaus. Strangled to death by assassins hired by her pagan daughter-in-law in 921 Ludolph of Saxony - An ecclesiastical writer of the fourteenth century, date of birth unknown; d. 13 April, 1378 Ludovicus a S. Carolo - Carmelite writer, b. at Chalons-sur-Marne (according to some at Chalon-sur-Saone), 20 Aug., 1608; d. at Paris 10 March, 1670 Lueger, Karl - A burgomaster of Vienna, Austrian political leader and municipal reformer, born at Vienna, 24 October, 1844; died there, 10 March, 1910 Lugo - Diocese in Galicia, Spain, a suffragan of Santiago, said to have been founded (by Agapitus) in Apostolic times Lugo, Francisco de - Jesuit theologian, b. at Madrid, 1580; d, at Valladolid, 17 September, 1652 Lugo, John de - Spanish Jesuit and Cardinal, one of the most eminent theologians of modern times, b. at Madrid, November, 1583, though he used to call himself 'Hispalensis', because his family seat was at Seville; d. at Rome, 20 August, 1660 Lugos - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Fogaras and Alba Julia of the Uniat-Rumanian Rite, was erected in November, 1853 Luini, Bernardino - Milanese painter, b. between 1470 and 1480; d. after 1530 Luke, Gospel of Saint - An introduction to the book Lulé Indians - A name which has given rise to considerable confusion and dispute in Argentine ethnology, owing to the fact, now established, that it was applied at different times to two very different peoples, neither of which now exists under that name, while the vocabulary which could settle the affinity of the earlier tribe is now lost Lully, Jean-Baptiste - Article profiles the composer's secular and religious contributions Lully, Raymond - Biobibliographical article on Ramon Lull, who is called 'Doctor Illuminatus.' Lumen Christi - The versicle chanted by the deacon on Holy Saturday as he lights the triple candle Luminare - The name applied to the shafts in the roof of the passages and chambers of the Catacombs occasionally pierced for the admission of light and air Lummi Indians - The principal one of more than twenty small Salishan tribes originally holding the lower shores, islands, and eastern hinterland of Puget Sound, Washington; by the Treaty of Point Elliott (1855), gathered upon five reservations within the same territory under the jurisdiction of Tulalip Agency Lumper, Gottfried - Benedictine patristic writer, born 6 Feb., 1747, at Fuessen in Bavaria; died 8 March, 1800 (Hefele says 1801), at the Abbey of St. George at Billingen in the Black Forest Luna, Pedro de - Antipope under the name of Benedict XIII, b. at Illueca, Aragon, 1328; d. at the Peniscola, near Valencia, Spain, either 29 Nov., 1422, or 23 May, 1423 Lund - Ancient Catholic diocese in the Laen of Malmoehus Lunette - Known in Germany as the lunula and also as the melchisedech, is a crescent-shaped clip made of gold or of silver-gilt which is used for holding the Host in an upright position when exposed in the monstrance Luni-Sarzana-Brugnato - Diocese in the province of Genoa Lupus - Abbot of Ferrieres, French Benedictine writer, b. in the Diocese of Sens, about 805; d. about 862 Lupus, Christian - Historian, b. at Ypres (Flanders), 23 July, 1612; d. at Louvain, 10 July, 1681 Luscinius, Ottmar - An Alsatian Humanist, b. at Strasburg, 1487; d. at Freiburg, 1537 Lusignan, Jean-Baptiste-Alphonse - French-Canadian writer, b. at St-Denis on the Richelieu, P.Q., 27 September, 1843; d. 5 January, 1893, son of Jean-Baptiste Lusignan, a merchant, and Onesime Masse Lussy, Melchior - Statesman, b. at Stans, Canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, 1529; d. there 14 Nov., 1606 Lust - The inordinate craving for, or indulgence of, the carnal pleasure which is experienced in the human organs of generation Luther, Martin - Leader of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century in Germany; born at Eisleben, 10 November, 1483; died at Eisleben, 18 February, 1546 Lutheranism - The religious belief held by the oldest and in Europe the most numerous of the Protestant sects, founded by the Wittenberg reformer, Martin Luther Lütolf, Aloys - Church historian (1824-1879) Lutzk, Zhitomir, and Kamenetz, Diocese of - Diocese located in Little Russia Luxemburg - The small remnant of the old duchy of this name and since 11 May, 1867, an independent neutral grand duchy, comprising 998 sq. miles of territory, lying principally between 49°27' and 50°12' N. lat., and 5°45' and 6°32' E. long Luxeuil Abbey - Situated in the Department of Haute-Saone in Franche-Comte, in the Diocese of Besancon Lycopolis - A titular see in Thebais Prima, suffragan of Antinoë Lydda - A titular see of Palestina Prima in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem Lydgate, John - Writer, born at Lydgate, Suffolk, about 1370; d. probably about 1450. He entered the Benedictine abbey at Bury when fifteen and may have been educated earlier at the school of the Benedictine monks there and have been afterwards at the Benedictine house of studies at Oxford Lying - As defined by St. Thomas Aquinas, a statement at variance with the mind Lynch, John - Historian, b. at Galway, Ireland, 1599; d. in France, 1673; was the son of Alexander Lynch, who kept a classical school at Galway Lyndwood, William - Bishop of St. David's, b. about 1375; d. in 1446 Lyons, Archdiocese of - Comprises the Department of the Rhone (except the Canton of Villeurbanne, which belongs to the Diocese of Grenoble) and of the Loire Lyons, Councils of (Introduction) - This article deals only with the two general councils of 1245 and 1275 Lyons, First Council of - Innocent IV, threatened by Emperor Frederick II, arrived at Lyons 2 December, 1244, and early in 1245 summoned the bishops and princes to the council Lyons, Second Council of - One of the most largely attended of conciliar assemblies, there being present five hundred bishops, sixty abbots, more than a thousand prelates or procurators Lyrba - A titular see of Pamphylia Prima, known by its coins and the mention made of it by Dionysius, Perieg. 858, Ptolemy, V, 5, S, and Hierocles Lysias - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, mentioned by Strabo, XII, 576, Pliny, V, 29, Ptolemy, V, 2, 23, Hierocles, and the 'Notitiae episcopatuum', probably founded by Antiochus the Great about 200 B.C Lystra - A titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of Iconium

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M Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Maassen, Friedrich Bernard Christian - Professor of law (1823-1900) Mabillon, Jean - Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Saint-Maur (1632-1707) Mabinogion - A collection of medieval Welsh tales in prose Macao - Diocese; suffragan of Goa Macarius, Saint - Bishop of Jerusalem, d. 334. He was an opponent of Arianism Macarius - Article on two saints named Macarius, both fourth-century Egyptian monks: St. Macarius the Egyptian ('the Elder') and St. Macarius the Alexandrian ('the Younger') Macarius Magnes - A Christian apologist of the end of the fourth century Macarius of Antioch - A Patriarch, deposed in 681 McCabe, Edward - Cardinal, born in Dublin, 1816; died at Kingstown, 11 February, 1885; he was the son of poor parents, educated at Father Doyle's school on the Quays and at Maynooth College, and was ordained priest in 1839 Maccabee, Judas - Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the patriotic and religious revolt of the Jews against the King of Syria (I Mach., ii, 4) Maccabees, The - A priestly family which under the leadership of Mathathias initiated the revolt against the tyranny of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria, and after securing Jewish independence ruled the commonwealth till overthrown by Herod the Great Maccabees, The Books of - The author, date, and contents of 1 and 2 Machabees. A brief look at 3 and 4 Machabees MacCaghwell, Hugh - Archbishop and theologian, born at Saul, Co. Down, 1571; died 22 September, 1626 MacCarthy, Bartholomew - Irish scholar and chronologist (1843-1904) MacCarthy, Denis Florence - Well-known Irish poet of the nineteenth century, born in Lower O'Connell Street, Dublin, 26 May, 1817; died at Blackrock, Dublin, 7 April, 1882 McCarthy, Justin - Irish politician and writer (1830-1912) MacCarthy, Nicholas Tuite - Called the Abbe de Levignac, born in Dublin on 19 May, 1769; died at Annecy, Savoy, 3 May, 1833 McCloskey, William George - Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky (1823-1909) MacCuilenan, Cormac - Irish bishop and King of Cashel (836-908) MacDonell, Alexander - First Bishop of Kingston, Ontario, Canada, b. 17 July 1760, at Inchlaggan in Glengarry, Scotland; d. 14 January, 1840, at Dumfries, Scotland MacDonald, John - Laird of Glenaladale and Glenfinnan, philanthropist, colonizer, soldier, born in Glenaladale, Scotland, about 1742; died at Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1811; he was the son of Alexander and Margaret (MacDonnell of Scotus) Mace - A short, richly ornamented staff Macedonians - A fourth- and fifth-century heretical sect that denied the divinity of the Holy Ghost Macedo, Francisco - Known as a S. Augustino, O.F.M., theologian, born at Coimbra, Portugal, 1596; he entered the Jesuit Order in 1610, which however he left in 1638 in order to join the Discalced Franciscans Macerata and Tolentino - Located in the Marches, Central Italy MacFarland, Francis Patrick - Third Bishop of Hartford born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, 16 April, 1819; died at Hartford, Connecticut, 2 October, 1874 McGee, Thomas D'Arcy - An editor, politician, and poet, born at Carlingford, Co. Louth, Ireland, 13 April, 1825; assassinated at Ottawa, Canada, 7 April, 1868 MacGeoghegan, James - Born at Uisneach, Westmeath, Ireland, 1702; died at Paris, 1763. He came of a long family long settled in Westmeath and long holding a high position among the Leinster chiefs, and was related to that MacGeoghegan who defended the Castle of Dunboy against Carew, and also to Connell MacGeoghegan, who translated the Annals of Clonmacnoise Machabees, The - A priestly family which under the leadership of Mathathias initiated the revolt against the tyranny of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King of Syria, and after securing Jewish independence ruled the commonwealth till overthrown by Herod the Great Machabees, The Books of - The author, date, and contents of 1 and 2 Machabees. A brief look at 3 and 4 Machabees Machabeus, Judas - Third son of the priest Mathathias who with his family was the centre and soul of the patriotic and religious revolt of the Jews against the King of Syria (I Mach., ii, 4) MacHale, John - Born March 6, 1791 at Tubbernavine, Co. Mayo, Ireland; died at Tuam, November 4, 1881 Machiavelli - Including a short biography, a list of his works and a summary of his ideas Machpelah - The burial-place in the vicinity of ancient Hebron which Abraham bought from Ephron the Hethite for the interment of Sara (Gen., xxiii, 9, 17) Machutus, Saint - Also called Malo or Maclovius. According to this article, Machutus was baptized by St. Brendan the Navigator, and accompanied him on his famous voyage Mackenzie - This vicariate which was detached from the Athabaska-Mackenzie Vicariate in 1901 and intrusted to Mgr Gabriel Breynat, Titular Bishop of Adramytus, consecrated 6 April 1902, is bounded on the west by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by 60 degrees latitude, on the east by the water-shed and is unlimited on the north towards the pole McLoughlin, John - Physician and pioneer, born in the parish of La Riviere du Loup, Canada, 19 October, 1784; died at Oregon City, 3 September, 1857 Maclovius, Saint - Also called Malo or Maclovius. According to this article, Machutus was baptized by St. Brendan the Navigator, and accompanied him on his famous voyage MacMahon, Heber - Bishop of Clogher, Ireland, and patriotic leader, born at Farney, County Monaghan, 1600; executed at Enniskillen in 1650 MacMahon, Marie-Edmé-Patrice-Maurice de - Duc de Magenta, Marshal of France, President of the French Republic (1808-1893) McMahon, Martin Thomas - Soldier, jurist; born at Laprairie, Canada, 21 March, 1838; died in New York, 21 April, 1906 McMaster, James Alphonsus - An editor, convert, born at Duanesburg, New York, U. S. A., 1 April, 1820; died in Brooklyn, New York, 29 December, 1886 MacNeven, William James - Irish-American physician and medical educator (1763-1841) Mâcon, Ancient Diocese of - Located in Burgundy. The city of Macon, formerly the capital of the Maconnais, now of the Department of Saone-et-Loire, became a civitas in the fifth century, when it was separated from the Aeduan territory McQuaid, Bernard John - The first Bishop of Rochester, U. S. A.; born in New York City, 15 December, 1823; died at Rochester, 18 January, 1909 Macri - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifiensis Macrina the Elder, Saint - Grandmother of SS. Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Macrina the Younger Macrina the Younger, Saint - Granddaughter of St. Macrina the Elder, and the sister of St. Gregory of Nyssa. She died in 379 McSherry, James Jr. - Jurist, son of the author James McSherry; born at Frederick, Maryland, 30 December, 1842; died there 23 October, 1907 McSherry, James Sr. - Author; born at Liberty Town, Frederick County, Maryland, 29 July, 1819; died at Frederick City, Maryland, 13 July, 1869, was the son of James McSherry and Anne Ridgely Sappington, and the grandson of Patrick McSherry, who came from Ireland in 1745 to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and removed later to Maryland McSherry, Richard - Physician; born at Martinsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia), 21 November, 1817; died Baltimore, Md., 7 Ocbober, 1885, son of Dr. Richard McSherry Mactaris - A titular see of the Byzantine Empire Madagascar - Island situated to the south-east of Africa Madaurus - A titular see of Numidia Maderna, Carlo - Known principally by his extension of St. Peter's, at the command of the pope, from the form of a Greek to that of a Latin cross (1556-1629) Maderno, Stefano - A sculptor of the Roman School and of the era just preceding Bernini, his contemporary (1576-1636) Madianites - An Arabian tribe introduced into history in the texts of Gen., xxv, 1-4 and I Chron., i, 32 Madras - Archdiocese in India Madrid-Alcalá - Province and town in Spain Madruzzi, Christopher - Born of a noble family of Trent, 5 July, 1512; died at Tivoli, Italy, 5 July, 1578 Madura Mission - The Madura mission owes its origin to Robert de Nobili, who commenced at Madura, in 1606, that peculiar method of propagating the faith which has made his name famous Maedoc, Saint - First bishop of Ferns, d. 626 Maelruan, Saint - Founder and first abbot of Tallacht, d. around 791. Co-author with St. Aengus of the Rule of the Celidhe De Maelrubha, Saint - Abbot and martyr, died in 722 Maerlant, Jacob van - Flemish poet of the Middle Ages, b. about 1235; d. after 1291 Maestro di Camera del Papa - The maestro di camera is the real chief chamberlain. His authority extends over all matters concerning the daily personal service of His Holiness Maffei, Bernardino - Poet, orator, antiquarian (1514-1549) Maffei, Francesco - Italian painter (d. 1660) Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione - Italian litterateur and archaeologist, b. at Verona, 1 June, 1675; d. there, 11 Feb., 1755 Maffei, Raffaelo - Humanist, historian and theologian (1451-1522) Magaud, Antoine-Dominique - French painter, b. at Marseilles 1817; d. there, 1899 Magdala - It is perhaps the Migdal-El mentioned in the Old Testament (Joshua 19:38) belonging to the tribe of Nephtali Magdalens - The members of certain religious communities of penitent women who desired to reform their lives Magdeburg - Capital of the Prussian Province of Saxony, situated on the Elbe; pop. 241,000; it is noted for its industries, particularly the production of sugar, its trade, and its commerce. From 968 until 1552 it was the seat of an archbishopric Mageddo - Situated on the torrent Qina, on the east of the Plain of Esdraelon opposite Jezrahel, commanded the central of the three passes that join the plain with the seaboard Magellan, Ferdinand - Short biographical article on the Portuguese explorer (1480-1521) Magi - The 'wise men from the East' who came to adore Jesus in Bethlehem (Matthew 2) Magin Catalá - Born at Montblanch, Catalonia, Spain, 29 or 30 January, 1761; died at Santa Clara, California, 22 Nov., 1830. He received the habit of St. Francis at Barcelona on 4 April, 1777, and was ordained priest probably in 1785 Maginn, Edward - Irish bishop (1802-1849) Magisterium and Tradition - The word tradition refers sometimes to the thing (doctrine, account, or custom) transmitted from one generation to another sometimes to the organ or mode of the transmission Magistris, Simone de - Born in 1728; died 6 October, 1802; a priest of the Oratorio di S. Filippo Neri, at Rome, whom Pius VI created titular Bishop of Cyrene and provost of the Congregation for the correction of the liturgical books of Oriental Rites Magliabechi, Antonio - Italian scholar and librarian, b. 20 Oct., 1633, at Florence; d. there, 4 July, 1714 Magna Carta - The charter of liberties granted by King John of England in 1215 and confirmed with modifications by Henry III in 1216, 1217, and 1225 Magnesia - A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Ephesus Magnien, Alphonse - An educator of the clergy, born at Bleymard, in the Diocese of Mende, France, 9 June, 1837; died 21 December, 1902 Magnificat - The title commonly given to the Latin text and vernacular translation of the Canticle (or Song) of Mary Magnus, Olaus - Swedish historian and geographer, b. at Skeninge, Sweden, 1490; d. at Rome, 1 Aug., 1558 Magnus, Saint - His 'life' was re-edited twice, so that he is said in it to be a contemporary of St. Gall (early seventh century) but also of the first bishop of Augsburg (mid-eighth century) Magnus, Valerianus - Born at Milan, 1586, presumably of the noble family of de Magni; died at Salzburg, 29 July, 1661. He received the Capuchin habit at Prague Magrath, John Macrory - Born in Munster, Ireland, in the fifteenth certury; date and place of death unknown. Like many of his ancestors, he was chief historian to the O'Briens, princes of Thomond and chiefs of the Dalcassian clans Magydus - A titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perga Mahony, Ven. Charles - Irish Franciscan priest who was executed at Ruthin in Wales in 1679. Short article includes a statement by the martyr Mai, Angelo - Roman cardinal and celebrated philologist, b. at Schilpario, in the Diocese of Bergamo, 7 March 1782; d. at Albano, 9 September 1854 Maignan, Emmanuel - French physicist and theologian; b. at Toulouse, 17 July, 1601; d. at Toulouse, 29 October, 1676 Mailla, Joseph-Anna-Marie de Moyria de - Jesuit missionary; b. 16 Dec., 1669, at Chateau Maillac on the Isere; d. 28 June, 1748, at Peking, China Maillard, Antoine-Simon - Missionary b. in France (parentage, place and date of birth unknown); d. 12 August, 1762 Maillard, Oliver - Celebrated preacher, b. at Juignac, (?), Brittany, about 1430; d. at Toulouse, 22 July, 1502 Maimbourg, Louis - French church historian, b. at Nancy, 10 January, 1610; d. at Paris, 13 August, 1686 Maimonides, Teaching of Moses - Article by William Turner discusses this Jewish thinker's life and doctrines Maina Indians - A group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock, the Mainan, ranging along the north bank of the Maranon Maine - Commonly known as the Pine Tree State, but is sometimes called the Star in the East Maine de Biran, François-Pierre-Gonthier - A philosopher; born at Grateloup near Bergerac, Dordogne, France, 29 November, 1766; died at Paris, 16 July, 1824 Maintenon, Françoise, Marquise de - Born at Niort, 28 November 1635; died at Saint-Cyr, 15 April 1719. She was the granddaughter of the celebrated Protestant writer, Agrippa d'Aubigne Mainz - German town and bishopric in Hesse; formerly the seat of an archbishop and elector Maipure Indians - A former important group of tribes on the Upper Orinoco River, from above the Meta to the entrance of the Cassiquiare, in Venezuela and Columbia, speaking dialects of the Arawakan stock Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedey de - Founder of Montreal (d. 1676) Maistre, Joseph-Marie, Comte de - Biographical article, summarizing his chief arguments for authority and against Gallicanism Maistre, Xavier de - French romance writer, younger brother of Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre, b. at Chambery, Savoy, in 1763; d. at St. Petershurg, 12 June, 1852 Maitland - Located in New South Wales. Maitland, the principal settlement on Hunter River, was chosen as the title for a bishop in 1848 Majano, Benedetto da - A well-known Florentine sculptor and architect of the Renaissance, b. at Majano, Tuscany. 1442; d. at Florence, 24 May, 1498 Majella, St. Gerard - Tailor, Redemptorist, called 'Father of the Poor,' d. 1755 Majorca and Iviza - A suffragan of Valencia, with the episcopal residence at Palma on the Island of Majorca Majordomo - Chief steward of the household of the pope Majority - The state of a person or thing greater, or superior, in relation to another person or thing Majunke, Paul - Catholic journalist, born at Gross-Schmograu in Silesia, 14 July, 1842; died at Hochkirch near Glogau, 21 May, 1899 Malabar - The name of a district of India stretching about 145 miles along the west coast, south of Mangalore, in the general region of present-day Kerala Malabar Rites - Certain customs or practices of the natives of South India, which the Jesuit missionaries allowed their neophytes to retain after conversion, but which were afterwards prohibited by the Holy See Malacca - The Diocese of Malacca comprises the southern portions of the Malay Peninsula, otherwise known as the Straits Settlements Malachias - Examination of the Old Testament prophet and book Malachy, Saint - Abbot of Bangor, later Archbishop of Armagh, d. 1148. Article includes testimony from St. Bernard of Clairvaux on St. Malachy's character Malaga - Diocese in Spain, by the Concordat of 1851 made a suffragan of Granada, having previously been dependent on Seville Malagrida, Gabriel - A Jesuit missionary to Brazil, b. 18 September or 6 December, 1689, at Menaggio, in Italy; d. 21 September, 1761, at Lisbon Malatesta, House of - The name of an Italian family prominent in the history of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, famous alike in the poetry of Dante and in the annals of the early Renaissance Malchus - A name common in the Semitic languages and of special interest as being that borne by the Jewish servant whose ear was struck off by St. Peter Maldonado, Juan - A theologian and exegete, b. in 1533 at Casas de Reina, in the district of Llerena, 66 leagues from Madrid; d. at Rome, 5 Jan., 1583 Malebranche, Nicolas - A philosopher and theologian, priest of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri; b. at Paris, 6 Aug., 1638; d. 13 Oct 1715 Malediction (in Scripture) - Four principal words are rendered maledictio in the Vulgate, 'curse' in Douay Version Malherbe, François - French poet, b. at Caen, Normandy, in 1555; d. at Paris, 16 October, 1628 Maliseet Indians - A tribe of Algonquian stock, occupying territory upon the lower St. John River, St. Croix River, and Passamaquody Bay, in western New Brunswick and northeastern Maine, and closely connected linguistically and historically with the Abnaki (Penobscot, etc.) of Maine Mallard, Ernest-François - A French mineralogist, b. 4 February, 1833, at Chateauneuf-sur-Cher; d. 6 July, 1894, in Paris Mallinckrodt, Herman von - German parliamentarian; born 5 Feb., 1821, at Minden, Westphalia; died 26 May, 1874, at Berlin Mallinckrodt, Pauline - A sister of the Catholic political leader Hermann Mallinckrodt, and foundress of the Sisters of Christian Charity, b. at Minden, Westphalia, 3 June, 1817; d. at Paderborn, 30 April, 1881 Malling Abbey - Benedictine abbey in England Mallory, Stephen Russell - An American statesman; born in the Island of Trinidad, W. I., 1813; died at Pensacola, Florida, United States, 9 Nov., 1873 Mallus - A titular see of Cilicia Prima, suffragan of Tarsus Malmesbury - Town in Wiltshire, England, ninety-five miles west of London, formerly the seat of a mitred parliamentary abbey of Benedictine monks Malmesbury, The Monk of - Supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum (Vesp. D. IV. 73) which Tanner states to be only a copy of a chronicle written by Alfred of Beverley in the twelfth century, but which, according to Sir Thomas Hardy, is almost entirely based on that of Geoffrey of Monmouth Malo, Saint - Also called Malo or Maclovius. According to this article, Machutus was baptized by St. Brendan the Navigator, and accompanied him on his famous voyage Malone, William - Jesuit missioner and writer; born according to the best authorities, in 1585; died at Seville, 1655 Malory, Sir Thomas - Writer of the 'Morte Arthure', the earliest production of English prose Malpighi, Marcello - Founder of comparative physiology, b. at Crevalcore, 10 March, 1628; d. at Rome, 29 Sept., 1694 Malta - The group of Maltese islands, including Malta, Gozo, Comine and a few inconsiderable islets, lies 58 miles south of Sicily and about 180 miles S.E. by E. of Cape Bon in Tunisia Malta, Knights of - The most important of all the military orders, both for the extent of its area and for its duration Maltret, Claude - French Jesuit, b. at Puy, 3 Oct., 1621; d. Toulouse, 3 Jan., 1674 Malvenda, Thomas - An exegete and historical critic, b. at Jativa, Valencia, 1566; d. 7 May, 1628 Malvern - Located in Worcestershire, England, a district covered by a lofty range between the Severn and Wye, known as the Malvern Hills. On its eastern side were formerly two houses of Benedictine monks, the priories of Great and Little Malvern Mamachi, Thomas Maria - Dominican theologian and historian, born at Chios in the Archipelago, 4 December, 1713; died at Corneto, near Montefiascone, Italy, 7 June, 1792 Mame, Alfred-Henri-Amand - Printer and publisher, b. at Tours, 17 Aug., 1811; d. at Tours, 12 April, 1893 Mameluco - The general term applied in South America to designate the mixed European-Indian race, and more specifically applied in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the organized bands of Portuguese slave-hunters who desolated the vast interior of South America from the Atlantic to the slopes of the Andes, and from the Paraguay to the Orinoco Mamertine Prison - The so-called 'Mamertine Prison', beneath the church of S. Giuseppe dei Falegnami, via di Marforio, Rome, is generally accepted as being identical with 'the prison ... in the middle of the city, overlooking the forum', mentioned by Livy (I, xxxiii) Mamertus, Claudianus - Gallo-Roman theologian and the brother of St. Mamertus, Bishop of Vienne, d. about 473 Mamertus, Saint - Bishop of Vienne, d. around 476 Mammon - Mamona; the spelling Mammona is contrary to the textual evidence and seems not to occur in printed Bibles till the edition of Elzevir Man - Includes sections on the nature of man, the origin of man, and the end of man Manahem - King of Israel Manahen, Saint - Or Manaen. Mentioned in Scripture, and traditionally believed to have been one of the first Christians in Antioch Manasses - The name of seven persons of the Bible, a tribe of Israel, and one of the apocryphal writings Mance, Jeanne - Foundress of the Montreal Hotel-Dieu, and one of the first women settlers in Canada, b. at Nogent-le-Roi, Champagne, 1606; d. at Montreal, 19 June, 1673 Manchester - A suffragan of the Archdiocese of Boston, U.S.A Manchuria - A north-eastern division of the Chinese Empire and the cradle of the present [1910] imperial dynasty Mandan Indians - Tribe occupying jointly with the Hidatsa (Minitari or Grosventre) and Arikara (Ree) the Fort Berthold reservation, on both sides of the Missouri, near its conjunction with the Knife River, North Dakota Mandeville, Jean de - The author of a book of travels much read in the Middle Ages, died probably in 1372 Manfredonia - The city of Manfredonia is situated in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Central Italy, on the borders of Mount Gargano Mangalore - Diocese on the west coast of India, suffragan of Bombay Mangan, James Clarence - Irish poet, b. in Dublin, 1 May, 1803; d. there, 20 June, 1849. He was the son of James Mangan, a grocer, and of Catherine Smith Manharter - A politico-religious sect which arose in Tyrol in the first half of the nineteenth century Manichæism - A religion founded by the Persian Mani in the latter half of the third century Manifestation of Conscience - A practice in many religious orders and congregations, by which subjects manifest the state of their conscience to the superior, in order that the latter may know them intimately, and thus further their spiritual progress Manila - This archdiocese comprises the city of Manila, the provinces of Bataan, Bulacan, Cavite, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac, and Zambales; and the Districts of Infanta and Marinduque in the Province of Tayabas Manila Observatory - Founded by Father Frederic Faura, S.J., in 1865; constituted officially The Philippine Weather Bureau by decree of the American governor, May, 1901 Maniple - An ornamental vestment in the form of a band, a little over a yard long and from somewhat over two to almost four inches wide, which is placed on the left arm in such manner that it falls in equal length on both sides of the arm Manitoba - History of the Canadian province Mann, Theodore Augustine - English naturalist and historian, b. in Yorkshire, 22 June, 1735; d. at Prague in Bohemia, 23 Feb., 1809 Manna - The food miraculously sent to the Israelites during their forty years sojourn in the desert (Exodus 16 and Numbers 11:6-9) Manning, Henry Edward - Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster (1808-1892) Mannyng, Robert - Poet, from Bourne in Lincolnshire, England Mansard, François - French architect, born in Paris, probably of Italian stock, in 1598; died there, 1666 Mansard, Jules - French architect, grand-nephew of Francois, was originally Jules Hardouin, but took the name of Mansard; was born in Paris, 1646; died at Marly 1708 Mansi, Gian Domenico - Italian prelate and scholar born at Lucca, of a patrician family, 16 February, 1692; died archbishop of that city, 27 September, 1769 Mantegna, Andrea - Biography of the Italian painter Mantelletta - An outer vestment reaching to the knees, open in front, with slits instead of sleeves on the sides Mantua - Diocese of Mantua (Mantuana), in Lombardy Mantuanus, Baptista - Carmelite, Renaissance poet, d. 1516 Manu, The Laws of - The English designation commonly applied to the 'Manava Dharma-sastra', a metrical Sanskrit compendium of ancient sacred laws and customs held in the highest reverence by the orthodox adherents of Brahminism Manuel Chysoloras - First teacher of Greek in Italy, born at Constantinople about the middle of the fourteenth century; died at Constance, German, and was buried there, 15 April, 1415 Manuscripts - Every book written by hand on flexible material and intended to be placed in a library is called a manuscript Manuscripts, Illuminated - A large number of manuscripts covered with painted ornaments Manuscripts of the Bible - Manuscripts are written, as opposed to printed, copies of the original text or of a version either of the whole Bible or of a part thereof Manuterge - The name given to the towel used by the priest when engaged liturgically Manutius, Aldus - Scholar and printer (1450-1515) Manzoni, Alessandro - Italian poet and novelist, b. at Milan, 7 March, 1785; d. 22 May, 1873 Map, Walter - Archdeacon of Oxford, b. at, or in the vicinity of, Hereford, c. 1140, d. between 1208 and 1210 Maphrian - The Syriac word mafriano signifies one who fructifies, a consecrator. It is used to designate the prelate who holds the second rank after the patriarch among the Jacobite Syrians Maran, Prudentius - A learned Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation, b. 14 October, 1683, at Sezanne, in the Department of Marne; d. 2 April, 1762, at Paris Marash - An Armenian Catholic Diocese Maratta, Carlo - An Italian painter, b. at Camerino, in the March of Ancona, 13 May, 1625, d. in Rome, 15 December, 1713 Marbodius - Bishop of Rennes, ecclesiastical writer and hymnologist, b. about 1035 at Angers, France, d. there 11 September, 1123 Marca, Pierre de - French bishop and scholar, b. at Gan in Bearn, 24 Jan., 1594, of a family distinguished in the magistracy; d. at Paris, 29 June, 1662 Marcellian and Mark, Saints - Blood brothers martyred at Rome in the Diocletian persecution, probably in 286 Marcellina, Saint - Consecrated virgin, blood sister of St. Ambrose, d. about 398 Marcellinus, Flavius - A high official at the court of Emperor Honorius, and possessed the confidence of his imperial master owing to his good sense, and unblemished conduct Marcellinus, Pope - Elected to the papacy in 296. He died in 304, probably of natural causes, since no early source calls him a martyr Marcellinus Comes - Latin chronicler of the sixth century Marcellinus of Civezza, O.F.M. - Modern Franciscan author, born at Civezza in Liguria, Italy, 29 May, 1822; d. at Leghorn, 27 March, 1906 Marcello, Benedetto - Biography focusing on religious works, particularly his Paraphrase of the Psalms Marcellus I, Saint, Pope - After a vacancy in office following the death of Pope St. Marcellinus, was elected to the papacy in 308. Fairly lengthy biographical article Marcellus II, Pope - Born 6 May, 1501, at Montepulciano in Tuscany; died 6 May, 1555, at Rome. His father, Ricardo Cervini, was Apostolic treasurer in the March of Ancona Marcellus of Ancyra - One of the bishops present at the Councils of Ancyra and of Nicaea, a strong opponent of Arianism, but in his zeal to combat Arius adopting the opposite extreme of modified Sabellianism and being several times condemned, dying deprived of his see c. A.D. 374 March, Auzias - A Catalan poet, b. perhaps in the last quarter of the fourteenth century, at Valencia; d. there in 1458 Marchand, Jean Baptiste - Second principal in order of succession of the Sulpician College of Montreal and missionary of the Detroit Hurons at Sandwich, Ont.; b. at Vercheres, Que., 25 Feb. 1760, son of Louis Marchand and Marguerite de Niverville; d. at Sandwich, 14 Apr., 1825 Marchant, Peter - A theologian, b. at Couvin, a village in the principality of Liege, in 1585; d. at Ghent, 11 Nov., 1661 Marchesi, Pompeo - A Lombard sculptor of the neoclassic school, born at Saltrio, near Milan, 7 August, 1790; died at Milan, 6 February. 1858 Marchi, Giuseppe - An archaeologist, born at Tolmezzo near Udine, 22 Feb., 1795; died at Rome, 10 Feb., 1860 Marcian - Roman Emperor at Constantinople, b. in Thrace about 390; d. January, 457 Marciane - A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra Marcianopolis - A titular see in Lower Maesia, on the right bank of the Danube, so called by Trajan after his sister Marciana (Amm. Marcellinus, XXVII, 2) and previously known as Parthenopolis Marcionites - Said that the creator 'god' of the Old Testament was not the good God and Father of Jesus Christ of the New Testament. Had their own shadow hierarchy and their own Bible, which consisted of parts of Luke and Paul, edited so as to disparage the Old Testament. Only the unmarried were allowed to be baptized. Marcionism may have led to the formation of the Apostle's Creed as rebuttal, and certainly was an incentive in deciding on the canon of the New Testament Marco Polo - Venetian traveller (1251-1324) Marcopois - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Edessa Marcosians - A sect of Valentinian Gnostics, founded by Marcus Marcoux, Joseph - A missionary among the Iroquois, b. in Canada, 16 March, 1791; d. there 29 May, 1855 Marcus - The name of three leading Gnostics Marcus, Pope Saint - Reigned for less than 9 months, d. 336 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus - Second-century Roman emperor and philosopher Marcus Diadochus - An obscure writer of the fourth century of whom nothing is known but his name at the head of a 'Sermon against the Arians', discovered by Wetsten in a manuscript codex of St. Athanasius at Basle Marcus Eremita - A theologian and ascetic writer of some importance in the fifth century Mardin - A residential Armenian archbishopric, a Chaldean bishopric, and a residential Syrian bishopric; moreover it is the headquarters of the Capuchin mission of Mardin and Amida Maréchal, Ambrose - The third Archbishop of Baltimore; born at Ingres near Orleans, France, 28 August, 1764; died at Baltimore, 29 January, 1828 Marenco - (1), Carlo, Italian dramatist, born at Cassolo (or Cassolnuovo) in Piedmont in 1800; died at Savona in 1846 (2), Leopoldo, Italian dramatic poet, born at Ceva in 1831; died 1899, son of Carlo Marenco Marenzio, Luca - Composer (1550-1599) Margaret, Saint - Also known in the Christian East as St. Marina. Virgin and martyr from Pisidian Antioch Margaret Haughery - 'The mother of the orphans', as she was familiarly styled, b. in Cavan, Ireland, about 1814; d. at New Orleans, Louisiana, 9 February, 1882 Margaret of Hungary, Blessed - Princess who became a Dominican at the age of 4. She died in 1270 or 1271, and was canonized in 1943 Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament - French Carmelite nun (1590-1660) Margaret Clitherow, Saint - Article on this martyr, d. 1586, who is called the 'Pearl of York.' St. Margaret was crushed to death for the crime of harboring priests Margaret Colonna, Blessed - A Roman orphan, hermit, founder of a community of Poor Clares, d. 1284 Margaret Mary, Saint - Biographical article on the apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Margaret of Cortona, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, d. 1297 Margaret of Lorraine, Blessed - Duchess d'Alencon, widow, became a Poor Clare, d. 1521 Margaret of Savoy, Blessed - Widow, Third Order Dominican, d. 1464 Margaret of Scotland, Saint - Biographical entry on the eleventh-century queen Margaret Pole, Blessed - Biography of the Countess of Salisbury, martyred in 1541 Margaritae - The canonists of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries who taught canon law by commenting on the Decretum of Gratian and on the various collections of the Decretals, gave the most varied forms and diverse names to their treatises. The 'Margaritae' are collections specially intended to help the memory Margil, Antonio - Born at Valencia, Spain, 18 August, 1657; died at Mexico, 6 Aug., 1726. He entered the Franciscan Order in his native city on 22 April, 1673. After his ordination to the priesthood he volunteered for the Indian missions in America, and arrived at Vera Cruz on 6 June, 1683 Margotti, Giacomo - A Catholic publicist, born 11 May, 1823; died 6 May, 1887. He was a native of San Remo, where his father was president of the Chamber of Commerce, and there he studied the classics and philosophy, after which he entered the seminary of Ventimiglia; in 1845, he obtained the doctorate at the University of Genoa and was received into the Royal Academy of Superga, where he remained until 1849 Maria de Agreda - Franciscan mystic (1602-1665) Maria-Laach - A Benedictine abbey on the southwest bank of Lake Laach, near Andernach in Rhineland, Germany Mariales, Kantes - A Dominican, born about 1580; died at Venice in April, 1660 Mariana - Situated in the centre of Minas Geraes, the great mining state of Brazil, is bounded on the north, south and west respectively by its suffragan sees, Diamantina, Pouso Alegre, Goyaz, and Uberaba Mariana, Juan - Author and Jesuit, b. at Talavern, Toledo, Spain, probably in April, 1536; d. at Toledo, 16 February, 1624 Mariana Islands - The Marianas Archipelago (also called the Ladrone Islands) is a chain of fifteen islands in the Northern Pacific, first discovered in 1521 by Magellan Mariannhill, Congregation of the Missionaries of - Located in Natal, near Pinetown, 15 miles from Durban, and 56 from Pietermaritzburg Marian Priests - This term is applied to those English priests who being ordained in or before the reign of Queen Mary (1553-1558), survived into the reign of Elizabeth Marianus of Florence - A Friar Minor and historian, born at Florence about the middle of the fifteenth century, exact date of birth uncertain; died there, 20 July, 1523 Marianus Scotus - Two Irish scholars of this name attained distinction in the eleventh century. Both spent the greater part of their lives in Germany Maria Theresa - Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Roman-German Empress, born 1717; died 1780 Marie Antoinette - Biography of the Queen of France Marie Christine of Savoy, Blessed - The daughter of Victor Emanuel I, married King Ferdinand II of Sicily, d. 1836 at the age of 23 Marie de France - Twelfth-century French poetess Marie de l'Incarnation, Blessed - A.k.a. Madame Acarie. Founded the French Carmel, d. 1618 Marie de l'Incarnation, Venerable - Baptismal name Marie Guyard. First superior of the Ursulines of Quebec. Biography Marienberg - A Benedictine abbey of the Congregation of St. Joseph near Mals, Tyrol (in Vintschau) Marignolli, Giovanni de' - Franciscan missionary to Asia (b. 1290) Marina, Saint - Also known in the Christian East as St. Marina. Virgin and martyr from Pisidian Antioch Marina - The name of an ancient and noble family of the Republic of Genoa, distinguished alike in the Island of Chios, one of its dependencies, where it possessed many beautiful and valuable estates Marini, Luigi Gaetano - A natural philosopher, jurist, historian, archeologist, born at Sant' Orcangelo (pagus Acerbotanus), 18 Dec., 1742; died at Paris, 7 May, 1815 Marinus I, Pope - Reigned 882-884 Marinus II, Pope - Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946 Mariotte, Edme - French physicist, b. at Dijon, France, about 1620; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1684 Maris, Martha, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife Marisco, Adam de - A Franciscan who probably came from the county of Somerset, but the date of his birth is unknown; died at the end of 1257 or the beginning of 1258 Mariscotti, Saint Hyacintha - Third Order Franciscan, founder of the Oblates of Mary (Sacconi), died 1640 Marius Aventicus, Saint - Or Aventicensis, so called because he was bishop of Avenches. Goldsmith, chronicler, d. 594 Marius Maximus, Lucius Perpetuus Aurelianus - Roman historian, lived c. 165-230 Marius Mercator - Ecclesiastical writer, born probably in Northern Africa about 390; died shortly after 451 Mark, Saint - What can be pieced together of St. Mark's life from Scripture. Also reports on tradition surrounding the saint Mark, Pope Saint - Reigned for less than 9 months, d. 336 Mark, Gospel of - The Second Gospel, like the other two Synoptics, deals chiefly with the Galilean ministry of Christ, and the events of the last week at Jerusalem Mark and Marcellian, Saints - Blood brothers martyred at Rome in the Diocletian persecution, probably in 286 Mark of Lisbon - Friar minor, historian, and Bishop of Oporto in Portugal, b. at Lisbon (date of birth uncertain); d. in 1591 Maroni, Paul - Missionary, b. 1 Nov., 1695 Maronia - A titular see in the province of Rhodopis, suffragan of Trajanopolis Maronites - History of the Maronite nation and Church Marquesas Islands - Located in Polynesia, includes all the Marquesas Islands Marquette (Michigan) - The Diocese comprises the upper peninsula and the adjacent islands of the State of Michigan, U.S.A Marquette, Jacques - Jesuit missionary and discoverer of the Mississippi River, b. in 1636, at Laon, a town in north central France; d. near Ludington, Michigan, 19 May, 1675 Marquette League - A society founded in New York, in May, 1904, by Rev. H.G. Ganss, of Lancaster, Pa Marquette University - Marquette University of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is an outgrowth of Marquette College, which was opened in 1881, although it had been planned by Right Rev. John Martin Henni as far back as 1850 Marriage Banns - In general the ecclesiastical announcement of the names of persons contemplating marriage Marriage, Civil - The municipal law deals with this status only as a civil institution Marriage, History of - The Catholic views of marriage Marriage, Mixed - Those between Catholics and non-Catholics, when the latter have been baptized in some Christian sect. The term is also used to designate unions between Catholics and infidels Marriage, Moral and Canonical Aspect of - Marriage is that individual union through which man and woman by their reciprocal rights form one principle of generation Marriage, Mystical - In the Old and the New Testament, the love of God for man, and, in particular His relations with His chosen people (whether of the Synagogue or of the Church), are frequently typified under the form of the relations between bridegroom and bride. In like manner, Christian virginity been considered from the earliest centuries as a special offering made by the soul to its spouse, Christ Marriage, Putative - A matrimonial alliance which is commonly reputed to be valid, and is sincerely believed by one at least of the contracting parties to be so in the eyes of the Church, because entered into in good faith; but which in reality is null and void, owing to the existence of a diriment impediment Marriage, Ritual of - The form for the celebration of the Sacrament of Matrimony is detailed Marriage, Sacrament of - Christian marriage (i.e. marriage between baptized persons) is really a sacrament of the New Law in the strict sense of the word is for all Catholics an indubitable truth Marriage, Validation of - May be effected by a simple renewal of consent when its nullity arises only from a defective consent in one or both parties Marryat, Florence - English novelist and actress (1838-1899) Marseilles - Diocese of Marseilles (Massiliensis), suffragan of Aix, comprises the district of Marseilles in the Department of Bouches-du-Rhone Marshall, Thomas William - Controversial writer, b. 1818; d. at Surbiton, Surrey, 14 Dec., 1877 Marshall Islands - These islands, a German possession since 1885, lying in the Pacific Ocean, east of the Caroline islands, between 4 and 13 N. lat., and 161 and 171 E. longitude, were discovered in 1529 by Saavedra, Villalobos and other Spanish mariners, and explored by Marshall and Gilbert in 1788 Marsi - Diocese in the province of Aquila, Central Italy, with its seat at Pescina Marsico Nuovo and Potenza - Suffragan diocese of Salerno Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, Count de - Italian geographer and naturalist, b. at Bologna 10 July, 1658; d. at Bologna 1 Nov., 1730 Marsilius of Padua - Physician and theologian, b. at Padua about 1270; d. about 1342 Martel, Charles - French monarch, born about 688; died at Quierzy on the Oise, 21 October, 741 Martène, Edmond - An historian and liturgist, born 22 December, 1654, at Saint-Jean-de-Losne near Dijon; died 20 June, 1739, at Saint-Germain-des-Pres near Paris Martha, Saint - Sister of Mary of Bethany and of Lazarus Martha, Maris, Audifax, and Abachum, Saints - Family martyred at Rome in 270. SS. Maris and Martha were husband and wife Martial, Saint - Third-century bishop of Limoges Martiall, John - One of the six companions associated with Dr. Allen in the foundation of the English College at Douai in 1568 Martianay, Jean - Born 30 Dec., 1647, at Saint-Sever-Cap, Diocese of Aire; died 16 June, 1717, at Saint Germain-des-Pres, Paris. He entered the Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur at an early age, and devoted himself to Biblical studies Martianus Capella - Roman writer of Africa who flourished in the fifth century Martigny, Joseph-Alexander - Canon of Belley, archaeologist; b. at Sauverny, Ain, in 1808; d at Belley, 19 August, 1880 Martin I, Pope Saint - Opposed the Monothelites, who were supported by the emperor. He was taken prisoner to Constantinople, but refused to sign a heretical declaration. He died in exile in 655 Martin II, Pope - Reigned 942-946; died in April or May, 946 Martin IV, Pope - Born at the castle of Montpensier in the old French province of Touraine at an unknown date; d. at Perugia 28 March, 1285. As priest he held a benefice at Rouen for a short time, whereupon he became canon and treasurer at the church of St. Martin in Tours Martin V, Pope - Born at Genazzano in the Campagna di Roma, 1368; died at Rome, 20 Feb., 1431 Martin - Benedictine Abbot of the Schottenkloster of Vienna, b. about 1400; d. 28 July, 1464 (29 July 1470) Martín, Enrico - Date and place of birth unknown; d. in Mexico in 1632. According to some he was of Spanish descent; Humboldt says that he was either a German or Dutchman, and according to others a Mexican educated in Spain, but in all probability he was a Frenchman Martin, Felix - Antiquary, historiographer, architect, educationist, b. 4 October, 1804, at Auray, seat of the famous shrine of St. Ann in Brittany, France; d. at Vaugirard, Paris, 25 November, 1886 Martin, Gregory - Translator of the Douai Version of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate; b. in Maxfield, parish of Guestling, near Winchelsea, in Sussex; d. at Reims, 28 October, 1582 Martin, Konrad - Bishop of Paderborn; b. 18 May, 1812, at Geismar, Province of Saxony; d. 16 July, 1879, at Mont St Guibert, near Brussels, Belgium Martin, Paulin - French Biblical scholar (1840 - 1890) Martina, Saint - Roman virgin and martyr, d. 226 or (more likely) 228 Martini, Antonio - Archbishop of Florence, Biblical scholar; b. at Prato in Tuscany, 20 April, 1720; d. at Florence, 31 December 1809 Martini, Martino - Austrian Jesuit missionary to the Chinese, in the seventeenth century Martini, Simone - Sienese painter, born in Siena, 1283; died either in the same place or at Avignon in 1344 or 1349 Martinique - Diocese; Martinique is one of the French Lesser Antilles, 380 sq. miles in area; It was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493, and colonized by the French about 1625; it was in the hands of the English from 1762-1783, and was again occupied by them in 1792, 1802, 1809, 1815 and again became French territory in 1818 Martin of Braga - Missionary, monastic founder, archbishop, ecclesiastical writer, d. 580 Martin of Leon, Saint - Augustinian priest, d. 1203 Martin of Tours, Saint - Fairly lengthy biographical article on this bishop, who died in around 397 Martin of Troppau - A chronicler, date of birth unknown; died 1278 Martin of Valencia, O.F.M. - Born at Villa de Valencia, Spain, about the middle of the fifteenth century; died in the odour of sanctity at Tlalmanalco, Mexico, 31 August, 1534. He entered the Franciscan Order at Mayorga in the Province of Santiago, built the monastery of Santa Maria del Berrogal, and was the thief founder of the Custody of San Gabriel, for which he visited Rome Martinian and Processus, Saints - Martyrs venerated since the fourth century at the latest Martinov, John - Jesuit and writer. Born 7 October, 1821; died 26 April, 1894 Martinsberg - A Benedictine abbey in Hungary about fourteen English miles south of Raab, and sixty west of Buda-Pesth Martinuzzi, George - Monk, bishop, cardinal, b. at Kamicac, Dalmatia, 1482; d. 16 December, 1551. His real name was George Utjesenovic Martin y Garcia, Luis - Jesuit General (1846-1906) Martyr - The Greek word martus signifies a witness who testifies to a fact of which he has knowledge from personal observation. The term martyr came to be exclusively applied to those who had died for the faith Martyr d'Anghiera, Peter - Historian of Spain and of the discoveries of her representatives, b. at Arona, near Anghiera, on Lake Maggiore in Italy, 2 February, 1457; d. at Granada in October, 1526 Martyrology - By martyrology is understood a catalogue of martyrs and saints arranged according to the order of their feasts, i. e., according to the calendar Martyropolis - A titular see, suffragan of Amida in the Province of Mesopotamia or Armenia Quarta Martyrs, Acts of the - Records of the trials of early Christian martyrs made by the notaries of the court Martyrs, Japanese - The most famous of the Japanese martyrs are the twenty-six who were crucified in Nagasaki in 1597, but thousands of other Japanese died for the faith between 1560 and 1860 Martyrs, The Ten Thousand - On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology Martyrs in China - With the revival of the missions in China with Matteo Ricci, who died at Peking in 1610, the blood of martyrs was soon shed to fertilize the evangelical field; the change of the Ming dynasty to the Manchu dynasty, giving occasion for new prosecution Maruthas, Saint - Writer, greatly devoted to the martyrs, Mesopotamian bishop, d. before 420 Mary, Blessed Virgin, The - The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ, the mother of God Mary, Children of - The Sodality of Children of Mary Immaculate owes its origin to the manifestation of the Virgin Immaculate of the Miraculous Medal, on which the Church has placed a seal, by appointing the twenty-seventh of November as its feast Mary, Devotion to the Heart of - Description of this devotion, along with its history Mary, Devotion to the Virgin - Devotion to Our Blessed Lady in its ultimate analysis must be regarded as a practical application of the doctrine of the Communion of Saints Mary, Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary - The earliest document commemorating this feast comes from the sixth century. . . Mary, Little Brothers of - A religious teaching institute, founded in 1817, generally known as the Marists Mary, Missionaries of the Company of - The Company of Mary was founded by Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort in 1713 Mary, Mother of John Mark - Generally known as Marist School Brothers. This religious teaching institute is modern in its origin, having been founded in 1817, in France, by Benedict Marcellin Champagnat Mary, Name of - In Scripture and in Catholic use Mary, Name of - The Hebrew form of her name is Miryam Mary, Society of (Marist Fathers) - A religious order of priests, so called on account of the special devotion they profess toward the Blessed Virgin Mary, Society of, of Paris - Founded in 1817 by Very Reverend William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, France Mary, Tomb of the Blessed Virgin - Explores the question where Mary died and was buried, either Jerusalem or Ephesus Mary de Cervellione - Popularly called Maria de Socos. First superior of a Third Order branch of the Mercedarians, for women. She died in 1290 Mary of Cleophas - This title occurs only in John 19:25. A comparison of the lists of those who stood at the foot of the cross would seem to identify her with Mary, the mother of James the Less and Joseph Mary of Romans 16:6 - She had 'laboured much among' the Roman Church, hence St. Paul's salutation to her Mary Anne de Paredes, Blessed - Of Quito, Ecuador, lived as a solitary in her own home and had many extraordinary spiritual gifts. She died in 1645 Mary de Sales Chappuis, Venerable - Belonging to the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary, born at Soyhieres, a village of the Bernese Jura (then French territory), 16 June, 1793; died at Troyes, 6 October, 1875 Mary Frances of the Five Wounds of Jesus, Saint - Third Order Franciscan, d. 1791 Maryland - One of the thirteen English colonies which after the Revolution of 1776 became the original States of the American Union Mary Magdalen, Saint - Article on the Apostle to the Apostles Mary Magdalen de' Pazzi, Saint - Biography of the 17th-century Carmelite mystic Mary of Egypt, Saint - Biographical article on the penitent and hermit, who died around 421 Mary Queen of Scots - Mary Stuart, born at Linlithgow, 8 December, 1542; died at Fotheringay, 8 February, 1587. She was the only legitimate child of James V of Scotland Mary Tudor - Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; born 18 February, 1516; died 17 November, 1558. Mary was the daughter and only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Masaccio - Italian painter, born about 1402, at San Giovanni di Valdarno, a stronghold situated between Arezzo and Florence; died, probably at Rome, in 1429 Mascoutens Indians - A Wisconsin tribe of Algonquian stock of considerable missionary importance in the seventeenth century, but long since entirely extinct Masolino da Panicale - Son of Cristoforo Fini; b. in the subrub of Panicale di Valdese, near Florence, 1383; d, c. 1440 Mason, Richard Angelus a S. Francisco - Franciscan writer; b. in Wiltshire, 1599; d. at Douai, 30 Dec, 1678 Masonry - An overview of Freemasonry and description of its condemnation by the Catholic Church Maspha - Name of several places in the Bible Mass, Chapter and Conventual - A conventual Mass sung or said in all cathedrals and collegiate churches that have a chapter; in this case it is often called the 'chapter' Mass Mass, Liturgy of the - The complex of prayers and ceremonies that make up the service of the Eucharist in the Latin rites Mass, Music of the - Article covers exclusively the texts of the Mass (not seasonal) which receive a musical treatment Mass, Nuptial - 'Missa pro sponso et sponsa', the last among the votive Masses in the Missal. It is composed of lessons and chants suitable to the Sacrament of Matrimony, contains prayers for persons just married and is interwoven with part of the marriage rite, of which in the complete form it is an element Mass, Parochial - A Mass celebrated for parishioners on all Sundays and holidays of obligation Mass, Sacrifice of the - The word Mass (missa) first established itself as the general designation for the Eucharistic Sacrifice in the West after the time of Pope Gregory the Great, the early Church having used the expression the 'breaking of bread' (fractio panis) or 'liturgy' Massa Candida - The fame of the Massa Candida has been perpetuated chiefly through two early references to them: that of St. Augustine, and that of the poet Prudentius Massachusetts - One of the thirteen original United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts covers part of the territory originally granted to the Plymouth Company of England Massacre, Saint Bartholomew's Day - This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 (the feast of St. Bartholomew), and in the provinces of France during the ensuing weeks, and it has been the subject of knotty historical disputes Massaia, Guglielmo - A Cardinal, born 9 June, 1809, at Piova in Piedmont, Italy; died at Cremona, 6 August, 1889 Massa Marittima - In the Province of Grosseto, in Tuscany, first mentioned in the eighth century Massé, Enemond - One of the first Jesuits sent to New France; born at Lyons, 1574; died at Sillery, 12 May, 1646 Masses, Bequests for - Information on court cases about the subject Masses, Bequests for (Canada) - Information on the laws Masses, Bequests for (England) - Before the Reformation dispositions of property, whether real or personal, for the purposes of Masses, were valid, unless where, in the case of real property, they might happen to conflict with the Mortmain laws by being made to religious congregations Masses, Devises and Bequests for (United States) - Laws from various states discussed Massillon, Jean-Baptiste - A celebrated French preacher and bishop; born 24 June, 1663; died 28 September, 1742 Massorah - The textual tradition of Hebrew Bible, an official registration of its words, consonants, vowels and accents Massoulié, Antoine - Theologian, born at Toulouse, 28 Oct., 1632; died at Rome, 23 Jan., 1706 Massuet, René - Benedictine patrologist, of the Congregation of St. Maur; born 13 August, 1666, at St. Ouen de Mancelles in the diocese of Evreux; died 11 Jan. 1716, at St. Germain des Pres in Paris Massys, Quentin - A painter, born at Louvain in 1466; died at Antwerp in 1530 (bet. 13 July and 16 September), and not in 1529, as his epitaph states (it dates from the seventeenth century) Master of Arts - An academic degree higher than that of Bachelor Master of Liesborn, The - A Westphalian painter, who in 1465 executed an altar-piece of note in the Benedictine monastery of Liesborn, founded by Charlemagne Master of the Sacred Palace - This office (which has always been entrusted to a Friar Preacher) may briefly be described as being that of the pope's theologian. St. Dominic, appointed in 1218, was the first Master of the Sacred Palace (Magister Sacri Palatii) Mastrius, Bartholomew - Franciscan, philosopher, and theologian, born near Forli, at Meldola, ltaly, in 1602; died 3 January, 1673 Mataco Indians - Tribes ranging over a great part of the Chaco region, about the headwaters of the Vermejo and the Picomayo, in the Argentine province of Salta and the Bolivian province of Tarija, and noted for the efforts made by Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries in their behalf in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Mater - A titular bishopric in the province of Byzantium Materialism - As the word itself signifies, Materialism is a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world, which undertakes to explain every event in the universe as resulting from the conditions and activity of matter, and which thus denies the existence of God and the soul Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the - Second Sunday in October. The object of this feast is to commemorate the dignity of the Mary as Mother of God Mathathias - The name of ten persons of the Bible, variant in both Hebrew and Greek of Old Testament and in Greek of New Testament; uniform in Vulgate Mathew, Theobald - Apostle of Temperance, born at Thomastown Castle, near Cashel, Tipperary, Ireland, 10 October, 1790; died at Queenstown, Cork, 8 December, 1856 Mathieu, François-Désiré - Bishop and cardinal, born 27 May, 1839; died 26 October, 1908 Mathusala - One of the Hebrew patriarchs, mentioned in Genesis 5 Matilda, Saint - Biography of the Queen of Germany, wife of Henry I (the Fowler). She died in 968 Matilda, Saint - Born Matilda von Hackeborn-Wippra, blood sister of the Abbess Gertrude von Hackeborn, monastic herself. Quite plausibly the model for Matelda in Dante's 'Purgatorio.' She died in 1298 Matilda of Canossa - Countess of Tuscany, daughter and heiress of the Marquess Boniface of Tuscany, and Beatrice, daughter of Frederick of Lorraine, b. 1046; d. 24 July, 1114 Matins - Not Morning Prayer, but a nighttime prayer, which has now been replaced by the Office of Readings Matricula - A term having several meanings in the field of Christian antiquity Matteo da Siena - Painter (1435-1495) Matteo di Termini - Counselor to the King of Sicily, joined the Augustinians, renowned for his knowledge of civil and ecclesiastical law, served as the pope's confessor, was General of his Order Matteo of Aquasparta - Italian Franciscan (1235-1302) Matter - Taking the term in its widest sense, matter signifies that out of which anything is made or composed Matteucci, Carlo - Physicist, born at Forli, in the Romagna, 21 June, 1811; died at Ardenza, near Leghorn, 25 July, 1868 Matthew, Saint - The Apostle and Evangelist, in Scripture and tradition Matthew, Gospel of Saint - Detailed article about the first Gospel Matthew, Sir Tobie - English priest, born at Salisbury, 3 October, 1577, died at Ghent, 13 October, 1655 Matthew of Bassi - Founder of the Capuchins (1495-1552) Matthew of Cracow - Renowned scholar and preacher of the fourteenth century, b. at Cracow about 1335, d. at Pisa, 5 March, 1410 Matthias, Saint - The Apostle, in Scripture and legend Matthias Corvinus - King of Hungary (1440-1490) Matthias of Neuburg - Chronicler, born towards the close of the thirteenth century, possibly at Neuburg, in Baden; died between 1364 and 1370, probably at Strasburg, in Alsace Maundy Thursday - The feast of Maundy (or Holy) Thursday solemnly commemorates the institution of the Eucharist and is the oldest of the observances peculiar to Holy Week Maunoury, Auguste-François - Hellenist and exegete (1811-1898) Maurice, Saint - Leader of the Theban Legion, killed around 287 Maurice - Roman Emperor, born in 539; died in November, 602 Maurists, The - A congregation of Benedictine monks in France, whose history extends from 1618 to 1818 Maurus, Saint - Deacon, disciple of St. Benedict. Portrayed by St. Gregory the Great as a model of monastic obedience. Died 584 Maurus, Sylvester - Writer on philosophy and theology, b. at Spoleto, 31 Dec., 1619; d. in Rome, 13 Jan., 1687 Maurus Magnentius Rabanus, Blessed - Biographical article on this Benedictine, abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, theologian, who died in 856 Maury, Jean-Siffrein - Cardinal and statesman, born at Valreas, near Avignon, 26 June, 1746; died at Rome on 10 May, 1817 Maxentius, Joannes - Leader of the so-called Scythian monks, appears in history at Constantinople in 519 and 520 Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius - Roman Emperor 306-12, son of the Emperor Maximianus Herculius and son-in-law of the chief Emperor Galerius Maxfield, Venerable Thomas - Real name, Thomas Macclesfield. Short biographical article on the priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1616 Maximianopolis - A titular see of Palestina Secunda, suffragan of Scythopolis Maximianus - Roman emperor (d. 310) Maximilian - Brief profiles of three saints of this name Maximilian I - Duke of Bavaria (1573-1651) Maximinus, Saint - Bishop of Trier, d. 349 or 352 Maximinus, Caius Valerius Daja - Under his uncle Augustus Galerius, the Caesar of Syria and Egypt, from the year 305; in 307 following the example of Constantine, he assumed the title of Augustus Maximinus Thrax - Roman emperor 235-238 Maximopolis - Titular see of Arabia Maximus of Constantinople, Saint - Also known as Maximus the Theologian or Maximus Confessor. Monk, abbot, wrote on ascetic mysticism, and on the Incarnation against the Monothelites. Died in exile, 662 Maximus of Turin, Saint - Bishop and theological writer (380-465) Maxwell, William - Fifth Earl of Nithsdale (Lord Nithsdale signed as Nithsdaill) and fourteenth Lord Maxwell, b. in 1676; d. at Rome, 2 March, 1744 Maxwell, Winifred - Countess of Nithsdale, d. at Rome, May, 1749 Maya Indians - The most important of the cultured native peoples of North America, both in the degree of their civilization and in population and resources, formerly occupying a territory of about 60,000 square miles, including the whole of the peninsula of Yucatan, Southern Mexico, together with the adjacent portion of Northern Guatemala Mayer, Christian - Franciscan writer; b. in Wiltshire, 1599; d. at Douai, 30 Dec, 1678 Mayhew, Edward - Born in 1569; died 14 September, 1625. He belonged to the old English family of Mayhew or Mayow of Winton, near Salisbury, Wiltshire Mayne, Blessed Cuthbert - Englishman, Protestant minister, converted to Catholicism, died a martyr in 1577. Biographical article Maynooth College - The National College of Saint Patrick, at Maynooth in County Kildare, about twelve miles from Dublin, founded in the year 1795 Mayo, School of - Was situated in the present parish of Mayo, County Mayo, almost equidistant from the towns of Claremorris and Castlebar. The founder, St. Colman, who flourished about the middle of the seventh century, was in all probability a native of the West of Ireland, and made his ecclesiastical studies at Iona during the abbacy of the renowned Segenius Mayo Indians - A tribe that occupied some fifteen towns on Mayo and Fuerte rivers, southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa, Mexico Mayor, John - A Scotch philosopher and historian, b. at Gleghornie near Haddington, 1496; d. at St. Andrew's, 1550 Mayoruna Indians - A tribe of Panoan linguistic stock, ranging the forests between the Ucayali, the Yavari and the Maranon (Amazon) rivers in north-east Peru and the adjacent portions of Brazil Mayotte, Nossi-Bé, and Comoro - Mayotte is the farthest south and most important of the group of Comoro Islands: Mayotte (Maote), Anjuan (Inzuani), Mohilla (Moheli), and Great Comoro (Komoro, i.e. where there is fire, or Angazidya) Mayr, Beda - A Bavarian Benedictine philosopher, apologist, and poet, b. 15 January, 1742 at Daiting near Augsburg; d. 28 April, 1794, in the monastery of Heillgenkreuz in Donauworth Mayron, Francis - Born about 1280, probably at Mayronnes, Department of Basses-Alpes, he entered the Franciscan order at the neighbouring Digne (or Sisteron) Mazarin, Jules - Born either at Rome or at Piscina in the Abruzzi, of a very old Sicilian family, 14 July, 1602; died at Vincennes, 9 March, 1661 Mazatec Indians - Mexican tribe of Zapotecan linguistic stock, occupying the mountain region of north-east Oaxaca, chiefly in the districts of Cuicatlan and Teotitlan Mazenod, Charles Joseph Eugene de - Short biography of the bishop of Marseilles and founder of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate Mazzara del Vallo - The city is situated in the province of Trepani, Sicily, on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Mazzara River Mazzella, Camillo - Theologian and cardinal, born at Vitulano, 10 Feb., 1833; d. at Rome, 26 March, 1900 Mazzolini, Lodovico - Italian painter, b. in Ferrara in 1480, d., according to one account, in 1528, and to another, in 1530; place of death unknown Mazzolini, Sylvester - Theologian, b. at Priero, Piedmont, 1460; d. at Rome, 1523, sometimes confounded with Sylvester Ferrariensis (d. 1526) Mazzuchelli, Pietro Francesco - Milanese painter, b. at Moranzone near Milan, either in 1571 or 1575; d. at Piacenza in 1626 Mbaya Indians - A tribe formerly ranging on both sides of the Paraguay River, on the north and northwestern Paraguay frontier, and in the adjacent portion of the province of Matto Grosso, Brazil Meagher, Thomas Francis - Soldier, politician, b. at Waterford, Ireland, 3 August, 1823; accidentally drowned in the Missouri River, Montana Territory, U.S.A., 1 July, 1867 Meath - Diocese in Ireland, suffragan of Armagh Meaux, Diocese of - Comprises the entire department of Seine and Marne, suffragan of Sens until 1622, and subsequently of Paris Meaux - English Cistercian abbey Mecca - The birthplace of Mohammed and the seat of the famous Kaaba, it was celebrated even in pre-Islamic times as the chief sanctuary of the Arabs, and visited by numerous pilgrims and devotees Mechanism - There is no constant meaning in the history of philosophy for the word Mechanism. Originally, the term meant that cosmological theory which ascribes the motion and changes of the world to some external force Mechitar - The name taken by Peter Manuk, founder of the religious order of Mechitarists, when he became a monk Mechitarists - Armenian Benedictines, founded by Mechitar in 1712 Mechlin - Archdiocese comprising the two Belgian provinces of Antwerp and Brabant Mechtel, Johann - Chronicler; b. 1562 at Pfalzel near Trier (Germany); d. after 1631, perhaps as late as 1653 at Trier Mechtilde, Saint - Born Matilda von Hackeborn-Wippra, blood sister of the Abbess Gertrude von Hackeborn, monastic herself. Quite plausibly the model for Matelda in Dante's 'Purgatorio.' She died in 1298 Mechtild of Magdeburg - A famous medieval mystic (1210-1285) Mecklenburg - A division of the German Empire, consists of the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz Medaille, Jean Paul - Jesuit missionary; b. at Carcassonne, the capital of the Department of Aude, France, 29 January, 1618; d. at Auch, the capital of the Department of Gers, France, 15 May, 1689 Medals, Devotional - A medal may be defined to be a piece of metal, usually in the form of a coin, not used as money, but struck or cast for a commemorative purpose, and adorned with some appropriate effigy, device, or inscription. In the present article we are concerned only with religious medals Medal, Miraculous - The devotion owes its origin to Zoe Labore, a member of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, known in religion as Sister Catherine, to whom the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared three separate times in the year 1830, at the mother-house of the community at Paris Medal of Saint Benedict - A medal, originally a cross, dedicated to the devotion in honour of St. Benedict Medardus, Saint - Bishop of Noyon, d. around 545 Medea - A titular see of Thrace, suffragan of Heraclea Medellín - Archdiocese in the Republic of Colombia, Metropolitan of Antioquia and Manizales, in the Departments of Medellín, Antioquia, and Manizales Media and Medes - An ancient country of Asia and the inhabitants thereof Mediator (Christ as Mediator) - A mediator is one who brings estranged parties to an amicable agreement. In New Testament theology the term invariably implies that the estranged beings are God and man, and it is appropriated to Christ, the One Mediator Medices, Hieronymus - Illustrious as a scholastic of acumen and penetration, b. at Camerino in Umbria, 1569, whence the surname de Medicis a Camerino Medici, House of - A Florentine family, the members of which, having acquired great wealth as bankers, rose in a few generations to be first the unofficial rulers of the republic of Florence and afterwards the recognized sovereigns of Tuscany Medici, Catherine de' - Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589; she was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d' Auvergne who, by her mother, Catherine of Bourbon, was related to the royal house of France Medici, Maria de' - Queen of France; b. at Florence, 26 April, 1573; d. at Cologne, 3 July, 1642 Medicine, History of - Presents the history of modern medical science from its Greek foundation Medicine and Canon Law - In the early centuries the practice of medicine by clerics, whether secular or regular, was not treated with disapproval by the Church, nor was it at all uncommon for them to devote a considerable part of their time to the medical avocation. Abuses, however, arose, and in the twelfth century ecclesiastical canons were framed which became more and more adverse to clerics practising the art of medicine Medina, Bartholomew - Dominican theologian, b. at Medina, 1527; d. at Salamanca, 1581 Medina, Juan de - Theologian; born 1490; died 1547; he occupied the first rank among the theologians of the sixteenth century Medina, Miguel de - Theologian, born at Belalcazar, Spain, 1489; died at Toledo, May, 1578 Medrano, Francisco - A Spanish lyric poet, b. in Seville, not to be confounded with Sebastian Francisco de Medrano who was also a poet and lived at about the same time Medulic, Andras - A Croatian painter and engraver, called by Italian authors Medola, Medula, Schiavone, Schiaon, etc., b. at Sibenik, Dalmatia, 1522; d. at Venice 1582 Meehan, Charles Patrick - Irish historical writer and translator, b. in Dublin, 12 July, 1812; d. there 14 March 1890 Megara - A titular see, suffragan to Corinth, in Achaia Megarians - Short article on the history and teachings of this school of philosophy by William Turner Mège, Antoine-Joseph - A Maurist Benedictine. Writer and translator. He died in 1691 Mehrerau - Formerly a Benedictine, now a Cistercian Abbey, is situated on Lake Constance, west of Bregenz, in the district of Vorarlberg, Austria Meignan, Guillaume-René - Cardinal Archbishop of Tours, French apologist and Scriptural exegete, b. at Chauvigne, France, 12 April, 1817; d. at Tours, 20 January 1896 Meilleur, Jean-Baptiste - French Canadian physician and educator, b. at St. Laurent, P.Q., 9 May, 1796; d. 7 Dec., 1878 Meinwerk, Blessed - Also called Meginwerk. The energetic tenth bishop of Paderborn, d. 1036 Meissen - A former see of north-east Germany Meissonier, Ernest - French painter, b. at Lyons 21 February,1815; d. at Paris, 31 January, 1891 Melancthon, Philipp - Extensive article, informative. Thorough examination of his humanism and his contributions to western educational theory and practice Melania (the Younger), Saint - Granddaughter of St. Melania the Elder, and a friend of St. Jerome Melbourne - Located in the state of Victoria, Southeastern Australia Melchers, Paul - Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, b. 6 Jan., 1813, at Muenster, Westphalia; d. 14 December, 1895, at Rome Melchisedech - King of Salem (Gen. xiv, 18-20) Melchisedechians - A branch of the Monarchians, founded by Theodotus the banker Melchites - The people of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt who remained faithful to the Council of Chalcedon (451) when the greater part turned Monophysite Meléndez Valdés, Juan - Spanish poet and politician, b. at Ribera del Fresno (Badajoz) 11 March, 1754; d. in exile at Montpelier, France, 24 May, 1817 Meletius of Antioch - Lengthy article on the career of the gentle bishop who longed for unity in the Church Meletius of Lycopolis - Bishop of Lycopolis in Egypt, gave his name to a schism of short duration Melfi and Rapolla - Diocese in the province of Potenza, in Basilicata, southern Italy Meli, Giovanni - Sicilian poet, b. at Palermo, 4 March, 1740, d. 20 Dec., 1815 Melia, Pius - Italian theologian, b. at Rome, 12 Jan., 1800; d. in London, June 1883 Melissus of Samos - A Greek philosopher, of the Eleatic School, b. at Samos about 470 B C Melitene - The residence of an Armenian Catholic see, also a titulary archbishopric Melito, Saint - Bishop of Sardis, ecclesiastical writer, latter half of the second century Melk, Abbey and Congregation of - Situated on an isolated rock commanding the Danube, Melk has been a noted place since the days of the Romans Melkites - The people of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt who remained faithful to the Council of Chalcedon (451) when the greater part turned Monophysite Melleray - Situated in Brittany, Diocese of Nantes, in the vicinity of Chateaubriand, was founded about the year 1134 Mellifont Abbey - Located three miles from Drogheda, Co. Louth, Diocese of Armagh, it was the first Cistercian monastery established in Ireland Mellitus, Saint - Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 624. Abbot sent to Canterbury by St. Gregory the Great, and the recipient of a letter from Gregory regarding pagan temples, idols, and festivals Melo - Located in Uruguay Melos - A titular see, suffragan of Naxos in the Cyclades Melozzo da Forlí - An Italian painter of the Umbrian School, b. at Forlí, 1438; d. there 1494 Melrose Abbey - Located in Roxburghshire, founded in 1136 by King David I, was the earliest Cistercian monastery established in Scotland Melrose, Chronicle of - It opens with the year 735, ends abruptly in 1270, and is founded solely upon the Cottonian Manuscript, Faustina B. ix, in the British Museum, the only ancient copy preserved Melzi, Francesco - Born at Milan, about 1490; died 1568. He was a friend of Leonardo da Vinci, and Vasari tells that he was a Milanese nobleman, and that he possessed the principal part of the anatomical drawings of Leonardo Memberton - Principal chief of the Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia at the time of the establishment of the French colony under de Monts and Poutrincourt in 1605, and noted in mission annals of the first Christian in the tribe Membre, Zenobius - Born 1645 at Bapaume, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, he was a member of the Franciscan province of St. Antony Memling, Hans - Flemish painter, d. 1494. Artist's biography with bibliography Memorial Brasses - Earliest existing dated examples are of the thirteenth century Memory - Memory is the capability of the mind, to store up conscious processes, and reproduce them later with some degree of fidelity Memphis - Ancient capital of Egypt; diocese of the province of Arcadia or Heptanomos, suffragan of Oxyrynchus Mena, Juan de - Spanish poet, born 1411 at Cordova; died 1456 at Torrelaguna Menaion - The name of the twelve books, one for every month, that contain the offices for immovable feasts in the Byzantine rite Ménard, Léon - Writer, b. at Tarrascon, 12 Sept., 1706; d. in Paris, 1 Oct., 1767 Ménard, Nicolas-Hugues - French Maurist Benedictine teacher and writer, died 1644 Ménard, René - Missionary, b. at Paris, 1604, d. about 10 August, 1661, in what is now Wisconsin Menas, Saint - Martyred under Diocletian, c. 295. Most likely Menas of Mareotis, Menas of Cotyaes, and Menas of Constantinople, surnamed Kallikelados, are all the same person honored in different places Mencius - Chinese philosopher (b. 371 B.C.) Mendaña de Neyra, Alvaro de - A Spanish navigator and explorer, born in Saragossa, 1541; died in Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands, 18 October, 1596 Mende - This diocese includes the department of Lozere, in France. Suffragan of Bourges under the old regime, it was re-established by the Concordat of 1801 as a suffragan of Lyons and united with the department of Ardeche Mendel, Mendelism - Gregor Johann Mendel (the first name was taken on entrance to his order), b. 22 July, 1822, at Heinzendorf near Odrau, in Austrian Silesia; d. 6 January 1884, at the Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas, Brunn Mendes de Silva, João - Better known as Amadeus of Portugal, b. 1420, d. at Milan, 1482, began his religious life in the Hieronnymite monastery of Notre-Dame de Guadalupe (Spain), where he spent about ten years Méndez and Gualaquiza - Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador Mendíburu, Manuel de - Nineteenth-century Peruvian-born soldier and diplomat Mendicant Friars - Members of those religious orders which, originally, by vow of poverty renounced all proprietorship not only individually but also (and in this differing from the monks) in common, relying for support on their own work and on the charity of the faithful. Hence the name of begging friars Mendieta, Jerónimo - A Spanish missionary; born at Vitoria, Spain, 1525; died in the City of Mexico, 9 May, 1604 Mendoza, Diego Hurtade de - A Spanish diplomat and writer, and one of the greatest figures in the history of Spanish politics and letters; born in Granada, of noble parentage, about 1503; died in Madrid, 1575 Mendoza, Francisco Sarmiento de - A Spanish canonist and bishop; b. of a noble family at Burgos; d. 1595, at Jaen Mendoza, Pedro Gonzalez de - Cardinal and Primate of Spain, b. at Guadalajara, 3 May, 1428; d. there, 11 January, 1495 Meneses, Osorio Francisco - Spanish painter, b. at Seville, 1630; d. probably in the same place, 1705 Menéndez y Pelayo, Marcelino - Spanish poet and historian (1856-1912) Menestrier, Claude-François - French antiquarian (1631-1705) Menevia - Said to be derived from Menapia, the name of an ancient Roman settlement supposed to have existed in Pembrokeshire, or Hen Meneu (vetus rubus) where St. David was born Mengarini, Gregario - Pioneer missionary of the Flathead tribe and philologist of their language, b. in Rome, 21 July, 1811; d. at Santa Clara, California, 23 September, 1886 Mengs, Anthon Rafael - A Bohemian painter, usually regarded as belonging to the Italian or Spanish school, b. at Aussig in Bohemia, 12 March, 1728; d. in Rome, 29 June, 1779 Mennas - Patriarch of Constantinople from 536 to 552 Mennonites - A Protestant denomination of Europe and America which arose in Switzerland in the sixteenth century and derived its name from Menno Simons, its leader in Holland Menochio, Giovanni Stefano - Jesuit biblical scholar, b. at Padua, 1575; d. in Rome, 4 Feb., 1655 Men of Understanding - Name assumed by a heretical sect which in 1410-11 was cited before the Inquisition at Brussels Menologium - A particular service-book of the Greek Church. From its derivation the term Menologium means 'month-set', in other words, a book arranged according to the months Menominee Indians - A considerable tribe of Algonquian linguistic stock, formerly ranging over north-eastern Wisconsin to the west of Menominee River and Green Bay Mensa, Mensal Revenue - The Latin word mensa has for its primitive signification 'a table for meals'; it designates by extension the expenses, or better, the necessary resources of sustenance, and generally, all the resources for personal support. He who lives at the expense of another, and at his table, is his 'commensal'. In ecclesiastical language, the mensa is that portion of the property of a church which is appropriated to defraying the expenses either of the prelate or of the community which serves the church, and is administered at the will of the one or the other Mensing, John - A theologian and celebrated opponent of Luther, born according to some at Zuetphen, Holland, but more probably at Magdeburg, Saxony, date unknown; died about 1541 Mental Reservation - The name applied to a doctrine which has grown out of the common Catholic teaching about lying and which is its complement Mentelin, Johannes - Born c. 1410; died 12 Dec., 1478; an eminent German typographer of the fifteenth century, and the first printer and bookseller at Strasburg (Alsace) Menzini, Benedetto - Priest and poet, b. at Florence, 1646; d. at Rome, 7 Sept., 1704 Mercadé, Eustache - French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century Mercedarians - A congregation of men founded in 1218 by St. Peter Nolasco, born 1189, at Mas-des-Saintes-Puelles, Department of Aude, France Mercier, Louis-Honoré - French Canadian statesman (1840-1894) Mercuriali, Geronimo - Italian philologist and physician (1530-1606) Mercy, Brothers of Our Lady of - Founded at Mechlin in 1839 by Canon J. B. Cornelius Scheppers for the instruction and care of prisoners and of the sick Mercy, Corporal and Spiritual Works of - Mercy as it is here contemplated is said to be a virtue influencing one's will to have compassion for, and, if possible, to alleviate another's misfortune Mercy, Sisters of - A congregation of women founded in Dublin, Ireland, in 1827, by Catherine Elizabeth McAuley, born 29 September, 1787, at Stormanstown House, County Dublin Mercy, Sisters of, of St. Borromeo - Originally a pious association of ladies formed in 1626 for the care of the sick in the hospital of St. Charles at Nancy, but constituted a religious community in 1652 after being generously endowed by the father of Emmanuel Chauvenel, a young advocate who had given his life in the service of the sick Meredith, Edward - English Catholic controversialist, b. in 1648, was a son of the rector of Landulph, Cornwall Merici, Saint Angela - Biography of the founder of the Ursulines, who died in 1540 Mérida - Diocese in Venezuela Merit - By merit (meritum) in general is understood that property of a good work which entitles the doer to receive a reward from him in whose service the work is done Mermillod, Gaspard - Bishop of Lausanne and cardinal, born at Carouge, Switzerland, 22 September, 1824; died in Rome, 23 February, 1892 Merneptah I - The fourth king of the nineteenth Egyptian dynasty and the supposed Pharaoh of the Exodus, was the thirteenth son of Rameses II whom he succeeded in or about 1234 B.C., being then long past middle age Mérode, Frédéric-François-Xavier Ghislain de - A Belgian prelate and statesman, born at Brussels, 1820; died at Rome, 1874 Mersenne, Marin - Article by C.A. Dubray reviewing the intellectual career of this learned Minim friar Mesa - A King of Moab in the ninth century B. C. Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, and Armenia - Created by Gregory XVI on 17 Dec., 1832. Mgr. Trioche, Archbishop of Babylon or Bagdad, became its first titular; he resided habitually in Bagdad Mesrob - One of the greatest figures in Armenian history, he was born about 361 at Hassik in the Province of Taron; died at Valarsabad, 441 Messalians - An heretical sect which originated in Mesopotamia about 360 and survived in the East until the ninth century Messene - A titular see, suffragan to Corinth, in Achaia Messias - The Greek form Messias is a transliteration of the Hebrew, Messiah, 'the anointed'. The word appears only twice of the promised prince (Daniel 9:26; Psalm 2:2); yet, when a name was wanted for the promised one, who was to be at once King and Saviour, it was natural to employ this synonym for the royal title, denoting at the same time the King's royal dignity and His relation to God Messina, Antonello da - Painter, born at Messina, about 1430; died 1497 Messina - Located in Sicily Messingham, Thomas - An Irish hagiologist, born in the Diocese of Meath, and studied in the Irish College, Paris, proceeding to the degree of S.T.D Metalwork in the Service of the Church - From the earliest days the Church has employed utensils and vessels of metal in its liturgical ceremonies. This practice increased during the Middle Ages Metaphrastes, Symeon - The principal compiler of the legends of saints in the Menologia of the Byzantine Church Metaphysics - That portion of philosophy which treats of the most general and fundamental principles underlying all reality and all knowledge Metastasio, Pietro - Brief biography of the Italian librettist Metcalfe, Edward - Born in Yorkshire, 1792; died a martyr of charity at Leeds, 7 May, 1847 Metellopolis - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor Metempsychosis - The doctrine of the transmigration of souls, teaches that the same soul inhabits in succession the bodies of different beings, both men and animals Metham, Thomas - A knight, confessor of the Faith, died in York Castle, 1573 Methodism - A religious movement which was originated in 1739 by John Wesley in the Anglican Church, and subsequently gave rise to numerous separate denominations Methodius I - Patriarch of Constantinople (842-846), defender of images during the second Iconoclast persecution, b. at Syracuse, towards the end of the eighth century; d. at Constantinople, 14 June, 846 Methodius and Cyril, Saints - Also called Constantine and Methodius. Biography of these ninth-century brothers, Apostles of the Slavs Methodius of Olympus, Saint - Bishop, ecclesiastical writer, martyr, died c. 311 Methuselah - One of the Hebrew patriarchs, mentioned in Genesis 5 Methymna - A titular see in the island of Lesbos Metrophanes of Smyrna - A leader of the faithful Ignatian bishops at the time of the Photian schism (867). Baronius (Ann. Ecci., ad an. 843, I) says that his mother was the woman who was bribed to bring a false accusation of rape against the Patriarch Methodius I (842-846) during the Iconoclast troubles Metropolis - A titular episcopal see and suffragan of Ephesus Metropolitan - In ecclesiastical language, refers to whatever relates to the metropolis, the principal city, or see, of an ecclesiastical province Metternich, Klemens Lothar Wenzel Von - Statesman; born at Coblenz, 15 May, 1773; died at Vienna, 11 June, 1859 Metz - A town and bishopric in Lorraine Meun, Jean Clopinel de - French poet, b. c. 1260 in the little city of Meung-sur-Loire; d. at Paris between 1305 and 1320 Mexico - Situated at the extreme point of the North American continent, bounded on the north by the United States, on the east by the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, British Honduras, and Guatemala, and on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean Mexico, Archdiocese of - Information about the boundaries and bishops Mezger, Francis, Joseph, and Paul - Three brothers, learned Benedictines of the monastery of St. Peter in Salsburg, and professors at the University of Salzburg Mezzofanti, Giuseppe - A cardinal, the greatest of polyglots, born 19 September, 1774; died 15 March, 1849 Miami Indians - An important tribe of Algonquian stock formerly claiming prior dominion over the whole of what is now Indiana and western Ohio, including the territories drained by the Wabash, St. Joseph, Maumee, and Miami rivers Michael the Archangel, Saint - Article about this angel in Scripture and tradition Michael, Military Orders of Saint - Information on three groups by this name Michael Cærularius - Patriarch of Constantinople (1043-58), author of the second and final schism of the Byzantine Church, date of birth unknown; d. 1058 Michael de Sanctis, Saint - Or Michael de los Santos. Catalonian, member of the Discalced Trinitarians, d. 1625 Michael of Cesena - A Friar Minor, Minister General of the Franciscan Order, and theologian, born at Cesena, a small town in Central Italy, about 1270; died at Munich, 29 Nov., 1342 Michael O'Loghlen - Irish jurist (1789-1846) Michael Scotus - A thirteenth century mathematician, philosopher, and scholar Michaud, Joseph-François - Historian, born at Albens, Savoy, 1767; died at Passy, 30 September, 1839 Micheas of Ephraim - The Book of Judges (17-18) contains the history of a certain Michas (Hebrews 17:1 and 4: Mikhayehu; elsewhere Mikhah), a resident of the hill country of Ephraim who founded an idolatrous sanctuary Micheas, Son of Jemla - A prophet of the Kingdom of Samaria, contemporary with Elias and Eliseus Micheas, Book of - Micheas (Hebr. Mikhah; Jeremiah 26:18: Mikhayah keth.), the author of the book which holds the sixth place in the collection of the Twelve Minor Prophets, was born at Moresheth (Micheas 1:1; Jeremiah 26:18), a locality not far from the town of Geth (Micheas 1:14) Michel, Jean - A French dramatic poet of the fifteenth century Michelangelo Buonarroti - Italian sculptor, painter, and architect (1475-1564) Michelians - A German Protestant sect which derives its name from 'Michel', the popular designation of its founder Johann Michael Hahn Michelis, Edward - A theologian, born in St. Mauritz, 6 Feb., 1813; died in Luxemburg, 8 June, 1855 Michelozzo di Bartolommeo - An architect and sculptor, born at Florence circa 1391; died 1472 Michigan - Information on history, geography, statistics, religion, and education of the state Michoacan - Located in Mexico, the Diocese of Michoacan was established in 1536 by Pope Paul III at the instance of the Emperor Charles V, its boundaries to coincide with those of the ancient Kingdom of Michoacan Mickiewicz, Adam - Born near Novogrodek, Lithuania, 1798; died at Constantinople, 1855 Micmacs - The easternmost of the Algonquin tribes and probably the first visited by a white man, formerly occupied what is now Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Breton, as well as part of New Brunswick, Quebec, and south-western Newfoundland Micrologus - Either a 'synopsis' or a 'short explanation', and in the Middle Ages used as an equivalent for 'Manual' Middendorp, Jakob - Theologian and historian; b. about 1537 at Oldenzaal, or, according to others, at Ootmarsum, Overyssel, Holland; d. at Cologne, 13 Jan., 1611 Middle Ages - A term commonly used to designate that period of European history between the Fall of the Roman Empire and about the middle of the fifteenth century Middlesbrough - In medieval history it was known as Myddilburga or Middilburga, with many other variations of form Midianites - An Arabian tribe introduced into history in the texts of Gen., xxv, 1-4 and I Chron., i, 32 Midrashim - The term commonly designates ancient rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew Scriptures Midwives - Come under the canon law of the Church in their relation towards two of the sacraments, baptism and matrimony Migazzi, Christoph Anton - Cardinal, Prince Archbishop of Vienna, b. 1714, in the Tyrol, d. 14 April, 1803, at Vienna Mignard, Pierre - A French painter, born at Troyes, 7 November, 1612; died at Paris, 30 May, 1695 Migne, Jacques-Paul - Priest, and publisher of theological works, born at Saint-Flour, 25 October, 1800; died at Paris, 24 October, 1875 Migration - The movement of populations from place to place Milan - Located in Lombardy, northern Italy Milde, Vinzenz Eduard - Prince-Archbishop of Vienna, born at Bruenn, in Moravia, in 1777; died at Vienna in 1853 Miles, George Henry - A dramatist and man of letters, born in Baltimore, Maryland, 31 July, 1824; died near Emmitsburg, 23 July, 1871 Miles Gerard, Venerable - Priest martyred in 1590 Mileto - Located in Calabria, in the province of Reggio, southern Italy Miletopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Cyzicus Miletus - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, in Caria Miletus, Vitus - A Catholic theologian, born 1549; died at Mainz, 11 Sept., 1615 Milevum - A titular see of Numidia Milic, Jan - A pre-Hussite reform preacher and religious enthusiast, born at Kremsier in Moravia, died 29 June, 1374, at Avignon Military Orders, The - A historical review of dozens of military orders Millennium and Millenarianism - At the end of time Christ will return in all His splendour to gather together the just, to annihilate hostile powers, and to found a glorious kingdom on earth for the enjoyment of the highest spiritual and material blessings; He Himself will reign as its king, and all the just, including the saints recalled to life, will participate in it Miller, Ferdinand Von - Born 1813; died at Munich, 1887. He laboured for the development of the bronze founders' craft and the uplifting of the artistic profession, far beyond the borders of Bavaria Millet, Jean-François - French painter; b. at Gruchy, near Cherbourg, 4 October, 1814; d. at Barbizon, 20 January, 1875 Millet, Pierre - A celebrated early Jesuit missionary in New York State, b. at Bourges, France, 19 November, 1635 (al. 1631); d. at Quebec, 31 December, 1708 Milner, John - Writer and controversialist. Born in London, 14 October, 1752: died at Wolverhampton, 19 April, 1826 Milner, Venerable Ralph - A husband and father, convert to Catholicism, arrested the day of his first Communion, and martyred in 1591 Milo Crispin - Monk, and cantor of the Benedictine Abbey of Bec, wrote the lives of five of its abbots: Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, Gulielmus de Bellomonte, Boso, Theobaldus, and Letardus Milopotamos - A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Candia Miltiades, Pope Saint - Died in 314. An African, his name is also sometimes given as Miltiadea or Melchiades Miltiz, Karl von - Papal chamberlain and nuncio (1480-1529) Milwaukee - Established as a diocese, 28 Nov., 1843 Mind - Explores the term in relation to consciousness, matter, and mechanism Minden - Minden on the Weser is first heard of in 798, and in 803 in the Treaty of Salz, made with the Saxons, it is spoken of as a see Ming, John - A philosopher and writer, born at Gyswyl, Unterwalden, Switzerland, 20 Sept., 1838; died at Brooklyn, Ohio, U. S. A., 17 June, 1910 Minimi - Members of the religious order founded by St. Francis of Paula Minister - Even before the Reformation the word minister was occasionally used in English to describe those of the clergy actually taking part in a function, or the celebrant as distinguished from the assistants, but it was not then used sine addito to designate an ecclesiastic. This employment of the term dates from Calvin Minkelers, Jean-Pierre - Inventor of illuminating gas (1748-1824) Minnesota - One of the North Central States of the American Union, lies about midway between the eastern and western shores of the continent, and about midway between the gulf of Mexico and Hudson's Bay Mino di Giovanni - Artist (1431-1484) Minor - That which is less, or inferior in comparison with another, the term being employed as well of things as of persons Minorca - Suffragan of Valencia, comprises the Island of Minorca, the second in size of the Balearic Islands, which are possessions of Spain Minor Orders - The lower degrees of the hierarchy are designated by the name of minor orders, in opposition to the 'major' or 'sacred' orders Minsk - A suffragan of Mohileff, in Western Russia Mint, Papal - History of the coins Minucius Felix - Christian apologist, flourished between 160 and 300; the exact date is not known Mirabilia Urbis Romæ - The title of a medieval Latin description of the city of Rome, dating from about 1150 Miracle - In general, a wonderful thing, the word being so used in classical Latin; in a specific sense, the Latin Vulgate designates by miracula wonders of a peculiar kind, expressed more clearly in the Greek text by the terms terata, dynameis, semeia, i.e., wonders performed by supernatural power as signs of some special mission or gift and explicitly ascribed to God Miracle Plays and Mysteries - These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed among Christian nations at the end of the Middle Ages Miracles, Gift of - The gift of miracles is one of those mentioned by St. Paul in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (xii, 9, 10), among the extraordinary graces of the Holy Ghost Miraculous Medal - The devotion owes its origin to Zoe Labore, a member of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, known in religion as Sister Catherine, to whom the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared three separate times in the year 1830, at the mother-house of the community at Paris Miraeus, Aubert - Ecclesiastical historian, born at Brussels, 30 Nov., 1573; died at Antwerp, 19 October, 1640 Mirandola, Giovanni Francesco Pico della - Italian philosopher, nephew of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, b. about 1469; d. 1533 Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della - Italian philosopher and scholar (1463-1494) Miridite, Abbey of - The name of an abbatia nullius in Albania, where there formerly stood a Benedictine abbey, now destroyed, dedicated to St. Alexander, martyr Miserere - The first word of the Vulgate text of Psalm 1 Misericorde, Congregation of the Sisters of - Founded 16 January, 1848, for the purpose of procuring spiritual and corporal assistance for poor mothers and unfortunate girls Misocco and Galanca - This prefecture in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, comprises the valley of the Moesa which starts at the pass of San Bernardino and flows into the Ticino, and also the valley of Calanca, through which the Calasanca flows Missa Pro Populo - A Mass celebrated for parishioners on all Sundays and holidays of obligation Missal - The book which contains the prayers said by the priest at the altar as well as all that is officially read or sung in connection with the offering of the holy Sacrifice of the Mass throughout the ecclesiastical year Mission, Congregation of Priests of the - A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo, Congregation of - Founded by John Baptist Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza, Italy (d. 1 June, 1905); approved in principle by Leo XIII in a Brief dated 25 November, 1887; constitution definitively approved by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda, 3 October, 1908 Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales of Annecy - Society of missionary priests Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle - A community of priests for giving missions and doing other Apostolic works, especially for making converts to the Catholic faith Mission Indians (of California) - A name of no real ethnic significance, but used as a convenient popular and official term to designate the modern descendants of those tribes of California, of various stocks and languages, evangelized by the Franciscans in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth centuries, beginning in 1769 Missions, California - Divided into Lower or Old California and Upper California Missions, Catholic - A general survey of the missionary activity of the Catholic Church at the time the article was written (1908) Missions, Catholic Indian, of Canada - History of the missions Missions, Catholic Indian, of the United States - Includes the history of the missions and a list of the missionary martyrs Missions, Catholic Parochial - This term is used to designate certain special exertions of the Church's pastoral agencies, made, for the most part, among Catholics, to instruct them more fully in the truths of their religion, to convert sinners, rouse the torpid and indifferent, and lift the good to a still higher plane of spiritual effort Mississippi - The state takes its name from the Mississippi River that forms its western boundary Missouri - The State of Missouri was carved out of the Louisiana Territory, and derives its name from the principal river flowing through its center Missouri Test-Oath - The terms of the oath required the affiant to deny, not only that he had ever been in armed hostility to the United States, or to the lawful authorities thereof, but that he had ever 'by act or word', manifested his adherence to the cause of the enemies of the United States Mithraism - A pagan religion consisting mainly of the cult of the ancient Indo-Iranian Sun-god Mithra Mitre - A kind of folding-cap consisting of two like parts, each stiffened by a lining and rising to a peak; these are sewn together on the sides, but are united above by a piece of material that can fold together Mittarelli, Nicola Giacomo - A monastic historian, born 2 September, 1707, at Venice; died 4 August, 1777, in the monastery of San Michele di Murano near Venice Mitylene - A titulary archbishopric on the island of Lesbos Mivart, St. George Jackson - Corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Member of the Council of Linnean Society, etc., b. in London, 30 November, 1827, d. there 1 April, 1900 Mixe Indians - A mountain tribe in southern Mexico, noted for their extreme conservatism, constituting together with the neighbouring Zoque, a distinct linguistic stock, the Zoquean Mixed Marriage - Those between Catholics and non-Catholics, when the latter have been baptized in some Christian sect. The term is also used to designate unions between Catholics and infidels Mixteca Indians - One of the most important civilized tribes of southern Mexico, occupying an extensive territory in western and northern Oaxaca and extending into Guerrero and Puebla Moab, Moabites - In the Old Testament, the word Moab designates (1) a son of Lot by his elder daughter (Genesis 19:37); (2) the people of whom this son of Lot is represented as the ancestor (Exodus 15:15, etc.), and who are also called 'the Moabites' (Genesis 19:37); and possibly (3) the territory occupied by the Moabites (Numbers 21:11) Mobile - Suffragan of New Orleans, comprises the State of Alabama and western Florida Mocissus - A titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia Mocoví Indians - A tribe of the Guaycuran stock closely related linguistically to the Toba, Mbaya, and Abipon, their usual allies, settled principally along the middle and upper Vermejo River Modalism (Monarchianism) - The so-called Dynamic Monarchians were actually a form of adoptionism. Monarchianism, properly speaking, refers to the Modalists. Denial of the Trinity, assertion that there is only one Divine Person, who appears in three different roles. Noetians and Sabellians were two schools of Modalism Modena - Located in central Italy, between the rivers Secchia and Panaro Modernism - Etymologically, modernism means an exaggerated love of what is modern, an infatuation for modern ideas Modestus, Vitus, and Crescentia, Saints - According to the legend, martyrs under Diocletian Modigliana - Located in the Province of Florence, in Tuscany Modra - A titular see of Bithynia Secunda Mohammedan Confraternities - The countries where Mohammedanism prevails are full of religious associations, more or less wrapped in secrecy, which are also political Mohammed and Mohammedism - Mohammed, 'the Praised One', the prophet of Islam and the founder of Mohammedanism, was born at Mecca (20 August?) A.D. 570 Mohileff - Latin Catholic archdiocese and ecclesiastical province in Russia Möhler, Johann Adam - Theologian, b. at Igersheim, 6 April, 1796; d. at Munich, 12 April, 1838 Mohr, Christian - Born at Andernach, 1823; died at Cologne, 1888. He practised his profession of sculptor chiefly at Cologne under the cathedral architect Zwirner Mohr, Joseph - Born at Siegburg, Rhine Province, 11 Jan., 1834; died at Munich, 7 February, 1892 Moigno, François-Napoléon-Marie - Physicist and author, b. at Guemene (Morbihan), 15 April, 1804; d. at Saint-Denis (Seine), 14 July, 1884 Molai, Jacques de - Born at Rahon, Jura, about 1244; d. at Paris, 18 March, 1314. A Templar at Beaune since 1265, Molai is mentioned as Grand Master of the Templars as early as 1298 Molesme, Notre-Dame de - A celebrated Benedictine monastery in a village of the same name, Canton of Laignes, ancient Burgundy, on the confines of the Diocese of Langres and Troyes Molfetta, Terlizzi, and Giovinazzo - Molfetta is a city of the province of Bari, in Apulia, southern Italy, on the Adriatic Sea; its origin is unknown, but many objects of the neolithic, bronze, and the Mycenaean epoch have been found at a place called Pulo, which shows that the site of Molfetta was inhabited in prehistoric times Molière, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin - French comic poet; b. at Paris, 15 Jan., 1622; d. there 17 Feb., 1673 Molina, Antonio De - A Spanish Carthusian and celebrated ascetical writer, born about 1560, at Villanueva de los infantes; died at Miraflores, 21 September, 1612 or 1619 Molina, Juan Ignacio - Naturalist and scientist; b. 20 July, 1740, at Guaraculen near Talca (Chile); d. 23 Oct (12 Sept.?), 1829, at Imola or Bologna (Italy) Molina, Luis de - One of the most learned and renown theologians of the Society of Jesus, b. of noble parentage at Cuenca, New Castle, Spain, in 1535; d. at Madrid, 12 October, 1600 Molinism - The name used to denote one of the systems which purpose to reconcile grace and free will Molinos, Miguel de - Founder of Quietism, born at Muniesa, Spain, 21 December, 1640; died at Rome, 28 December, 1696 Molitor, Wilhelm - A poet, novelist, canonist and publicist, born at Zweibruecken in the Rhine Palatinate, 24 August, 1819; died at Speyer, 11 January, 1880 Molloy, Francis - A theologian, grammarian born in King's County, Ireland, at the beginning of the seventeenth century; died at St. Isidore's, Rome, about 1684 Molloy, Gerald - A theologian and scientist, born at Mount Tallant House, near Dublin, 10 Sept., 1834; died at Aberdeen, 1 Oct., 1906 Molo, Gasparo - Italian goldsmith and planisher, chiefly known as a medalist, born (according to Forrer) in Breglio near Como or (according to older records) in Lugano; date of death unknown Moloch - A divinity worshipped by the idolatrous Israelites Molokai - Information about this Hawaiian island and the leper colony there Molyneux, Sir Caryll - Baronet of Sefton, and third Viscount Molyneux of Maryborough in Ireland, born 1624; died 1699 Mombritius, Bonino - A philologist, humanist, and editor of ancient writings, born 1424; died between 1482 and 1502 Monaco, Principality and Diocese of - Situated on the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded on all sides by the French department of the Maritime Alps, and has an area of 5337 acres Monad - The word monad is used by the neo-Platonists to signify the One; for instance, in the letters of the Christian Platonist Synesius, God is described as the Monad of Monads Monarchians - The so-called Dynamic Monarchians were actually a form of adoptionism. Monarchianism, properly speaking, refers to the Modalists. Denial of the Trinity, assertion that there is only one Divine Person, who appears in three different roles. Noetians and Sabellians were two schools of Modalism Monarchia Sicula - A right exercised from the beginning of the sixteenth century by the secular rulers of Sicily, according to which they had final jurisdiction in purely religious matters, independent of the Holy See Monasteries, Double - Religious houses comprising communities of both men and women, dwelling in contiguous establishments, united under the rule of one superior, and using one church in common for their liturgical offices Monasteries in Continental Europe, Suppression of - The suppressions of religious houses (whether monastic in the strict sense or houses of the mendicant orders) since the Reformation Monasteries in England, Suppression of - From any point of view the destruction of the English monasteries by Henry VIII must be regarded as one of the great events of the sixteenth century Monastery, Canonical Erection of a - Details the conditions for the legitimate erection of a monastery Monasticism - The act of 'dwelling alone' (Greek monos, monazein, monachos), has come to denote the mode of life pertaining to persons living in seclusion from the world, under religious vows and subject to a fixed rule, as monks, friars, nuns, or in general as religious Monasticism, Eastern - Includes the origin and history Monasticism, Pre-Chalcedonian - Egypt was the Motherland of Christian monasticism. It sprang into existence there at the beginning of the fourth century Monasticism, Western - The introduction of monasticism into the West may be dated from about A.D. 340 when St. Athanasius visited Rome accompanied by the two Egyptian monks Ammon and Isidore, disciples of St. Anthony Moncada, Francisco De - Count of Osona, Spanish historian, son of the Governor of Sardinia and Catalonia, born at Valencia, 29 December, 1586; died near Goch, Germany, 1635 Mondino dei Lucci - Anatomist, b. probably at Bologna, about 1275; d. there, about 1327 Mondoñedo - It comprises the civil Provinces of Lugo and Corunna, and is bounded on the north by the Bay of Biscay, on the east by the Austurias, on the south by the Diocese of Lugo, and on the west by the Archdiocese of Compostela (or Santiago de Galicia), of which it has been a suffragan since 1114 Mondovi - Located in Piedmont, province of Cuneo, northern Italy Mone, Franz - A historian and archeologist, born at Mingolsheim near Bruchsal, Baden, 12 May, 1796; died at Karlsruhe, 12 March, 1871 Moneta - A theologian, born at Cremona, Italy, date unknown; died at Bologna, 1240 Mongolia - The name used to designate an immense uneven plateau, part of the Chinese Empire, extending, roughly speaking, from the Tarbagatal to the great K'ingan chains Mongus, Peter - Intruded Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria (d. 490) Monica, Saint - Widow, d. 387. The mother of St. Augustine of Hippo Monism - A philosophical term which, in its various meanings, is opposed to Dualism or Pluralism Monita Secreta - A code of instructions alleged to be addressed by Acquaviva, the fifth general of the Society, to its various superiors, and laying down the methods to be adopted for the increase of its power and influence Monk - A member of a community of men, leading a more or less contemplative life apart from the world, under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, according to a rule characteristic of the particular order to which he belongs Monk of Malmesbury, The - Supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum (Vesp. D. IV. 73) which Tanner states to be only a copy of a chronicle written by Alfred of Beverley in the twelfth century, but which, according to Sir Thomas Hardy, is almost entirely based on that of Geoffrey of Monmouth Monogram of Christ - By the Monogram of Christ is ordinarily understood the abbreviation of Christ's name formed by combining the first two letters of the Greek form; this monogram was also known as the Chrismon Monomotapa - Whatever may be the etymological meaning of the word Monomotapa, the origin of which is much disputed, it is certain, at any rate, that the Portuguese of the sixteenth century employed it to denote the paramount chief of the Makaranga, a powerf ul South African tribe dwelling between the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers and extending westward from the Indian Ocean probably as far as the twenty-fifth parallel of east longitude Monophysites and Monophysitism - Rejected the dual nature of Christ. Rejected by the Council of Chalcedon (451) Monopoli, Diocese of - A diocese in the Province of Bari, in Apulia, southern Italy Monopoly, Moral Aspects of - According to its etymology, monopoly (monopolia) signifies exclusive sale, or exclusive privilege of selling. Present usage, however, extends the term to any degree of unified control over a commodity sufficient to enable the person or corporation in control to limit supply and fix price Monotheism - A word coined in comparatively modern times to designate belief in the one supreme God, the Creator and Lord of the world, the eternal Spirit, All-powerful, All-wise, and All-good, the Rewarder of good and the Punisher of evil, the Source of our happiness and perfection Monothelitism and Monothelites - A modification of Monophysitism proposing that Christ had no human free will. Rejected by the Third Council of Constantinople (680) Monreale - In the province of Palermo, Sicily, on the skirts of Mount Caputo Monroe, James - A soldier, convert, born in Albemarle county, Virginia, U.S.A., 10 Sept., 1799; died at Orange, New Jersey, 7 Sept., 1870 Monsabré, Jacques-Marie-Louis - A celebrated pulpit orator, born at Blois, France, 10 Dec., 1827; died at Havre, 21 Feb., 1907 Monseigneur - A French honorific appellation, etymologically corresponding to the English 'my lord,' and the Italian monsignore Monsell, William, Baron Emly - Politician, born 21 Sept., 1812; died at Tervoe, Co. Limerick, Ireland, 20 April, 1894 Monsignor - As early as the fourteenth century it was the custom to address persons high in rank or power with the title Monseigneur or Monsignore Monstrance (Ostensorium) - A vessel designed for the exhibition of some object of piety Monstrelet, Enguerrand de - A French chronicler, born about 1390 or 1395; died in July, 1453 Montagna, Bartolomeo - Italian painter, chief representative of the Vicenza School, b. at Orzinuovi about 1450; d. at Vicenza, 11 October, 1523 Montagnais Indians (Quebec) - The collective designation of a number of bands speaking dialects of a common language of Algonquian stock, and ranging over the sores of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf, from about the St. Maurice River to Cape Whittle, and inland to about the main divide at the heads of the rivers Montagnais Indians (Chippewayans) - A name given in error to the Chippewayans, owing to a fancied resemblance to the Montagnais Indians of Quebec Montaigne, Michel-Eyquen de - A concise study of the thinker, by Georges Bertrin Montalcino - Montalcino is a small town about twenty miles from Siena, some 1900 feet above sea-level and overlooking the valley of the Ombrone Montalembert, Charles-Forbes-René - Born in London, 15 April, 1810; died in Paris 13 March, 1870 Montalto - Located in Ascoli Piceno Montana - Includes geography, history, statistics, education, and religious information Montañés, Juan Martínez - A noted Spanish sculptor of the seventeenth century, died 1649, sometimes called 'the Sevillian Phidias.' Montanists - Schismatics of the second century, first known as Phrygians, or 'those among the Phrygians' (oi kata Phrygas), then as Montanists, Pepuzians, and (in the West) Cataphrygians Montanus, Benedictus Arias - Orientalist, exegete, and editor of the 'Antwerp Polyglot', born at Frejenal de la Sierra in Estremadura, Spain, 1527; died at Seville, 1598 Montauban - A suffragan of Toulouse, comprises the entire department of Tarn and Garonne Montault, Xavier Barbier De - Wrote numerous articles for other reviews as well as several separate works on iconography, ecclesiastical furniture, liturgy, and canon law (1830-1901) Montboissier, Blessed Peter of - Better known as Peter the Venerable. General of the Cluniac order, prominent at the General Council of Pisa, commissioned the first Latin translation of the Koran. Renowned for his virtue and learning. Died in 1156 Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Louis-Joseph - A French general, born 28 Feb., 1712, at Candiac; died at Quebec 14 Sept., 1759 Monte Cassino, Abbey of - An abbey nullius situated about eighty miles south of Rome, the cradle of the Benedictine Order Montefeltro - Located in the province of Urbino, in the Marches, Central Italy Montefiascone - Located in the province of Rome Montemayor, Jorge De - A writer, born at Montemor, province of Coimbra, Portugal, about 1520; died at Turin, 26 February, 1561 Montenegro - A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea; the territory was in ancient times a portion of the Roman province of Dalmatia Montepulciano - Diocese in the province of Siena, in Tuscany Monterey and Los Angeles - Comprises that part of the State of California which lies south of 37 deg. 5 min. N. lat. and covers an area of 80,000 square miles Montesa, Military Order of - This order was established in the Kingdom of Aragon to take the place of the Order of the Temple, of which it was in a certain sense the continuation Montesino, Antonio - A Spanish missionary, date of birth unknown; died in the West Indies, 1545 Montesinos, Luis de - Spanish theologian (d. 1621) Montes Pietatis - Charitable institutions of credit that lend money at low rates of interest, or without interest at all, upon the security of objects left in pawn, with a view to protecting persons in want from usurers Montesqieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de - Detailed study of this writer's intellectual career, by Antoine Degert Monteverde, Claudio - A distinguished musician, born at Cremona, May, 1567; died at Venice, 29 Nov., 1643 Monte Vergine - History of the abbey near Mercogliano, Italy, established by William of Vercelli Montevideo - Located in Uruguay, comprises the whole of the republic Montfaucon, Bernard de - French scholar, b. 1655; d. 1741 Montfort, Simon de - An Earl of Leicester, date of birth unknown, died at Toulouse, 25 June, 1218 Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel - Inventor; b. at Vidalon-lez-Annonay, 26 August, 1740; d. at Balaruc-les-Bains, France, 26 June, 1810 Months, Special Devotions for - A list of the more common devotions with the indulgences attached Montmagny, Charles Huault De - The second French Governor of Canada, born in France towards the end of the sixteenth century, of Charles Huault and Antoinette du Drac; died in the Antilles after 1651 Montmirail, John de - Son of Andrew, Lord of Montmirail and Ferte-Gaucher, and Hildiarde d'Oisy, born in 1165; died 29 Sept., 1217 Montmorency, Anne, First Duke of - Born at Chantilly, 15 March, 1492; died at Paris, 12 November, 1567. He belonged to that family of Montmorency whose members from 1327 held the title of first Barons of France Montor, Alexis-François Artaud De - A diplomat and historian, born at Paris, 31 July, 1772; died at Paris, 12 Nov., 1849 Montpellier - The Diocese of Montpellier (Montis Pessulani) comprises the department of Herault, and is a suffragan of Avignon Montreal, Archdiocese of - Metropolitan of the ecclesiastical Province of Montreal. Suffragans: the Dioceses of Saint-Hyacinthe, Sherbrooke, Valleyfield, and Joliette Montreuil - Charterhouse of Notre-Dame-des-Pres, at Montreuil, in the Diocese of Arras, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France, founded by Robert, Count of Boulogne and Auvergne Montreuil Abbey - A former convent of Cistercian nuns in the Diocese of Laon, now Soissons, France Mont-St-Michel - A Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Avranches, Normandy, France Montyon, Antoine-Jean-Baptiste-Robert Auget, Baron de - French philanthropist; b. at Paris, 23 December, 1733; d. there 29 December, 1820 Moore, Arthur - Count, b. at Liverpool, 1849; d. at Mooresfort, Tipperary, Ireland, 1904 Moore, Michael - Priest, preacher, and professor, b. at Dublin, Ireland, 1640; d. at Paris, 22 Aug., 1726 Moore, Thomas - Poet and biographer, b. 28 May, 1779, at Dublin, Ireland; d. 26 February, 1852, at Devizes, England Mopsuestia - A titular see of Cilicia Secunda in Asia Minor and suffragan of Anazarbus Mor, Antonis Van Dashort - Dutch painter, b. at Utrecht in 1519; d. at Antwerp, between 1576 and 1578 Moral Theology - Limited to those doctrines which discuss the relations of man and his free actions to God and his supernatural end, and propose the means instituted by God for the attainment of that end Morales, Ambrosio - Spanish historian, b. at Cordova, 1513; d. in 1591 Morales, Christóbal - Spanish composer (1512-1553) Morales, Juan Bautista - Missionary, b. about 1597 at Ecija in Andalusia, Spain; d. Fu-ning, China, 17 Sept., 1664 Morales, Luis de - Spanish painter, b. at Badajoz in Estremadura about 1509; d. at Badajoz, 1586 Moralities - Moralities are a development or an offshoot of the Miracle Plays and together with these form the greater part of Medieval drama. They were popular in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries and existed side by side with the Miracle Plays of that date Morality - Morality is antecedent to ethics: it denotes those concrete activities of which ethics is the science. It may be defined as human conduct in so far as it is freely subordinated to the ideal of what is right and fitting Moran, Francis Patrick - Third Archbishop of Sydney, b. at Leighlinbridge, Ireland, 16 Sept., 1830; d, at Manly, Sydney, 16 Aug., 1911 Moratín, Leandro Fernandez de - Spanish poet and playwright, b. at Madrid, 10 March, 1760; at Paris, 21 June, 1828 Moravia - Austrian crown land east of Bohemia Moravian Brethren - 'Bohemian Brethren' and 'Moravian Brethren' are the current popular designation of the Unitas Fratrum founded in Bohemia in 1457, renewed by Count Zinzendorf in 1722 Morcelli, Stefano Antonio - Italian Jesuit and epigraphist (1737-1822) More, Thomas, Saint - Biographical article on the Lord Chancellor of England, and martyr. Beheaded 1535 More, Helen - Nun and descendant of St. Thomas More (1606-1633) More, Henry - Priest and descendant of St. Thomas More (1586-1661) Morel, Gall - Poet, scholar, aesthete, and educationist, b. at St. Fiden, Switzerland, on 24 March, 1803; d. at the Abbey of Einsiedeln on 16 December, 1872 Morell, Juliana - Dominican nun, b. at Barcelona, Spain, 16 February, 1594; d. at the convent of the Dominican nuns at Avignon, France, 26 June, 1653 Morelos, José María - Mexican patriot, b. at Valladolid (now called Morelia in his honour), Mexico, on 30 September, 1765; shot at San Cristobal Ecatepec on 22 December, 1815 Moréri, Louis - An encyclopaedist, b. at Bargemont in the Diocese of Frejus, France, 25 March, 1643, d. at Paris, 10 July, 1680 Moreto y Cabaña, Augustine - Spanish dramatist; b. at Madrid, 9 April, 1618, d. at Toledo, 28 Octoher, 1669 Morgagni, Giovanni Battista - Italian physician and investigator in medicine; b. 25 February, 1682; d. Bologna, 6 December, 1771 Morgan, Venerable Edward - Welsh priest, martyr, b. at Bettisfield, Hanmer, Flintshire, executed at Tyburn, London, 26 April, 1642 Morghen, Raffaello - Italian engraver, b. at Portici, 19 June, 1768 (1761?); d. at Florence, 8 April, 1833 Moriarty, David - Bishop and pulpit orator, b. in Ardfert, Co. Kerry, in 1812; d. 1 October, 1877 Morigi, Michaelangelo (Caravaggio) - Milanese painter, b. at Caravaggio in 1569, d. at Porto d' Ercole in 1609 Morimond, Abbey of - Founded in 1115 by Odelric d' Aigremont and his wife, Adeline de Choiseul Morin, Jean - A French priest of the Oratory, b. at Blois, in 1591, d. at Paris, 28 Feb., 1659 Mormons - Also called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This religious body had its origin during the early part of the nineteenth century. Joseph Smith, the founder and first president of the sect, was the son of a Vermont farmer, and was born in Sharon township, Windsor County, in that state, on 23 December, 1805 Morocco - The country known as Morocco (from Marrakesh, the name of one of its chief cities) forms the northwest corner of the Continent of Africa Morone, Giovanni - Cardinal, Bishop of Modena, b. at Milan 25 Jan., 1509; d. at Rome, 1 Dec., 1580 Moroni, Gaetano - The author of 'Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica', b. at Rome, 17 October, 1802; d. there, 3 November, 1883 Moroni, Giovanni Battista - A painter, b. at Bondo, near Albino, in the territory of Bergamo, between 1520 and 1525; d. at Bergamo, in 1578 Morris, John - Canon, afterwards Jesuit, F.S.A., b. in India, 4 July, 1826; d. at Wimbledon, 22 Oct., 1893 Morris, John Brande - Born at Brentford, Middlesex, 4 September, 1812; died at Hammersmith, London, 9 April, 1880; he studied at Baliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1834 (B.A. honours) and 1837 (M. A.), He was at once elected Petrean Fellow of Exeter College, and lectured on Hebrew Morris, Martin Ferdinand - Lawyer and jurist, b. 3 December, 1834, at Washington, D.C.; d. 12 September, 1909, at Washington, D. C Morse - The rectangular ornamented piece of material attached to the two front edges of the cope near the breast to prevent the vestment from slipping from the shoulders Morse, Venerable Henry - English Jesuit who made his novitiate in prison. He was martyred at Tyburn in 1644 Mortification - One of the methods which Christian ascesticism employs in training the soul to virtuous and holy living Mortmain - History and details of the laws Morton, John - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, b. in Dorsetshire about 1420, d. at Knowle, Kent, 15 Sept., 1500 Morton, Robert - Brief biography of the English priest, martyred at London in 1588, along with a layman, Hugh Moor. Article also mentions others martyred on the same day elsewhere in England, including the Bl. William Dean Mosaic Legislation - The body of juridical, moral, and ceremonial institutions, laws, and decisions comprised in the last four books of the Pentateuch, and ascribed by Christian and Hebrew tradition to Moses Mosaics - Includes information on the history and techniques Moschus, Johannes - A monk and ascetical writer, b. about 550 probably at Damascus; d. at Rome, 619 Moscow - The ancient capital of Russia and the chief city of the government (province) of Moscow, situated in almost the centre of European Russia Moses - Hebrew liberator, leader, lawgiver, prophet, and historian, lived in the thirteenth and early part of the twelfth century, B. C Moses Bar Cephas - A Syriac bishop and writer, b. at Balad about 813; d. 12 Feb., 903 Moses Maimonides, Teaching of - Article by William Turner discusses this Jewish thinker's life and doctrines Moses of Chorene - Armenian called by his countrymen 'the father of history' and the 'father of scholars', and celebrated as a poet, or hymn writer, and a grammarian Mossul - The seat of a Chaldean archdiocese, a Syrian diocese, and an Apostolic Mission Mostar and Markana-Trebinje - History of the dioceses Most Precious Blood, Feast of the - For many dioceses there are two days to which the Office of the Precious Blood has been assigned, the office being in both cases the same. . . Most Precious Blood, Archconfraternity of the - Confraternities which make it their special object to venerate the Blood of Christ Most Pure Heart of Mary, Feast of the - In its principal object this feast is identical with the feast of the 'Inner Life of Mary', celebrated by the Sulpitians on 19 October Mosynoupolis - Titular see in Macedonia Motet - A short piece of music set to Latin words, and sung instead of, or immediately after, the Offertorium, or as a detached number in extra-liturgical functions Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente - Franciscan missionary to Mexico (d. 1568) Motu Proprio - The name given to certain papal rescripts on account of the clause motu proprio (of his own accord) used in the document Mouchy, Antoine de - Theologian and canonist (1494-1574) Moufang, Franz Christoph Ignaz - Theologian, b. at Mainz, 17 Feb., 1817; d. there, 27 Feb., 1890 Moulins - Suffragan of Sens Mount Athos - The mountain that the architect Dinocrates offered to turn into a statue of Alexander the Great with a city in one hand and in the other a perennially flowing spring Mount Calvary, Congregations of - Two groups are detailed Mount Carmel, Feast of Our Lady of - This feast was instituted by the Carmelites between 1376 and 1386 Mount Saint Mary's College - The second oldest among the Catholic collegiate institutions in the United States, is located near Emmitsburg, Maryland, within the limits of the Archdiocese of Baltimore Movers, Franz Karl - Exegete and Orientalist, b. at Koesfeld, Westphalia, 17 July, 1806; d. at Breslau, 28 Sept., 1856 Moxos Indians - According to one authority, they are named from Musu, their Quichua name; according to others, from the Moxos word, muha, erroneously thought by the Spaniards to be the tribal name Moy De Sons, Karl Ernst, Freiherr Von - A jurist, born 10 August, 1799, at Munich; died 1 August, 1867, at Innsbruck (Tyrol) Moye, Ven. John Martin - Biography of the founder of the Sisters of Divine Providence, and missionary to China. He died in 1793 Moylan, Francis - Bishop of Cork, born at Cork, 1739; died in 1815 Moylan, Stephen - An American patriot and merchant, born in Ireland in 1734; died at Philadelphia, 11 April, 1811 Mozambique - The former official name given to the Portuguese possessions on the eastern coast of Africa opposite the island of Madagascar Mozarabic Rite - The name 'Mozarabic Rite' is given to the rite used generally in Spain and in what afterwards became Portugal from the earliest times of which we have any information down to the latter part of the eleventh century, and still surviving in the Capilla Muzarabe in Toledo cathedral and in the chapel of San Salvador or Talavera, in the old cathedral of Salamanca Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus - Biography of the composer (1756-1791) Mozetena Indians - A group of some half dozen tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock upon the headwaters of the Beni river, Department of Beni, in northwestern Bolivia Mozzetta - A short, cape-shaped garment, covering the shoulders and reaching only to the elbow, with an open front, which may be fastened by means of a row of small buttons; at the neck it has a very small and purely ornamental hood Mozzi, Luigi - Controversialist, born at Bergamo, 26 May, 1746; died near Milan, 24 June, 1813 Mrak, Ignatius - The second Bishop of Marquette, U. S. A., born 16 October, 1818, in Hotovle, in the Diocese of Laibach (Carinthia), Austria; died at Marquette, 2 Jan., 1901 Muchar, Albert Anton Von - An historian, born at Linez, Tyrol, 22 Nov., 1781; died at Graz, Styria, 6 June, 1849 Mühlbacher, Engelbert - Historian, born at Gresten, Austria, 4 Oct., 1843; died at Vienna, 17 July, 1903 Mulhall, Michael George - Statistician, b. in Dublin, 29 September, 1829; d. there 13 Dec., 1900 Mulholland, St. Clair Augustine - Born at Lisburn, Co. Antrium, Ireland, 1 April 1839; died at Philadelphia, 17 Feb., 1910 Mullanphy, John - Merchant, philanthropist, b. near Enniskillen, Co. Fremanagh, Ireland, 1758; d. at St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., 29 August, 1833 Müller, Adam Heinrich - Publicist and political economist, convert, b. at Berlin, 30 June, 1779; d. at Vienna, 17 Jan., 1829 Müller, Johann - Physiologist and comparative anatomist, b. at Coblenz, 14 July, 1801; d. at Berlin, 28 April, 1858 Müller, Johann - German astronomer, b. 6 June, 1436; d. in Rome, 6 July, 1476 Müller, Karl - Professor at Duesseldorf, b. at Darmstadt, 29 Oct., 1818; d. at Neuenahr, 15 Aug., 1893, belongs to the more recent members of a school of German religious painters known as the 'Nazarenes.' Mullock, John T. - Bishop of St. John's, Newfoundland, born in 1807 at Limerick, Ireland; died at St. John's, Newfoundland, 26 March, 1869 Münch-Bellinghausen, Baron Eligius Franz Joseph von - An Austrian dramatist, born at Cracow, 2 April, 1806; died at Vienna, 22 May, 1871 Mundwiler, Fintan - Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Meinrad, Indiana, born at Dietikon in Switzerland, 12 July, 1835; died at St. Meinrad's Abbey, 14 February, 1898 Munich-Freising - An archdiocese in Bavaria Munkács - Diocese in Hungary, of Greek Catholic Rite, suffragan of Gran Münster - Diocese in the Prussian Province of Westphalia, suffragan of Cologne Münster, University of - The town of Muenster in Westphalia obtained its university in 1771 through the initiative of the prince-bishop's vicar general, Freiherr von Fuerstenberg Müntz, Eugène - French savant and historian; b. 11 June, 1845; d. at Paris, 2 November, 1902 Mura, Saint - Irishman, appointed Abbot of Fahan by St. Columba. Patron saint of the O'Neills. Died in about 645 Muratori, Luigi Antonio - Librarian in Modena, one of the greatest scholars of his time, b. 21 Oct., 1672; d. 23 Jan., 1750 Muratorian Canon - Also called the Muratorian Fragment, after the name of the discoverer and first editor, L. A. Muratori (in the 'Antiquitates italicae', III, Milan, 1740, 851 sq.), the oldest known canon or list of books of the New Testament Murder - Signifies, in general, the killing of a human being. In practice, however, the word has come to mean the unjust taking away of human life, perpetrated by one distinct from the victim and acting in a private capacity Muret, Marc-Antoine - Sixteenth-century French humanist. Article by Paul Lejay Muri - An abbey of monks of the Order of S. Benedict, which flourished for over eight centuries at Muri near Basle in Switzerland, and which is now established under Austrian rule at Gries near Bozen in Tyrol Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban - Spanish painter, d. 1682. Artist's biography with bibliography Murner, Thomas - German satirist of the sixteenth century, b. at Oberehnheim, Alsace, 24 Dec., 1475; d. there, 1537 Muro-Lucano - Located in the province of Potenza, in Basilicata, southern Italy Murray, John O'Kane - Irish-American physician and historian (1847-1885) Murray, Daniel - An Archbishop of Dublin, b. 1768, at Sheepwalk, near Arklow, Ireland; d. at Dublin Murray, Patrick - Theologian, b. Clones, County Monaghan, Ireland, 18 November, 1811; d. 15 Nov., 1882, in Maynooth College Museums, Christian - Though applicable to collections composed of Christian objects representative of all epochs, this term is usually reserved to those museums which abound chiefly in Christian objects antedating the Middle Ages, namely, Sarcophagi, inscriptions and products of the minor arts Mush - An Armenian Catholic see, comprising the sanjaks of Mush and Seert, in the vilayet of Bitlis Mush, John - An English priest, also known as John Ratcliffe (1551-1612) Music, Ecclesiastical - By this term is meant the music which, by order or with the approbation of ecclesiastical authority, is employed in connexion with Divine service to promote the glorification of God and the edification of the faithful Music of the Mass - Article covers exclusively the texts of the Mass (not seasonal) which receive a musical treatment Musical Instruments in Church Services - History of their use, starting with the organ Musso, Cornelius - Franciscan bishop (1511-1574) Musti - A titular see of Proconsular Africa, suffragan of Carthage Musuros, Markos - A learned Greek humanist, born 1470 at Retimo, Crete; died 1517 at Rome Mutis, José Celestino - Eminent naturalist and scientist in South America, b. at Cadiz, Spain, 6 April, 1732; d. at Bogota, Colombia, 2 Sept., 1808 Muzzarelli, Alfonso - A learned Italian Jesuit, b. 22 August, 1749, at Ferrara; d. 25 May, 1813, at Paris Mylasa - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Aphrodisias, or Stauropolis, in Caria Myndus - A titular see of Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis Myra - A titular see of Lycia in Asia Minor Myrina - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus Myriophytum - A titular see of Thracia Prima and suffragan of Heraclea Mysore - Diocese in India, suffragan to Pondicherry Mysteries and Miracle Plays - These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed among Christian nations at the end of the Middle Ages Mystery - This term signifies in general that which is unknowable, or valuable knowledge that is kept secret Mystical Body of the Church - The members of the Church are bound together by a supernatural life communicated to them by Christ through the sacraments Mystical Marriage - In the Old and the New Testament, the love of God for man, and, in particular His relations with His chosen people (whether of the Synagogue or of the Church), are frequently typified under the form of the relations between bridegroom and bride. In like manner, Christian virginity been considered from the earliest centuries as a special offering made by the soul to its spouse, Christ Mystical Theology - Mysticism and mystical prayer or contemplation considered from a Catholic perspective, along with a bibliography of famous Christian mystics Mysticism - Mysticism as direct union of the human soul with the Divinity primarily from a Catholic perspective, but does mention other mystical traditions

N

N Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Nabo - A town mentioned in several passages of the Old Testament Nabor and Felix, Saints - Martyrs in the Diocletian persecution Nabuchodonosor - Commentary on the two Babylonian kings of that name, especially the second, who is mentioned in Scripture Nacchiante, Giacomo - Dominican theologian from Florence (d. 1569) Nacolia - Titular metropolitan see in Phrygia Salutaris Nagasaki - History of Catholicism in this Japanese city Nagpur - Diocese in India, suffragan to Madras Nahanes - American Indian tribe Nahum - Essay on the Old Testament prophet and the book which bears his name Nails, Holy - The question has long been debated whether Christ was crucified with three or with four nails. . . Naim - The city where Christ raised to life the widow's son Name of Jesus, Religious Communities of the - Includes Swedish knights, French sisters and a Portuguese confraternity Name of Mary, Feast of the Holy - Feast commemorating all the privileges given to Mary by God and all the graces we have received through her intercession and mediation. Names, Christian - Strictly speaking, this is not merely the first name of a person, but the name given to him at his baptism Names, Hebrew - To the philosopher a name is an artificial sign consisting in a certain combination of articulate sounds, whereby a particular class of people are wont to designate one thing and distinguish it from all others. . . Names of Jesus and Mary, Sisters of the Holy - Religious congregation founded 1844 in Quebec Namur - Constituted by the Bull of 12 May, 1559, from territory previously belonging to the Diocese of Liege Nancy - Diocese in France and heir to the celebrated See of Toul Nantes - French diocese re-established by the Concordat of 1802 Nanteuil, Robert - French engraver and crayonist (1623-1678) Naples - The capital of a province in Campania, southern Italy, and formerly capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Napoleon I (Bonaparte) - Emperor of the French (1769-1821) Napoleon III - Emperor of the French (1808-1873) Napper, Venerable George - Or George Napier. Expelled from university for being Catholic, imprisoned for nearly 9 years for merely visiting the English College at Reims, finally martyred for being a priest. He died in 1610 Nardi, Jacopo - Italian historian; born at Florence (1476-1563) Nardò - Diocese in southern Italy Narni and Terni - United dioceses located in central Italy Narthex - In early Christian architecture a portion of the church separated from the nave and reserved for those who were not admitted amongst the congregation. Nashville - Comprises the entire territory of the State of Tennessee. Nasoræans - Pagan Gnostics who once flourished in Mesopotamia and Babylonia Natal - Vicariate apostolic in South Africa Natal Day - The anniversary of a person's death Natalis, Alexander - A French historian and theologian, of the Order of St. Dominic (1639-1724) Natchez - Diocese located in Mississippi Natchitoches - Former title of the Diocese of Alexandria, Louisiana Nathan - Identifies six men of that name mentioned in the Old Testament Nathanael - One of the first disciples of Jesus, to Whom he was brought by his friend Philip Nathinites - An inferior class of Temple servants National Union, Catholic Young Men's - Its objects are the furtherance of practical unity, the spiritual, intellectual, moral, and physical advanced of Catholic youth, and the development of better citizens and Catholics. Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the - The earliest document commemorating this feast comes from the sixth century. . . Natural Law - In English this term is frequently employed as equivalent to the laws of nature, meaning the order which governs the activities of the material universe. Among the Roman jurists natural law designated those instincts and emotions common to man and the lower animals, such as the instinct of self-preservation and love of offspring Naturalism - Philosophical tendency that consists essentially in looking upon nature as the one original and fundamental source of all that exists, and in attempting to explain everything in terms of nature. Nature - Has reference to the production of things, and hence generally includes in its connotation the ideas of energy and activity. Naturism - The term proposed by Reville to designate the worship of nature. Nausea, Frederic - Bishop of Vienna (1480-1552) Navajo Indians - The largest group of Indians belonging to the Athapaskan, or Dene stock Navarre - Territory in the Pyrenees Navarrete, Domingo Fernández - Dominican missionary and archbishop (1610-1689) Navarrete, Juan Fernández - (catholic Encyclopedia) Navarrete, Martín Fernández - Spanish navigator and writer (1765-1844) Nave - Architecturally the central, open space of a church, west of the choir or chancel, and separated therefrom by a low wall or screen. Nazarene - A name applied to Our Lord in the New Testament Nazareth, Sisters of Charity of - Founded in 1812 by Father David Nazareth - The town of Galilee where the Blessed Virgin dwelt when the Archangel announced to her the Incarnation of the Word, and where Christ lived until the age of thirty years Nazarite - The name given by the Hebrews to a person set apart and especially consecrated to the Lord. Nazarius, Saint - Fourteenth abbot of Lerins Nazarius, John Paul - Dominican theologian (1556-1645) Nazarius and Celsus, Saints - St. Ambrose discovered the bodies of these martyrs Nazarius and Companions, Saint - Roman martyrs of the Diocletian persecution Nazianzus - Titular metropolitan see of Cappadocia Tertia. Neale, Leonard - Second Archbishop of Baltimore (1746-1817) Nebo - A town mentioned in several passages of the Old Testament Nebo, Mount - A mountain of the Abarim range east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, from which Moses surveyed the Promised Land Nebraska - One of the United States of America, originally included in the Louisiana Purchase. Necessity - A strict connection between different beings, or the different elements of a being, or between a being and its existence. Neckam, Alexander of - English scholar (1157-1217) Necrologies - The registers in which religious communities were accustomed to enter the names of the dead — notably their own deceased members, their associates, and their principal benefactors — with a view to the offering of prayers for their souls. Necromancy - A special mode of divination by the summoning of the dead Nectarius - Patriarch of Constantinople (381-397) Negligence - The omission, whether habitual or not, of the care required for the performance of duties, or at any rate, for their full adequate discharge. Nehemiah, Book of - Summary with some commentary Neher, Stephan Jakob - Church historian (1829-1902) Nélaton, Auguste - French surgeon (1807-1873) Nemore, Jordanus (Jordanis) de - The name given in medieval manuscripts to a mathematician called Jordanus Nemorarius Nemrod - An examination of this Old Testament figure, mentioned in Genesis as 'a mighty hunter before the Lord' and king of Babylon Neocæsarea - Titular see, suffragan of Hierapolis in the Patriarchate of Antioch sometimes called Caesarea. Neocæsarea - Titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus Neophyte - A term used of those who, lately converted from heathenism, have by the sacrament of Baptism, been transplanted into the higher life of the Church. Neo-Platonism - Article by William Turner covering this movement's principal figures and later influence Neo-Pythagorean Philosophy - An ethico-religious society founded by Pythagoras, which flourished especially in Magna Graecia in the fifth century B.C. Neo-Scholasticism - The development of the Scholasticism of the Middle Ages during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nephtali - A look at the son of Jacob and the tribe of Nephtali Nepi and Sutri - United sees of the province of Rome in central Italy Nepveu, Francis - Ascetical writer (1639-1654) Nereus and Achilleus, Domitilla and Pancratius, Saints - Roman martyrs who shared a feast day on 12 May Neri, Antonio - Florentine chemist (d. 1614) Neri, Saint Philip Romolo - Biographical article on the Apostle of Rome, who died in 1595 Nerinckx, Charles - Missionary priest in Kentucky, founder of the Sisters of Loretto (1761-1824) Nero - The last Roman emperor (reigned 54-68) of the Julian-Claudian line Nerses I-IV - Armenian patriarchs. Nerses of Lambron - Scholar (1153-1198) Nestorius and Nestorianism - Biography of the Patriarch of Constantinople, and examination of the unacceptable implications of his doctrine Netherlands, The - The Low Countries, as organized by Charles V, under whom the Burgundian era ended Netter, Thomas - Theologian and controversialist (1375-1430) Neugart, Trudpert - Benedictine historian (1742-1825) Neum - A term in medieval music theory Neumann, Johann Balthasar - German artist and architect (1687-1753) Neumayr, Franz - Preacher, writer and dramatist (1697-1765) Neusohl - Diocese founded in 1776 by Maria Theresa. Neutra - Diocese in western Hungary, suffragan of Gran Nevada - A western state of the United States Neve - Titular see of Arabia, suffragan of Bostra. Nève, Felix-Jean-Baptiste-Joseph - Orientalist and philologist (1816-1893) Nevers - Diocese in France Neville - Biographies of Edmund (1605-1647), Edmund (1563-1648), Edward (1663-1735) and various other Nevilles New Abbey - Abbey situated near Dumfries, Scotland. Newark - Diocese created in 1853 in New Jersey Newbattle - Located near Edinburgh, the second of the six Cistercian monasteries established by St. David, King of Scotland New Caledonia - Vicariate apostolic in Oceania Newdigate, Blessed Sebastian - Martyred at Tyburn in 1535 for denying the royal supremacy Newfoundland - Located in Canada New Guinea - Large island country New Hampshire - The most northerly of the thirteen original states of the United States Newhouse, Abbey of - The first Premonstratensian abbey in England, founded in 1143 New Jersey - One of the original thirteen states of the American Union. . . Newman, John Henry - Lengthy and admiring biography of Newman as a thinker, author, leader, and illustrious convert to Catholicism New Mexico - A state of the United States New Norcia - Benedictine abbey in Western Australia New Orleans - Archdiocese in the southern United States New Pomerania - The largest island of the Bismarck Archipelago Newport (England) - Diocese in the County of Monmouth, England New Testament - Jesus Christ uses the words 'new testament' as meaning the alliance established by Himself between God and the world, and this is called 'new' as opposed to that of which Moses was the mediator New Testament, Canon of the - The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history Newton, John - Soldier and engineer (1823-1895) New Year's Day - Since there was no necessary starting-point in the circle of the year, we find among different nations, and among the same at different epochs of their history, a great variety of dates with which the new year began. . . New York (Archdiocese) - Large archdiocese erected 1808 in the northeastern United States New York (State) - One of the thirteen colonies of Great Britain, which on 4 July, 1776, adopted the Declaration of Independence and became the United States of America. New Zealand - Consists of three main islands (North Island, South Island, sometimes also called Middle island, and Stewart island) and several groups of smaller islands . . . Niagara University - A Vincentian university located near Niagara Falls, New York Nicaea - Titular see of Bithynia Secunda, situated on Lake Ascanius Nicaea, First Council of - First ecumenical council, held in 325 to combat Arianism Nicaea, Second Council of - Seventh Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church, held in 787. Nicaragua - Republic and diocese in Central America Nicastro - A city in Calabria, southern Italy Niccola Pisano - Pisan architect and sculptor (1205-1278) Nice - Diocese re-established in France by the Concordat of 1801 Nicene Creed - The profession of the Christian Faith common to the Catholic Church, to all the Eastern Churches separated from Rome, and to most of the Protestant denominations. Nicephorus, Saint - Long article on the stormy career of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who died in 829 Nicéron, Jean-Pierre - French lexicographer (1685-1738) Nicetas - Bishop of Remesiana in Serbia (335-414) Nicetius, Saint - Sixth-century bishop of Trier Niche - A recess for the reception of a statue, so designed as to give it emphasis, frame it effectively, and afford some measure of protection. Nicholas I, Saint, Pope - Biography of this pope, d. 867, who upheld the authority of the papacy and the inviolability of marriage Nicholas II, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1058 to 1061 Nicholas III, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1277 to 1280 Nicholas IV, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1288 to 1292 Nicholas V, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1447 to 1455 Nicholas Garlick, Venerable - Short biography of the English priest and martyr. Also some information on fellow martyr Robert Ludlam. They died in 1588 Nicholas Justiniani - Benedictine monk, dispensed from his vows, never formally beatified Nicholas of Cusa - Lengthy article on the life and writings of the fifteenth-century canon lawyer, diplomat, and philosopher Nicholas of Flüe, Blessed - Soldier, husband and father, became a hermit and was known as Brother Klaus Nicholas of Gorran - Medieval preacher and scriptural commentator (1232-1295) Nicholas of Lyra - Exegete, author of postillae, insisted that the literal sense of Scripture is the foundation for any spiritual interpretation Nicholas of Myra, Saint - Fourth-century bishop in Asia Minor. Also called St. Nicholas of Bari because his relics were translated there in the eleventh century Nicholas of Osimo - Italian preacher and author (d. 1453) Nicholas of Strasburg - Fourteenth-century French mystic Nicholas of Tolentino, Saint - Augustinian hermit, d. 1306 Nicholas Owen, Saint - A Jesuit lay brother, skilled in building hiding places for priests. He died under torture in 1606 Nicholas Pieck, Saint - Franciscan, studied at Louvain, was ordained a priest. He was martyred in 1572 Nichols, Venerable George - Biography of the English priest and martyr. Also some information on the Bl. Richard Yaxley, a fellow priest. They were arrested together with laymen Humphrey Prichard and Thomas Belson. All four were martyred in 1589 Nicholson, Francis - English controversial writer (1650-1731) Nicodemus - A prominent Jew of the time of Christ, mentioned in the Gospel of John Nicodemus, Gospel of - The Gospel of Nicodemus Nicolaï, Jean - Dominican theologian and controversialist (1594-1673) Nicolaites - A sect mentioned in the second chapter of Revelation Nicolas, Armella - Saintly (though never canonized) French serving-maid (1606-1671) Nicolas, Auguste - French apologist (1807-1888) Nicolaus Germanus - Fifteenth-century cartographer Nicole, Pierre - Theologian and controversialist (1625-1695) Nicolet - Diocese in Quebec, Canada Nicolò de' Tudeschi - Benedictine canonist from Sicily (1386-1445) Nicomedes, Saint - Roman martyr venerated since at least the fifth century Nicomedia - Titular see of Bithynia Prima, founded by King Zipoetes. Nicopolis - Titular see, suffragan of Sebasteia, in Armenia Prima. Nicopolis - Diocese in Bulgaria Nicopolis - Titular see and metropolis in ancient Epirus. Nicosia - A city of the Province of Catania, in Sicily Nicosia - Titular archdiocese in the Province of Cyprus. Nicotera and Tropea - Suffragan diocese of Reggio di Calabria Nider, John - Dominican theologian (1380-1438) Nieremberg y Otin, Juan Eusebio - Theologian and polygraphist (1595-1658) Niessenberger, Hans - An architect of the latter part of the Middle Ages Niger, Peter George - Dominican theologian, preacher and controversialist (1434-1481) Nigeria - A colony of British East Africa Nihilism - One who bows to no authority and accepts no doctrine, however widespread, that is not supported by proof. Nihus, Barthold - Convert and controversialist (1590-1657) Nikolaus von Dinkelsbühl - German theologian (1360-1433) Nikon - Patriarch of Moscow (1652-1658; d. 1681) Nilles, Nikolaus - Priest in Luxemburg (1828-1907) Nilopolis - Titular see and a suffragan of Oxyrynchos, in Egypt. Nilus, Saint - Fifth-century monk at Mount Sinai Nilus the Younger - Calabrian monk, hermit, founder, d. 1005 Nimbus - In art and archaeology signifies a shining light implying great dignity. Nîmes - Diocese; suffragan of Avignon in France Nimrod - An examination of this Old Testament figure, mentioned in Genesis as 'a mighty hunter before the Lord' and king of Babylon Ninian, Saint - British by birth, St. Ninian evangelized the southern Picts in Scotland Nirschl, Joseph - Bavarian theologian and writer (1823-1904) Nisibis - Titular Archdiocese of Mesopotamia, situated on the Mygdonius at the foot of Mt. Masius. Nithard - Frankish historian and grandson of Charlemagne (d. 843) Noah - A study of this Old Testament figure Noah's Ark - The form, very likely foursquare, was not convenient for navigation, but, as has been proven by the experiments of Peter Jansen and M. Vogt, it made the Ark a very suitable device for shipping heavy cargoes and floating upon the waves without rolling or pitching Noailles, Louis-Antoine de - Cardinal and bishop (1651-1729) Nobili, Robert de' - Missionary to India (1577-1656) Noble, Daniel - English physician (1810-1885) Nocera - Diocese in Perugia, Umbria, Italy Nocera dei Pagani - Diocese in Salermo, Italy Nocturns - The convoluted history of this nighttime prayer Nogaret, Guillaume de - Counsellor of Philip the Fair (d. 1314) Nola - Diocese; suffragan of Naples Nola, Giovanni Marliano da - Sculptor and architect (1488-1558) Nolasco, Saint Peter - Biographical article on the founder of the Mercedarians Nollet, Jean-Antoine - French physicist (1700-1770) Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism - The theories that have been proposed as solutions of the problem of universals Nomination - The designation of a person for an ecclesiastical benefice or office made by the competent civil authority and conferring on the person named the right to be canonically instituted by the ecclesiastical superior. Nomocanon - A collection of Church law, the elements of which are borrowed from secular and canon law Nonantola - Former Benedictine monastery and prelature nullius, founded in 752 Nonconformists - Denotes those refusing to conform with the authorized formularies and rites of the Established Church of England. None - Essay on the daytime canonical hour recited in mid-afternoon Non Expedit - Words with which the Holy See enjoined upon Italian Catholics the policy of abstention from parliamentary elections Non-Jurors - Anglican Churchmen who in 1689 refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary Nonnotte, Claude-Adrien - French controversialist (1711-1793) Nonnus - Egyptian poet (c. 400) Norbert, Saint - Biography of the founder of the Premonstratensians Norbertines - Religious order founded in 1120 by St. Norbert Norcia - Diocese and city in Perugia, Italy Norfolk, Catholic Dukes of - Under this title are accounts of the prominent Catholic Dukes of Norfolk since the Reformation; includes a list of the dukes Noris, Henry - Veronese cardinal (1631-1704) Normandy - An ancient French province, from which five 'departments' were formed in 1790 Norris, Sylvester - Controversial writer and English missionary priest (1570-1630) Norsemen - The Scandinavians who, in the ninth and tenth centuries, first ravaged the coasts of Western Europe and its islands and then turned from raiding into settlers. Northampton - Diocese in England North Carolina - One of the original thirteen states of the United States Northcote, James Spencer - English convert (1821-1907) North Dakota - One of the United States of America, originally included in the Louisiana Purchase. Northern Territory - Territory in northern Australia Northmen - The Scandinavians who, in the ninth and tenth centuries, first ravaged the coasts of Western Europe and its islands and then turned from raiding into settlers. Norton, Christopher - English martyr (d. 1570) Norway - Scandinavian country Norwich, Ancient Diocese of - Centuries-old diocese in England Notaries - Persons appointed by competent authority to draw up official or authentic documents Notburga, Saint - Cook noted for generosity in feeding the poor Notburga - Belgian statesman (1805-1881) Nothomb, Jean-Baptiste - Belgian statesman (1805-1881) Notitia Dignitatum - The official handbook of the civil and military officials in the later Roman Empire Notitiae Episcopatuum - The name given to official documents that furnish for Eastern countries the list and hierarchical rank of the metropolitan and suffragan bishoprics of a Church. Notitia Provinciarum et Civitatum Africae - A list of the bishops and their sees in the Latin provinces of North Africa, arranged according to provinces Notker - Various monks of St. Gall who bore this name Noto - Diocese and city in Sicily, Italy Notoriety, Notorious - Whatever is so fully or officially proved, that it may and ought to be held as certain without further investigation, is notorious Notre Dame de Montreal, Congregation of - Founded in the seventeenth century by Marguerite Bourgeoys Notre-Dame de Sion, Congregation of - French religious institute of women, founded 1843 Notre-Dame de Namur, Institute of - Founded in 1803 in France, by Julie Billiart Notre Dame, School Sisters of - A religious community devoted to education. Notre Dame, Sisters of (of Cleveland, Ohio) - A branch of the congregation founded by Blessed Julie Billiart. Notre Dame, University of - University in northern Indiana in the United States Nottingham - One of the original twelve English dioceses created at the time of the restoration of the hierarchy Nourrisson, Jean-Felix - French philosopher (1825-1899) Novara - Diocese and city in Piedmont, Italy Nova Scotia - One of the maritime provinces of Canada Novatianism - Roman priest, antipope, third-century schismatic, and founder of the sect of the Novatians Novatus, Saint - Son of St. Pudens and brother of SS. Praxedes and Pudentia Novello, Blessed Agostino - Counselor to the King of Sicily, joined the Augustinians, renowned for his knowledge of civil and ecclesiastical law, served as the pope's confessor, was General of his Order Novena - Article on the different kinds of novenas and their place in the spiritual life of the Church Novice - The canonical Latin name of those who, having been regularly admitted into a religious order and ordinarily already confirmed in their higher vocation by a certain period of probation as postulants, are prepared by a series of exercises and tests for the religious profession Nubia - A detailed history of Nubia, with emphasis on the religious aspects (primarily Christian and Catholic) of its culture Nueva Cáceres - Diocese created in 1595 in the Philippines Nueva Pamplona - Diocese founded in 1549 in Colombia, South America Nueva Segovia - Diocese in the Philippines Nugent, Francis - Irish Capuchin priest (1569-1635) Nugent, James - English philanthropist, temperance advocate and social reformer (1822-1905) Numbers, Use of, in the Church - No attentive reader of the Old Testament can fail to notice that a certain sacredness seems to attach to particular numbers . . . Numismatics - The science of coins and medals Nun of Kent - Born probably in 1506; executed at Tyburn, 20 April, 1534; called the 'Nun of Kent' Nunc Dimittis - The Canticle of Simeon found in Luke 2:29-32 Nuncio - An ordinary and permanent representative of the pope, vested with both political and ecclesiastical powers, accredited to the court of a sovereign or assigned to a definite territory with the duty of safeguarding the interests of the Holy See. Nunez, Pedro - Mathematician and astronomer (1492-1577) Nuns - Females consecrated to God by religious vows Nuptial Mass - 'Missa pro sponso et sponsa', the last among the votive Masses in the Missal. It is composed of lessons and chants suitable to the Sacrament of Matrimony, contains prayers for persons just married and is interwoven with part of the marriage rite, of which in the complete form it is an element Nuremberg - One of the largest cities in Bavaria Nusco - Diocese near Salerno, Italy Nussbaum, Johann Nepomuk von - German surgeon (1829-1890) Nutter, Robert, Ven. - Information on this English priest and martyr, blood brother of John Nutter. Also details on Edward Thwing, a priest and professor from near York. Robert Nutter and Thwing were martyred together in 1600 Nuyens, Wilhelmus - Dutch historian (1823-1894) Nyassa - Vicariate Apostolic in Central Africa Nympha, Tryphon, and Respicius - Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November Nyssa - Vicariate Apostolic in Central Africa Nyssa - Titular see in Cappadocia Prima, suffragan of Caesarea.

O

O Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Oakeley, Frederick - English Tractarian and convert (1802-1880) O Antiphons - Seven antiphons to the Magnificat, used in the Divine Office in the days preceding Christmas Oates's Plot - A 'Popish Plot' which, during the reign of Charles II of England, Titus Oates pretended to have discovered. Oaths - An invocation to God to witness the truth of a statement Oaths, English Post-Reformation - The English Reformation having been imposed by the Crown, it was natural that submission to the essential points of its formularies should have been exacted with some solemnity, by oath, test, or formal declaration . . . Oaxaca - Diocese and city in the southern part of Mexico Obazine, Monastery of - Located in the Diocese of Tulle; founded by St. Stephen of Obazine about 1134. Obba - Titular see in Byzacena, northern Africa of unknown history Obedience - The complying with a command or precept. Obedience, Religious - The general submission which religious vow to God, and voluntarily promise to their superiors, in order to be directed by them in the ways of perfection according to the purpose and constitutions of their order. Obedientiaries - The lesser officials of a monastery who were appointed by will of the superior. Oblate Sisters of Providence - A congregation of black nuns founded at Baltimore, Maryland Oblates of Mary Immaculate - Religious society founded in 1816 Oblates of St. Francis de Sales - A congregation of priests founded originally by Saint Francis de Sales at the request of Saint Jane de Chantal. Oblati, Oblatæ, Oblates - A word used to describe any persons, not professed monks or friars, who have been offered to God, or have dedicated themselves to His service, in holy religion. Obligation - Defined in the 'Institutes' of Justinian as a 'legal bond which by a legal necessity binds us to do something according to the laws of our State' O'Braein, Tighernach - Irish annalist and abbot (d. 1088) Obregonians - Congregation of Franciscan men founded by Bernardino Obregon Obreption - A type of fraud by which an ecclesiastical rescript is obtained O'Brien, Terence Albert - Irish Dominican (1600-1651) O'Bruadair, David - Irish poet (1625-1698) Observatory, Vatican - Gregory XIII ordered a tower to be erected in a convenient part of the Vatican buildings, and to be fitted out with the greatest and best instruments of the time O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey - Physician, publicist, and historian (1797-1880) O'Carolan, Torlogh - Called 'the last of the Irish bards' (1670-1737) Occam, William of - Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher Occasionalism - The metaphysical theory which maintains that finite things have no efficient causality of their own, but that whatever happens in the world is caused by God, creatures being merely the 'occasions' of the Divine activity. Occasions of Sin - External circumstances — things or persons — which incite or entice one to sin. Occleve, Thomas - English poet (1368-1450) Occult Art, Occultism - An attempt to work apparent miracles not by the power of God, but by the use of hidden forces beyond man's control Occurrence - The coinciding of two liturgical offices on one and the same day Oceania, Vicariate Apostolic of Central - Vicariate in western Oceania Ockham, William of - Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher O'Connell, Daniel - Irish patriot (1775-1847) O'Conor, Charles - The son of Irish immigrants, he was an eminent New York lawyer and orator. He defended Jefferson Davis and prosecuted Boss Tweed. Died 1884 O'Conor, Charles - Called 'the Venerable.' Eighteenth-century Irish antiquarian Octave - A period of eight days, often observed liturgically Octavarium Romanum - A liturgical book which may be considered as an appendix to the Roman Breviary O'Cullenan, Gelasius - Cistercian Abbot of Boyle, Ireland (d. 1580) O'Curry, Eugene - Irish scholar (1796-1862) O'Daly, Daniel - Diplomat and historian (1595-1662) O'Daly, Donogh Mór - Irish poet (d. 1244) Odense, Ancient See of Odense - Former diocese located in Denmark Odescalchi, Carlo - Cardinal, prince, archbishop, and Jesuit (1786-1841) O Deus Ego Amo Te - The first line of two Latin lyrics sometimes attributed to St. Francis Xavier O'Devany, Cornelius - Bishop of Down and Connor, Ireland (1532-1612) Odilia, Saint - Patroness of Alsace, d. 720, founded the convent of Hohenburg Odilo, Saint - Abbot of Cluny. He died in 1048 Odin, John Mary - Lazarist missionary and bishop (1801-1870) Odington, Walter - English Benedictine (d. 1330) Odo, Saint - Second abbot of Cluny, died 942 Odo, Saint - Benedictine monk, Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 959 O'Donnell, Edmund - The first Jesuit executed by the English government (1542-1575) O'Donovan, John - Irish historian and antiquarian (1806-1861) Odo of Cambrai, Blessed - Benedictine abbot, bishop of Cambrai, exiled for political reasons, d. 1113 Odo of Canterbury - Abbot of Battle (d. 1200) Odo of Cheriton - Preacher and fabulist (d. 1247) Odo of Glanfeuil - Abbot and ninth-century hagiographer O'Dugan, John - Irish writer (d. 1372) O'Dwyer, Joseph - American physician, inventor of intubation (1841-1898) Œcolampadius, John - Protestant theologian and organizer of Protestantism at Basle (1482-1531) Œconomus, Episcopal - An individual who is appointed to take charge of the temporal goods of a church or monastery Œcumenius - Biblical commentator (c. 990) Oertel, John James Maximilian - Bavarian journalist (1811-1882) Oettingen - Abbey in Bavaria Offa - King of Mercia (d. 796) Offerings - Covers the Jewish and Christian practices of offerings and tithes Offertory - The rite by which the bread and wine are presented to God before they are consecrated Office, Divine - Brief essay on the historical development of the Liturgy of the Hours Office of the Dead - Historical article on a special set of prayers for the deceased O'Fihely, Maurice - Archbishop of Tuam (1460-1513) O Filii et Filiæ - The first line of a hymn celebrating the mystery of Easter. Ogdensburg, Diocese of - Diocese in upstate New York Oggione, Marco D' - Milanese painter (1470-1549) Ogilvie, John, Venerable - Scotsman, raised Calvinist, converted to Catholicism, became a Jesuit priest and missionary to his native land, was tortured and martyred in 1615 Ogliastra - Diocese in Sardinia, Italy O'Growney, Eugene - Irish-American priest, patriot, and scholar (1863-1899) O'Hagan, John - Irish lawyer and man of letters (1822-1890) O'Hagan, Thomas - First Baron of Tullyhogue (1812-1885) O'Hanlon, John - Irish-American priest (1821-1905) O'Hara, Theodore - American writer (1822-1867) O'Hely, Patrick - Bishop of Mayo, Ireland (d. 1579) O'Herlahy, Thomas - Bishop of Ross, Ireland (d. 1579) O'Higgins, Ambrose and Bernard - South American patriots of Irish background Ohio - The seventeenth state of the American Union Ohler, Aloys Karl - German educationist (1817-1889) O'Hurley, Dermond - Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland (d. 1584) O'Hussey, Maelbrighte - Franciscan friar (d. 1614) Oil of Saints - An oily substance which flows from the relics or burial places of certain saints Oils, Holy - Oil is a product of great utility the symbolic signification of which harmonizes with its natural uses. It serves to sweeten, to strengthen, to render supple; and the Church employs it for these purposes in its rites Ointment in Scripture - That the use of oily, fragrant materials to anoint the body is a custom going back to remote antiquity is evidenced by the Old Testament as well as other early literatures. . . Ojeda, Alonso de - Spanish explorer (1466-1508) Okeghem, Jean d' - Contrapuntist, founder and head of the second Netherland school (1430-1495) Oklahoma - The forty-sixth state of the Union Olaf Haraldson, Saint - Martyr and King of Norway, d. 1030 Oláh, Nicolaus - Hungarian archbishop (1493-1568) Olba - Titular see in Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia. Old Catholics - The sect organised in German-speaking countries to combat the dogma of Papal Infallibility. Old Chapter, The - The origin of the body, fomerly known as the Old Chapter, dates from 1623 . . . Oldcorne, Ven. Edward - Englishman, Jesuit priest, martyred in 1606. Biography Oldenburg - A grand duchy, one of the twenty-six federated states of the German Empire. Old Hall (St. Edmund's College) - Founded in 1793 in Hertfordshire, England Oldham, Hugh - Bishop of Exeter (d. 1519) Oldoini, Augustino - Historian and bibliographer (1612-1683) Old Testament - The Apostle St. Paul declares himself (II Cor., iii, 6) a minister 'of the new testament', and calls (iii, 14) the covenant entered into on Mount Sinai 'the old testament' Old Testament, Canon of the - Signifies the authoritative list or closed number of the writings composed under Divine inspiration, and destined for the well-being of the Church O'Leary, Arthur - Irish Franciscan, preacher, polemical writer (1729-1802) Olenus - Titular see and suffragan of Patras, in Achaia Quarta Olesnicki, Zbigniew - Polish cardinal and statesman (1389-1455) Olier, Jean-Jacques - Founder of the seminary and Society of St-Sulpice (1608-1657) Olinda - Diocese in Brazil Oliva - Suppressed Cistercian abbey near Danzig, founded sometime between 1170-78. Oliva, Gian Paolo - Genoese Jesuit (1600-1681) Olivaint, Pierre - French convert (b. 1816) Oliver, George - English priest (1781-1861) Olivet, Mount - A hill immediately east of Jerusalem Olivetans - A branch of the white monks of the Benedictine Order, founded in 1319. Olivi, Pierre Jean - Spiritual Franciscan and theological author (1248-1298) Olivier de la Marche - Belgian chronicler and poet (1426-1501) Ollé-Laprune, Léon - French Catholic philosopher (1839-1898) Olmütz - Archdiocese in Moravia O'Loghlen, Michael - Irish jurist (1789-1846) Olympias, Saint - Widow, deaconess, renowned for her almsgiving, and a staunch supporter of St. John Chrysostom Olympus - Titular see of Lycia in Asia Minor. Omaha - Diocese in Nebraska, United States Ombus - Titular see and suffragan of Ptolemais in Thebais Secunda. O'Meara, Kathleen - Irish novelist and biographer (1839-1888) Omer, Saint - Swiss-born bishop of Terouenne in Belgic Gaul, founder of a monastery. He died in about 670 Omission - The failure to do something one can and ought to do Omnipotence - The power of God to effect whatever is not intrinsically impossible O'Neill, Hugh - Earl of Tyrone (1550-1616) O'Neill, Owen Roe - Soldier (1582-1649) Onias - Name of several Jewish high priests who lived two and three centuries before Christ Ontario - A province in Canada Ontologism - An ideology which maintains that God and divine ideas are the first object of our intelligence and the intuition of God the first act of our individual knowledge Ontology - An article on 'the science of being' Oostacker, Shrine of - Miraculous shrine of the Blessed Virgin in Belgium Opening Prayer (in the Mass) - The name now used only for short prayers before the Epistle in the Mass, which occur again at Lauds, Terce, Sext, None, and Vespers Ophir - A people and a country mentioned in the Bible Oporto - Diocese in Portugal Oppenordt, Gilles-Marie - French rococo artist (1672-1742) Oppido Mamertina - Diocese of Oppido Mamertina in Reggio Calabria, Italy Optatus, Saint - Fairly long essay on the life and writings of this bishop, who argued against the Donatists. He died in about 387 Optimism - A metaphysical theory or an emotional disposition. Option, Right of - In canon law, a way of obtaining a benefice or a title, by the choice of the new titulary himself. O'Queely, Malachias - Archbishop of Tuam, Ireland (d. 1645) Oracle - A Divine communication given at a special place through specially appointed persons; also the place itself. Oran - Diocese in Algeria Orange, Councils of - Two councils that were held in southern France Orange Free State - One of the four provinces of the Union of South Africa Orange River - Vicariate apostolic in South Africa Orans - An iconographic type, commonly found in the Roman catacombs, of a female figure praying with extended arms Orate Fratres - The exhortation addressed by the celebrant to the people before the Secrets in the Roman Mass Oratorio - A musical composition for solo voices, chorus, orchestra, and organ, to a religious text generally taken from Holy Scripture. Oratory - A structure other than a parish church, set aside by Church authority for prayer and the celebration of Mass Oratory of Saint Philip Neri, The - Italian, Spanish, English, and other communities, which follow the rule of St. Philip Neri. Oratory, French Congregation of the - Congregation founded in Paris at the beginning of the seventeenth century by Cardinal Pierre de Berulle Orbellis, Nicolas d' - Franciscan theologian and philosopher and Scotist (1400-1475) Orcagna - Florentine poet, artist and architect (d. 1368) Orcistus - Titular see in Galatia Secunda. Ordeals - A means of obtaining evidence by trials, through which the guilt or innocence of an accused person was supposedly established Ordericus Vitalis - Norman historian (1075-1143) Orders, Holy - The sacrament by which grace and spiritual power for the discharge of ecclesiastical offices are conferred. Orders, The Military - A historical review of dozens of military orders Ordinariate - This term is used in speaking collectively of all the various organs through which an ordinary, and especially a bishop, exercises the different forms of his authority. Ordinary - Denotes any person possessing or exercising ordinary jurisdiction Ordines Romani - The brief conspectus of the daily Office and Mass as adapted to the local calendar Oregon - One of the Pacific Coast States Oregon City - Former archdiocese in Oregon, United States O'Reilly, Bernard - Irish-American historian (1820-1907) O'Reilly, Edmund - Archbishop of Armagh (1616-1669) O'Reilly, Edmund - English theologian (1811-1878) O'Reilly, Hugh - Archbishop of Armagh (b. 1580) O'Reilly, John Boyle - Poet, novelist, and editor (1844-1890) O'Reilly, Myles William Patrick - Irish soldier, publicist, litterateur (1825-1880) Oremus - Invitation to pray, said before collects and other short prayers and occurring continually in the Roman Rite. Orense - Diocese and suffragan of Compostela in Spain Oresme, Nicole - Article by Pierre Duhem on this medieval scientific thinker Organ - A musical instrument which consists of one or several sets of pipes, each pipe giving only one tone, and which is blown and played by mechanical means. Organic Articles, The - A name given to a law regulating public worship, comprising 77 articles relative to Catholicism, and 44 relative to Protestantism, presented by order of Napoleon to the Tribunate and the legislative body at the same time that he made these two bodies vote on the Concordat itself Oria - Diocese near Brindisi in Italy Oriani, Barnaba - Italian Barnabite and astronomer (1752-1832) Oriental Study and Research - Comprises the scientific investigation and discussion of all topics — linguistics, archaeology, ethnology, etc. — connected with the East Orientation of Churches - According to Tertullian the Christians of his time were, by some who concerned themselves with their form of worship, believed to votaries of the sun. . . Orientius - Christian Latin poet of the fifth century. Oriflamme - Legendary banner Origen and Origenism - Provides a biography and review of his works, as well as commentary on posthumous influences and the Origenistic Crises Original Sin - Original sin is (1) the sin that Adam committed; (2) a consequence of this first sin, the hereditary stain with which we are born on account of our origin or descent from Adam. Orihuela - Diocese in Spain Oriol, Saint Joseph - Earned a doctorate in theology, served as a parish priest, renowned for gifts of prophecy and miracles. St. Joseph died in 1702 Oristano - Diocese in Sardinia, Italy Orkneys - A group of islands lying to the north of Scotland Orlandini, Niccolò - Italian Jesuit (1554-1606) Orléans - Diocese in France, suffragan of Paris Orléans, Councils of - Six national councils held in the Merovingian period. Orley, Barent Van - Belgian painter (1491-1542) Orme, Philibert de l' - French architect (1512-1570) Oropus - Titular see, suffragan of Anazarbus in Cilicia Secunda. O'Rorke, Patrick Henry - Irish-American soldier, killed at Gettysburg (1837-1863) Orosius, Paulus - Historian and Christian apologist (b. c. 380) Orphans and Orphanages - The death of one or both parents makes the child of the very poor a ward of the community. . . Orsi, Giuseppe Agostino - Florentine cardinal, theologian, and church historian (1692-1761) Orsini - One of the most ancient and distinguished families of the Roman nobility, whose members often played an important role in the history of Italy Orsisius - Egyptian monk of the fourth century Ortelius, Abraham - Belgian cartographer, geographer and archeologist (1527-1598) Orthodox Church - The body of Christians in union with the Patriarch of Constantinople but in schism with the Pope of Rome. Orthodoxy - Right belief or purity of faith. Orthodoxy, Feast of - Eastern feast that commemorates the restoration of the holy icons to the churches in 842 Orthosias - Titular see of Phoenicia Prima, suffragan of Tyre. Ortolano Ferrarese - Painter of the Ferrara School (1490-1525) Orval - Former Cistercian abbey in Luxemburg Orvieto - Diocese in central Italy Ory, Matthieu - French inquisitor and theologian (1492-1557) Osaka - Large city in Japan O Salutaris Hostia - Hymn used for the Benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament Osbald - King of Northumbria (d. 799) Osbaldeston, Edward, Venerable - Profile of the English priest and martyr, who was executed at York in 1594 Osbern - English hagiographer (d. c. 1090) Oscott (St. Mary's College) - Founded in England in 1793 Osee - The prophet and his book Osimo - Diocese in Ascoli Piceno, Italy Oslo, Ancient See of - Former diocese located in Norway Osma - Diocese in Spain Osmund, Saint - A Norman by birth, Osmund became bishop of Salisbury, and died in 1099 Osnabrück - Diocese in Germany, directly subject to the Holy See Ossat, Arnaud d' - French cardinal, diplomat, and writer (1537-1604) Ossory, Diocese of - Diocese in Ireland Ostensorium - A vessel designed for the exhibition of some object of piety Ostia and Velletri - Suburbicarian diocese near Rome Ostiensis - Benedictine chronicler (1045-1115) Ostracine - Titular see and suffragan of Pelusium in Augustamnica prima. Ostraka, Christian - Inscriptions on clay, wood, metal, and other hard materials. Ostrogoths - One of the two chief tribes of the Goths O'Sullivan Beare, Philip - Irish writer (1590-1660) Oswald, Saint - Archbishop of York, d. 992 while washing the feet of the poor, as was his daily custom during Lent Oswald, Saint - King of Northumbria and martyr, d. 642 Oswin, Saint - Biography of the king and martyr, who was murdered in 651 Otfried of Weissenburg - The oldest German poet known by name (9th century) Othlo - Benedictine monk of Ratisbon (1013-1072) Othmar, Saint - First abbot of St. Gall. He died in prison in 759 Otho, Marcus Salvius - Details on the reign of Roman Emperor O'Toole, Saint Lawrence - Confessor, abbot, and the first Irish-born bishop of Dublin, d. 1180 Otranto - An archdiocese and city in Apulia, southern Italy Ottawa, Archdiocese of - Archdiocese of Ottawa in Canada Ottawa, University of - Conducted by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate; founded in 1848. Otto, Saint - Swabian courtier, was named bishop of Bamberg in 1102, and founded over twenty monasteries Otto I, the Great - Roman emperor and German king (912-973) Otto II - King of the Germans and Emperor of Rome (955-983) Otto III - German king and Roman emperor (980-1002) Otto IV - German king and Roman emperor (1182-1218) Ottobeuren - Benedictine abbey in Bavaria Otto of Freising - Bishop and historian (1111-1158) Otto of Passau - Franciscan theologian Otto of St. Blasien - German chronicler (d. 1223) Ouen, Saint - Seventh-century Archbishop of Rouen, founder of several monasteries, devoted to theological studies, friend of St. Eloi Our Father, The - Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase 'Lord's Prayer' does not seem to have been generally familiar in England before the Reformation. During the Middle Ages the 'Our Father' was always said in Latin, even by the uneducated. Hence it was then most commonly known as the Pater noster Our Lady, Help of Christians, Feast of - The invocation 'Help of Christians' originated in the sixteenth century. Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd - The aim of this institute is to provide a shelter for girls and women of dissolute habits, who wish to do penance for their iniquities and to lead a truly christian life Our Lady of Good Counsel, Feast of - Feast honoring a popular Marian devotion Our Lady of the Fields, Brothers of - A Canadian congregation founded in 1902 in the Diocese of Quebec by Father Brousseau. Our Lady of the Snow - Feast commemorating the dedication of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome Our Lady of Perpetual Help - A famous Byzantine-style picture painted on wood, with a background of gold Our Lady of Perpetual Succour - A famous Byzantine-style picture painted on wood, with a background of gold Overbeck, Friedrich - Convert and religious painter (1789-1869) Overberg, Bernhard Heinrich - German ecclesiastic and educator (1754-1826) Overpopulation, Theories of - Down to the end of the eighteenth century, very little attention was given to the relation between increase of population and increase of subsistence. . . Oviedo - Diocese in Spain Owen, Saint - Seventh-century Archbishop of Rouen, founder of several monasteries, devoted to theological studies, friend of St. Eloi Owen, Saint Nicholas - A Jesuit lay brother, skilled in building hiding places for priests. He died under torture in 1606 Oxenford, John - English dramatist, critic, translator, and song-writer (1812-1877) Oxenham, Henry Nutcombe - English controversialist and poet (1829-1888) Oxford - Oxford, one of the most ancient cities in England, grew up under the shadow of a convent, said to have been founded by St. Frideswide as early as the eighth century. . . Oxford, University of - Famous institution in England Oxford Movement, The - Lengthy historical article on the Tractarian Movement includes information on John Henry Newman, as well as on other leading lights of this nineteenth-century Anglo-Catholic campaign, such as John Keble and Hurrell Froude Oxyrynchus - Titular archdiocese of Heptanomos in Egypt. Ozanam, Antoine-Frédéric - Great grand-nephew of Jacques Ozanam (1813-1853) Ozanam, Jacques - French mathematician (1640-1717) Ozias - Name of six Israelites mentioned in the Bible

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P Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Pacandus - Titular see, recorded under 'Pacanden.' Pacca, Bartolommeo - Cardinal, scholar and statesman (1756-1844) Pachomius, Saint - Hermit who founded a cenobitical community, d. 346. Some speculation on how and why St. Pachomius came up with the idea of the cenobitical life Pachtler, George Michael - Controversial and educational writer (1825-1889) Pacificus - Disciple of St. Francis of Assisi (d. 1234) Pacificus of Ceredano, Blessed - Franciscan Observant priest, d. 1482 Pacificus of San Severino, Saint - Italian Franciscan. Hampered by blindness, deafness, and lameness for almost 29 years. Died 1721 Pacioli, Lucas - Tuscan mathematician (d. c. 1509) Paderborn - Suffragan diocese of Cologne, Germany Padilla, Juan de - Sixteenth-century protomartyr of the United States Padua - Diocese in northern Italy Padua, University of - University that dates, according to some anonymous chronicles, from 1222 Paganism - Paganism, in the broadest sense includes all religions other than the true one revealed by God, and, in a narrower sense, all except Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Pagano, Mario - Jurisconsult and man of letters (1748-1799) Page, Venerable Anthony - Biographical sketch of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1593 Pagi, Antoine - French ecclesiastical historian (1624-1699) Pagi, François - French ecclesiastical historian, nephew of Antoine Pagi (1654-1721) Pagnino, Santes - Italian Dominican (1470-1541) Painting, Religious - Painting has always been associated with the life of the Church. . . Pakawá Indians - Indian tribe in the region of Texas Palæography - The art of deciphering ancient writing in manuscripts Palæontology - Paleontology, the science of fossils, deals with extinct or prehistoric animals and plants Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de - Spanish priest (1600-1659) Palasor, Venerable Thomas - English priest and martyr. Article also has some details on the his companions in martyrdom the Bl. John Norton and John Talbot. Died in 1600 Palatinate, Rhenish - A former German electorate Palatini - The designation, primarily, of certain high officials in the papal court Palawan - Prefecture Apostolic in the Philippine Islands; comprises Palawan, Cuyo, Culion, Twahig, and Calamines Islands. Palencia - Diocese in Spain Paleopolis - Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus Paleotti, Gabriele - Cardinal and Archbishop of Bologna (1522-1597) Palermo - City and archdiocese in Italy Palermo, University of - The Convent of St. Dominic of Palermo may be considered the nucleus of the future University of Palermo. . . Palestrina - Diocese and town in central Italy, near Rome Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da - The greatest composer of liturgical music of all time (1514-1594) Paley, Frederick Apthorp - Classical scholar (1815-1888) Pall - A heavy, black cloth, spread over the coffin in the church at a funeral, or over the catafalque at other services for the dead. Pall, Funeral - A black cloth usually spread over the coffin while the obsequies are performed for a deceased person Palladio, Andrea - Italian architect (1508-1580) Palladius, Saint - Sent from Rome to Ireland in the mid-fifth century as a bishop Palladius - Galatian writer (368-431) Pallavicino, Pietro Sforza - Italian cardinal (1607-1667) Pallium - A circular band about two inches wide, worn about the neck, and having two hanging pendants Pallotti, Vincent Mary - Biography of the founder of the Pious Society of Missions, who are commonly known as the Pallottine Fathers. He died in 1850 Palma Vecchio - Italian artist (1480-1528) Palmer, William - English convert (1811-1879) Palmieri, Domenico - Italian theologian (1829-1909) Palmieri, Luigi - Physicist and meteorologist (1807-1896) Palm in Christian Symbolism - A Christian symbol of victory Palm Sunday - The sixth and last Sunday of Lent and beginning of Holy Week Palmyra - Titular metropolitan see in Phoenicia Secunda. Palou, Francisco - Spanish Franciscan (1722-1789) Paltus - Titular see and suffragan of Seleucia Pieria in Syria Prima. Paludanus, Peter - French archbishop and theologian (1275-1342) Pamelius - Belgian theologian (1536-1587) Pamiers - Diocese near Toulouse in France Pammachius, Saint - Roman senator, widower, friend of SS. Augustine and Jerome, d. 409 Pamphilus of Cæsarea, Saint - Born in Beirut and studied at the Catechetical School in Alexandria. Priest, scholar, martyr. Beheaded in 309 Pamplona - Diocese and city in Spain Panama - Located in Central America Pancratius and Domitilla, Nereus and Achilleus, Saints - Roman martyrs who shared a feast day on 12 May Pandects - Name of part of Justinian's legal compilation Pandulph - Papal legate and Bishop of Norwich (d. 1226) Panemotichus - Titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perge. Pange Lingua Gloriosi - Article on the two hymns of this name. The second is by Thomas Aquinas. The first is 'generally credited' to Venantius Fortunatus, though some believe it is the work of Claudianus Mamertus Panigarola, Francesco - Italian preacher and controversialist (1548-1594) Pannartz, Arnold - Fifteenth-century printers who brought the printing press to Italy Pano Indians - A former important mission tribe in Peru Panopolis - Titular see, suffragan of Antinoe in Thebais Prima Panpsychism - A philosophical theory which holds that everything in the universe, inorganic and organic, has some degree of consciousness Pantænus - Head of the Catechetical School of Alexandria about 180, still alive in 193 Pantaleon, Saint - Martyr, died in about 309 Pantheism - The false theory according to which God and the world are one Panvinio, Onofrio - Italian historian and archaeologist (1530-1568) Panzani, Gregorio - Bishop of Mileto (d. 1662) Paoli, Venerable Angelo - Carmelite priest, died in 1720 Papacy, The - The ecclesiastical system in which the pope governs the Catholic Church as its supreme head; also, the papal influence viewed as a political force in history. Pápago Indians - An important tribe of Shoshonean linguistic stock Papal Arbitration - An institution almost coeval with the papacy itself Papal Elections - The method of electing the pope has varied considerably at different periods of the history of the Church. . . Papal Mint - History of the coins Papal Rescripts - Responses of the pope or a Sacred Congregation, in writing, to queries or petitions of individuals Papal States - Consists of the civil territory which for over 1000 years (754-1870) acknowledged the pope as temporal ruler Paphnutius - Name of several persons in the early Church Paphos - Titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. Papias, Saint - Thorough essay on what is known of this bishop, called by St. Irenaeus 'a hearer of John.' Also an exposition of the writings of Papias, who died around 120 Papiensis, Bernardus - Italian canonist of the thirteenth century (d. 1213) Papini, Nicholas - Florentine historian (1751-1834) Parables - A comparison, or a parallel, by which one thing is used to illustrate another. Parabolani - The members of a brotherhood who in the Early Church voluntarily undertook the care of the sick and the burial of the dead. Paracelsus, Theophrastus - Extensive biographical entry on the physician and alchemist Paraclete - Another name for the Holy Ghost. Paradise, Terrestrial - The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the scriptural Garden of Eden Para du Phanjas, François - French Jesuit writer (1724-1797) Parætonium - Titular see of Lybia Secunda or Inferior (i.e. Marmarica), suffragan of Darnis. Paraguay - One of the inland republics of South America Paralipomenon, Books of - Two books of the Bible containing a summary of sacred history from Adam to the end of the Captivity. Parahyba - Diocese in Brazil Parallelism - The balance of verse with verse, an essential and characteristic feature in Hebrew poetry. Parallelism, Psycho-Physical - A doctrine which states that the relation between mental processes, on the one hand, and physical, physiological, or cerebral processes on the other, is one merely of invariable concomitance Paralus - Titular see, suffragan of Cabasa in Aegyptus Secunda. Paraná - Diocese near Buenos Aires in Argentina Parasceve - Among Hellenistic Jews, the name for Friday Paray-le-Monial - A town in France Pardies, Ignace-Gaston - French scientist (1636-1673) Pardons of Brittany - Signifies in Brittany the feast of the patron saint of a church or chapel, at which an indulgence is granted. Paré, Ambroise - French surgeon (1517-1590) Paredes, Blessed Mary Anne de - Of Quito, Ecuador, lived as a solitary in her own home and had many extraordinary spiritual gifts. She died in 1645 Pareja, Francisco - Spanish missionary (1628-1593) Parents - Considers the duties of parents toward their children, and vice versa Parenzo-Pola - Diocese in Italy Parini, Giuseppe - Italian poet (1729-1799) Paris - Archdiocese and city in France Paris, University of - Famous and ancient university in France Paris, Alexis-Paulin - French philologist (1800-1881) Paris, Gaston-Bruno-Paulin - French philologist (1839-1903) Paris, Matthew - Benedictine monk and chronicler (1200-1259) Paris Commune, Martyrs of the - Article on the priests who were killed in Paris in May 1871 Parish - A portion of a diocese under the authority of a priest legitimately appointed to secure the helps of religion for the faithful dwelling therein Parium - Titular see, suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespontus. Park, Abbey of the - Located half a mile south of Louvain, Belgium, founded in 1129 by Duke Godfrey Parkinson, Anthony - English historian (1667-1728) Parlais - Titular see of Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. Parlatore, Filippo - Italian botanist (1816-1877) Parma - Diocese located in central Italy. Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin - French agriculturist (1737-1813) Parmigiano, Il - Italian painter (1504-1540) Parnassus - Titular see in Cappadocia Secunda, suffragan of Mocessus. Parochial Mass - A Mass celebrated for parishioners on all Sundays and holidays of obligation Paræcopolis - Titular see of Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica. Parochial Missions, Catholic - This term is used to designate certain special exertions of the Church's pastoral agencies, made, for the most part, among Catholics, to instruct them more fully in the truths of their religion, to convert sinners, rouse the torpid and indifferent, and lift the good to a still higher plane of spiritual effort Parrenin, Dominique - Jesuit missionary to China (1665-1741) Parsis - Small Zoroastrian community in India Particular Judgment - The Catholic doctrine of the particular judgment is this: that immediately after death the eternal destiny of each separated soul is decided by the just judgment of God Partnership - An unincorporated association of two or more persons, known as partners, having for its object the carrying on in common by the partners of some predetermined occupation for shared profit Paruta, Paolo - Venetian historian and statesman (1540-1598) Pascal, Blaise - French scientist and philosopher (1623-1662) Pascal Baylon, Saint - Aragonese Franciscan lay brother, d. 1592 Pasch - Great Jewish holiday Paschal I, Pope - Pope who reigned from 817 to 824 Paschal II, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1099-1118 Paschal III (Antipope) - Second antipope in the time of Pope Alexander III (d. 1168) Paschal Candle - A large wax candle, usually fixed in a great candlestick and featured in the service on Holy Saturday Paschal Lamb - A lamb which the Israelites were commanded to eat with peculiar rites as a part of the Passover celebration Paschal Tide - The fifty days from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Paschasius, Saint - A Roman deacon, and a faithful supporter of the antipope Laurentius. Paschasius died sometime between 511 and 514 Paschasius Radbertus, Saint - Biographical article on the deacon, Benedictine abbot, and theologian, who died in 860 Passaglia, Carlo - Italian Jesuit (1812-1887) Passau - Diocese and city in Bavaria Passerat, Joseph, Venerable - A Frenchman, he joined the Redemptorists in Poland. As vicar-general, he founded many houses in Europe and the United States. Died in 1858 Passignano, Domenico - Venetian painter (1558-1638) Passionei, Domenico - Cardinal and theologian (1682-1761) Passionists - Full title: 'The Congregation of Discalced Clerks of the Most Holy Cross and Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ'. Passion Music - Precisely when, in the development of the liturgy, the history of the Passion of Our Lord ceased, during Holy Week, to be merely read and became a solemn recitation, has not yet been ascertained. . . . Passion of Christ, Commemoration of the - A feast kept on the Tuesday after Sexagesima. Passion of Jesus Christ - Devotion to the sufferings of Our Lord, which culminated in His death upon the Cross Passion of Jesus Christ in the Four Gospels - Four separate accounts of the Passion of Our Lord, each of which supplements the others Passion Offices - Offices devoted to 'the instruments of the Passion' Passion Plays - The modern drama does not originate in the ancient, but in the religious plays of the Middle Ages, themselves an outcome of the liturgy of the Church. . . Passions - Motions of the sensitive appetite in man which tend towards the attainment of some real or apparent good, or the avoidance of some evil. Passion Sunday - The fifth Sunday of Lent Passiontide - The two weeks between Passion Sunday and Easter. Passos - Certain pious exercises practiced annually during Lent at Goa and throughout India Passover - Great Jewish holiday Pasteur, Louis - Founder of physio-chemistry, father of bacteriology, inventor of bio-therapeutics (1822-1895) Pasto, Diocese of - Diocese and town in Colombia, South America Pastor - A priest who has the cure of souls, that is, who is bound in virtue of his office to promote the spiritual welfare of the faithful by preaching, administering the sacraments, and exercising certain powers of external government Pastoral Epistles (Timothy and Titus) - Disciples of St. Paul Pastoral Staff - The Pastoral Staff is an ecclesiastical ornament which is conferred on bishops at their consecration and on mitred abbots at their investiture, and which is used by these prelates in performing certain solemn functions Pastoral Theology - The science of the care of souls Pastoureaux, Crusade of the - One of the most curious of the popular movements inspired by a desire to deliver the Holy Land. Patagonia - The southernmost extremity of South America. Patara - Titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra, formerly a large cornmercial town, opposite Rhodes. Paten - A small shallow plate or disc of precious metal upon which the element of bread is offered to God at the Offertory of the Mass, and upon which the consecrated Host is again placed after the Fraction. Patenson, Venerable William - English priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1592. During his imprisonment, he converted several of the inmates Pater Noster - Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase 'Lord's Prayer' does not seem to have been generally familiar in England before the Reformation. During the Middle Ages the 'Our Father' was always said in Latin, even by the uneducated. Hence it was then most commonly known as the Pater noster Pathology, Mental - Discusses the mental faculties and varities of insanity Patmore, Coventry - One of the major poets of the nineteenth century Patmos - A small volcanic island in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of Asia Minor Patras - Metropolitan see in Achaia. Patriarch - The word 'patriarch' as applied to Biblical personages comes from the Septuagint version . . . Patriarch and Patriarchate - Names of the highest ecclesiastical dignitaries after the pope, and of the territory they rule. Patrician Brothers - A brotherhood founded in Ireland by Bishop Daniel Delaney Patrick, Saint - Lengthy biographical article on the Apostle of Ireland Patrick's Purgatory, Saint - This celebrated sanctuary in Donegal dates from the days of St. Patrick . . . Patrizi, Francis Xavier - Italian Jesuit exegete (1797-1881) Patrology - The study of the writings of the Fathers of the Church Patron and Patronage - A determinate sum of rights and obligations entailed upon a definite person, the patron, especially in connection with the assignment and administration of a benefice Patron Saints - Statistics on popular titular patrons of churches in Rome, Belgium, and English-speaking countries. Short lists of some national patrons and patron saints of professional occupations Patronage of Our Lady, Feast of the - First permitted by decree for all the provinces of Spain, in memory of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics, and other enemies from the sixth century to the reign of Philip IV Patti, Diocese of - Diocese in Sicily Paul, Saint - The great Apostle to the Gentiles Paul I, Pope - Biographical article on this eighth-century pontiff Paul II, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1464 to 1471 Paul III, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1534 to 1549 Paul IV, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1555 to 1559 Paul V, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1605 to 1621 Paul and John, Saints - Roman martyrs, c. 362 Pauli, Johannes - German Franciscan (1455-1530) Paulicians - Dualistic heretical sect, derived originally from Manichaeism. Paulist Fathers - A community of priests for giving missions and doing other Apostolic works, especially for making converts to the Catholic faith Paul of Burgos - Spanish archbishop, lord chancellor and exegete (1351-1435) Paul of Middelburg - Scientist and bishop (1446-1534) Paul of Samosata - Bishop of Antioch (3rd century) Paul of the Cross, Saint - Biographical essay on the Italian-born founder of the Passionists. He died in 1775 Paul the Deacon - Lombard historian (720-799) Paul the Hermit, Saint - Fled into the Egyptian desert to escape the Decian persecution. Died at the age of 113 Paul the Simple, Saint - Monk, disciple of St. Antony, d. around 339 Paul-without-the-Walls, Saint - An abbey nullius. As early as 200 the burial place of the great Apostle in the Via Ostia was marked by a cella memoriae, near which the Catacomb of Comodilla was established Paula, Saint - Widowed at the age of 32, Paula embarked on the monastic life in Bethlehem, along with her daughter Eustochium. Paula died in 404 Paulinus, Saint - Biographical article on the Roman monk sent by St. Gregory the Great to Kent Paulinus, Saint - Looked upon as a saint even in his own lifetime. He died in 431 Paulinus II, Saint - Patriarch of Aquileia, d. 802 Paulinus a S. Bartholomaeo - Missionary and orientalist (1748-1806) Paulinus of Pella - Christian poet of the fifth century Paulists - Various communities of religious that have adopted St. Paul as patron Paulus Diaconus - Lombard historian (720-799) Paulus Venetus - Brief article on this thinker, by Francis E. Tourscher Pavia - Diocese in Lombardy, northern Italy Pavia, University of - Pavia was, even in Roman times, a literary centre . . . Pavillon, Nicolas - Bishop of Alet (1597-1677) Pax - A tablet to be kissed Pax in the Liturgy - A liturgical salutation ('Peace be with you') Payeras, Mariano - Spanish Franciscan (1784-1793) Pázmány, Peter - Famous Hungarian ecclesiastic (d. 1637) Payne, Blessed John - English priest, tortured and martyred on completely fabricated charges of conspiracy to murder the queen. Executed in 1582 Peace Congresses - Meetings of representatives of different nations to obtain a peaceful settlement of differences Peace of the Church - The condition of the Church after the publication at Milan in 313 by Emperor Constantine of an edict of toleration Peasants, War of the (1524-25) - A revolt of the peasants of southern and central Germany Peba Indians - The principal of a small group of South American Indian tribes Pecham, John - Archbishop of Canterbury (1240-1292) Pecock, Reginald - Welsh bishop of Chichester (1395-1460) Pectoral - The breastplate worn by the high priest in the Old Testament Pectorale - The cross worn by the pope, cardinals, bishops and other prelates Pectorius of Autun - The name with which the important document frequently known as the Inscription of Autun concludes. Pednelissus - Titular see in Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perge Pedro de Cordova - Spanish Dominican (1460-1525) Pelagia - Discusses four saints of this name Pelagius I, Pope - Pope (d. 561) Pelagius II, Pope - Pope who succeeded Benedict I, when the Lombards were besieging Rome (d. 590) Pelagius and Pelagianism - Fifth-century heresy which denied original sin as well as Christian grace. Pelargus, Ambrose - German theologian (1488-1557) Pelisson-Fontanier, Paul - French writer (1624-1693) Pella - Titular see and suffragan of Scythopolis in Palaestina Secunda. Pelletier, Pierre-Joseph - French scientist (1788-1842) Pellico, Silvio - Italian author and patriot (1788-1854) Pellissier, Guillaume - French bishop (1490-1568) Pelotas - Diocese in Brazil Pelouze, Théophile-Jules - French scientist (1807-1867) Peltrie, Madeleine de la - French noblewoman and foundress (1603-1671) Pelusium - Titular metropolitan see in Egypt, mentioned in Ezekiel 30:15 Pembroke - Diocese in Ottawa, in Canada Peña, Francisco - Spanish canonist (1540-1612) Penal Laws - Treats of the penal legislation affecting Catholics in English-speaking countries since the Reformation. Peñalver y Cardenas, Luis Ignatius - Bishop of New Orleans and Archbishop of Guatemala (1749-1810) Penance (as a Virtue) - Penance designates (1) a virtue; (2) a sacrament of the New Law; (3) a canonical punishment inflicted according to the earlier discipline of the Church; (4) a work of satisfaction enjoined upon the recipient of the sacrament. Penance, Sacrament of - A sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins committed after baptism is granted through the priest's absolution to those who with true sorrow confess their sins and promise to satisfy for the same. Pendleton, Henry - English controversialist (d. 1557) Penelakut Indians - A small tribe of Salishan stock in British Columbia Penitentes, Los Hermanos - A society of flagellants existing among the Spanish of New Mexico and Colorado. Penitential Canons - Rules laid down by councils or bishops concerning the penances to be done for various sins. Penitential Orders - A general name for religious congregations whose members are bound to perform extraordinary works of penance, or to provide others with the means of atoning for grave faults. Penitents, Confraternities of - Various congregations with statutes prescribing various penitential works Penne and Atri, Diocese of - Diocese and city near Abruzzi in central Italy Pennsylvania - One of the thirteen original United States of America Penobscot Indians - The principal tribe of the famous Abenaki confederacy of Maine Pension, Ecclesiastical - The right to a certain sum of money to be paid yearly out of the revenues of a church or benefice to a cleric Pentacomia - Titular see of Palestine, suffragan of Areopolis or Rabbah. Pentapolis - The region where stood the five cities of Sodom, Gomorrha, Zoar, Adama and Seboim Pentateuch - The name of the first five books of the Old Testament. Pentecost - A feast which commemorates the Descent of the Holy Ghost upon the Apostles, fifty days after the Resurrection of Christ Pentecost (Jewish Feast) - The second in importance of the great Jewish feasts. Peoria - Diocese in Illinois, United States Peoria Indians - A principal tribe of the confederated Illinois Indians Pepin the Short - King of the Franks (714-768) Peppergrass, Paul - Novelist, lecturer, and priest, well known under the assumed name of 'Paul Peppergrass' (1810-1864) Perboyre, Blessed Jean-Gabriel - Vincentian priest, missionary to China, where he was tortured and martyred in 1840 Percy, Blessed Thomas - Earl of Northumberland, martyr, born in 1528; died at York, 22 August, 1572 Percy, John - English Jesuit (1569-1641) Peregrinus - Texts prefixed to the Pauline epistles in many manuscripts Pereira, Benedict - Philosopher, theologian and exegete (1535-1610) Perez, Juan - Confessor to Queen Isabella of Spain (d. before 1513) Pérez de Hita, Ginés - Sixteenth-century Spanish writer Perfection, Christian and Religious - A thing is perfect in which nothing is wanting of its nature, purpose, or end Pergamus - Titular see, suffragan of Ephesus. Perge - Titular metropolitan see in Pamphylia Secunda. Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista - Notes his torn allegiances between sacred and secular music Pericui Indians - Baja California Indian tribe Périgueux - Diocese near Bordeaux in France Periodi - The name under which the Pseudo-Clementine writings are quoted by Epiphanius, Jerome, and the 'Philocalia'. Periodical Literature, Catholic - Publications appearing at intervals either regular or irregular. Perjury - The crime and sin of taking a false oath Permaneder, Franz Michael - Bavarian canonist (1794-1862) Pernter, Joseph Maria - Jesuit scientist (1848-1908) Perpetua and Felicitas, Saints - Martyred at Carthage in 203 Perpetual Adoration - A term broadly used to designate the practically uninterrupted adoration of the Blessed Sacrament Perpetual Adoration, Religious of - A Belgian congregation founded in 1857 Perpetual Adoration, Religious of the - Contemplative Benedictine congregation, founded in 1526 by Sister Elizabeth Zwirer in Switzerland Perpetual Adoration, Sisters of the - An institute of nuns devoted to perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and to the education of orphan children Perpetual Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament - Founded in Paris in 1601 Perpetual Help, Our Lady of, Sisters of - Congregation founded in Canada in 1892 Perpetual Help, Our Lady of - A famous Byzantine-style picture painted on wood, with a background of gold Perpetual Succour, Our Lady of - A famous Byzantine-style picture painted on wood, with a background of gold Perpetuus, Saint - Eighth bishop of Tours, d. 490 or 491. St. Perpetuus was greatly devoted to his predecessor St. Martin of Tours Perpignan, Diocese of - Diocese in France Perpignan, University of - Founded in 1349 by Peter IV of Aragon Perraud, Adolphe - Cardinal and academician (1828-1906) Perrault, Charles - French writer (1628-1703) Perrault, Claude - French architect (1613-1688) Perreyve, Henri - French priest (1831-1865) Perrone, Giovanni - Italian Jesuit theologian (1794-1876) Perry, Stephen Joseph - English Jesuit (1833-1889) Persecution - The unlawful coercion of another's liberty or his unlawful punishment Persecutions, Coptic - During the first two centuries the Church of Alexandria seems to have been freer from official persecution at the hands of the Roman Government than its sister churches of Rome and Antioch. . . Perseverance, Final - The preservation of the state of grace till the end of life Persia - The history, religion, and civilization of Persia are offshoots from those of Media. Persian Rite - This rite is used by the Nestorians and also by Eastern Catholic bodies — in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar — who have separated from them Persico, Ignatius - Italian cardinal (1823-1896) Person - Discusses (1) the definition of 'person', especially with reference to the doctrine of the Incarnation; and (2) the use of the word 'persona' and its Greek equivalents in connection with the Trinitarian disputes. Person, Ecclesiastical - Persons whom a special tie connects with the Church, either because they have received holy orders, or because they have taken vows in a religious order or congregation approved by the Church. Personality - It is proposed in this article to give an account: (1) of the physical constituents of personality in accordance with the scholastic theory; (2) of concepts of personality that conflict with the theory; (3) of abnormalities of consciousness with reference to their bearing on theories of personality. Persons, Robert - English Jesuit (1546-1610) Perth - Diocese and city in Western Australia Pertinax, Publius Helvius - Roman Emperor (A.D. 192) Peru - A republic on the west coast of South America, founded in 1821 after the war of independence, having been a Spanish colony. Perugia - Archdiocese and city in Umbria, central Italy Perugia, University of - Italian university erected in 1308 Perugino - Artist's biography Peruzzi, Baldassare - Italian architect and painter (1481-1537) Pesaro - Diocese in central Italy Pescennius Niger - Emperor of Rome (193-194). Pesch, Tilman - Jesuit philosopher (1836-1899) Pescia - Diocese in Tuscany, Italy Pessimism - Term applied in popular language to persons who habitually take a melancholy view of life; or in philosophy, to a system that attempts to account for the presence of evil in the world. Pessinus - Titular see of Galatia Secunda Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism - One of the greatest pioneers of modern education (1746-1827) Pétau, Denis - French theologian (1583-1652) Peter, Basilica of Saint - The present Church of St. Peter stands upon the site where at the beginning of the first century the gardens of Agrippina lay Peter, Chair of - From the earliest times the Church at Rome celebrated on 18 January the memory of the day when the Apostle held his first service with the faithful of the Eternal City Peter, Saint - Long article on his life Peter, Saint, Epistles of - Considers the authenticity, recipients, occasion, object, and date and place of composition of these two epistles Peter, Sarah - American philanthropist (1800-1877) Peter, Tomb of Saint - The history of the confusion and conflicting authorities surrounding the location of the tomb of Saint Peter Peter Baptist, Saint, and Twenty-Five Companions - Crucified in Nagasaki, 1597 Peterborough - Diocese located in Ontario, Canada Peter Canisius, Blessed - Long essay on the Dutch Jesuit priest, who died in 1597 Peter Cantor - French theologian (d. 1197) Peter Cellensis - Bishop of Chartres (d. 1183) Peter Chrysologus, Saint - Bishop of Ravenna, d. 450. Pious, zealous, and a renowned speaker--thus the name 'Chrysologus' Peter Claver, Saint - Biography of the Spanish Jesuit priest who for 33 years ministered to African slaves in the New World, and tried to stop the slave trade. Died in 1654 Peter Comestor - French theological writer (d. 1178) Peter Damian, Saint - Cardinal, Doctor of the Church. Died in 1072. Biographical article Peter de Blois - French statesman and theologian (1130-1203) Peter de Honestis - Medieval monk (1049-1119) Peter de Regalado, Saint - Spanish Franciscan of the Observance, reformer, d. 1456 Peter de Vinea - Most prominent statesman at the court of Frederick II (1190-1249) Peter Faber, Saint - French priest, one of the first Jesuits, d. 1546 Peter Fourier, Saint - Parish priest, founder of the Congregation of Notre-Dame, reformer, d. 1640 Peter Fullo - Intruding Monophysite Patriarch of Antioch (d. 488) Peter Gonzalez, Saint - Spanish Dominican, d. 1246. Patron saint of Spanish and Portuguese sailors Peter Igneus, Blessed - So-called because he successfully underwent trial by fire. Vallombrosian monk, Cardinal of Albano, d. 1089 Peter Lombard - Biobibliographical essay on the Master of the Sentences Peter-Louis-Marie Chanel, Saint - Two articles on the French Marist missionary. Martyred in 1841 Peter Mongus - Intruded Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria (d. 490) Peter Nolasco, Saint - Biographical article on the founder of the Mercedarians Peter of Alcántara, Saint - Spanish Franciscan priest, reformer, and mystic. Died in 1562 Peter of Alexandria, Saint - Became bishop of Alexandria in 300, and was martyred in 311 Peter of Aquila - Italian Franciscan theologian and bishop (d. 1361) Peter of Arbues, Saint - More correctly called Peter Arbues, a Spanish canon. Was inquisitor provincial in the Kingdom of Aragon. He was assassinated in 1485 Peter of Auvergne - Philosopher and theologian (d. 1310) Peter of Bergamo - Italian Dominican theologian (d. 1482) Peter of Montboissier, Blessed - Better known as Peter the Venerable. General of the Cluniac order, prominent at the General Council of Pisa, commissioned the first Latin translation of the Koran. Renowned for his virtue and learning. Died in 1156 Peter of Poitiers - French scholastic theologian (1130-1215) Peter of Sebaste, Saint - Brother of SS. Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Macrina the Younger. Peter was bishop of Sebaste, and died in 391 Peter of Verona, Saint - The son of Manichaeans, he became a Dominican. He was martyred in 1252, and canonized only one year later Peter Snow, Venerable - Short biographical profile of the English martyr, who died in 1598 Peterspence - The name traditionally given to an annual contribution or tribute (originally of a penny from each landowner) paid to the Holy See by various peoples of Christendom. Peterssen, Gerlac - Medieval monk (1377-1411) Peter the Hermit - Article on a man wrongly named by later writers as the instigator of the Crusades. In later life, Peter founded an abbey. He died in 1115 Peter Urseolus, Saint - The doge of Venice. He left his wife to become a Benedictine monk and later a hermit. Died in 987 Petinessus - Titular see in Galatia Secunda Petit-Didier, Matthieu - Benedictine theologian and ecclesiastical historian (1659-1728) Petitions to the Holy See - Requests for faculties, indults, dispensations and other favours, the granting of which is reserved to the Holy See Petra - Titular metropolitan see of Palaestina Tertia Petrarch, Francesco - Italian poet and humanist (1304-1374) Petre, Family of - One of those staunch families that have played a great part in the preservation of the Catholic Faith in England. Petrobrusians - Heretics of the twelfth century Petronilla, Saint - Virgin, martyred at Rome, probably at the end of the first century. She has been venerated as a saint since at least the fourth century Petronius, Saint - Bishop of Bologna, died sometime before 450 Petropolis - Diocese near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Petrus Alfonsus - A Jewish convert and controversialist (1062-1110) Petrus Bernardinus - Florentine heretic (1475-1502) Petrus Diaconus - The name of several men in ecclesiastical history and literature. Petrus de Natalibus - Venetian bishop, author of a collection of lives of the saints; date of birth unknown; d. between 1400 and 1406. Petun Nation - One of the three great divisions of the Huron Indians Peuerbach, George von - Austrian astronomer (1423-1461) Peutinger, Conrad - Antiquarian and humanist (1465-1547) Peyto, William - English cardinal (d. 1558) Pez - Autrian historian (1683-1735) Pfanner, Franz - Abbot (1825-1909) Pfefferkorn, Johannes - Convert from Judaism (1469-1521) Pfister, Adolf - German educationist (1810-1878) Pflug, Julius Von - The last Catholic Bishop of Naumburg-Zeitz (1499-1564) Pforta - Former Cistercian monastery (1137-1540) in Germany Phacusa - Titular see and suffragan of Pelusium, in Augustamnica Prima. Pharao - The title given in Sacred Scripture to the ancient kings of Egypt Pharbætus - Titular see and suffragan of Leontopolis, in Augustamnica Secunda. Pharisees - A politico-religious sect or faction among the adherents of later Judaism, that came into existence as a class about the third century B.C. . . . Pharsalus - Titular see and suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly. Phaselis - Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra. Phasga - A mountain of the Alarm range, east of the Jordan Phenomenalism - Philosophical theories that assert that there is no knowledge other than that of phenomena Philadelphia (Lydia) - Titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Sardes. Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) - Archdiocese in Pennsylvania, United States Philanthropinism - The system of education educed from the ideas of Rousseau and of the German 'Enlightenment', and established by Basedow on the basis of 'philanthropy'. Philastrius, Saint - Bishop of Brescia, died before 397. Catalogued heresies, and preached especially against Arianism Philemon - A citizen of Colossae, to whom St. Paul addressed a private letter, unique in the New Testament, which bears his name. Philip the Apostle, Saint - Brief article on this New Testament figure in Scripture and Christian tradition Philip II (Augustus) - King of France (1165-1223) Philip II - King of Spain (1527-1598) Philip IV - King of France (1268-1314) Philip of Jesus, Saint - Biography of the Mexican-born Franciscan martyr, the patron saint of Mexico City. Crucified in Nagasaki in 1597 Philip of the Blessed Trinity - Discalced Carmelite and theologian (1603-1671) Philip the Arabian - Emperor of Rome (reigned 244-249) Philip Romolo Neri, Saint - Biographical article on the Apostle of Rome, who died in 1595 Philippi - Macedonian town on the borders of Thracia Philippi - Titular metropolitan see in Macedonia. Philippians, Epistle to the - Epistle written by St. Paul to the Christians of Philippi Philippine Islands - An island nation in the Pacific Ocean Philippopolis - Titular metropolitan see of Thracia Secunda. Philippopolis - Titular see in Arabia, suffragan of Bostra. Philips, Peter - English priest (b. 1560) Philistines - Inhabitants of the maritime plain of Palestine from the time of Judges onward Phillip, Robert - French priest (d. 1647) Phillips, George - Austrian canonist (1804-1872) Philo Judæus - Article on his life, writings and doctrine, by Emile Brehier Philomelium - Titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch. Philomena, Saint - An article on St. Philomena, whose relics were discovered at the beginning of the nineteenth century Philosophy - Detailed article on the history of the 'love of wisdom' Philoxenus - One of the greatest masters of Syriac prose (d. 523) Phocæa - Titular see in Asia, suffragan of Ephesus. Phœnicia - A narrow strip of land, about 30 x 150 miles, shut in between the Mediterranean on the west and the high range of Lebanon on the east Photinus - Heretic, Galatian, deacon to Marcellus, Metropolitan of Ancyra (d. 376) Photius of Constantinople - Chief author of the great schism between East and West (b. c. 815) Phylacteries - Small square cases of leather, worn on the forehead and forearm, used for devotional purposes Physics, History of - An article on the history and theories of physics Physiocrats - Describes the origins of Physiocratic theory Physiologus - An early Christian work of a popular theological type, describing animals real or fabulous and giving each an allegorical interpretation. Piacenza - Diocese in central Italy Pianciani, Giambattista - Italian Jesuit scientist (1784-1862) Pianô Carpine, Giovanni da - Italian Franciscan (1182-1252) Piatto Cardinalizio - An allowance granted by the pope to certain cardinals Piatus of Mons - Belgian priest and canonist (1815-1904) Piauhy - Diocese in northeastern Brazil Piazza Armerina - Located in Sicily, Italy Piazzi, Giuseppe - Italian astronomer (1746-1826) Pibush, John - English priest and missionary to his native land, imprisoned for more than six years, on trial twice for the crime of being a priest, martyred at Waterings in 1600 or 1601 Picard, Jean - French astronomer (1620-1682) Piccolomini, Alessandro - Litterateur, philosopher, astronomer (1508-1578) Piccolomini-Ammannati, Jacopo - Italian cardinal (1422-1479) Pichler - Renowned Austrian family of gem-cutters who lived and died in Italy. Pichler, Vitus - German canonist and controversial writer (1670-1736) Pickering, Ven. Thomas - Benedictine lay brother, martyred in 1679 Piconio, Bernadine a - French Capuchin (1633-1709) Picture Bibles - In the Middle Ages the Church made use of pictures as a means of instruction, to supplement the knowledge acquired by reading or oral teaching Picquet, François - Sulpician missionary in Canada (1708-1781) Pie, Louis-Edouard-Désiré - French cardinal (1815-1880) Pieck, Saint Nicholas - Franciscan, studied at Louvain, was ordained a priest. He was martyred in 1572 Piedmont - A region of northern Italy Piel, Peter - A German pioneer in the movement for reform of church music (1835-1904) Pie Pelicane, Jesu, Domine - The sixth quatrain of Adoro Te Devote, sometimes used as a separate hymn at Benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament Pierius - Priest and probably head master of the catechetical school at Alexandria (d. after 309) Pierre de Castelnau, Blessed - Cistercian, worked for the conversion of the Albigensians, was martyred in 1208 Pierre de Maricourt - Article on this 13th-century theorist of optics and magnetism, written by Pierre Duhem Pierron, Jean - French missionary (b. 1631) Pierson, Philippe - Belgian Jesuit (1642-1688) Pietism - Seventeenth-century Protestant reform movement Pighius, Albert - Theologian, mathematician, and astronomer (1490-1542) Pignatelli, Venerable Giuseppe Maria - Jesuit priest, novice master, provincial, d. 1811 Pike, William - A Dorset layman, a joiner by trade. Converted to Catholicism. He was martyred in 1591 Pilar, Nuestra Señora del - 'Our Lady of the Pillar', a celebrated church and shrine, at Saragossa, Spain, containing a miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Pilate, Pontius - Fifth procurator of Judea (A.D. 26-36) who ordered the crucifixion of Our Lord Pilchard, Venerable Thomas - Or Pilcher. Short biography of the English priest and martyr. He was executed at Dorchester, 21 March 1586 or 1587 Pileolus - The small, round skullcap of the ecclesiastic Pilgrimage of Grace - A religious rising in the north of England in 1536. Pilgrimages - Journeys made to some place with the purpose of venerating it, or in order to ask there for supernatural aid, or to discharge some religious obligation. Piligrim - Bishop of Passau (d. 991) Pillar of Cloud/Fire - A luminous cloud that accompanied the Israelites during their wandering Pima Indians - An important tribe of Southern Arizona, centering along the middle Gila and the Salt River. Pinara - Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra Pinar del Rio - Diocese in Cuba Pindemonte, Ippolito - Italian poet (1753-1828) Pineda, John de - Spanish Jesuit (1558-1637) Pinerolo - Diocese near Turin in Italy Pingré, Alexandre Guy - French theologian and astronomer (1711-1796) Pinna da Encarnaçao, Mattheus - Brazilian writer and theologian (1687-1764) Pinto, Fernão Mendes - Portuguese traveller (1509-1583) Pinturicchio - Italian artist (1454-1513) Pinzón, Martín Alonso - Spanish navigator and companion of Columbus (1441-1493) Piombo, Sebastiano del - Venetian portrait painter (1485-1547) Pionius, Saint - Martyred at Smyrna in 250 Pious Fund of the Californias, The - Originated in 1697 in voluntary donations made to Jesuits in Mexico for the propagation of the Faith in California Pious Society of Missions, The - Founded by Vincent Mary Pallotti in 1835; generally called Pallottini Fathers. Piranesi, Giambattista - Italian etcher and engraver (1720-1778) Pirhing, Ernricus - German Jesuit (1606-1681) Pirkheimer - Poor Clare abbess (1466-1532) Piro Indians - A tribe of considerable importance in northeastern Peru Pisa - Archdiocese in Tuscany in central Italy Pisa, Council of - council held in the fifteenth century to settle the question of the Great Western Schism Pisa, University of - In the eleventh century there were many jurisconsults at Pisa who lectured on law; prominent among them were Opitone and Sigerdo. . . Pisano, Andrea - An Italian sculptor and architect, b. 1270; d. 1349 Pisano, Niccola - Pisan architect and sculptor (1205-1278) Piscataway Indians - The first Indian tribe whose Christianization was attempted under English auspices Piscina - Liturgical structures used in baptisms or priestly ablutions Pise, Charles Constantine - Priest, poet, and prose writer (1801-1866) Pisidia - A country in the southwestern part of Asia Minor Pistoia, Synod of - Held in 1786 by Scipio de' Ricci in an effort to advance Jansenism Pistoia and Prato - Diocese near Florence, Italy Pistorius, Johann - German controversialist and historian (1546-1608) Pithou, Pierre - French writer (1539-1596) Pitoni, Joseph - Italian musician (1657-1743) Pitra, Jean-Baptiste-François - Cardinal, archaeologist and theologian (1812-1889) Pitts, John - English priest (1560-1616) Pittsburgh - Diocese in western Pennsylvania in the United States of America Pityus - Titular see in Pontus Polemoniacus, suffragan of Neocaesarea. Pius I, Pope Saint - He excommunicated Marcion, and died in about 154 Pius II, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1458 to 1464 Pius III, Pope - Pope who reigned for four weeks in 1503 Pius IV, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1559 to 1565 Pius V, Pope Saint - Biography of the sixteenth-century pontiff Pius VI, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1775 to 1799 Pius VII, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1800 to 1823 Pius VIII, Pope - Pope who reigned from 1829 to 1830 Pius IX, Pope - Biography of this pope, who died in 1878 Pius X, Pope Saint - Long article on the pontiff Piusverein - The name given to Catholic associations in various countries of Europe. Pizarro, Francisco - Concise biographical article on the explorer Placidus, Saint - An early follower of St. Benedict Plagues of Egypt - Ten calamities inflicted on the Egyptians to overcome Pharaoh's obstinacy and force him to let the Israelites to leave Egypt Plain Chant - Description and history of the precursor to Gregorian chant Plantaganet, Henry Beaufort - Cardinal, Bishop of Winchester (1377-1447) Plantin, Christophe - Book-binder and publisher in Antwerp (1514-1589) Plants in the Bible - Discusses all of the types of plants mentioned in the Sacred Scriptures Plasencia - Diocese in Italy Plateau, Joseph-Antoine - Belgian physicist (1801-1883) Platina, Bartolomeo - Humanist and Vatican librarian (1421-1481) Plato and Platonism - Greek philosopher (b. c. 428 B.C.) Play, Pierre-Guillaume-Frédéric Le - French economist (1806-1882) Plegmund - Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 914) Plenarium - A book of formulae and texts. Plenary Council - A canonical term applied to various kinds of ecclesiastical synods. Plessis, Joseph-Octave - Bishop of Quebec (1763-1822) Plethon, Georgius Gemistus - Philosopher in Constantinople (1355-1450) Plock - Diocese near Warsaw Plowden, Charles - English Jesuit (1743-1821) Plowden, Edmund - English jurist and writer (1517-1584) Plowden, Francis - English jurist and writer (1749-1819) Plowden, Robert - Belgian Jesuit (1740-1823) Plowden, Thomas - English Jesuit (1594-1664) Plowden, Thomas Percy - English Jesuit (1672-1745) Plumier, Charles - French botanist (1646-1704) Plunket, Blessed Oliver - Biographical article on the professor of theology, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, martyred in 1681 Pluscarden Priory - Valliscaulian monastery founded in 1230 Plymouth - Diocese in England Pneumatomachi (Macedonians) - A fourth- and fifth-century heretical sect that denied the divinity of the Holy Ghost Poetry, Hebrew, of the Old Testament - No one can read attentively the poorest version of the Old Testament without feeling how strong a vein of poetry runs through its pages. . . Poggio Bracciolini, Giovanni Francesco - Italian humanist and historian (1380-1459) Poggio Mirteto - Diocese in central Italy Pogla - Titular see in Pamphylia Secunda Poitiers - Diocese and city in France Poland - Country in eastern Europe Polding, John Bede - Archbishop of Sydney (1794-1877) Pole, Blessed Margaret - Biography of the Countess of Salisbury, martyred in 1541 Pole, Reginald - English cardinal (1500-1558) Polemonium - Titular see in Pontus Polemoniacus, suffragan of Neocaesarea. Poleni, Giovanni - Italian marquess, physicist, and antiquarian (1683-1761) Poles in the United States - Covers the causes and history of the Polish immigration Policastro - Diocese near Salerno in southern Italy Polignac, Melchior de - Cardinal, diplomatist, and writer (1661-1742) Polish Literature - Of the literature of Poland before the advent of Christianity (965) very few traces indeed are extant . . . Politi, Lancelot - Siennese canon lawyer (1483-1553) Politian - Italian humanist (1454-1494) Political Economy, Science of - The social science which treats of man's activities in providing the material means to satisfy his wants Pollajuolo, Antonio and Piero Benci - Florentine portrait painters in the fifteenth century Polo, Marco - Venetian traveller (1251-1324) Polybotus - Titular see in Phrygia Salutaris, suffragan of Synnada. Polycarp, Saint - Long article on what we can know about St. Polycarp, from ancient sources. Martyred in 155 Polycarpus - The title of a canonical collection in eight books composed in Italy by Cardinal Gregorius. Polyglot Bibles - The first Bible which may be considered a Polyglot is that edited at Alcala, Spain, in 1502-17 . . . Polystylum - Titular see of Macedonia Secunda, suffragan of Philippi. Polytheism - The belief in, and consequent worship of, many gods. Pomaria - Titular see in Mauretania Caesarea. Pombal, Marquis de - Portuguese prime minister (1699-1782) Pomerania - Prussian province on the Baltic Sea situated on both banks of the River Oder Pompeiopolis - Titular see in Paphlagonia. Pomponazzi, Pietro - Short article on the philosopher, by U. Benigni Ponce, John - Irish philosopher and theologian (1603-1670) Ponce de León, Juan - Concise biographical article on the explorer Poncet, Joseph Anthony de la Rivière - French missionary (1610-1675) Pondicherry - Archdiocese located in India Pontefract Priory - Cluniac monastery founded about 1090 in England Pontian, Pope Saint - He was exiled to the Sardinian mines in 235 and died there of privation Pontifical Colleges - Institutions of higher learning placed under the Holy See Pontifical Decorations - The titles of nobility, orders of Christian knighthood and other marks of honour and distinction which the papal court confers upon men of unblemished character who have in any way promoted the interests of society, the Church, and the Holy See Pontifical Mass - The solemn Mass celebrated by a bishop with the ceremonies prescribed in the 'Caeremoniale Episcoporum' Pontificale - A liturgical book which contains the rites for the performance of certain episcopal functions Pontificalia - Episcopal insignia which are rightfully worn by bishops alone Pontigny, Abbey of - Second daughter of Citeaux in the Diocese of Sens Pontius Carbonell - Spanish Franciscan (d. 1320) Pontius Pilate - Fifth procurator of Judea (A.D. 26-36) who ordered the crucifixion of Our Lord Pontus - The ancient name of the northeastern province of Asia Minor, a long and narrow strip of land in the Black Sea, from which the designation was later transferred to the country. Pools in Scripture - In the English Bibles, the word 'pool' stands for three Hebrew words . . . Poona - Diocese in India Poor, Care of, by the Church - The care of the poor is a branch of charity, which is the exercise of mercy toward one's fellowman rooted in the love of God Poor, Little Sisters of the - An active, unenclosed religious congregation founded 1839 in Brittany Poor Brothers of St. Francis Seraphicus - Congregation of lay brothers of the Third Order of St. Francis Poor Catholics - A religious mendicant order, organized in 1208, to reunite the Waldenses with the Church and combat heresies such as Albigensianism Poor Child Jesus, Sisters of the - A congregation founded at Aachen in 1844 for the support and education of poor, orphan, and destitute children Poor Clares - The second order of St. Francis Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ - Religious community founded by Catherine Kasper Poor, Sisters of the, of St. Francis - A congregation founded by Mother Frances Schervier at Aachen in the year 1845 Poor Handmaids of the Mother of God - Religious congregation founded in 1808 by Mother Mary Magdalen Taylor in conjunction with Lady Georgiana Fullerton Poor Laws - Those legal enactments which have been made at various periods of the world's history in many countries for the relief of various forms of distress and sickness prevailing amongst the destitute. Popayán - Archdiocese established by Pope Paul III in 1547 Pope, The - The bishop of Rome, successor of St. Peter, chief of the whole Church, and the Vicar of Christ on earth Popes, Chronological Lists of the - The historical lists of popes, from those drawn up in the second century to those of the present day, form in themselves a considerable body of literature . . . Popes, Election of the - The pope becomes chief pastor because he is the Bishop of Rome; he does not become Bishop of Rome because he has been chosen to be head of the universal Church . . . Popes, List of - In chronological order. Links to a biographical essay on each. For popes up through Pope St. Pius X (d. 1914), entries are taken from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. Information on later popes is taken from Joseph Brusher's 'Popes Through the Ages.' Pope, Alexander - English poet, son of Alexander Pope (1688-1744) Poppo, Saint - Cluniac Benedictine abbot and reformer. Died in 1048 Popular Devotions - Brief explanation of the spiritual practices collectively called 'devotions' or 'popular devotions.' Population, Theories of - Down to the end of the eighteenth century, very little attention was given to the relation between increase of population and increase of subsistence. . . Porch (or Vestibule, in Architecture) - A hall projecting in front of the facade of a church, found from the fifth century both in the East and the West Pordenone, Giovanni Antonio - Italian painter (1483-1539) Pordenone, Ordric of - Franciscan missionary (1286-1331) Pormort, Ven. Thomas - English priest twice imprisoned. The second time he was tortured, and finally martyred in 1592 Porphyreon - Titular see, suffragan of Tyre in Phoenicia Prima. Porphyrius, Saint - Bishop of Gaza, died in 420 Porrecta, Serafino - Italian theologian (1536-1614) Porta, Carlo - Milanese poet (1775-1821) Porta, Giacomo della - Architect and sculptor (1541-1604) Portalegre - Suffragan diocese of Lisbon, Portugal, established by Pope Julius III in 1550 Port Augusta - Diocese in southern Australia Port-au-Prince - Archdiocese and city in Haiti Porter, George - Archbishop of Bombay (1825-1889) Portable Altar - Consists of a solid piece of natural stone which must be sufficiently hard to resist every fracture Porter - A minor order also called "doorkeeper" Portiuncula - A town and parish near Assisi, Italy Portland - Diocese in Maine; suffragan of Boston Port Louis - Diocese in the Indian Ocean Porto Alegre - Archdiocese in eastern Brazil Porto Alegre - Diocese and city in Brazil Porto and Santa-Rufina - United diocese in Italy Port of Spain - Archdiocese and town in Trinidad Porto Rico - More properly spelled 'Puerto Rico'; the smallest and most easterly of the Greater Antilles Portoviejo - Diocese near Quito in Ecuador Portraits of the Apostles - The earliest fresco representing Christ surrounded by the Apostles dates from the beginning of the fourth century. . . Port-Royal - A celebrated Benedictine abbey which profoundly influenced the religious and literary life of France during the seventeenth century. Portsmouth - Diocese in England, created in 1882 Portugal - A country on the west side of the Iberian Peninsula Portuguese Literature - The Portuguese language was developed gradually from the 'lingua rustica' spoken in the countries which formed part of the Roman Empire . . . Portuguese East Africa - Portuguese activity on that coast began in 1505 with the foundation of the Captaincy of Sofala, and in 1558 a fortress was built at Mozambique . . . Portuguese West Africa - The name usually given to the Province of Angola. Port Victoria - Diocese in the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean Positivism - A system of philosophical and religious doctrines elaborated by Auguste Comte. Possenti, Blessed Gabriel - Passionist student, d. 1862 Possession, Demonical - The control of a man's body — though never his soul — from within by evil spirits Possevinus, Antonius - Theologian and papal envoy (1533-1611) Possidius, Saint - Bishop of Calama, was a friend of St. Augustine for 40 years Postcommunion - The final prayers of thanksgiving and petition at the end of every Mass Postgate, Nicholas - Brief profile of the English priest and martyr, who died at York in 1679 Postulant - A preliminary stage to the novitiate existing from the institution of monasticism. Postulation - A petition presented to a competent ecclesiastical superior, that he may promote to a certain dignity a person who is not strictly eligible on account of some canonical impediment Potawatomi Indians - An important tribe of Algonquin linguistic stock Pothier, Robert Joseph - French lawyer (1699-1772) Pouget, Jean-François-Albert du - French anthropologist (1817-1904) Pounde, Thomas - English lay brother (1538-1612) Poussin, Nicolas - An article about the artist, with bibliography Poverty - Discusses poverty as a concept and canonical discipline Poverty and Pauperism - Persons whose existence is dependent for any considerable period upon charitable assistance, whether this assistance be public or private. Powel, Philip - Short biography of the Benedictine priest and martyr. He was executed at Tyburn in 1646 Powell, Blessed Edward - Biography of the Welsh priest, Bl. Thomas Abel's companion in martyrdom, d. 1506 Poynter, William - English priest (1762-1827) Pozzo, Andreas - Italian painter and architect (1642-1709) Pozzuoli - Diocese near Naples in southern Italy Prades, Jean-Martin de - Theologian (1720-1782) Prado, Jerome de - Spanish exegete (1547-1595) Praelatus Nullius - A prelate who exercises quasi-episcopal jurisdiction in a territory not comprised in any diocese Pragmatic Sanction - An edict formally issued by the emperor or king Pragmatism - As a tendency in philosophy, signifies the insistence on usefulness or practical consequences as a test of truth. Prague - An archdiocese in Bohemia. Prague, University of - Founded by Charles IV in 1345 Praxeas - An early anti-Montanist mentioned by Tertullian Praxedes and Pudentiana - Martyrs of an unknown era. Pray, George - Hungarian abbot, canon, librarian and historian (1723-1801) Pray Brethren - The exhortation addressed by the celebrant to the people before the Secrets in the Roman Mass Prayer - The raising of the heart and mind to God Prayer, Lord's - Although the Latin term oratio dominica is of early date, the phrase 'Lord's Prayer' does not seem to have been generally familiar in England before the Reformation. During the Middle Ages the 'Our Father' was always said in Latin, even by the uneducated. Hence it was then most commonly known as the Pater noster Prayer-Books - A collection of forms of prayer intended for private devotion, and in so far distinct from the 'service books' which contain the liturgical formularies used in public worship. Prayer of Christ, Feast of the - A feast that commemorates the prolonged prayer which Christ offered in Gethsemane in preparation for His Sacred Passion. Prayer of Quiet - A degree of contemplation in which the soul experiences an extraordinary peace and rest Prayers for the Dead - Catholic teaching regarding prayers for the dead is bound up inseparably with the doctrine of purgatory and the more general doctrine of the communion of the saints, which is an article of the Apostle's Creed Preacher Apostolic - A dignitary of the pontifical household. Preachers, Order of - An extensive article about several branches of the Dominicans, including their history Preadamites - The supposed inhabitants of the earth prior to Adam. Prebend - The right of a member of a chapter to his share in the revenues of the cathedral; also the share to which he is entitled Precaria - A contract granting to a petitioner the use and usufruct of a revenue-bearing ecclesiastical property Precedence - The right to enjoy a prerogative of honour before other persons Precentor - A word describing sometimes an ecclesiastical dignitary, sometimes an administrative or ceremonial officer Precept - Precept, in its common acceptation, is opposed to 'counsel', inasmuch as the former imposes an obligation, while the latter is a persuasion Precious Blood - The blood of our Divine Saviour. Precious Blood, Archconfraternity of the Most - Confraternities which make it their special object to venerate the Blood of Christ Precious Blood, Congregation of the Most - An association of secular priests living in community, whose principal aim is to give missions and retreats. Precious Blood, Congregations of the - A congregation of nuns, no longer in existence, founded by Mother Ballou with the assistance of St. Francis de Sales, as an offshoot of the reformed Cistercianesses. Precious Blood, Feast of the Most - For many dioceses there are two days to which the Office of the Precious Blood has been assigned, the office being in both cases the same. . . Precipiano, Humbert-Guillaume de, Count - Prelate (1626-1711) Preconization - The ratification in a public consistory of the choice made by a third person of a particular benefice Predestinarianism - A heresy which reduces the eternal salvation of the elect as well as the eternal damnation of the reprobate to one cause alone, namely to the sovereign will of God, and thereby excludes the free co-operation of man as a secondary factor in bringing about a happy or unhappy future in the life to come. Predestination - Those divine decrees which have reference to the supernatural end of rational beings, especially of man Preface - The first part of the Eucharistic prayers in all rites Prefect Apostolic - A type of ecclesiastical jurisdiction Prefecture Apostolic (Supplemental List) - A list of the prefectures Apostolic that have been erected or changed during the publication of the earlier volumes of this work Prelate - The holder of a prelature Prémare, Joseph Henri Marie de - Jesuit missionary and sinologist (1666-1736) Premonstratensian Canons - Religious order founded in 1120 by St. Norbert Prémontré, Abbey of - Located in France; founded by St. Norbert. Presbyterianism - One of the groups of ecclesiastical bodies that represent the features of Protestantism emphasized by Calvin. Presbytery - The part of the church reserved for the higher clergy Prescription - A method created by law for acquiring ownership or ridding oneself of certain burdens on the fulfilment of fixed conditions Prescription in Civil Jurisprudence - Prescription 'in some form and under some name' is said to have existed as a part of the municipal law of every civilized nation, except the Jewish . . . Presence, Real - Article considers: the fact of the Real Presence; the several allied dogmas grouped about it; and the speculations of reason, so far as speculative investigation regarding the august mystery under its various aspects is permissible, and so far as it is desirable to illumine it by the light of philosophy Presence of God - It is of faith that God is present by His essence everywhere and in all things by reason of His 'immensity' . . . Presentation, Feast of the - Also called: Purification of the Blessed Virgin, Feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple Presentation, Order of the - An order founded at Cork, Ireland Presentation, Religious Congregations of the - Various religious orders Presentation, Right of - The naming to the ecclesiastical authorities of a suitable cleric for a particular benefice. Presentation Brothers - In the early part of the nineteenth century when the Penal Laws were relaxed, and the ban which was placed on the Catholic education of youth in Ireland . . . Presentation of Mary, Congregation of the - French congregation devoted to the education of young girls Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the - According to some apocryphal writings, Mary, at the age of three, was brought by her parents to the Temple, in fulfillment of a vow, there to be educated Prester John - Name of a legendary Eastern priest and king. Preston, Thomas - English Benedictine (d. 1640) Preston, Thomas Scott - New York priest, convert and author (1824-1891) Presumption - A product of pride, and a vice opposed to the theological virtue of hope Presumption - A term signifying a reasonable conjecture concerning something doubtful, drawn from arguments and appearances, which by the force of circumstances can be accepted as a proof Pretorium - The building Pilate occupied at the time of Christ's Passion Pride - The excessive love of one's own excellence. Priene - Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ephesus. Priest - The minister of Divine worship and sacrifice Priest, Assistant - The first and highest in dignity of the ministers who assist the bishop in pontifical functions. Priest, High - The chief priest in the Old Testament Priesthood - Brief yet thorough examination of this sacrament Priestly Perseverance, Association of - A sacerdotal association founded in 1868 at Vienna, and at first confined to that Archdiocese Priests, Confraternities of - A society of persons associated for some pious object. Priests' Communion League - Association of priests established at Rome in 1906 Priests' Eucharistic League - Established in Paris by Pierre-Julien Eymard Primacy - The supreme episcopal jurisdiction of the pope as pastor and governor of the Universal Church Primadicci, James - Born at Bologna; died in the same city in 1460 Primate - A bishop possessing superior authority, not only over the bishops of his own province, but over several provinces and metropolitans Prime - Article on the office of Prime, now suppressed Primer, The - The common English name for a book of devotions which from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century was the ordinary prayer-book used by the laity. Primicerius - The heads of the colleges of Notarii and Defensores, which occupied an important place in the early administration of the Church Primus and Felician, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution, in about 304 Prince Albert, Diocese of - Suffragan see in Saskatchewan, Canada. Prior - A monastic superior. Prioress - A superioress in a monastic community for women Priory - A monastery whose superior is a prior. Prisca, Saint - Roman martyr of unknown date Priscianus - Sixth-century Latin grammarian Priscilla and Aquila - Jewish tentmakers, who left Rome in the Jewish persecution under Claudius, 49 or 50, and settled in Corinth Priscillianism - A heresy that originated in Spain in the fourth century and was derived from the Gnostic-Manichaean doctrines taught by Marcus, an Egyptian from Memphis. Prisons - Discusses the history of prisons, as well as the influence of Christianity in their development and modern reform Prisons, Ecclesiastical - The ecclesiastical idea of imprisonment is that confinement be made use of both as a punishment and as affording an opportunity for reformation and reflection. . . Privilege - A permanent concession made by a legislator outside of the common law Privileged Altar - An altar is said to be privileged when, in addition to the ordinary fruits of the Eucharistic Sacrifice, a plenary indulgence is also granted whenever Mass is celebrated thereon Privileges, Ecclesiastical - Exceptions to the Law made in favour of the clergy or in favour of consecrated and sacred objects and places. Proba, Faltonia - Christian poetess of the fourth century. Probabilism - The moral system which holds that, when there is question solely of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an action, it is permissible to follow a solidly probable opinion in favour of liberty even though the opposing view is more probable. Probus, Marcus Aurelius - Roman Emperor (276-82) Probus, Tarachus, and Andronicus, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (c. 304) Processional, Roman - This book consists of a single section of the Roman Ritual with sundry supplementary materials taken from the Missal and the Pontifical. Processional Cross - A crucifix which is carried at the head of a procession, and which is usually mounted upon a long staff or handle Processions - Processions, an element in all ceremonial, are to be found, as we should expect, in almost every form of religious worship. . . . Processus and Martinian, Saints - Martyrs venerated since the fourth century at the latest Proclus, Saint - Patriarch of Constantinople, disciple of St. John Chrysostom, and died in 446 or 447 Proconnesus - A titular see in Hellespont Procopius of Caesarea - Biographical article providing an overview of the historian's life and major writings Procter, Adelaide Anne - English poetess and philanthropist (1825-1864) Procurator - A person who manages the affairs of another by virtue of a charge received from him. Profession, Religious - Describes both a declaration openly made, and a state of life publicly embraced Promise, Divine - Embraces promises made by man to his fellowman, by man to God, and by God to man Promotor Fidei - An official of the Roman Congregation of Rites Promulgation - The act by which the legislative power makes legislative enactments known to the authorities entrusted with their execution and to the subjects bound to observe them Proof - The establishment of a disputed or controverted matter by lawful means or arguments. Propaganda, Sacred Congregation of - The department of the pontifical administration charged with the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries. Propagation of the Faith, The Society for the - An international association for the assistance by prayers and alms of Catholic missionary priests, brothers, and nuns engaged in preaching the Gospel in non-Catholic countries. Property - The person who enjoys the full right to dispose of it insofar as is not forbidden by law Property, Ecclesiastical - That the Church has the right to acquire and possess temporal goods is a proposition which may now probably be considered an established principle. But though almost self-evident and universally acted upon in practice, this truth has met with many contradictors. . . Property, Ecclesiastical, in the United States - The Third Plenary Council of Baltimore decreed: 'We must hold, holily and inviolably, that the complete right of ownership and dominion over ecclesiastical goods resides in the Church' . . . Prophecy - Says that in the strict sense, prophecy is the revelation of future events, but points out that in Scripture, prophecy may also be related to the gift of knowledge and sometimes is used to refer to divine inspiration concerning any secret Prophecy, Prophet, and Prophetess - Discusses prophecy and prophets in the Old and New Testaments Proprium - Forms in the present liturgy the two principal portions of our breviary and missals Proschko, Franz Isidor - Austrian author (1816-1891) Prose or Sequence - A liturgical hymn used on certain festivals before the Gospel in the Mass Proselyte - As used in the New Testament, a convert to Judaism Proske, Karl - Silesian physician (1794-1861) Prosper of Aquitaine, Tiro - Christian writer and disciple of St. Augustine (c. 390-465) Protasius and Gervasius, Saints - Martyred in Milan, probably in the second century Protector, Altar - A cover made of cloth, baize or velvet which is placed on the table of the altar, during the time in which the sacred functions do not take place Protectorate of Missions - The right of protection exercised by a Christian power in an infidel country with regard to the persons and establishments of the missionaries. Protectories - The institutions for the shelter and training of the young, designed to afford neglected or abandoned children shelter, food, clothing and education Protestant Episcopal Church - Protestant denomination born from Anglicanism Protestantism - Discussion of Protestant beliefs and doctrines Prothonotary Apostolic - A member of the highest college of prelates in the Roman Curia Protocol - The formula used at the beginning of public acts drawn up by notaries; also, the compact register in which notaries register these acts; finally, the first draft of these acts Protopope - A priest of higher rank in the Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches, corresponding in general to the Western archpriest or dean. Protus and Hyacinth, Saints - Martyrs in the Valerian persecution (257-259) Prout, Father - The name by which Irish author Father Francis Mahony is generally known Provancher, Léon Abel - Quebec naturalist (1820-1892) Proverbs, Book of - One of the Sapiential writings of the Old Testament Providence, Congregations of (I) - Focuses on the Daughters of Providence in particular Providence, Congregations of (II) - Focuses on the Sisters of Providence in particular Providence, Congregations of (III) - Focuses on the Sisters of Charity in Montreal Providence, Congregations of (IV) - Describes the Sisters of Sainte Anne in Turin Providence, Congregations of (V) - Sisters of the Institute of Charity Providence, Diocese of - Diocese in Rhode Island in the United States Providence, Divine - Providence is God Himself considered in that act by which in His wisdom He so orders all events within the universe that the end for which it was created may be realized. Province, Ecclesiastical - An ecclesiastical administrative district under the jurisdiction of an archbishop. Provincial - An officer acting under the superior general of a religious order, and exercising a general supervision over all the local superiors in a division of the order called a province. Provincial Council - A deliberative assembly of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province, summoned and presided over by the metropolitan, to discuss ecclesiastical affairs and enact disciplinary regulations for the province. Provision, Canonical - A term signifying regular induction into a benefice Provisors, Statute of - The English statute usually so designated is the 25th of Edward III . . . Provost - An official in a chapter Prudence - One of the four cardinal virtues Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens - Biographical article on the poet Prudentius - Bishop of Troyes (d. 861) Prüm - Former Benedictine abbey near Trier, founded in 720 Prusias ad Hypium - Titular see, suffragan of Claudiopolis in the Honoriad. Prussia - The Kingdom of Prussia covers 134,616 square miles and includes about 64.8 per cent of the area of the German Empire. Przemysl - Latin see in Galicia, suffragan of Lemberg Przemysl, Sambor, and Sanok - Eastern Catholic diocese of Western Galicia in Austria Psalms - The Psalter, or Book of Psalms, is the first book of the 'Writings', i.e. of the third section of the printed Hebrew Bible of today. Psalms, Alphabetic - Psalms that begin with the successive letters of the alphabet. Psalterium - The Book of the Psalms only concerns us here in so far as it was transcribed and used for liturgical purposes. . . Psaume, Nicholas - Bishop of Verdun (1518-1575) Psellus, Michael - Byzantine statesman, scholar and author (1018-1078) Psychology - The science which treats of the soul and its operations Psychotherapy - That branch of therapeutics which uses the mind to influence the body Ptolemais - Titular see in Egypt, metropolis of Thebais Secunda. Ptolemais - Also called Saint-Jean d'Acre Ptolemy the Gnostic - Second-century heretic and personal disciple of Valentinus. Public Authority - The moral power of command, supported by physical coercion, which the State exercises over its members Publican - A member or employee of the Roman financial companies who collected the taxes. Public Honesty (Decency) - A diriment matrimonial impediment consisting in a relationship, which arises from a valid betrothal, or from a marriage approved by the Church but not consummated. Pueblo Indians - Indians of central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona Puget, Pierre - Painter, sculptor, architect, and naval constructor (1622-1694) Pugh, George Ellis - American jurist and statesman (1822-1876) Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore - Life and work of the architect Puiseux, Victor-Alexandre - French mathematician and astronomer (1820-1883) Pulaski, Casimir - Polish-American patriot and soldier (1748-1779) Pulati - Ancient diocese located in former Albania Pulcheria, Saint - Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire, staunch opponent of Nestorianism and Eutychianism, d. 453 Pulci, Luigi - Italian poet (1432-1484) Pullen, Robert - Medieval theologian (d. 1147) Pullus, Robert - Twelfth-century Cardinal, English philosopher and theologian Pulpit - An elevated stand to preach on Punishment, Capital - The infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Puno - Diocese near Lima, Peru Purcell, John Baptist - Archbishop of Cincinnati (1800-1883) Purgative Way - Stages in the spiritual life Purgatorial Societies - Pious associations or confraternities in the Catholic Church, which have as their purpose to assist in every possible way the poor souls in purgatory. Purgatory - A place or condition of temporal punishment for those who, departing this life in God's grace, are, not entirely free from venial faults, or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions. Purgatory, St. Patrick's - This celebrated sanctuary in Donegal dates from the days of St. Patrick . . . Purim - Jewish feast that commemorates the deliverance of the Jews from Haman Puritans - In its original meaning it signified those who strove for a worship purified from all taint of Catholicism . . . Pusey and Puseyism - Anglican divine, patristic scholar, voluminous writer, preacher and controversialist (1800-1882) Pustet - The name of a family of well-known Catholic publishers. Putative Marriage - A matrimonial alliance which is commonly reputed to be valid, and is sincerely believed by one at least of the contracting parties to be so in the eyes of the Church, because entered into in good faith; but which in reality is null and void, owing to the existence of a diriment impediment Puteanus, Erycius - Belgian humanist and philologist (1574-1646) Putzer, Joseph - Theologian and canonist (1836-1904) Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre - French painter (1824-1898) Puyallup Indians - Tribe of Salishan linguistic stock in Washington Pyrker, Johann Ladislaus von Oberwart - Hungarian priest (1772-1847) Pyrrhonism - A system of skepticism founded by the Greek philosopher Pyrrho Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism - Concise summary of doctrines attributed to Pythagoras Pyx - Small vessel in which the Holy Eucharist is carried to the sick.

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Q Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Quadragesima - Denotes a season of preparation by fasting and prayer, to imitate the example of Christ Quadratus - Second-century Christian apologist Quakers - Quakers, an Anglo-American religious sect Quality - Various definitions of quality and its forms or divisions Quam singulari - 1910 decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Sacraments on the age at which children are to be admitted to first Communion Quamichan Indians - Small tribe attached to Cowachan agency, at the southeast end of Vancouver, British Columbia Quantity - Interpretations of quantity as either a physical or theoretical abstraction Quapaw Indians - An early tribe from the lower Mississippi region Quarantines - A strict ecclesiastical penance of forty days Quaresmius, Franciscus - Seventeenth-century writer and Orientalist (1583-1650) Quebec, Archdiocese of - Comprises thirteen counties in Canada Quebec, The Province of - Gives a brief history of this Canadian province and talks about Quebec at the beginning of the twentieth century. Article originally published in 1911 Quelen, Hyacinthe-Louis De - Archbishop of Paris (1778-1839) Quem terra, pontus, sidera - Ancient hymn in honour of the Blessed Virgin Queen's Daughters - American religious and charitable society, organized to supplement the work done by the members of the Conference of St. Vincent de Paul Quercia, Jacopo Della - Italian sculptor (1374-1438) Querétaro, Diocese of - Located in Mexico; suffragan of Michoacan Quesnel, Pasquier - French writer (1634-1719) Quevedo, Juan de - Spanish Franciscan (b. 1519) Quiche - Principal aboriginal tribe of Guatemala Quichua Indians - Peruvian and Ecuadoran tribe Quicumque Christum Quæritis - Opening line of the twelfth and last poem in the 'Cathemerinon' of Prudentius Quierzy, Councils of - Series of five councils held in a French village between 838 and 858 Quiet, Prayer of - A degree of contemplation in which the soul experiences an extraordinary peace and rest Quietism - Doctrine which declares that man's highest perfection consists in a sort of psychical self-annihilation and a consequent absorption of the soul into the Divine Essence even during the present life Quilon, Diocese of - Indian diocese, suffragan of Verapoly Quimper, Diocese of - French diocese, including the Department of Finistere Quin, Michael Joseph - Irish journalist (1796-1843) Quinctianus, Saints - Several saints named Quinctianus appear in martyrologies, but almost nothing is known about most of them Quiñones, Francis - Spanish Cardinal (1482-1540) Quinquagesima - The period of fifty days before Easter Quintana, Agustín - Missionary and Indian philologist (d. 1784) Quiricus and Julitta - Martyrs in the Diocletian persecution Quirini, Angelo Maria - Cardinal and scholar (1680-1755) Quirinus, Saints - Article discusses several saints of this name Quito, Archdiocese of - Comprises two dioceses and four sees in Ecuador Qur'an, The - The sacred book of the Muslims, by whom it is regarded as the revelation of God

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R Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Rabanus, Blessed Maurus Magnentius - Biographical article on this Benedictine, abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mainz, theologian, who died in 856 Rabbi and Rabbinism - Article covering a 1913 Catholic view of Rabbinism Rabbulas - Bishop of Edessa (d. 435) Rabelais, François - Sixteenth-century French writer Raccolta - A book containing prayers and pious exercises to which the popes have attached indulgences Race, Human - Article describing the view of the human race from a 1911 Catholic perspective Race, Negro - Article describing the view of the negro race from a 1911 Catholic perspective Rachel - Mother of Joseph and Benjamin, and love of Jacob Racine, Jean - Brief biography of the seventeenth-century dramatist Rader, Matthew - Philologist and historian (1561-1634) Radewyns, Florens - Co-founder of the Brethren of the Common Life (d. 1400) Radowitz, Joseph Maria von - Writer and statesman (1797-1853) Radulph of Rivo - Historian and liturgist (d. 1403) Raffeix, Pierre - Missionary and cartographer (1633-1724) Ragueneau, Paul - Jesuit missionary (1608-1680) Ragusa - Diocese in Dalmatia, suffragan of Zara Raich, Johann Michael - German theologian and writer (1832-1907) Rail, Altar - The railing which guards the sanctuary and separates the latter from the body of the church. Also called the communion-rail Raimondi, Marcantonio - Fifteenth-and-sixteenth century Italian engraver Rainald of Dassel - Chancellor of the German Empire (d. 1167) Rajpootana - Prefecture apostolic covering several Indian states Râle, Sebastian - French Jesuit missionary to North America, and martyr (1654-1724) Ralph Crockett, Venerable - English priest, martyred in 1588 Ralph Milner, Venerable - A husband and father, convert to Catholicism, arrested the day of his first Communion, and martyred in 1591 Ralph Sherwin, Blessed - An English priest who was imprisoned and tortured. He died a martyr in 1581 Ram, Pierre François Xavier de - Belgian historian and rector of the Catholic University of Louvain (1804-1865) Ramatha - Titular see in Palestine, suppressed in 1884 by the Roman Curia Rambler, The - Monthly English Catholic periodical published from 1848 to 1859 Rameau, Jean-Philippe - Life, summaries of religious and secular works, and commentary on his advances in music theory and composition Ramsey Abbey - English abbey founded by a Saxon noble in 969 Ramus, Peter - Article by William Turner on this early humanist and logician Rancé, Jean-Armand le Bouthillier de - French abbot and reformer (1626-1700) Randall, James Ryder - American journalist and poet (1839-1908) Ransom, Feast of Our Lady of - Feast on 24 September commemorating the foundation of the Mercedarians Raphael, Saint - Archangel appearing in the Book of Tobias Raphael - Italian painter (1483-1520) Raphoe - Diocese comprising the greater part of County Donegal in the ecclesiastical province of Armagh Rapin, René - French Jesuit writer (1621-1687) Raskolniks - A generic term for dissidents from the Established Church in Russia Räss, Andreas - Bishop of Strasburg (1794-1887) Rathborne, Joseph - Priest and controversialist (1807-1842) Ratherius of Verona - Writer and troubled leader of the Diocese of Verona Rationale - Collar ornamented in the front and back with appendages worn by the Bishops of Eichstaett, Paderborn, Toul, and Cracow Ratio Studiorum - The educational system of the Jesuits Rationalism - Term used in an exact sense, to designate a particular moment in the development of Protestant thought in Germany, or in a broader, and more usual, sense to cover the view that the human reason, or understanding, is the sole source and final test of all truth Ratisbon - German diocese embracing the greater portion of the administrative district of Oberpfalz, and portions of Upper and Lower Bavaria, and Upper Franconia Ratisbonne, Maria Alphonse - Converted Jew who built two convents in Jerusalem (1814-1884) Ratisbonne, Maria Theodor - Preacher, writer, and director of the Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers (1802-1884) Ratramnus - Ninth-century Benedictine monk and author Ratzeburg, Ancient See of - Ancient German diocese that was suffragan to Hamburg and embraced the Duchy of Lauenburg (Holstein) in the Prussian Province of Schleswig- Holstein, the Principality of Ratzeburg in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and the western part of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, including Wismar but not Schwerin Ratzinger, Georg - Political economist and social reformer (1844-1899) Rauscher - Prince-Archbishop of Vienna (1797-1875) Ravalli, Antonio - Italian missionary (1811-1884) Ravenna - Archdiocese based in the capital of a province in Romagna, central Italy Ravesteyn, Josse - French theologian (d. 1570) Ravignan, Gustave Xavier Lacroix de - French Jesuit, orator, and author (1795-1858) Rawes, Henry Augustus - Oblate of St. Charles, hymn-writer and preacher (1826-1885) Raymbault, Charles - French missionary (b. 1602) Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles - Count of Toulouse and of Tripoli (d. 1105) Raymond VI - Count of Toulouse (1156-1222) Raymond VII - Count of Toulouse and son of Raymond VI (1197-1249) Raymond Lully - Biobibliographical article on Ramon Lull, who is called 'Doctor Illuminatus.' Raymond Martini - Dominican, theologian and Orientalist (1220-1284) Raymond Nonnatus, Saint - Spanish Mercedarian (1200-1240) Raymond of Peñafort, Saint - Born near Barcelona, Raymond was an able canon lawyer who joined the Dominicans. He died in 1275 Raymond of Sabunde - Teacher and writer (d. 1432) Raynaldi, Odorico - Italian oratorian (1595-1671) Raynaud, Théophile - French theologian and writer (1583-1663) Raynouard, Françpois-Juste-Marie - French poet, dramatist, and philologist (1761-1836) Reading Abbey - Abbey founded by Henry I in 1121 and located in Surrey, England Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist - Article considers: the fact of the Real Presence; the several allied dogmas grouped about it; and the speculations of reason, so far as speculative investigation regarding the august mystery under its various aspects is permissible, and so far as it is desirable to illumine it by the light of philosophy Realism, Nominalism, Conceptualism - The theories that have been proposed as solutions of the problem of universals Reason - Article discussing various definitions of the term Reason, Age of - The name given to that period of human life at which persons are deemed to begin to be morally responsible Recanati and Loreto - Diocese based around the province of Ancona in Central Italy Rechab and the Rechabites - Rechab was the father of Jonadab who appears as a fervent supporter of Jehu's attack on the House of Achab. The Rechabites were his descendants Recollection - Recollection, as understood in respect to the spiritual life, means attention to the presence of God in the soul Reconciliation, Sacrament of - A sacrament of the New Law instituted by Christ in which forgiveness of sins committed after baptism is granted through the priest's absolution to those who with true sorrow confess their sins and promise to satisfy for the same. Rector - Priests who preside over missions or quasi-parishes Rector Potens, Verax Deus - The daily hymn for Sext in the Roman Breviary Recusants, English - People who refrained from attending Church of England services Red Sea - The northwest arm of the Indian Ocean, some 1400 miles long and lying between Arabia on the east and Africa on the west Redeemer, Feast of the Most Holy - Feast that is found only in the special calendar of some dioceses and religious orders, and is celebrated with proper Mass and Office either on the third Sunday of July or on 23 October Redeemer, Knights of the - A secular community founded in 1608 by the Duke of Mentone, Vincent Gonzaga, on the occasion of the marriage of his eldest son Francis II Gonzaga with Marguerite of Savoy Redemption - The restoration of man from the bondage of sin to the liberty of the children of God through the satisfactions and merits of Christ Redemption in the Old Testament - Strictly deliverance by payment of a price or ransom, or simply deliverance by power, as from oppression, violence, or captivity Redemptions, Penitential - The substitution of exercises either easier or extending over a shorter period, for works of penance imposed according to the penitential canons Redemptoristines - Community of nuns formed in Scala, Italy, by Father Thomas Falcoia Redemptorists - Society of missionary priests founded by St. Alphonsus Maria Liguori in 1732 at Scala, Italy Redford, Sebastion - Jesuit chaplain and writer (1701-1763) Redi, Francesco - Italian poet (1626-1698) Reding, Augustine - Prince-Abbot of Einsiedeln and theological writer (1625-1692) Reductions of Paraguay - Jesuit campaign to convert the natives of Paraguay Referendarii - Officials in the Byzantine Court who reported to the emperor on the memorials of petitioners, and conveyed to the judges the orders of the emperor in connexion with such memorials Reformation, The - Sixteenth century religious movement led by Martin Luther Reformed Churches - Protestant bodies which adopted the tenets of Zwingli and, later, the doctrinal principles of Calvin Reform of a Religious Order - Return or bringing back of an order from a mitigated or relaxed observance to the rigour of its primitive rule Refuge, Cities of - Towns which according to the Jewish law enjoyed the right of asylum and to which anyone who had unintentionally slain another might flee and be protected from the 'avenger of blood' Refuge, Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the - Religious order founded in 1641 that works towards reforming women living a life of sin Regale, Droit de - Document denoting those rights that belonged exclusively to the king Regalia - The insignia of royalty or 'crown jewels' Regeneration - Biblico-dogmatic term closely connected with the ideas of justification, Divine sonship, and the deification of the soul through grace Regensburg - German diocese embracing the greater portion of the administrative district of Oberpfalz, and portions of Upper and Lower Bavaria, and Upper Franconia Regesta, Papal - Copies, generally entered in special registry volumes, of the papal letters and official documents that are kept in the papal archives Reggio di Calabria - Archdiocese in Calabria, southern Italy Reggio dell' Emilia - Italian diocese and suffragan of Modena Regina - Ecclesiastical division comprising the southern part of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan Regina Coeli - The opening words of the Eastertide anthem of the Blessed Virgin Reginald of Piperno - Companion of St. Thomas Aquinas (1230-1290) Regino of Prüm - German abbot (d. 915) Regionarii - The name given in later antiquity and the early Middle Ages to those clerics and officials of the Church of Rome who were attached neither to the papal palace or the titular churches of Rome, but to one of the city regions, or wards, which was assigned as their official district Regis, John Francis, Saint - Jesuit priest and missionary, d. 1640 Régis, Jean-Baptiste - French missionary (d. 1738) Régis, Pierre Sylvain - French philosopher and writer (1632-1707) Registers, Parochial - Five distinct parish registers that a pastor must have: one each of baptisms, confirmations, marriages, and deaths; and a fifth containing a census or general account of the state of souls in the parish Regnault, Henri Victor - French chemist and physicist (1810-1878) Regulæ Juris - Certain fundamental laws in the form of axioms found in the 'Corpus Juris' Regulars - Monks in observance of the Rule of St. Benedict Reichenau - Island upon the Gnadensee of the Lake of Constance, about one mile in breadth and about three and three-quarter miles long Reichensperger, August - Prussian politician and author (1808-1895) Reichensperger, Peter - German jurist and parliamentarian (1810-1892) Reifenstein - Former Cistercian abbey in Eichsfeld, founded on 1 August, 1162 by Count Ernst of Tonna Reiffenstuel, Johann Georg - Theologian and canonist (1641-1703) Reims - Archdiocese of Reims comprising the district of Reims in the Department of Marne and the whole Department of Ardennes Reims, Synods of - History of a series of synods held at the French city Reinmar of Hagenau - German minnesinger of the twelfth century Reisach, Carl von - Theologian and statesman (1800-1869) Reisch, Gregor - Intellectual and writer (d. 1525) Relationship - A certain connection of persons established either by nature or by civil or canon law Relatives, Duties of - Discusses a variety of duties that relatives should apply to one another Relativism - A doctrine which denies, universally or in regard to some restricted sphere of being, the existence of absolute values Relics - An object, notably part of the body or clothes, remaining as a memorial of a departed saint Religion - The voluntary subjection of oneself to God Religion, Virtue of - Article discussing the moral value of religion Religions, Statistics of - Includes the definition and historical development, along with the status of religious bodies Religious Life - Overview and evangelical ideas on what makes up religious life Religious Profession - Describes both a declaration openly made, and a state of life publicly embraced Reliquaries - Any box, casket, or shrine destined for the reception of relics Remesiana - A titular see in Bulgaria, suffragan of Sardica Remigius, Saint - Apostle of the Franks, Archbishop of Reims, d. 553 Remigius of Auxerre - Benedictine monk, teacher and theologian (d. 908) Remiremont - Monastery and nunnery of the Rule of St. Benedict, founded by Sts. Romaricus and Amatus in 620 above the town of Vosges, France Remuzat, Ven. Anne-Madeleine - Writer and witness to a revelation (1696-1730) Remy, Abbey of Saint - Abbey located in Reims, France that acquired the relics of St. Remy in 553 Renaissance, The - Period of revival of classic, especially of Greek, learning and the recovery of ancient art in the departments of sculpture, painting, and architecture Renaudot, Eusebius - Apologetical writer and Orientalist (1648-1720) Renaudot, Théophraste - Doctor who engaged in relief work for the poor (1586-1653) Reni, Guido - Italian painter (1575-1642) Rennes - French diocese including the Department of Ille et Vilaine Renty, Gaston Jean Baptiste de - Jesuit who devoted himself to the service of the needy and suffering (1611-1649) Renunciation - A canonical term signifying the resignation of an ecclesiastical office or benefice Reordinations - The history of all ordinations which were considered null for any other reason than defect of the prescribed form or intention and which were repeated Reparation - Theological concept of God demanding satisfaction for the injuries which man had done Him Repington, Philip - Fourteenth-and-fifteenth century cardinal-priest of the title of SS Repose, Altar of - Sometimes called less properly sepulchre or tomb, more frequently repository Reputation (as Property) - The outcome of a person's meritorious activity Requiem, Masses of - Masses that are offered for the dead Rerum Crerator Optime - The hymn for Matins of Wednesday in the Divine Office Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor - Brief article on a hymn for None, one of the 'little hours.' Mid-afternoon Rerum Novarum - The opening words and the title of the Encyclical issued by Leo XIII, 15 May, 1891, on the 'Condition of Labour' Rescripts, Papal - Responses of the pope or a Sacred Congregation, in writing, to queries or petitions of individuals Reservation - The restriction in certain cases by a superior of the jurisdiction ordinarily exercised by an inferior Reserved Cases - A term used for sins whose absolution is not within the power of every confessor Residence, Ecclesiastical - A remaining or abiding where one's duties lie or where one's occupation is properly carried on Respicius, Tryphon, and Nympha - Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November Respighi, Lorenzo - Italian astronomer (1824-1889) Responsorium - A series of verses and responses, usually taken from Holy Scripture and varying according to the feast or season Restitution - An act of commutative justice by which exact reparation as far as possible is made for an injury that has been done to another Resurrection of Jesus Christ - Resurrection is the rising again from the dead, the resumption of life Resurrection, General - The rising again from the dead, the resumption of life Rethel, Alfred - German painter (1816-1859) Retreat of the Sacred Heart, Congregation of - Congregation founded in 1678 with large schools in various places in England, France, and Belgium Retreats - A series of days passed in solitude and consecrated to practices of asceticism, in particular to prayer and penance Retz, Cardinal de - Archbishop of Paris (1614-1679) Reuben - Proper name meaning both a patriarch and a tribe of Israel Reuchlin, Johannes - German humanist (1455-1522) Reumont, Alfred von - Statesman and historian (1808-1887) Reusens, Edmond - Belgian archeologist and historian (1831-1903) Reuss - Name of the two smallest states of the German Confederation Revelation - The communication of some truth by God to a rational creature through means which are beyond the ordinary course of nature Revelation, Book of - The name given to the last book in the Bible, also called the Book of Revelation Revelations, Private - Article discussing the judging of private revelations Revocation - The act of recalling or annulling Revolution, English - The history of the Revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill-judged measures which alienated the support of the Established Church, the Tory party, and the nation as a whole Revolution, French - A view of its effect on the Church Rex Gloriose Martyrum - The hymn at Lauds in the Common of Martyrs in the Roman Breviary Rex Sempiterne Cælitum - The Roman Breviary hymn for Matins of Sundays and weekdays during the Paschal Time Rey, Anthony - Educator and Mexican War chaplain (1807-1847) Reynolds, William - Writer, priest and lecturer (1544-1594) Rhætia - Prefecture Apostolic in Switzerland Rhaphanæa - A titular see in Syria Secunda, suffragan of Apamea Rheinberger, Joseph Gabriel - Bavarian composer and organist (1839-1901) Rhenish Palatinate - A former German electorate Rhesæna - A titular see in Osrhoene, suffragan of Edessa Rhinocolura - A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium Rhithymna - A titular see of Crete, suffragan of Gortyna Rhizus - A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus, suffragan of Neocaesarea Rho, Giacomo - Italian missionary to China (1593-1638) Rhode Island - American state and one of the thirteen original colonies Rhodes, Alexandre De - French missionary (1591-1660) Rhodes - A titular metropolitan of the Cyclades Rhodesia - British possession in South Africa (present-day Zimbabwe) Rhodiopolis - A titular see of Lycia, suffragan of Myra Rhodo - Second-century Christian writer Rhosus - A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, suffragan to Anazarba Rhymed Bibles - Short article on rhymed versions of the Bible, which are almost always psalters or only part of the Psalms Rhythmical Office - A liturgical horary prayer, the canonical hours of the priest, or an office of the Breviary, in which not only the hymns are regulated by a certain rhythm, but where, with the exception of the psalms and lessons, practically all the other parts show metre, rhythm, or rhyme Ribadeneira, Pedro de - Writer and member of the Society of Jesus (1526-1611) Ribas, Andrés Pérez De - Missionary and historian (1576-1655) Ribe, Ancient See of, in Denmark (Jutland) - Diocese that once consisted of the modern Danish Provinces of Ribe, Vejle, and Ringkjoebing, and of part of North Schleswig Ribeirao Preto - A suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Sao Paulo, Brazil Ribera, Jusepe de - Spanish artist (1588-1656) Ricardus Anglicus - Pioneer of scientific judicial procedure in the twelfth century Riccardi, Nicholas - Italian theologian, writer and preacher (1585-1639) Ricci, Lorenzo - General of the Society of Jesus (1703-1775) Ricci, Matteo - Founder of the Catholic missions of China (1552-1610) Riccioli, Giovanni Battista - Italian astronomer (1598-1671) Rice, Edmund Ignatius - Biographical article on the founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (better known as the Irish Christian Brothers) Rich, St. Edmund - This Archbishop of Canterbury died in 1240, and was canonized within six years. Biography Richard - A Friar minor and preacher, appearing in history between 1428 and 1431, whose origin and nationality are unknown Richard I - King of England who embarked on the Crusades (1157-1199) Richard, Charles-Louis - Theologian and publicist (1711-1794) Richard de Bury - English bishop and bibliophile (1286-1345) Richard de la Vergne, François-Marie-Benjamin - Archbishop of Paris (1819-1908) Richard de Wyche, Saint - The devoted companion of St. Edmund Rich, was bishop of Chichester. Richard died in 1253, and was canonized less than 10 years later Richard Fetherston, Blessed - Priest and martyr, died at Smithfield, 1540 Richard of Cirencester - Chronicler and monk at Westminster Abbey Richard of Cornwall - Thirteenth century writer and lecturer Richard of Middletown - Thirteenth-century writer and Franciscan Richard of St. Victor - Biographical article on the 12th-century Scottish theologian, exegete, and mystic Richard Thirkeld, Blessed - English priest, missionary, arrested while visiting a Catholic in prison, and martyred in 1583 Richard Whiting, Blessed - Last abbot of Glastonbury, martyr, executed in 1539 Richardson, Ven. William - Last martyr under Queen Elizabeth (d. 1603) Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de - Cardinal and French statesman (1585-1642) Richmond, Diocese of - Suffragan of Baltimore consisting of parts of the states of Virginia and West Virginia Ricoldo da Monte di Croce - Italian professor, scholar and writer (d. 1320) Riemenschneider, Tillmann - Frankish sculptor (1460-1531) Rienzi, Cola di - Italian revolutionary and notary of the Camera Capitolina (d. 1354) Rieti - Diocese in Central Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See Rievaulx, Abbey of - English monastery founded in 1131 Riffel, Caspar - German historian and writer (1807-1856) Rigby, John, Saint - Rigby, an unmarried layman, appeared in court on behalf of his employer's daughter and admitted that he was himself a Catholic. He was martyred in 1600 Rigby, Nicholas - English priest (1800-1886) Right - Substantive designating the object of justice Right of Exclusion - The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and Spain, to indicate to their respective cardinal protector, or cardinal procurator, those members of the Sacred College who were personae minus gratae, so that, if there was a possibility of one of these becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the name of his government, against such election Right of Option - In canon law, a way of obtaining a benefice or a title, by the choice of the new titulary himself. Right of Voluntary Association - Any group of individuals freely united for the pursuit of a common end Rimbert, Saint - Monk and archbishop of Bremen-Hamburg (d. 888) Rimini, Council of - Opened early in July, 359, with over four hundred bishops Rimini - Diocese, suffragan of Ravenna Rimouski - Canadian diocese, suffragan of Quebec Ring of the Fisherman, The - Ring worn by the popes, with a representation of St. Peter in a boat on it Rings - Article discussing religious uses and values concerning the wearing of rings Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista - Papal nuncio to Ireland during the uprising of 1645-49 (1592-1653) Rio, Alexis-François - French writer on art (1797-1874) Riobamba - City forming the base for the diocese of Bolivarensis, suffragan of Quito, Ecuador Rioja, Francisco de - Spanish poet (1583-1659) Rio Negro - Prefecture Apostolic in Brazil Ripalda, Juan Martínez de - Spanish theologian (1594-1648) Ripatransone - Diocese in Ascoli Piceno, Central Italy Ripon, Marquess of - English politician, Governor-General and Viceroy of India (1827-1909) Risby, Richard - Warden of the Observant friary at Canterbury who was condemned to death by Henry VIII (1489-1534) Rishanger, William - Thirteenth-century English chronicler Rishton, Edward - Priest and writer that fell victim to the plague (1550-1585) Rita of Cascia, Saint - Rita married an abusive man, became a mother, was widowed, joined the Augustinians. She died in 1456 Rites - The ceremonies, prayers, and functions of any religious body Rites in the United States - Article discussing various rites used within the United States Ritschlianism - Conception of the nature and scope of Christianity, widely held in modern Protestantism, especially in Germany Ritter, Joseph Ignatius - German historian and writer (1787-1857) Ritual - One of the official books of the Roman Rite. It contains all the services performed by a priest that are not in the Missal and Breviary and has also, for convenience, some that are in those books Ritualists - The advanced section of the High Church party in the Anglican Establishment, which since about 1860 has adhered to and developed further the principles of the earlier Tractarian Movement Rivington, Luke - English priest and writer (1838-1899) Rizal, José Mercado - Filipino hero, physician, poet, novelist, and sculptor (1861-1896) Robbers, Seven - Martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their names are Saturninus, Insischolus, Faustianus, Januarius, Marsalius, Euphrasius, and Mammius Robbia, Andrea della - Nephew, pupil and assistant to painter Luca (1431-1528) Robbia, Lucia di Simone - Italian sculptor (1400-1481) Robert, Saint - French Benedictine, founder of the Abbey of Chaise-Dieu, d. 1067 Robert Bellarmine, Saint - Biographical article on the Jesuit theologian and cardinal Robert Johnson, Blessed - English priest and martyr (d. 1581) Robert of Arbrissel - Itinerant preacher and founder of Fontevrault (b. 1047) Robert of Courçon - English Cardinal (d. 1218) Robert of Geneva - Antipope under the name of Clement VII (1342-1394) Robert of Jumièges - Eleventh-century Archbishop of Canterbury Robert of Luzarches - Thirteenth century French architect Robert of Melun - English philosopher and theologian (d. 1167) Robert of Molesme, Saint - Founder of the Abbey of Citeaux and the monastery at Molesme (d. 1111) Robert of Newminster, Saint - English abbot (d. 1159) Robert Pullus - Twelfth-century Cardinal, English philosopher and theologian Roberts, Saint John - A Welsh Benedictine, the first prior of Downside, was arrested six times, exiled four times, and finally martyred at Tyburn in 1610 Robertson, James Burton - Historian and professor (1800-1877) Robinson, Venerable Christopher - Wrote an account of the martyrdom of St. John Boste. Was himself martyred for being a priest, in 1598 Robinson, William Callyhan - Jurist and educator (1834-1911) Rocaberti, Juan Tomás de - Spanish theologian (1624-1699) Rocamadour - Communal chief town of the canton of Gramat, district of Gourdon, Department of Lot, in the Diocese of Cahors and the ancient province of Quercy Rocca, Angelo - Founder of the Angelica Library at Rome (1545-1620) Roch, Saint - Early 14th century. While on pilgrimage, Roch acquired renown for healing plague victims. He himself was stricken with the plague. Upon returning to his hometown, he was cast into prison as an accused spy, where he died Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste-Donatien - French marshal (1725-1807) Roche, Alanus de la - Dominican promoter of the Rosary (1428-1475) Rochester, Ancient See of - The oldest and smallest of all the suffragan sees of Canterbury, was founded by St. Augustine, Apostle of England, who in 604 consecrated St. Justus as its first bishop Rochester, Diocese of - Located in New York Rochester, Blessed John - Brief biography of this English Carthusian priest and martyr, d. 1537 Rochet - An over-tunic usually made of fine white linen (cambric; fine cotton material is also allowed), and reaching to the knees Rochette, Désiré Raoul - French archaeologist (1789-1854) Rock, Daniel - English antiquarian and ecclesiologist (1799-1871) Rockford, Diocese of - Created 23 September, 1908, in the northwestern part of the State of Illinois Rockhampton - Diocese in Australia. Rococo Style - A discussion of this whimsical style, its origins and uses Rodez - The Diocese of Rodez was united to the Diocese of Cahors by the Concordat of 1802, and again became an episcopal see by the Concordat of 1817 and Bull of 1822 Rodrigues Ferreira, Alexandre - Brazilian scientist and explorer (1756-1815) Rodriguez, Saint Alphonsus - Spanish-born widower, Jesuit lay brother, served as porter at Majorca for 46 years, d. 1617. Also known as Alonso Rodriguez, Alonso - Spanish writer and teacher (1526-1616) Rodriguez, Joao - Missionary and author (1558-1633) Roe, Bartholomew - English Benedictine martyr (1583-1641) Roermond - Diocese in Holland; suffragan of Utrecht Rogation Days - Days of prayer, and formerly also of fasting, instituted by the Church to appease God's anger at man's transgressions, to ask protection in calamities, and to obtain a good and bountiful harvest Roger, Bishop of Worcester - Bishop of Worcester (d. 1179) Roger Bacon - Philosopher, born at Ilchester, Somersetshire, about 1214; died at Oxford, perhaps 11 June, 1294 Roger Cadwallador, Venerable - Short biography of the English priest, martyred in 1610 Roger of Wendover - Benedictine monk and chronicler (d. 1236) Roh, Peter - German-speaking Jesuit preacher (1811-1872) Rohault de Fleury - Family of French architects and archaeologists of the nineteenth century Rohrbacher, Réné François - French ecclesiastical historian (1789-1856) Rojas y Zorrilla, Francisco de - Spanish dramatic poet (1607-1680) Rokewode, John Gage - Director of the Society of Antiquaries (1786-1842) Rolduc - Located in S. E. Limburg, Netherlands Rolfus, Hermann - Catholic educationist and writer (1821-1896) Rolle de Hampole, Richard - English solitary and writer. Article on his life and writings Rollin, Charles - French writer and professor (1661-1741) Rolls Series - A collection of historical materials of which the general scope is indicated by its official title, 'The Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages' Rolph, Thomas - Surgeon and writer of several works on emigration (1800-1858) Roman Catacombs - The subject is covered under the headings: I. Position; II. History; III. Inscriptions; IV. Paintings; V. Sarcophagi; VI. Small Objects Found in the Catacombs; and VII. Catacombs outside Rome Roman Catechism - This catechism differs from other summaries of Christian doctrine for the instruction of the people in two points: it is primarily intended for priests having care of souls (ad parochos), and it enjoys an authority equalled by no other catechism Roman Catholic - A qualification of the name Catholic commonly used in English-speaking countries by those unwilling to recognize the claim of being the One True Church Roman Catholic Relief Bill - Sections on England and Ireland Roman Christian Cemeteries, Early - This article treats briefly of the individual catacomb cemeteries in the vicinity of Rome Roman Colleges - This article treats of the various colleges in Rome which have been founded under ecclesiastical auspices and are under ecclesiastical direction, with the exception of those that are treated separately under their respective titles throughout the Catholic Encyclopedia Roman Congregations - The most important of certain departments organized by the Holy See at various times to assist it in the transaction of those affairs which canonical discipline and the individual interests of the faithful bring to Rome Roman Curia - Strictly speaking, the ensemble of departments or ministries which assist the sovereign pontiff in the government of the Universal Church Roman Processional - This book consists of a single section of the Roman Ritual with sundry supplementary materials taken from the Missal and the Pontifical. Roman Rite, The - The manner of celebrating the Holy Sacrifice, administering Sacraments, reciting the Divine Office, and performing other ecclesiastical functions as used in the city and Diocese of Rome Romanos, Saint - Sixth-century poet Romanos Pontifices, Constitutio - The constitution makes clear the following: though regulars according to canon law are subject immediately to the Holy See, bishops are given jurisdiction over small communities Romans, Epistle to the - The subject is treated under the following heads: I. The Roman Church and St. Paul; II. Character, Contents, and Arrangement of the Epistle; III. Authenticity; IV. Integrity; V. Date and Circumstances of Composition; VI. Historical Importance; VII, Theological Contents: Faith and Works (Paul and James) Romanus, Saints - Mentions and gives brief profiles of several saints of this name Romanus, Pope - Ninth-century Pope who reigned for four months in 897 Rome - The significance of Rome lies primarily in the fact that it is the city of the pope Rome, University of - The university is now under the control of the Italian Government and is called the Royal University Romero, Juan - Missionary and Indian linguist (1559-1630) Romuald, Saint - Italian-born founder of the Camaldolese, d. 1027 Romulus Augustulus - Deposed in the year 476, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire Ronan, Saint - Article describing the most celebrated of the twelve Irish saints known as Ronan Ronsard, Pierre de - French poet (1524-1585) Rood - A term, often used to signify the True Cross itself, which, with the prefix Holy, occurs as the dedication of some churches Roothaan, Johann Philipp - Twenty-first General of the Society of Jesus (1785-1853) Roper, William - English politician and biographer of St. Thomas More (1496-1578) Rorate Coeli - Vulgate, text, the opening words of Isaiah 45:8 Rosa, Salvatore - Neapolitan artist (1615-1673) Rosalia, Saint - Hermitess, greatly venerated at Palermo and in the whole of Sicily of which she is patroness Rosary, The - History of this devotion. Also considers the Orthodox and Eastern-Rite Catholic practice Rosary, Breviary Hymns of the - Their author was a pious client of Mary, Eustace Sirena Rosary, Confraternity of the - The Perpetual Rosary is an organization for securing the continuous recitation of the Rosary by day and night among a number of associates who perform their allotted share at stated times Rosary, Feast of the Holy - At the request of the Dominican Order Gregory XIII in 1573 allowed this feast to be kept in all churches which possessed an altar dedicated to the Holy Rosary Rosary, Seraphic - Also known as the Seraphic Rosary. Brief history, general description of how one prays this chaplet Rosate, Alberico de - Italian jurist (d. 1354) Roscelin - A monk of Compiegne, was teaching as early as 1087 Roscommon - Capital of County Roscommon, Ireland; owes origin and name to a monastery founded by St. Coman in the first half of the eighth century on a 'ros' or wooded point amidst marshes Rosenau - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, established by Maria Theresa, in 1775-76 Rose of Lima, Saint - Biographical article on the first American to be named a saint Rose of Viterbo, Saint - Third order Franciscan, preached repentance. She died at the age of 17, in 1252 Rose Window - A circular window, with mullions and traceries generally radiating from the centre, and filled with stained glasses Rosea - The official catalogue of the Roman Curia mentioned formerly a titular see of Rosea in Syria Roseau - Diocese; suffragan of Port of Spain, Trinidad, B.W.I Rosecrans, William Starke - American soldier and politician Roseline, Saint - A Carthusian prioress. She died in 1329 Rosh Hashanah - The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year Rosicrucians - The original appelation of the alleged members of the occult-cabalistic-theosophic 'Rosicrucian Brotherhood', described in the pamphlet 'Fama Fraternitatis R.C.' Roskilde, Ancient See of, in Denmark - Suffragan to Hamburg, about 991-1104, to Lund, 1104-1536 Roskoványi, August - Bishop of Neutra in Hungary, doctor of philosophy and theology (1807-1892) Rosmini and Rosminianism - Antonio Rosmini Serbati, philosopher, and founder of the Institute of Charity, born 24 March, 1797, at Rovereto, Austrian Tyrol; died 1 July, 1855, at Stresa, Italy Rosminians - The Institute of Charity, or, officially, Societas a charitate nuncupata, is a religious congregation founded by Antonio Rosmini, first organized in 1828 Ross - Diocese in Ireland Ross, School of - Ross-Carbery, formerly Ross-Ailithir Rossano - Archdiocese in Calabria, province of Cosenza, Southern Italy Rosselino, Antonio di Matteo di Domenico - Italian sculptor (1427-1478) Rosselino, Bernardo - Italian sculptor (1409-1464) Rosselli, Cosimo - Italian fresco painter (1439-1507) Rossi, Bernardo de - Italian theologian and historian (1687-1775) Rossi, Giovanni Battista de - Christian archaeologist, best known for his work in connection with the Roman catacombs (1822-1894) Rossi, Pellegrino - Diplomat, economist and statesman (1787-1848) Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio - Article focusing on his musical innovations and his church music Rostock, Sebastian von - Bishop of Breslau (1607-1671) Rostock, University of - Located in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, founded in the year 1419 Roswitha - A celebrated nun-poetess of the tenth century, whose name has been given in various forms, Roswitha, Hrotswitha, Hrosvitha, and Hrotsuit; born probably between 930 and 940, died about 1002 Rota, Sacra Romana - One of three tribunals instituted by the 'Sapienti Consilio' constitution of 1908 Roth, Heinrich - Missionary in India and Sanskrit scholar (1620-1668) Rothe, David - Bishop of Ossory in Ireland (1573-1650) Rottenburg - Diocese; suffragan of the ecclesiastical Province of the Upper Rhine Rotuli - Rolls in which a long narrow strip of papyrus or parchment, written on one side, was wound like a blind about its staff Rouen, Archdiocese of - Revived by the Concordat of 1802 with the Sees of Bayeux, Evreux, and Seez as suffragans: it also includes the Department of the Seine Inferieure Rouen, Synods of - The first synod is generally believed to have been held by Archbishop Saint-Ouen about 650 Rouquette, Adrien - Scholar and missionary to the Choctaw Indians (1813-1887) Rousseau, Jean-Baptiste - French poet (1670-1741) Rovezzano, Benedetto da - Sculptor and architect (1490-1530) Rowsham, Stephen - Sixteenth-century English priest and martyr Royal Declaration, The - The name most commonly given to the solemn repudiation of Catholicity which, in accordance with provisions of the 'Bill of Rights' (1689) and of 'the Act of Succession' (1700), every sovereign succeeding to the throne of Great Britain was required to make in the presence of the assembled Lords and Commons Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul - Philosopher and French politician (1763-1845) Ruadhan, Saint - Irish founder of the monastery of Lorrha, one of the 'twelve apostles of Erin,' d. 584 Ruben - Proper name meaning both a patriarch and a tribe of Israel Rubens, Peter Paul - Flemish painter (1577-1640) Rubrics - Among the ancients, according to Columella, Vitruvius, and Pliny, the word rubrica, rubric, signified the red earth used by carpenters to mark on wood the line to follow in cutting it; according to Juvenal the same name was applied to the red titles under which the jurisconsults arranged the announcements of laws Rubruck, William - Thirteenth-century Franciscan missionary and writer of travels Rudolf of Fulda - French chronicler (d. 862) Rudolf of Habsburg - German king (1218-1291) Rudolf of Rüdesheim - Bishop of Breslau (1402-1482) Rudolf von Ems - Middle High German epic poet of the thirteenth century Rueckers, Family of - Famous organ and piano-forte builders of Antwerp Ruffini, Paolo - Physician and mathematician (1765-1822) Rufford Abbey - A monastery of the Cistercian Order, situated on the left bank of the Rainworth Water, about two miles south of Ollerton in Nottinghamshire Rufina, Saints - Brief notices on four saints of this name Rufinus, Saint - Record of the eleven saints named Rufinus in the Roman Martyrology Rufus, Saint - Record of the ten saints named Rufus in the Roman Martyrology Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza, Juan de - Spanish dramatic poet (1580-1639) Ruiz de Montoya, Antonio - Linguist and pioneer of the original Jesuit mission in Paraguay (1585-1652) Ruiz de Montoya, Diego - Spanish theologian (1562-1632) Rule of Faith, The - The word rule (Lat. regula, Gr. kanon) means a standard by which something can be tested, and the rule of faith means something extrinsic to our faith, and serving as its norm or measure Rule of St. Augustine - Names the five documents sometimes identified as the Rule of Augustine, quickly narrows the field to two contenders, settles on Letter 211. Also deals with Augustine's relation to monasticism Rule of St. Benedict - Lengthy article on the text of the Rule and its composition, some analysis, and practical application Rumania - A kingdom in the Balkan Peninsula, situated between the Black Sea, the Danube, the Carpathian Mountains, and the Pruth Rumohr, Karl Friedrich - German art historian (1785-1843) Rupe, Alanus de - Dominican promoter of the Rosary (1428-1475) Rupert, Saint - First Bishop of Salzburg (d. 718) Rusaddir - A titular see of Mauritania Tingitana Rusicade - A titular see of Numidia Ruspe - Titular see of Byzacena in Africa, mentioned only by Ptolemy (IV, 3) and the 'Tabula' Peutinger Russell, Charles - English lawyer, journalist and politician (1832-1900) Russell, Charles William - Irish professor and writer (1812-1880) Russell, Richard - Bishop of Vizeu in Portugal (1630-1693) Russia - Geography and history Russia, The Religion of - There are two theories in regard to the early Christianity of Russia; according to one of them, Russia was Catholic from the times when she embraced Christianity until the twelfth century; the other holds that Russia was always Orthodox Russian Language and Literature - Russian is a Slav language belonging to the Indo-European family Rusticus of Narbonne, Saint - Monk from Gaul, became bishop of Narbonne. Zealous opponent of the Arians and Nestorians Ruth, Book of - One of the proto-canonical writings of the Old Testament Ruthenian Rite - There is no separate and distinct rite for the Ruthenians, but the name is often used for the modifications which the Ruthenians have introduced in the Byzantine or Greek Rite Ruthenians - A Slavic people from Southern Russia, Galicia and Bukowina in Austria, and North-eastern Hungary Rutter, Henry - English priest and writer (1755-1838) Ruvo and Bitonto - Diocese in the Province of Bari, Aquileia, Southern Italy. Ruvo, the ancient Rubi, situated on a calcareous hill, contains a fine Norman cathedral of the eleventh century Ruysbroeck, Blessed John - Article on the Admirable Doctor, 'undoubtedly the foremost of the Flemish mystics,' author, who died in 1381 Ruysch, John - Astronomer, cartographer, and painter (d. 1533) Ryan, Father Abram J. - Poet, newspaper editor and Confederate chaplain (1839-1886) Ryan, Patrick John - Sixth Bishop and second Archbishop of Philadelphia (1831-1911) Ryder, Henry Ignatius Dudley - English Oratorian priest and controversialist (1837-1907) Ryken, Theodore James - Founder of the Xaverian Brothers (1797-1871)

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S Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Sa, Manoel de - Portuguese theologian and exegete, b. at Villa do Conde (Province Entre-Minho-e-Douro), 1530; d. at Arona (Italy), 30 Dec., 1596 Saavedra, Fajardo Diego de - Statesman and author, b. at Algezares, Murcia, Spain, in 1584; d. at Madrid in 1648 Saavedra Remírez de Baquedano, Angel de - Spanish poet and statesman, b. at Cordova, 10 March, 1791; d. at Madrid, 22 June, 1865 Saba and Sabeans - This Saba (Sheba) must not be confounded with Saba (Seba) in Ethiopia of Isaiah 43:3 and 45:14. It lies in the Southern Arabian Jof about 200 miles northwest of Aden Sabaoth - In Hebrew, plural form of 'host' or 'army'. The word is used almost exclusively in conjunction with the Divine name as a title of majesty: 'the Lord of Hosts', or 'the Lord God of Hosts' Sabbas, Saint - St. Sabbas, or Sabas. Basilian monk, hermit, founded the monastery at Mar Saba near Jerusalem. Died 532. Article also mentions five other saints of this name Sabbatarians, Sabbatarianism - Defines Sabbatarianism as a rigorist conflation of the Christian Sunday with the Jewish Sabbath, devotes attention to Seventh-Day Sabbatarianism as well Sabbath - The seventh day of the week among the Hebrews, the day being counted from sunset to sunset, that is, from Friday evening to Saturday evening Sabbatical Year - The seventh year, devoted to cessation of agriculture, and holding in the period of seven years a place analogous to that of the Sabbath in the week; also called 'Year of Remission' Sabbatine Privilege - The name Sabbatine Privilege is derived from the apocryphal Bull 'Sacratissimo uti culmine' of John XXII, 3 March, 1322 Sabina, Saint - Martyr in 126 or 127, at Rome Sabinianus, Pope - Reigned 604-606. The son of Bonus, he was born at Blera (Bieda) near Viterbo. In 593 he was sent by St. Gregory I as apocrisiarius or Apostolic nuncio to Constantinople; but in some respects his administration of the office did not come up to Gregory's expectations Sabran, Louis de - Jesuit (1652-1732) Sabrata - A titular see in Tripolitana. Sabrata was a Phoenician town on the northern coast of Africa, between the two Syrta. With Oca and Leptis Magna it caused the Greek name Tripolis to be given to the region Sacchoni, Rainerio - A learned and zealous Dominican, born at Piacenza about the beginning of the thirteenth century; died about 1263 Sacra Jam Splendent - The opening words of the hymn for Matins of the Feast of the Holy Family Sacramentals - In instituting the sacraments Christ did not determine the matter and form down to the slightest detail, leaving this task to the Church, which should determine what rites were suitable in the administration of the sacraments. These rites are indicated by the word Sacramentalia, the object of which is to manifest the respect due to the sacrament and to secure the sanctification of the faithful Sacraments - Presents the necessity, the nature, the origin and cause, the number, the effects, the minister, and the recipient of the Sacraments Sacrament, Reservation of the Blessed - The practice of preserving after the celebration of the Liturgy a portion of the consecrated elements for the Communion of the sick or for other pious purposes. The extreme antiquity of such reservation cannot be disputed Sacred Heart, Brothers of the - A congregation founded in 1821 by Pere Andre Coindre, of the Diocese of Lyons, France. Its constitutions were modeled upon the constitutions of St. Ignatius based upon the Rule of Saint Augustine. Its members bind themselves for life by the simple vows of religion Sacred Heart of Jesus, Devotion to the - Description, spiritual significance, and historical background of devotion to the Sacred Heart Sacred Heart of Jesus, Missionary Sisters of the - A religious congregation having its general mother house at Rome, founded in 1880 by Mother Francis Xavier Cabrini Sacred Heart of Jesus, Missionaries of the - A religious congregation of priests and lay brothers with the object of promoting the knowledge and practice of devotion to the Heart of Jesus as embodied in the revelations to Margaret Mary Alacoque Sacred Heart of Jesus, Society of the - Founded in Belgium Sacred Heart of Jesus, Society of the - An institution of religious women, taking perpetual vows and devoted to the work of education Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, Congregation of the - Better known as the Congregation of Picpus, was founded by Father Coudrin, b. at Coursay-les-Bois, in Poiton on 1 March, 1768 Sacrifice - This term is identical with the English offering (Latin offerre) and the German Opfer Sacrifice of the Mass - The word Mass (missa) first established itself as the general designation for the Eucharistic Sacrifice in the West after the time of Pope Gregory the Great, the early Church having used the expression the 'breaking of bread' (fractio panis) or 'liturgy' Sacrilege - The violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object. In a less proper sense any transgression against the virtue of religion would be a sacrilege Sacris Solemniis - The opening words of the hymn for Matins of Corpus Christi and of the Votive Office of the Most Blessed Sacrament, composed by St. Thomas Aquinas Sacristan - An officer who is charged with the care of the sacristy, the church, and their contents. In ancient times many duties of the sacristan were performed by the doorkeepers (ostiarii), later by the mansionarii and the treasurers Sacristy - A room in the church or attached thereto, where the vestments, church furnishings and the like, sacred vessels, and other treasures are kept, and where the clergy meet and vest for the various ecclesiastical functions Sadducees - A politico-religious sect of the Jews during the late post-Exile and New-Testament period. The old derivation of the name from tsaddiqim, i.e. the righteous; with assumed reference to the adherence of the Sadducees to the letter of the Law as opposed to the pharasaic attention to the superadded 'traditions of the elders', is now generally discredited Sadler, Thomas Vincent Faustus - Missionary born 1604; died at Dieulward, Flanders, 19 Jan., 1680-1 Sadlier, Mary Anne Madden - Authoress, b. at Cootehill, Co. Cavan, Ireland, 30 Dee., 1820; d. at Montreal, Canada, 5 April, 1903 Sadoleto, Jacopo - Cardinal, humanist, and reformer (1477-1547) Sagalassus - A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch Sagard, Théodat-Gabriel - Seventeenth-century French Recollect lay brother, missionary, and historian Sahagún, Bernardino de - Missionary and Aztec archeologist, b. at Sahagun, Kingdom of Leon, Spain, in or before the year 1500; d. at Mexico, 23 Oct., 1590 Sahaptin Indians - A prominent tribe formerly holding a considerable territory in Western Idaho and adjacent portions of Oregon and Washington Sahara, Vicariate Apostolic of - Vast desert of northern Africa, measuring about 932 miles from north to south and 2484 miles from east to west, and dotted with oases which are centres of population Sailer, Johann Michael - Professor of theology and Bishop of Ratisbon, b. at Aresing in Upper Bavaria 17 October, 1751; d. 20 May, 1832, at Ratisbon Sainctes, Claude de - French controversialist, b. at Perche, 1525; d. at Crevecoeur, 1591 Saint Albans, Abbey of - Located in Hertfordshire, England; founded about 793 by Offa, king of the Mercians Saint Albert - Diocese in Canada Saint Andrews and Edinburgh - The exact date of the foundation of the See of St. Andrews is, like any others in the earliest history of the Scottish Church, difficult, if not impossible, to fix Saint Andrews, University of - The germ of the university is to be found in an association of learned ecclesiastics, formed in 1410, among whom were: Laurence of Lindores, Abbot of Scone, Richard Cornwall, Archdeacon of Lothian, Wm. Stephen, afterwards Archbishop of Dunblane. They offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, canon and civil law Saint Andrews, Priory of - One of the great religious houses in Scotland and the metropolitan church in that country before the Reformation Saint Asaph, Ancient Diocese of - Founded by St. Kentigern about the middle of the sixth century when he was exiled from his see in Scotland Saint Augustine, Abbey of - Benedictine monastery, originally dedicated to Sts. Peter and Paul, founded in 605 outside of the City of Canterbury, on the site of the earlier Church of St. Pancras Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre - This massacre of which Protestants were the victims occurred in Paris on 24 August, 1572 (the feast of St. Bartholomew), and in the provinces of France during the ensuing weeks, and it has been the subject of knotty historical disputes Saint Benedict, Medal of - A medal, originally a cross, dedicated to the devotion in honour of St. Benedict Saint Bonaventure, College of Saint - At Quaracchi, near Florence, Italy, famous as the centre of literary activity in the Order of Friars Minor, was founded 14 July, 1879, by Mgr. Bernardino del Vago, Archbishop of Sardis, then minister general of the order Saint Boniface - Archdiocese; the chief ecclesiastical division of the Canadian West, so-called after the patron saint of the German soldiers who were among its first settlers Saint-Brieuc - Diocese; comprises the Department of the Cotes du Nord. Re-established by the Concordat of 1802 as suffragan of Tours, later, in 1850, suffragan of Rennes Saint-Claude - The Diocese of Saint-Claude comprised in the eighteenth century only twenty-six parishes, subject previously to the Abbey of Saint-Claude, and some parishes detached from the Dioceses of Besancon and Lyons Saint Cloud - A suffragan of the Archdiocese of St. Paul, Minn., comprises the counties of Stearns, Sherburne, Benton, Morrison, Mille Lacs, Kanabec, Grant, Pope, Stevens, Isanti, Traverse, Douglas, Wilkin, Otter-Tail, Todd, Wadena, in the State of Minnesota, an area of 12,251 square miles. The bishop resides in St. Cloud, Stearns county Saint-Cosme, Jean-François Buisson de - Born in Quebec, Canada, February, 1667; killed, 1707. Entering the Seminaire des Missions Etrangeres of Quebec, he was ordained in 1690 and after serving for a time at Minas, Nova Scotia (then Acadia), was assigned to the western mission Saint-Denis, Abbey of - Situated in a small town to which it has given its name, about four miles north of Paris Saint-Denis - Diocese erected in 1850 as suffragan of Bordeaux, includes the Island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean about 350 miles cast of Madagascar Saint-Dié - Diocese comprising the Department of the Vosges Saint Gall - A Swiss bishopric directly subject to the Holy See. It includes the Canton of St. Gall and, as a temporary arrangement, the two half-cantons of Appenzell Outer Rhodes and Appenzell Inner Rhodes Saint George, Orders of - Knights of St. George appear at different historical periods and in different countries as mutually independent bodies having nothing in common but the veneration of St. George, the patron of knighthood Saint George's - Diocese in Newfoundland. Beginning at Garnish it takes in the western portion of the south coast and then stretches along the Gulf of St. Lawrence, northwards, almost as far as the Straits of Belle Isle, lying between 55°20' and 59°30' west longitude and between 47°30' and 51°20' north latitude Saint Hyacinthe - Diocese in the Province of Quebec, suffragan of Montreal Saint Isidore, College of - In Rome, originally founded for the use of Spanish Franciscans during the pontificate of Gregory XV Saint James of Compostela, Order of - Founded in the twelfth century, owes its name to the national patron of Spain, St. James the Greater Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne - Diocese of Mauramanensis. Includes the arrondissement of Saint Jean-de-Maurienne in the Department of Haute Savoie Saint-John, Ambrose - Oratorian; b. 1815; d. at Edgbaston, Birmingham, 24 May, 1875; son of Henry St. John, descended from the Barons St. John of Bletsoe Saint John - Diocese in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada Saint John's University - The legal title of a Catholic boarding-school at Collegeville, Minnesota, conducted by the Benedictine Fathers of St. John's Abbey Saint Joseph, Diocese of - The City of St. Joseph, Missouri, was founded by Joseph Robidoux, a Catholic. At the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, St. Joseph was among the new episcopal sees proposed Saint Joseph's College, University of - Founded in 1864 by Rev. Camille Lefebvre in Memramcook, New Brunswick, Canada Saint Louis (Missouri) - Created a diocese 2 July, 1826; raised to the rank of an archdiocese 20 July, 1847 Saint Louis, University of - Probably the oldest university west of the Mississippi River, was founded in the City of St. Louis in 1818 by the Right Reverend Louis William Du Bourg, Bishop of Louisiana Saint Lucius, Monastery of - Located in Chur, Switzerland. The Church of St. Lucius was built over the grave of this saint, whose relics were preserved in it until the sixteenth century Saint Mark, University of - The highest institution of learning in Peru, located at Lima, under the official name of Universidad Mayor de San Marcos. Reputed to be the oldest university in the New World, created by a royal decree of 12 May, 1551 Saint Omer, College of - Well-known Jesuit college at St. Omer, often spoken of under the anglicized form of St. Omers or St. Omer's, founded by Father Parsons in 1592 or 1593 Saint-Ouen, Abbey of - Located in Rouen, France, this abbey was a Benedictine monastery of great antiquity dating back to the early Merovingian period Saint Paul (Minnesota) - Archdiocese comprising the counties of Ramsey, Hennepin, Chisago, Anoka, Dakota, Scott, Wright, Rice, Lesueur, Carver, Nicollet, Sibley, Meeker, Redwood, Renville, Kandiyohi, Lyon, Lincoln, Yellow Medicine, Lac-Qui-Parle, Chippewa, Swift, Goodhue, Big Stone, and Brown, which stretch across the State of Minnesota from east to west, in about the center of its southern half Saint Paul-without-the Walls - An abbey nullius. As early as 200 the burial place of the great Apostle in the Via Ostia was marked by a cella memoriae, near which the Catacomb of Comodilla was established Saint Peter, Basilica of - The present Church of St. Peter stands upon the site where at the beginning of the first century the gardens of Agrippina lay Saint Peter, Tomb of - The history of the confusion and conflicting authorities surrounding the location of the tomb of Saint Peter Saint Petersburg - The imperial residence and second capital of Russia, lies at the mouth of the Neva on the Gulf of Finland Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Prefecture apostolic comprising the only French possession in North America, a group of islands Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de - Born 16 January, 1675; died in Paris, 2 March, 1755 Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism - Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, was born in Paris, 17 Oct., 1760; died there, 19 May, 1825. He belonged to the family of the author of the 'Memoirs' Saint-Sulpice, Society of - Founded at Paris by M. Olier (1642) for the purpose of providing directors for the seminaries established by him Saint Sylvester, Order of - The Order is neither monastic nor military but a purely honorary title created by Gregory XVI, 31 Oct., 1841 Saint Thomas, Diocese of - Diocese comprising the Islands of Sao Thome and Principe, in the Gulf of Guinea Saint Thomas, University of - University in Manila, founded in 1619 by the Dominican Miguel de Benavides, Archbishop of Manila Saint Thomas of Guiana - Diocese; suffragan of Caracas, erected by Pius VI on 19 Dec., 1791, comprises the former state of Bermudez, districts of Nueva Esparta and Guayana, and territories of Amazonas, Caura, Colon, Orinoco, and Yuruary, in the south and east of Venezuela Saint Thomas of Mylapur - Diocese. Suffragan to the primatial See of Goa in the East Indies Saint-Vallier, Jean-Baptiste de - Second Bishop of Quebec, b. at Grenoble, France, 14 Nov. 1653; d. at Quebec, Canada, 26 Dec., 1727; son of Jean de La Croix de Chevrieres, and Marie de Sayne Saint-Victor, Abbey of - In 1108 William of Champeaux retired to a small hermitage dedicated to St. Victor, the martyr soldier. He was followed by many disciples and induced again to take up his lectures. Hence the origin of the Royal Abbey and School of St. Victor Saint-Victor, Achard de - Canon regular, Abbot of St-Victor, Paris, and Bishop of Avranches, b. about 1100; d. 1172 Saint Vincent de Paul, Society of - International association of Catholic laymen engaging in personal service of the poor Sainte Anne d'Auray - A little village three miles from the town of Auray, in the Diocese of Vannes, famous for its sanctuary and for its pilgrimages, or pardons, in honour of St. Anne Sainte Anne de Beaupré - Devotion to Saint Anne, in Canada Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles - Geologist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 26 February, 1814; d. in Paris 10 October, 1876 Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri-Etienne - Chemist, b. at St. Thomas, West Indies, 11 March, 1818; d. at Boulogne, 1 July, 1881 Sainte-Geneviève, Abbey of - In Paris, founded by King Clovis who established there a college of clerics, later called canons regular Saint-Flour - Diocese comprising the Department of Cantal, and is suffragan of the Archbishopric of Bourges Saint Francis Mission - A noted Catholic Indian mission village under Jesuit control near Pierreville, Yamaska district, Province of Quebec, Canada Saint Francis Xavier's College, University of - University in Nova Scotia founded in 1885 under the name of St. Francis Xavier's College Saints, Canonization of - According to some writers the origin in the Catholic Church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis Saints, Communion of - The doctrine expressed in the second clause of the ninth article in the received text of the Apostles' Creed: 'I believe... the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion of Saints' Saints, Legends of the - The legenda are stories about the saints, and often include a mix of historical fact and unhistorical embellishments Saints Vincent and Anastasius, Abbey of - Located near Rome Sala, George Augustus Henry - Journalist, b. in London, 24 Nov., 1828; d. at Brighton, 8 Dec., 1895, having been received into the Church before death Salamanca - Article on the Spanish diocese Salamanca, University of - Spanish university. Had its beginning in the Cathedral School under the direction, from the twelfth century, of a magister scholarum (chancellor) Salamis - A titular see in Cyprus. Salamis was a maritime town on the eastern coast of Cyprus, situated at the end of a fertile plain between two mountains, near the River Pediaeus Salamis, Epiphanius of - Biographical article on the fourth-century monk and bishop Salamon, Louis-Siffren-Joseph - Bishop of Saint-Flour; b. at Carpentras, 22 Oct., 1759; d. at Saint-Flour, 11 June, 1829 Salazar, Domingo de - Born in La Rioja, in the village of La Bastida on the banks of the Ebro, 1512; died in Madrid, 4 December, 1594. Devoted to the conversion of natives of the new world Sale - Saliensis. Diocese in Victoria, Australia, comprises all the territory known as Gippsland Salem - An abbey situated near the Castle of Heiligenberg, about ten miles from Constance, Baden (Germany) Salerno - Diocese in Campania, Southern Italy. The city is situated on the gulf of the same name, backed by a high rock crowned with an ancient castle Salesian Society, The - Founded by Saint John Bosco, takes its distinctive name from its patron, Saint Francis de Sales Salford - The Diocese of Salford comprises the Hundreds of Salford and Blackburn, in Lancashire, England, and was erected 29 Sept., 1850 Salimbene degli Adami - Chronicler, b. at Parma, 9 Oct., 1221; d. probably at Montefalcone about 1288 Salisbury, Ancient Diocese of - The diocese was originally founded by Birinus, who in 634 established his see at Dorchester in Oxfordshire, whence he evangelized the Kingdom of Wessex. From this sprang the later Dioceses of Winchester, Sherborne, Ramsbury, and Salisbury Saliva Indians - The principal of a small group of tribes constituting a distinct linguistic stock (the Salivan), centering in the eighteenth century, about and below the junction of the Meta and Orinoco, in Venezuela Salle, Saint John Baptist de la - Essay on the founder of the Christian Brothers Salmanticenses and Complutenses - Authors of the courses of scholastic philosophy and theology, and moral theology Salmas - A Chaldean see, included in the ancient Archdiocese of Adhorbigan, or Adherbaidjan Salmeron, Alphonsus - Jesuit Biblical scholar, born at Toledo, 8 Sept., 1515; died at Naples, 13 Feb., 1585 Salome - Daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias at whose request John the Baptist was beheaded Salt - Always used for the seasoning of food and for the preservation of things from corruption, had from very early days a sacred and religious character Salta, Diocese of - Comprises the civil Provinces of Salta and Jujuy in the northern part of the Republic of Argentina Saltillo, Diocese of - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Linares, or Monterey Salt Lake, Diocese of - Includes the State of Utah, and slightly more than half of the State of Nevada Salto - Diocese in Uruguay, suffragan to Montevideo Salutati, Coluccio di Pierio di - Italian Humanist b. in Tuscany, 1331; d. 4 May, 1406 Saluzzo - Diocese in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Upper Italy Salvatierra, Juan Maria - Missionary born at Milan, 15 November, 1648; died at Guadalajara, 17 July, 1717 Salvation - Salvation has in Scriptural language the general meaning of liberation from straitened circumstances or from other evils, and of a translation into a state of freedom and security Salve Mundi Salutare - A poem in honour of the various members of Christ on the Cross Salve Regina - The opening words (used as a title) of the most celebrated of the four Breviary anthems of the Blessed Virgin Mary Salvete Christi Vulnera - The Roman Breviary hymn at Lauds of the feast of the Most Precious Blood, is found in the Appendix to Pars Verna of the Roman Breviary (Venice, 1798) Salvianus - Fifth-century Latin writer Salzburg - The Archdiocese of Salzburg is conterminous with the Austrian crown-land of the same name Salzmann, Joseph - Founder of St. Francis Provincial Seminary (St. Francis, Wisconsin) known as the 'Salesianum', one of the best known pioneer priests of the North-west, b. at Muenzbach, Diocese of Linz, Upper Austria, 17 Aug., 1819; d. at St. Francis, Wisconsin, 17 Jan., 1874 Sámar and Leyte - The names of two civil provinces in the Visayan group of the Philippines Samaria - A titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in Palestine Prima. In the sixth year of his reign (about 900 B. C.) Amri, King of Israel, laid the foundations of the city to which he gave the name of Samaria, 'after the name of Semer the owner of the hill' Samaritan Language and Literature - History of the changes in the language as affected by the changing religious and ethnic culture of the land Sambuga, Joseph Anton - Theologian, b. at Walldorf near Heidelberg, 9 June; 1752; d. at Nymphenburg near Munich 5 June, according to Sailer, but 5 January according to other statements, 1815 Samoa - A group of islands situated in the south Pacific Samogitia - A Russian diocese, also called Telshi (Telshe), including the part of Lithuania lying on the Baltic Samos - Titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades. The island, called in Turkish Soussan-Adassi, is 181 sq. miles in area and numbers 55,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom are Greek schismatics Samosata - A titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis, capital of Commagenum Sampson, Richard - English bishop (d. 1554) Samson - Most famous of the Judges of Israel Samson - Abbot of St. Edmunds (1135-1211) Samson, Saint - Biography of this Welsh-born abbot, reluctant bishop, confessor. Died about 565 Samuco Indians - The collective name of a group of tribes in southwestern Bolivia Samuel, First and Second Books of - Known as the First and Second Books of Kings in the Authorized Version, in the Hebrew editions and the Protestant versions these are known as 1st and 2nd Samuel, with the Third and Fourth Books of Kings being styled First and Second Books of Kings San Antonio, Diocese of - Comprises all that portion of the State of Texas between the Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers, except the land south of the Arroyo de los Hermanos, on the Rio Grande, and the Counties of Live Oak, Bee, Goliad, and Refugio San Carlos de Ancud - The most southern of the Chilian dioceses San Gallo - A celebrated family of architects, sculptors, painters, and engravers, which flourished in Italy during the Renaissance period, from the middle of the fifteenth to the end of the sixteenth century. The founder of the family was Francesco Giamberti (1405-80), a Florentine wood-carver; he had two sons, Giuliano and Antonio Sanhedrin - The supreme council and court of justice among the Jews San José de Costa Rica - The Republic of Costa Rica, Central America, constitutes this diocese as a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Guatemala Sánchez, Alonzo - Jesuit missionary and writer, born in Mondejar, Guadalajara, Spain, in 1547; died at Alcala, 27 May, 1593 Sánchez, Alonzo Coello - Painter - Born at Benyfayro, Valenciz, Spain, in 1513 or 1515; died at Madrid, 1590 Sánchez, José Bernardo - Franciscan missionary - Born at Robledillo, Old Castile, Spain, 7 September, 1778; d. at San Gabriel, California, 15 January, 1833 Sanchez, Thomas - Religious scholar and author - Born at Cordova, 1550; died in the college of Granada, 19 May, 1610 Sanctifying Grace - Treatise on this fundamental building block of Christianity Sanction - Sanction signifies the authoritative act whereby the legislator gives a law value and binding force for its subjects Sanction, Pragmatic - An edict formally issued by the emperor or king Sanctity - Explains the meaning of the term 'sanctity' as employed in somewhat different senses in relation to God, to individual men, and to a corporate body Sanctorum Meritis - The hymn at First and Second Vespers in the Common of the Martyrs in the Roman Breviary. Its authorship is often attributed to Rabanus Maurus (d. 856), Archbishop of Mainz Sanctuary - A consecrated place of refuge Sanctuary - Church architecture term Sanctus - The Sanctus is the last part of the Preface in the Mass, sung in practically every rite by the people (or choir). One of the elements of the liturgy of which exists the earliest evidence Sandals, Episcopal - Unlike the ancient sandals, which consisted merely of soles fastened to the foot by straps, the episcopal sandals are in the form of low shoes, and resemble slippers Sandemanians - An English form of the Scottish sect of Glassites, followers of John Glas (b. 1695; d. 1773) who was deposed from the Presbyterian ministry in 1728, for teaching that the Church should not be subject to any league or covenant, but should be governed only by Apostolic doctrine Sandeo, Felino Maria - Often quoted under the name of Felinus, Italian canonist of the fifteenth century Sander, Anton - Historian, b. at Antwerp, 1586; d. at Afflighem, Belgium, 10 Jan., 1664 Sander, Nicholas - English exile - Born at Charlwood, Surrey, in 1530; died in Ireland, 1581 Sandhurst - Diocese in Victoria, Australia; suffragan of Melbourne Sandomir - Ancient Polish city with existing traces of prehistoric construction Sands, Benjamin and James - U.S. Navy admirals Sandwich Isands - Vicariate Apostolic comprising all the islands of the Hawaiian group Sandys, Venerable John - Brief account of the martyrdom of the English priest, which took place in 1586 Sanetch Indians - A sub-tribe of the Songish Indians San Francisco - Archdiocese established 29 July 1853 to include multiple counties in the State of California, U.S.A San Juan - Diocese in the Argentine Republic at the foot of the Cordillera of the Andes Sankt Pölten - Diocese in Lower Austria San León del Amazonas - Prefecture Apostolic in Peru San Luis Potosí - Diocese in Mexico, erected by Pius IX in 1854. It includes the State of San Luis Potosí, and a small portion of the State of Zacatecas San Marco and Bisignano - Diocese in the Province of Cosenza in Calabria, Italy San Marino - An independent republic lying between the Italian Provinces of Forli, Pasaro, and Urbino San Martino al Cimino - A prelature nullius in the territory of the Diocese of Viterbo, Province of Rome San Miniato - A city and diocese in the Province of Florence, central Italy Sannazaro, Jacopo - Italian and Latin poet, b. at Naples, 28 July, 1458; d. at Rome, in Aug., 1530 San Salvador - The name given by Columbus to his first discovery in the New World. It is one of the Bahama group of islands San Salvador - Diocese. The Republic of Salvador, often incorrectly called San Salvador from the name of its capital, is the smallest and most thickly populated state of Central America San Sepolcro, Piero da - Painter, b. at Borgo San-Sepolcro, about 1420; d. there, 1492 San Severino - San Severino is a small town and seat of a bishopric in the Province of Macerata in the Marshes, Central Italy Sanseverino, Gaetano - Restorer of the Scholastic philosophy in Italy, b. at Naples, 1811; d. there of cholera, 16 Nov., 1865 San Severo - Diocese in the Province of Foggia (Capitanata), Southern Italy, situated in a fertile plain, watered by the Radicosa and Triolo Sansovino, Andrea Contucci del - Sculptor of the transition period at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century. Born at Monte San Sovino, Arezzo, 1460; died 1529 Santa Agata dei Goti, Diocese of - In the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy; the city, situated on a hill at the base of Monte Taburno, contains an ancient castle Santa Casa di Loreto - Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, the 'Holy House' of Loreto has been numbered among the most famous shrines of Italy Santa Catharina - Diocese; suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Porto Alegre (Sao Pedro do Rio Grande), in Brazil, South America, created in 1906 Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Diocese in Bolivia, erected on 6 July, 1605, as suffragan of Lima, but since 2 July, 1609, it has been dependent on La Plata (Charcas) Santa Fe (New Mexico) - Archdiocese in New Mexico, erected by Pius IX in 1850 and created an archbishopric in 1875 Santa Fe (Argentina) - Diocese in the Argentine Republic, suffragan of Buenos Aires Santa Lucia del Mela - Prelature nullius within the territory of the Archdiocese of Messina, Sicily Santa Maria (Brazil) - A Brazilian see, suffragan of Porto Alegre Santa Maria de Monserrato - An abbey nullius in Brazil Santa Marta - Diocese in Colombia, erected in 1535, its first bishop being Alfonso do Tobes Santander - Diocese in Spain which takes its name not from St. Andrew as some believe, but from St. Hemeterius (Santemter, Santenter, Santander), one of the patrons of the city and ancient abbey Sant' Angelo de' Lombardi - Diocese in the Province of Avellino, Southern Italy. The city was established by the Lombards at an unknown period Sant' Angelo in Vado and Urbania - Diocese; S. Angelo in Vado is a city in the Marches, on the site of the ancient 'Tifernum Metaurense', a town of the Umbrian Senones, near the River Metaurus, believed to have been destroyed by the Goths Santarem - Prelature nullius created in 1903, in the ecclesiastical Province of Belem do Para Santa Severina - Diocese in the Province of Catanzaro in Calabria, Southern Italy. Situated on a rocky precipice on the site of the ancient Siberena, it became an important fortress of the Byzantines in their struggles with the Saracens Santiago, University of - Founded in 1501 by Diego de Muros (Bishop of the Canaries), and Lope Gomez Marzo, who on 17 July, 1501, executed a public document establishing a school and academy for the study of the humanities Santiago del Estero - Diocese in the Argentine Republic, erected 25 March, 1907, suffragan of Buenos Aires Santini, Giovanni Sante Gaspero - Astronomer, b. at Caprese in Tuscany, 30 Jan., 1787; d. at Padua, 26 June, 1877 Santo Domingo, Archdiocese of - Erected on 8 August, 1511, by Julius II who by the Bull 'Pontifex Romanus' on that date established also the Sees of Concepcion de la Vega and of San Juan of Porto Rico Santos, João dos - Dominican missionary in India and Africa, b. at Evora, Portugal; d. at Goa in 1622 San Xavier del Bac, Mission of - One of the eight missions founded by the Spanish Padres between 1687 and 1720 in the Pimeria Alta, within the present limits of the State of Arizona São Carlos do Pinhal - Diocese; suffragan of the Archdiocese of Sao Paulo, Brazil, South America, created on 7 June, 1908 São Luiz de Cáceres - Diocese in Brazil, suffragan of Cuyaba São Luiz de Maranhão - Diocese; suffragan of Belem de Para, comprises the State of Maranhao in Northern Brazil São Paulo - Ecclesiastical province in the Republic of Brazil, South America São Salvador de Bahia de Todos os Santos - Brazilian archdiocese established in 1551 São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro - Ecclesiastical province of Rio de Janeiro, the third of the seven constituting the Brazilian episcopate São Thiago de Cabo Verde - This diocese has the seat of its bishopric on the Island of S. Nicolau Sappa - Diocese in Albania, established in 1062 Sara - Wife of Abraham and also his step-sister Sarabaites - A class of monks widely spread before the time of St. Benedict Saragossa - Diocese in Spain Saragossa, University of - Not definitively established until 1585, its real founder being Don Pedro Cerbunc, Prior of the Cathedral of Saragossa, and later Bishop of Tarrazona Sarajevo, Archdiocese of - Treatise about the development of the Church in Bosnia Sarayacú Mission - The chief Franciscan mission of the Ucavali river country, Department of Loreto, north-east Peru, in the eighteenth century Sarbiewski, Mathias Casimir - The Horace of Poland, b. near Plonsk, in the Duchy of Masovia, 24 February, 1595; d. 2 April, 1649. He entered the novitiate of the Jesuits at Vilna on 25 July, 1612 Sardes - A titular see of Lydia, in Asia Minor probably the ancient Hyde of Homer (Iliad, II, 844; XX, 385), at the foot of Mount Tmolus Sardica - A titular metropolitan see of Dacia Mediterranea. The true name of the city (now Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria) was Serdica Sardica, Council of - One of the series of councils called to adjust the doctrinal and other difficulties caused by the Arian heresy, held most probably in 343 Sardinia - The second largest Italian island in the Mediterranean Sarepta - A titular see in Phoenicia Prima, suffragan of Tyre. It is mentioned for the first time in the voyage of an Egyptian in the fourteenth century B.C. Chabas, 'Voyage d'un Egyptien' Sarkander, Blessed John - This priest was tortured for refusing to break the seal of confession, and died in prison in 1620 Sarnelli, Januarius Maria - One of S. Alphonsus's earliest companions, fourth son of Baron Angelo Sarnelli of Ciorani, b. in Naples 12 Sept., 1702; d. 30 June, 1744 Sarpi, Paolo - A Servite and anti-papal historian and statesman, b. at Venice, 14 August, 1552; d. there 14 or 15 January, 1623 Sarsfield, Patrick - Born at Lucan near Dublin, about 1650; died at Huy in Belgium, 1693. Commanded armies in several European countries Sarsina - Located in Aemilia, Province of Forli, Italy Sarto, Andrea del - Artist - Born at Florence in 1486; d. there in 1531 Sarum Rite - The manner of regulating the details of the Roman Liturgy that obtained in pre-Reformation times in the south of England and was thence propagated over the greater part of Scotland and of Ireland Sasima - A titular see in Cappadocia. Sasima is mentioned only in three non-religious documents Saskatchewan and Alberta - The twin provinces of the Canadian West, so called because they were formed on the same day Sassari - Archdiocese in Sardinia, Italy, situated on the River Rossello in a fertile region: a centre of the oil, fruit, wine, and tobacco industries Sassoferrato, Giovanni Battista Salvi da - Seventeenth-century Italian artist Satala - A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sabastia Satan - The name commonly given to the fallen angels, who are also known as demons. With the article (ho) it denotes Lucifer, their chief, as in Matthew 25:41, 'the Devil and his angels' Satolli, Francesco - Theologian, cardinal, first Apostolic delegate to the United States, b. 21 July, 1839, at Marsciano near Perugia; d. 8 Jan., 1910, at Rome Saturninus, Saint - First bishop of Toulouse, third-century martyr Sauatra - Per Tillemont, one of the most illustrious martyrs France has given to the Church Saul - First king of Israel Sault St. Louis - Also known as Sault St. Louis. An Iroquois reservation, situated on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, about ten miles above Montreal Sault Sainte Marie - Ontario, Canada, diocese erected in 1904 Savannah - The Diocese of Savannah comprises the State of Georgia and was created as such by Pius IX, 1850 Savaric - Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury, and cousin of the Emperor Henry VI, date of birth unknown, d. at Rome, 1205. He was archdeacon of Canterbury, 1175, and archdeacon of Northampton, 1180 Savary - A noble French family of the seventeenth century devoted to trade and to the publication of works on commercial matters Savigny, Abbey of - Situated on the confines of Normandy and Brittany, Diocese of Coutances, France. Founded by Vital de Mortain, Canon of the Collegiate Church of St. Evroul Savigny, Karl Friedrich - Diplomatist (1814-1875) Savona and Noli - Province of Genoa, on the Gulf of Genoa Savonarola, Girolamo - Dominican reformer. Born at Ferrara, 21 September, 1452; died at Florence, 23 May, 1498 Savoy - A district in the south-eastern part of France that extends from the Lake Geneva to south of the River Arc Saxe, Jean de - For a long time two astronomers of the Middle Ages were confounded under this name (1) Joannes Danko (2) Jean de Counnout Saxe-Altenburg - One of the Saxon duchies in the east of Thuringia; situated on the west frontier of the Kingdom of Saxony Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - One of the Saxon-Thuringian duchies Saxe-Meiningen - A Saxon-Thuringian duchy. The duchy came into existence in 1681, as the result of the various succession agreements among the seven sons of Duke Ernest the Pious of Saxe-Gotha Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - A grand duchy in Thuringia, also known in recent times as the Grand duchy of Saxony Saxo Grammaticus - Thirteenth-century Danish historian Saxony - Chronology of the area and the people Saxony, Albert of - Fourteenth-century philosopher Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs) - Consisting of twenty-eight white marble steps, at Rome, near the Lateran; according to tradition the staircase leading once to the praetorium of Pilate at Jerusalem, hence sanctified by the footsteps of Our Lord during his Passion Scaliger, Julius Caesar - Article by Paul Lejay on this scholar's life and writings Scalimoli - Theologian, better known by his religious name, Anrea di Castellana Scammon, Ellakim Parker - Educator, b. at Whitefield, Maine, U.S.A., 27 Dec., 1816; d. at New York, 7 Dec., 1894 Scandal - A word or action evil in itself, which occasions another's spiritual ruin Scannabecchi, Filippo - Bolognese painter, born about 1360; died about 1410 Scapular - The most important part, of the habit of the monastic orders Scaramelli, Giovanni Battista - Ascetical writer, b. at Rome, 24 Nov., 1687; d. at Macerata, 11 Jan., 1752 Scarampi, Pierfrancesco - Oratorian, Papal envoy, b. of a noble and ancient family in the Duchy of Monferrato, Piedmont, 1596; d. at Rome, 14 Oct., 1656 Scarlatti, Alessandro - Special emphasis on his religious works and his influence on later composers Scarron, Paul - French poet and dramatist, b. in Paris, 4 July, 1610; d. 7 October, 1660 Scepticism - Etymology of the word based on a Greek term meaning 'speculation, doubt' Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm - Painter, b. at Berlin, 1789; d. at Duesseldorf, 1862. He was the son of the sculptor, Johann Gottfried Schadow of Berlin Schaepman, Herman - Orator, poet, and statesman, b. at Tubbergen, Holland, 2 March, 1844; d. at Rome, 21 Jan., 1903 Schäftlarn - Formerly a Premonstratensian, now a Benedictine, abbey, situated on the Isar not far from Munich in Upper Bavaria. It was founded in 762 by the priest Waltrich and dedicated to St. Dionysius Schall von Bell, Johann Adam - An especially prominent figure among the missionaries to China, b. of an important family at Cologne in 1591; d. at Peking, 15 Aug., 1666 Schannat, Johann Friedrich - German historian, b. at Luxemburg, 23 July, 1683; d. at Heidleberg, 6 March, 1739 Schatzgeyer, Caspar - Inquisitor (1463-1527) Schäufelin, Hans Leonhard - A German wood engraver, pupil of Durer, b. at Nuremburg in 1490; d. there in 1540. Best known as an engraver, but also an artist of repute Schaumburg-Lippe - A German principality, surrounded by the Prussian province of Westphalia Hanover, and an exclave of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau (the Prussian County of Schaumburg) Schäzler, Constantine, Baron von - Theologian, b. at Ratisbon, 7 May, 1827; d. at Interlaken, 9 September, 1880 Schedel, Hartmann - German Humanist and historian, b. at Nuremberg, 13 February, 1440; d. there on 28 November, 1514 Scheeben, Matthias Joseph - Theological writer of acknowledged merit, born at Meckenheim near Bonn, 1 March, 1835; died at Cologne, 21 July, 1888 Scheffmacher, John James - Jesuit theologian b. at Kientzheim, Alsace, 27 April, 1668; d. at Strasburg, 18 August, 1733. He was one of the greatest theologians of his time, an orator of power and influence and the author of valuable works on controversy Scheiner, Christopher - German astronomer, b. at Wald, near Mindelheim, in Swabia, 25 July, 1575; d. at Niesse, in Silesia, 18 July, 1650 Schelble, Johann Nepomuk - Musician, b. 16 May, 1789, at Huffingen in the Black Forest; d. there 6 Aug., 1837 Schelstrate, Emmanuel - Theologian, b. at Antwerp, 1649; d. at Rome, 6 April, 1692. While he was a canon of the cathedral of Antwerp, he was called to Rome by Innocent IX and made an assistant librarian of the Vatican Library Schenkl, Maurus von - Benedictine theologian and canonist, b. at Auerbach in Bavaria, 4 January 1749; d. at Amberg, 14 June, 1816 Schenute - A Coptic abbot. The years 332-33-34 and 350 are mentioned as the date of his birth, and the years 451-52 and 466 as the date of his death, all authors agreeing that he lived about 118 years Scherer, Georg - Pulpit orator and controversialist, b. at Schwaz, in the Tyrol, 1540, according to Duhr; d. at Linz, 30 Nov., 1605; entered the Society of Jesus in 1559 Scherer-Boccard, Theodore, Count von - A Swiss Catholic journalist and politician; b. at Dornach in the canton of Solothurn, 12 May, 1816; d. at Solothurn, 6 Feb., 1885 Schinner, Matthæus - Bishop, cardinal, and statesman, b. at Muhlbach in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland, about 1470; d. of the plague at Rome, l October, 1522 Schism - In the language of theology and canon law, the rupture of ecclesiastical union and unity Schism, Eastern - From the time of Diotrephes (III John 1:9-10) there have been continual schisms, of which the greater number were in the East Schism, Western - Only a temporary misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was fed by politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and Constance Schlegel, Friedrich von - Poet, writer on aesthetics, and literary historian, the 'Messias' of the Romantic School, b. at Hanover, 10 March, 1772; d. at Dresden, 12 January, 1829 Schleswig - Formerly a duchy and diocese of northwestern Germany, now a part of the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein Schlör, Aloysius - Ascetical writer, b. at Vienna, 17 June, 1805; d. at Graz, 2 Nov., 1852 Schlosser, John Frederick Henry - Jurist - b. at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 30 December, 1780; d. there 22 January, 1851 Schmalzgrueber, Francis Xavier - Canonist, b. at Griesbach, Bavaria, 9 Oct., 1663; d. at Dillingen 7 Nov., 1735 Schmid, Christoph von - Writer of children's stories and educator, b. at Dinkelsbuehl, in Bavaria, 15 Aug., 1768; d. at Augsburg in 1854 Schmidt, Friedrich von - Architect (1825-1891) Schneeman, Gerard - Born at Wesel, Lower Rhine, 12 Feb., 1829; d. at Kerkrade, Holland, 20 Nov., 1885 Schoenberg, Matthias von - Author, b. at Ehingen, in the Diocese of Constance, 9 Nov., 1732; d. at Munich, 20 Apr., 1792 Schöffer, Peter - Publisher and printer, b. at Gernsheim on the Rine about 1425; d. at Mainz in 1503 Schola Cantorum - A place for the teaching and practice of ecclesiastical chant, or a body of singers banded together for the purpose of rendering the music in church Scholasticism - A term used to designate both a method and a system. It is applied to theology as well as to philosophy Scholliner, Herman - Theologian and historian, b. at Freising in Bavaria, 15 January, 1722; d. at Welchenberg, 16 July, 1795 Schols, Charles Mathieu - Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences. Born of Catholic parents at Maastriche, Holland, 28 March, 1849; died at Delft 17 March, 1897 Scholz, John Martin Augustine - German Orientalist and exegete, b. at Kapsdorf, near Breslau, 8 Feb., 1794; d. at Bonn, 20 Oct. 1852. He studied in the Catholic gymnasium and the University of Breslau Schönborn - The name of a German noble family, many members of which were prelates of the Church Schongauer, Martin - German painter and engraver, b. at Colmar between 1445 and 1450; d. probably in 1491, it is believed at Breisach Schöningh - History of this Catholic publishing house at Paderborn Schools - History and development of education as related to the church Schools, Apostolic - The object of apostolic schools is to cultivate vocations for the foreign missions. Apostolic schools, as distinct from junior ecclesiastical seminaries, owe their origin to Father Alberic de Foresta Schools, Clerks Regular of the Pious - Called also Piarists, Scolopli, Escolapios, Poor Clerks of the Mother of God, and the Pauline Congregation, a religious order founded in Rome in 1597 by St. Joseph Calasanctius Schorlemer-Alst, Burghard Freiherr von - Social reformer, b. at Heringhausen, Westphalia, 21 Oct., 1825; d. at Alst, 17 March, 1895 Schott, Gaspar - German physicist, b. 5 Feb., 1608, at Koenigshofen; d. 12 or 22 May, 1666, at Augsburg Schottenklöster - A name applied to the monastic foundations of Irish and Scotch missionaries on the European continent, particularly to the Scotch Benedictine monasteries in Germany, which in the beginning of the thirteenth century were combined into one congregation Schrader, Clement - Jesuit theologian, b. at Itzum, in Hanover, Nov., 1820; d. at Poitiers 23 Feb., 1875 Schram, Dominic - A Benedictine theologian and canonist, b. at Bamberg, 24 October 1722; d. in the monastery of Banz near Bamberg, 21 September, 1797 Schrank, Franz Paula von - Naturalist, b. at Varnbach near Schaerding on the Inn, 21 August, 1747; d. at Munich, 22 December, 1835 Schraudolph, Johann - Historical painter (1808-1879) Schubert, Franz - Composer (1797-1829) Schwane, Joseph - A theological writer, b. at Dorsten in Westphalia, 2 Aril, 1824; d. at Muenster, 6 June, 1892 Schwann, Theodor - German physiologist and founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms; b. at Neuss, 7 December, 1810; d. Cologne, 11 January, 1882 Schwanthaler, Ludwig von - Founder of the modern Romantic school of sculpture, b. at Munich in 180 2; d there, 1848 Schwarz, Berthold - A German friar, reputed the inventor of gunpowder and firearms. There has been much difference of opinion regarding the bearer of this name and his share in the discovery attributed to him Schwarzburg - Two small principalities of Central Germany Schwarzenberg, Friedrich, Prince of - Cardinal and Prince-Archbishop of Prague, b. at Vienna, 6 April, 1809; d. there, 27 March, 1885 Schwenckfeldians - The name of a Protestant sect founded by the nobleman Caspar von Schwenckfeld (b. at Ossig in Silesia in 1489 or 1490; d. at Ulm 10 December, 1561) Schwind, Moritz von - Painter - Born at Vienna, 1804; died at Munich, 1871 Science and the Church - Dicsusses the relationship between the two subjects Scillium - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage. Perhaps the name should be written Scilium: the real name was possibly Scilli, or better, Scili Scillium, Martyrs of - In the year 180 six Christians were condemned to death by the sword, in the town of Scillium, by Vigellius Saturninus, Proconsul of Africa Scopia - Archdiocese, ancient residence of the early Servian rulers is the modern Uscub Scotism and Scotists - Article on the school of philosophy inspired by John Duns Scotus, and its proponents in the fourteenth through nineteenth centuries Scotland - The northern portion of the Island of Great Britain Scotland, Established Church of - The religious organization which has for three centuries and a half claimed the adherence of the majority of the inhabitants of Scotland, may be said to date from August 1560 Scoto-Hibernian Monasteries - A convenient term under which to include the monastic institutions which were founded during the sixth century in the country now known as Scotland, though that name was not used in its present sense until four hundred years later Scots College, The - Clement VIII gave Scotland its college at Rome. The Bull of foundation, dated 5 December, 1600, conferred on the college all the privileges already enjoyed by the Greek, German, and English colleges Scott, Ven. Montford - Biography of the English priest, martyred in 1591 after an imprisonment of seven years Scotus, Blessed John Duns - Called 'Doctor Subtilis,' Franciscan, philosopher, d. 1308 Scranton - Diocese in Pennsylvania Screen, Altar - A cloth, on which images of Our Lord, of the Blessed Virgin, or of saints, are represented, may be suspended above the altar, unless such images are painted on the wall Scribes - In the New-Testament period the scribes were the professional interpreters of the Law in the Jewish synagogues Scriptorium - A large room set apart in a monastery for the use of the scribes or copyists of the community Scripture - Sacred Scripture is one of the several names denoting the inspired writings which make up the Old and New Testament Scruple - An unfounded apprehension and consequently unwarranted fear that something is a sin which, as a matter of fact, is not Scrutiny - Definitions for the term as variously employed in canon law Sculpture - In the widest sense of the term, sculpture is the art of representing in bodily form men, animals, and other objects in stone, bronze, ivory, clay and similar materials Scutari, Archdiocese of - The Archdiocese of Scutari comprises 29 parishes Scythopolis - A titular metropolitan of Palaestina Secunda. It is the ancient Bethsan so often mentioned in the Bible, as proved by texts in the writings of Josephus Seal - The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era. It was natural then that high functionaries of the Church should adopt the habit as soon as they became socially and politically important Seal of Confession, the Law of the - 'Let the priest who dares to make known the sins of his penitent be deposed....' Seattle - The Diocese of Seattle (Seattlensis) comprises the entire State of Washington, U.S.A Sebaste - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea Sebastia - The city, which existed perhaps under another name in pre-Roman times, was called Sebastia and enlarged by Augustus; under Diocletian it became the capital of Armenia Prima and after Justinian who rebuilt its walls, the capital of Armenia Secunda Sebastian, Saint - Article on this Roman martyr of the late third or early fourth century Sebastian Newdigate, Blessed - Martyred at Tyburn in 1535 for denying the royal supremacy Sebastopolis - A titular see in Armenia Prima, suffragan of Sebastia. The primitive name of this city was Carana, dependent on Zela, which was included in the principality given to Ateporix by Anthony of or Augustus Sebenico - Suffragan of Zara. Sebenico was the seat of a bishop before the establishment of a see Secchi, Angelo - Astronomer, b. at Reggio in Emilia, Italy, 18 June, 1818; d. 26 Feb., 1878 Sechelt Indians - A small tribe speaking a distinct language of Salishan linguistic stock, formerly occupying the territory about the entrance of Jervis and Sechelt inlets, Nelson Island, and south Texada Island Sechnall, Saint - Bishop, nephew of St. Patrick. First Irish Christian to write Latin poetry. Died 457 Seckau - Diocese in Styria, Austria, suffragan of Salzburg. The See of Seckau was founded by Archbishop Eberhard II of Salzburg, with the permission of Honorius III, 22 June, 1218 Secret - The prayer said in a low voice by the celebrant at the end of the Offeratory in the Roman Liturgy Secret, Discipline of the - A theological term used to express the custom which prevailed in the earliest ages of the Church, by which the knowledge of the more intimate mysteries of the Christian religion was carefully kept from the heathen and even from those who were undergoing instruction in the Faith Sect and Sects - Etymology and meaning of the word 'sect' Secularism - A term used for the first time about 1846 by George Jacob Holyoake to denote 'a form of opinion which concerns itself only with questions, the issues of which can be tested by the experience of this life' Secularization - An authorization given to religious with solemn vows and by extension to those with simple vows to live for a time or permanently in the 'world' Secular Clergy - The secular cleric makes no profession and follows no religious rule Sedgwick, Thomas - Regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, 1557, rector of Stanhope, Durham, and vicar of Gainford, Durham, both in 1558; d. in a Yorkshire prison, 1573 Sedia Gestatoria - The Italian name of the portable papal throne used on certain solemn occasions in the pontifical ceremonies Sedilia - The name given to seats on the south side of the sanctuary, used by the officiating clergy during the liturgy Seduction - The inducing of a previously virtuous woman to engage in unlawful sexual intercourse Sedulius - Christian poet of the fifth century Sedulius Scotus - An Irish teacher, grammarian and Scriptural commentator, who lived in the ninth century Seekers - An obscure Puritan sect which arose in England in the middles of the seventeenth century. They represented an Antinomian tendency among some of the Independents, and professed to be seeking for the true Church, Scripture, Ministry, and Sacraments Seelos, Francis X. - Short biographical article on the missionary priest Seerth - A Chaldean see, appears to have succeeded the See of Arzon in the same province Séez - Diocese embracing the Department of Orne. Re-established by the Concordat of 1802 Seghers, Charles John - Bishop of Vancouver Island (today Victoria), Apostle of Alaska. b. at Ghent, Belgium, 26 Dec., 1839; d. in Alaska, 28 Nov., 1886 Segneri, Paolo - Italian Jesuit, preacher, missionary, ascetical writer, b. at Nettuno, 21 March (cf. Massei) 1624; d. at Rome, 9 Dec., 1694 Segni - Located in the Province of Rome. The city, situated on a hill in the Monti Lepini overlooks the valley of the river Sacco Segorbe - Diocese in Spain, bounded on the north by Castellon and Teruel, on the east by Castellon, on the south by Valencia, and on the west by Valencia and Teruel Segovia - Diocese in Spain; bounded on the north by Valladolid, Burgos, and Soria; on the east by Guadalajara; on the south by Madrid; on the west by Avila and Valladolid Ségur, Louis Gaston de - Prelate and French apologist, born 15 April, 1820, in Paris; died 9 June, 1881, in the same city Ségur, Sophie Rostopchine, Comtesse de - French writer (1797-1874) Sehna, Diocese of - A Chaldean see, erected in 1853, its subjects being partly in Persia and partly in Turkey at Suleimanieh Seidl, Johann Gabriel - Poet, author of the present Austrian national hymn, b. at Vienna, 21 June 1804; d. there, 17 July, 1875 Seitz, Alexander Maximilian - Painter, b. At Munich, 1811; d. at Rome, 1888 Sejny, Diocese of - A diocese in the northwestern part of Russian Poland Sekanais - A Dene tribe whose habitat is on both sides of the Rockies Seleucia Pieria - Titular metropolis of Syria Prima. The city was founded near the mouth of the Orontes, not far from Mount Casius, by Seleucus Nicator about 300 B.C Seleucia Trachea - Metropolitan see of Isauria in the Patriarchate of Antioch Seleucians - A Gnostic sect who are said to have flourished in Galatia Seleucids - The name given to the Macedonian dynasty, which was founded by Seleucus, a general under Alexander the Great Self-Defense - The right of a private person to employ force against any one who unjustly attacks his life or person, his property or good name Selgas y Carrasco, José - Poet and novelist, b. at Lorca, Murcia, Spain, 1824; d. at Madrid, 5 Feb., 1882 Selge - A titular see in Pamphylia Prima, suffragan of Side Selinus - A titular see in Isauria, near the Gulf of Adalia. Selinus Selvaggio, Giulio Lorenzo - Canonist and archaeologist, b. at Naples, 10 August, 1728; d. there, November, 1772 Selymbria - A titular see in Thracia Prima, suffragan of Heraclea. Selymbria, or Selybria, the city of Selys on the Propontis, was a colony of the Megarians founded before Byzantium Sem - Son of Noe Semiarians and Semiarianism - A name frequently given to the conservative majority in the East in the fourth century as opposed to the strict Arians Seminary, Ecclesiastical - The word seminary (Fr. seminaire, Ger. Seminar) is sometimes used, especially in Germany, to designate a group of university students devoted to a special line of work. The same word is often applied in England and the United States to young ladies' academies, Protestant or Catholic Semipelagianism - A doctrine of grace advocated by monks of Southern Gaul at and around Marseilles after 428 Semites - The term Semites is applied to a group of peoples closely related in language, whose habitat is Asia and partly Africa Semitic Epigraphy - Discussion of the science by this name Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp - Physician and discoverer of the cause of puerperal fever, b. Ofen (Buda), 1 July, 1818; d. at Vienna, 13 August, 1865 Semmes, Raphael - Naval officer, b. in Charles County, Maryland, U.S.A., 27 September, 1809; d. at Point Clear, Alabama, 26 August, 1877 Seña, Balthasar - Indian missionary and philologist, b. at Barcelona, Spain, about 1590; d. at Guarambare, Paraguay, 19 July, 1614 Senan, Saint - Sixth-century Irish missionary, bishop, and confessor. Was revered even in his earthly life for his sanctity, being visited by Sts. Ciaran and Brendan Señan, José Francisco de Paula - Missionary - Born at Barcelona, Spain, 3 March, 1760; died at Mission San Buenaventura on 24 Aug., 1823 Sénanque - Cistercian monastery and cradle of the modern Cistereians of the Immaculate Conception Seneca Indians - The westernmost and largest of the five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy of central and western New York Senefelder, Aloys - Inventor of lithography Senegambia - Vicariate Apostolic, to which is joined the Prefecture Apostolic of Senegal (Senegalensis), both in French West Africa Sennen and Abdon, Saints - Persian martyrs in the Decian persecution. Died in about 250 Sens - Archdiocese comprising the Department of the Yonne Sens, Councils of - Chronology of councils held at this location Sentence - In canon law, the decision of the court upon any issue brought before it Sept-Fons, Notre-Dame de Saint-Lieu - Located in the Diocese of Moulins in France, it was founded (1132) by Guichard and Guillaume de Bourbon, of the family de Bourbon-Lancy, which gave kings to France, Italy, and Spain Septimius Severus - Founder of the African dynasty of Roman emperors Septuagesima - The ninth Sunday before Easter, the third before Lent known among the Greeks as 'Sunday of the Prodigal' Septuagint Version - The first translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, made into popular Greek before the Christian era Sepulchre, Holy - The tomb in which the Body of Jesus Christ was laid after His death upon the Cross Sequence or Prose - A liturgical hymn used on certain festivals before the Gospel in the Mass Serajevo, Archdiocese of - Treatise about the development of the Church in Bosnia Seraphic Crown - Also known as the Seraphic Rosary. Brief history, general description of how one prays this chaplet Seraphim - A Hebrew masculine plural form, designates a special class of heavenly attendants of Yahweh's court Seraphin of Montegranaro, Saint - Late sixteenth-century Italian Capuchin. Had the gift of reading hearts Seraphina Sforza, Blessed - Forced by her husband to enter the Poor Clares, d. 1478 Serapion, Saint - Bishop and theological author. Died 211 Serena, Diocese of La - Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of Santiago, erected 1 July, 1840 Sergeant, John - Writer, born at Barrow-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, in 1623; died in 1710 Sergeant, Ven. Richard - English priest martyred in 1586 Sergiopolis - A titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis Sergius and Bacchus - Soldiers, martyred in the Diocletian persecution in about 303. Universally venerated in the East Sergius I, Pope - Reigned 687-701 Sergius II, Pope - Reigned 844-847 Sergius III, Pope - Reigned 904-911 Sergius IV, Pope - Reigned 1009-1012 Seripando, Girolamo - Italian theologian and cardinal, b. at Troja (Apulia), 6 May, 1493; d. at Trent 17 March, 1563 Seroux d'Agincourt, Jean-Baptiste-Louis-George - Born at Beauvais, 5 April, 1730; died at Rome, 24 September, 1814. He was a descendant of the counts of Namur Serpieri, Alessandro - Scientist known for work in astronomy and seismology, b. at S. Giovanni in Marignano, near Rimini, 31 Oct., 1823; d. at Fiesole, 22 Feb., 1885 Serra, Junípero - Biography of the famed Franciscan priest, missionary to Mexico and California, who died in 1784 Serrae - Titular metropolitan see in Macedonia, more correctly Serrhae, is called Siris by Herodotus Servants of Mary (Order of Servites) - Order founded on the feast of the Assumption, 1233 when the Blessed Virgin appeared to seven noble Florentines Servants of the Most Blessed Sacrament - An order of nuns, founded by the Venerable Pierre-Julien Eymard Servia - A European kingdom in the northwestern part of the Balkan peninsula Servites, Order of - The fifth mendicant order, the objects of which are the sanctification of its members, preaching the Gospel, and the propagation of devotion to the Mother of God, with special reference to her sorrows Servus servorum Dei - 'Servant of the servants of God', a title given by the popes to themselves in documents of note Sessa-Aurunca - Diocese in Campania, Province of Caserta (Southern Italy) Sestini, Benedict - Astronomer, mathematician, b. at Florence, Italy, 20 March, 1816; d. at Frederick, Maryland, 17 Jan., 1890 Setebo Indians - Tribe of Panoan linguistic stock formerly centering about the confluence of the Manoa with the Ucayali River, Loreto province, north-eastern Peru Seton, Saint Elizabeth Ann - Biography of the founder of the Sisters of Charity in the United States Seton, William - Author, b. in New York, 28 Jan., 1835; d. there, 15 Mar., 1905 Settignano, Desiderio da - Artist, born at Settignano, Tuscany, 1428; died at Florence, 1463 Settlement, Act of (Irish) - 1662 act passed by the Irish Parliament to bring in Protestant settlers in Munster, Leinster, and Ulster Seven-Branch Candlestick - One of the three chief furnishings of the Holy of the Tabernacle and the Temple. In reality it was an elaborate lampstand, set on the south side of the Holy Place Seven Deacons - The seven men elected by the whole company of the original Christian community at Jerusalem and ordained by the Apostles, their office being chiefly to look after the poor and the common agape Seven Robbers - Martyrs on the Island of Corcyra (Corfu) in the second century. Their names are Saturninus, Insischolus, Faustianus, Januarius, Marsalius, Euphrasius, and Mammius Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, The - One of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after wakes up to find the world changed Severian - Bishop of Gabala in Syria, in the fourth and fifth centuries. Regarded by his contemporaries as a good preacher, known as the author of Biblical commentaries and sermons Severinus, Pope - Reigned May-August 640, Severus, Alexander - An article by Thomas J. Shahan on the emperor who was born at Acco in Palestine in 208, and murdered by his mutinous soldiers at Sicula on the Rhine Severus Sanctus Endelechus - Christian rhetorician and poet of the fourth century Sévigné, Madame de - Writer, b. at Paris, 6 Feb., 1626; d. at Grignan, 18 April, 1696. She was the granddaughter of St. Jane Frances de Chantal Seville - Archdiocese in Spain Seville, University of - Initially started in the thirteenth century by the Dominicans in order to prepare missionaries for work among the Moors and Jews Sexagesima - The eighth Sunday before Easter and the second before Lent Sexburga, Saint - Biography of the seventh-century English widow and abbess Sext - Article on the midday office Sexton - One who guards the church edifice, its treasures, vestments, etc., and as an inferior minister attends to burials, bell-ringings and similar offices about a church Sfondrati, Celestino - Prince-abbot of St. Gall and cardinal, b. at Milan, 10 January, 1644, d. at Rome, 4 September, 1696 Sforza, Blessed Seraphina - Forced by her husband to enter the Poor Clares, d. 1478 Shakespeare, Religion of - Thesis regarding the faith of the bard Shamanism - A vague term used by explorers of Siberia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to designate not a specific religion but a form of savage magic or science, by which physical nature was believed to be brought under the control of man Shammai - Jewish scribe who together with Hillel made up the last of 'the pairs', or as they are sometimes erroneously named, 'presidents and vice-presidents' of the Sanhedrin Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - Highlights of the history of Catholicism in this Chinese province Shan-si, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern - Erected in 1890; the mission is entrusted to the Franciscan Fathers Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern - This mission was separated in 1894 from Northern Shan-Tung and erected into a vicariate Apostolic Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern - Erected by Gregory XVI in 1839 Shan-tung, Vicariate Apostolic of Southern - On 2 Jan., 1882, the then vicar Apostolic of Shan-tung, Rt. Rev. Mgr. D. Cosi, elected as pro-vicar Apostolic for the southern part of his vicariate Father John Baptist Anzer, a member of the Steyl Seminary Sharpe, James - English priest (1577-1630) Shea, John Dawson Gilmary - American historian (1824-1892) Shea, Sir Ambrose - Born in Newfoundland, 17 Sept., 1815; d. in London, 30 July, 1905 Sheil, Richard Lalor - Dramatist, prose writer, and politician, b. at Drumdowny, County Kilkenny, Ireland, 17 August, 1791; d. at, Florence, Italy, 25 May, 1851 Sheldon, Edward - Translator (1599-1687) Shelley, Richard - English confessor; d. in Marshalsea prison, London, probably in February or March, 1585-6 Shem - Son of Noe Shen-si, Northern - In 1640 the Christian religion was preached for the first time in the Province of Shen-si. It was, by turns, looked upon with favor and disfavor by the emperors of China Shen-si, Southern - The southern part of Shen-si was entrusted in 1885 to the Seminary of Sts. Peter and Paul, established at Rome by Pius IX, 1874 Shepherd, John - English musical composer (1512-1563) Sherborne Abbey - Located in Dorsetshire, England; founded in 998. Sherborne (scir-burne, clear brook) was originally the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Western Wessex, having been established as such by St. Aldhelm (705) Sherbrooke - Diocese in the Province of Quebec, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Montreal, erected by Pius IX, 28 Aug., 1874 Sheridan, Philip Henry - General, U.S. Army. Born at Albany, N.Y., U.S.A., 6 March, 1831; died at Nonquitt, Mass, 5 August, 1888 Sherson, Martin - English priest and confessor. One of the Dilati, b. 1563; d. 1588 Shert, Blessed John - Very brief biographical profile of the English priest, martyred in 1581 Sherwin, Blessed Ralph - An English priest who was imprisoned and tortured. He died a martyr in 1581 Sherwood, Blessed Thomas - Was imprisoned, tortured, and finally martyred (in 1578) for denying the royal supremacy Sherwood, William - Bishop of Meath, d. at Dublin, 3 Dec. 1482. He was an English ecclesiastic who obtained the see by papal provision in April, 1460 Shewbreads - Heb. 'bread of the faces', i.e. 'bread of the presence (of Yahweh)' (Ex., xxxv, 13; xxxix, 35, etc.), also called 'holy bread' Shields, James - Military officer, b. in Dungannon County Tyrone, Ireland, 12 Dec., 1810; d. at Ottumwa, Iowa, 1 June, 1879 Shi-koku - One of the four great islands of Japan, has all area of 7009 square miles, not counting the smaller islands which depend upon it Shire - Vicariate apostolic in Nyassaland Protectorate, Africa Shirley, James - English poet and dramatist (1596-1666) Shrewsbury - One of the thirteen English dioceses created by Apostolic Letter of Pius IX on 27 Sept., 1850. It then comprised the English counties of Shropshire and Cheshire, and the Welsh counties of Carnarvon, Flint, Denbigh, Merioneth, Montgomery, and Anglesey Shrines of Our Lady and the Saints in Great Britain and Ireland - Location and origins of shrines Shroud of Turin - A relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that it is the actual 'clean linen cloth' in which Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the body of Jesus Christ Shrovetide - Some history behind Carnival Shuswap Indians - A tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, the most important of that group in British Columbia, formerly holding a large territory on middle and upper Thompson River, including Shuswap, Adams, and Quesnel Lakes Siam - Siam, 'the land of the White Elephant' or the country of the Muang Thai (the Free) Sibbel, Joseph - Sculptor, b. at Dulmen, 7 June, 1850; d. in New York, 10 July, 1907 Siberia - A Russian possession in Asia forming the northern third of that continent Sibour, Marie-Dominique-Auguste - Born at Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (Drome, France), 4 August, 1792; died in Paris, 3 January, 1857 Sibylline Oracles - The name given to certain collections of supposed prophecies, emanating from the sibyls or divinely inspired seeresses, which were widely circulated in antiquity Sicard - Bishop of Cremona (Italy) in the twelfth century, a member of one of the principal families of that city, d. 1215 Sicca Veneria - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage Sichem - An Israelite city in the tribe of Ephraim, the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel Sicilian Vespers - The traditional name given to the insurrection which broke out at Palermo on Easter Tuesday, 31 March, 1282, against the domination of Charles of Anjou Sicily - The largest island in the Mediterranean Sick, Anointing of the - A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be, the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are seriously ill Side, Altar - That part of the altar which faces the congregation Sidon - City in Syria. Mentioned in the Bible. Is home to both a Melkite Rite and a Maronite diocese Sidon - Titular metropolis of Pamphylia Prima Sidonius Apollinaris - Christian author and Bishop of Clermont, b. at Lyons, 5 November, about 430; d. at Clermont, about August, 480 Sidyma - A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra; mentioned by Ptolemy Siena - Archdiocese in Tuscany (Central Italy) Siena, University of - The earliest notices of an advanced school (of grammar and medicine) at Siena go back to 1241 Sieni, Cyril - Missionary bishop, b. in Catalonia, date of birth unknown; d. after 1799, place and exact date equally uncertain Sierra Leone - Comprises the English colony of that name and the surrounding territory from French Guinea on the north and east to Liberia on the south Sigebert of Gembloux - Benedictine historian, b. near Gembloux which is now in the Province of Namur, Belgium, about 1035; d. at the same place, 5 November, 1112 Siger of Brabant - Indisputably the leader of Latin Averroism during the sixth and seventh decades of the thirteenth century Sigismund - King of Germany and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, b. 15 February, 1361, at Nuremberg; d. at Znaim, Bohemia, 9 December, 1437 Sign of the Cross - A term applied to various manual acts, liturgical or devotional in character, which have this at least in common: that by the gesture of tracing two lines intersecting at right angles they indicate symbolically the figure of Christ's cross Signorelli, Luca - Italian painter, b. at Cortona about 1441; d. there in 1523 Sigüenza - Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Toledo Sikhism - The religion of a warlike sect of India, having its origin in the Punjab and its centre in the holy City of Amritsar, where their sacred books are preserved and worshipped Silandus - A titular see in Lydia, suffragan of Sardis. It is not mentioned by any ancient geographer or historian Silence - All writers on the spiritual life uniformly recommend, nay, command under penalty of total failure, the practice of silence Silesia - The largest province of Prussia Siletz Indians - The collective designation for the rapidly dwindling remnant of some thirty small tribes, representing five linguistic stocks - Salishan, Yakonan, Kusan, Takelman, and Athapascan Siloe - A pool in the Tyropoean Valley, just outside the south wall of Jerusalem, where Jesus Christ gave sight to a man born blind Silveira, Ven. Goncalo da - Pioneer missionary of South Africa, b. 23 Feb, 1526, at Almeirim, about forty miles from Lisbon; martyred 6 March, 1561 Silverius, Pope Saint - Son of Pope St. Hormisdas. Named pope while yet a subdeacon, to thwart the Monophysites. Exiled through a forgery of his political and religious enemies, died of starvation in prison, probably in 537 Silvester, Francis - Theologian, b. at Ferrara about 1474; d. at Rennes, 19 Sept., 1526 Silvia, Saint - The mother of St. Gregory the Great. She died in about 592 Simeon - The second son of Jacob by Lia and patronymic ancestor of the Jewish tribe bearing that name Simeon, Holy - The 'just and devout' man of Jerusalem who according to the narrative of St. Luke, greeted the infant Saviour on the occasion of His presentation in the Temple Simeon, Canticle of - The Canticle of Simeon found in Luke 2:29-32 Simeon of Durham - Chronicler, d. 14 Oct., between 1130 and 1138 Simeon Stylites the Elder, Saint - First and most famous of the hermits whose asceticism involved living atop a pillar. Died in 459 Simeon Stylites the Younger, Saint - From Antioch. 521-597, lived on a pillar for 68 years. Also a brief mention of St. Simeon Stylites III Simla - Archdiocese in India, a new creation of Pius X by a Decree dated 13 September, 1910 Simon the Apostle, Saint - Also known as Simon the Zealot Simonians - A Gnostic, Antinomian sect of the second century which regarded Simon Magus as its founder and which traced its doctrines back to him Simon Magus - According to the testimony of St. Justin, Simon came from Gitta in the country of the Samaritans Simon of Cascia - Italian preacher and writer (d. 1348) Simon of Cramaud - French bishop (1360-1422) Simon of Cremona - Augustinian writer and preacher (d. 1390) Simon of Sudbury - Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1381) Simon of Tournai - Professor in the University of Paris at the beginning of the thirteenth century, dates of birth and death unknown Simon Peter - Long article on his life Simon Stock, Saint - Biography of the English Carmelite, sixth general of the Order. Associated with the brown scapular. Died 1265 Simone da Orsenigo - A Lombard architect and builder of the fourteenth century whose memory is chiefly connected with the cathedral of Milan in the course of its erection Simony - Usually defined 'a deliberate intention of buying or selling for a temporal price such things as are spiritual of annexed unto spirituals' Simplicius, Pope Saint - Reigned 468-483; date of birth unknown; died 10 March, 483 Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrice - Two brothers and their sister, all martyrs in the Diocletian persecution Simpson, Richard - Born 1820; died near Rome, 5 April, 1876 Sin - A moral evil Sinai - The mountain on which the Mosaic Law was given Sinaiticus, Codex - A Greek manuscript of the Old and New Testaments, of the greatest antiquity and value; found on Mount Sinai, in St. Catherine's Monastery, by Constantine Tischendorf Sinaloa - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Durango Singing, Congregational - In his Instruction on sacred music, commonly referred to as the Motu Proprio (22 Nov., 1903), Pius X says (no. 3): 'Special efforts are to be made to restore the use of Gregorian chant by the people, so that the faithful may again take a more active part in ecclesiastical offices, as was the case in ancient times' Sinigaglia - Diocese in Ancona in central Italy Sinis - A titular See in Armenia Secunda, suffragan of Melitene Sinope - Titular see in Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasea in Helenopontus. Sion - Titular see in Asia Minor suffragan of Ephesus Sion - Diocese in Switzerland Sioux City - Comprises twenty-four counties in northwestern Iowa Sioux Falls - Suffragan of St. Paul, comprises all that part of the State of South Dakota east of the Missouri River Sioux Indians - Provides information about their history, language, population, culture and religion Sipibo Indians - A numerous tribe of Panoan linguistic stock, formerly centering about the Pisqui and Aguaitia tributaries of the upper Ucayali River, Province of Loreto, north-eastern Peru, and now found as boatmen or labourers along the whole course of that stream Sirach, Book of - The longest of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible, and the last of the Sapiential writings in the Vulgate of the Old Testament Siricius, Pope Saint - Siricius condemned Jovinian, but this did not spare the pope from criticism by St. Jerome Sirleto, Gugliemo - Cardinal and scholar, born at Guardavalle near Stilo in Calabria, 1514; died at Rome, 6 October, 1585 Sirmium - Situated near the modern town of Mitrovitz in Slavonia; its church is said to have been founded by St. Peter Sirmond, Jacques - Scholar of the seventeenth century, born at Riom in the Department of Puy-de-Dome, France, October, 1559; died in Paris, 7 October 1651 Sisinnius, Pope - Successor of John VII, he was consecrated probably 15 January, 708, and died after a brief pontificate of about three weeks; he was buried in St. Peter's Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, Ohio - On 27 October, 1829, at the request of Bishop Fenwick of Cincinnati, several sisters from Mother Seton's community at Emmitsburg, Maryland, opened an orphanage, parochial school, and academy on Sycamore Street opposite the old cathedral, then occupying the present site of St. Xavier's Church and college Sisters of the Little Company of Mary - A congregation founded in 1877 in England to honour in a particular manner the maternal Heart of the Blessed Virgin, especially in the mystery of Calvary Sistine Choir - With the building by Sixtus IV (1471-84) of the church for the celebration of all papal functions since known as the Sistine Chapel, the original schola cantorum and subsequent capella pontificia or capella papale, which still retains more or less of the guild character, becomes the capella sistina, or Sistine Choir Sitifis - Titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis Sitjar, Buenaventura - Missionary, born at Porrera, Island of Majorca, 9 December, 1739; died at San Antonio, Cal., 3 Sept., 1808 Siunia - A titular see, suffragan of Sebastia in Armenia Prima Six Days of Creation - Signifies a term of six days, or, technically, the history of the six days' work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis Sixtus I, Pope Saint - Martyr, reigned for ten years in the very early part of the second century Sixtus II, Pope Saint - This is the St. Sixtus who is commemorated in the Eucharistic Prayer. Pope who was one of the first martyrs of the Valerian persecution, in 258 Sixtus III, Pope Saint - Reigned 432-440 Sixtus IV, Pope - Born near Abisola, 21 July, 1414; died 12 Aug., 1484 Sixtus V, Pope - Born at Grottamare near Montalto, 13 December, 1521; elected 24 April, 1585; crowned 1 May, 1585; died in the Quirinal, 27 August, 1590 Skara, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden Skarga, Peter - Theologian and missionary, b. at Grojec, 1536; d. at Cracow, 27 Sept., 1612 Skoda, Josef - Celebrated clinical lecturer and diagnostician and, with Rokitansky, founder of the modern medical school of Vienna, b. at Pilsen in Bohemia, 10 December, 1805; d. at Vienna, 13 June, 1881 Slander - The attributing to another of a fault of which one knows him to be innocent Slavery and Christianity - Discusses the history Slavery, Ethical Aspect of - In Greek and Roman civilization slavery on an extensive scale formed an essential element of the social structure; and consequently the ethical speculators, no less than the practical statesmen, regarded it as a just and indispensable institution Slaves - A tribe of the great Dene family of American Indians, so called apparently from the fact that the Crees drove it back to its original northern haunts Slavonic Language and Liturgy - Although the Latin holds the chief place among the liturgical languages in which the Mass is celebrated and the praise of God recited in the Divine Offices, yet the Slavonic language comes next to it among the languages widely used throughout the world in the liturgy of the Church Slavs, The - Customary name for all the Slavonic races Slavs in America - History of ethnic Slavs migrating to the U.S Slomsek, Anton Martin - Bishop of Lavant, in Maribor, Styria, Austria, noted Slovenian educator, born 1800; died 24 Sept., 1862 Slotanus, John - Polemical writer; born at Geffen, Brabant; died at Cologne, 9 July, 1560 Sloth - One of the seven capital sins. In general it means disinclination to labour or exertion Slythurst, Thomas - Slythrust, Thomas, English confessor, born in Berkshire; died in the Tower of London, 1560 Smalkaldic League - A politico-religious alliance formally concluded on 27 Feb., 1531, at Smalkalden in Hesse-Nassau, among German Protestant princes and cities for their mutual defence Smaragdus, Ardo - Hagiographer, died at the Benedictine monastery of Aniane, Herault, in Southern France, March, 843 Smith, James - Journalist, b. at Skolland, in the Shetland Isles, about 1790; d. Jan., 1866 Smith, Richard - Bishop of Chalcedon, second Vicar Apostolic of England; b. at Hanworth, Lincolnshire, Nov., 1568 Smith, Richard - Born in Worcestershire, 1500; died at Douai, 9 July, 1563 Smith, Thomas Kilby - U.S. General and journalist. Born at Boston, Mass., 23 Sept., 1820; died at New York, 14 Dec., 1887 Smits, William - Orientalist and exegete (1704-1770) Smyrna - The capital of the vilayet of Aïdin and the starting-point of several railways Snorri Sturluson - Historian, born at Hvammr, 1178; died 1241 Snow, Venerable Peter - Short biographical profile of the English martyr, who died in 1598 Sobaipura Indians - Once an important tribe of the Piman branch of the great Shoshonean linguistic stock, occupying the territory of the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers, in southeastern Arizona Sobieski, John - Born at Olesko in 1629; died at Wilanow, 1696; son of James, Castellan of Cracow and descended by his mother from the heroic Zolkiewski, who died in battle at Cecora Social Contract, The - Includes contents and critique Socialism - A system of social and economic organization that would substitute state monopoly for private ownership of the sources of production and means of distribution Socialistic Communities - Societies which maintain common ownership of the means of production and distribution, e.g., land, factories, and stores, and also those which further extend the practice of common ownership to consumable goods, e.g., houses and food Societies, Catholic - Numerous throughout the world; some are international in scope, some are national; some diocesan and others parochial Societies, Catholic, American Federation of - An organization of the Catholic laity, parishes, and societies under the guidance of the hierarchy, to protect and advance their religious, civil, and social interests Societies, Secret - A designation of which the exact meaning has varied at different times Society - Implies fellowship, company, and has always been conceived as signifying a human relation Society, The Catholic Church Extension - The first active agitation for a church extension or home mission society for the Catholic Church in North America was begun in 1904 by an article of the present writer, published in the 'American Ecclesiastical Review' (Philadelphia) Society of Foreign Missions of Paris - Established in 1658-63, its chief founders being Mgr Pallu, Bishop of Heliopolis, Vicar Apostolic of Tongking, and Mgr Lambert de la Motte, Bishop of Bertyus, Vicar Apostolic of Conchin-China Society of Jesus, The - Comprehensive information about the past of the Jesuit order Society of the Blessed Sacrament, The - A congregation of priests founded 1856 by Pierre-Julien Eymard in Paris Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, The - An institution of religious women, taking perpetual vows and devoted to the work of education Sociology - The claims of sociology to a place in the hierarchy of sciences are subjected to varied controversy. It has been held that there is no distinct problem for a science of sociology, no feature of human society not already provided for in the accepted social sciences Socinianism - The body of doctrine held by one of the numerous Antitrinitarian sects to which the Reformation gave birth Socorro - Diocese in Colombia Socrates - Fourth-century Church historian Socrates - Greek philosopher (469-399 B.C.) Sodality - It would not be possible to give a definition making a clear distinction between the sodalities and other confraternities; consequently the development and history of the sodalities are the same as those of the religious confraternities Sodality (Confraternity) - A voluntary association of the faithful, established and guided by competent ecclesiastical authority for the promotion of special works of Christian charity or piety Sodoma - Piedmontese and Florentine painter (1477-1549) Sodom and Gomorrha - They were situated in 'the country about the Jordan' (Gen., xiii, 10); their exact location is unknown Sodor and Man - Ancient diocese Soissons - Includes, with the exception of two hamlets, the entire Department of Aisne Solanus, Saint Francis - Spanish Franciscan missionary to South America, d. 1610. Short biographical article Solari - A family of Milanese artists, closely connected with the cathedral and with the Certosa near Pavia Solemnity - The word solemnity is here used to denote the amount of intrinsic or extrinsic pomp with which a feast is celebrated Solesmes - A Benedictine monastery in Department of Sarthe, near Sable, France Soli - A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis Solicitation - Technically in canon law the crime of making use of the Sacrament of Penance, directly or indirectly, for the purpose of drawing others into sins of lust Solimôes Superiore - A prefecture Apostolic in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, erected by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Consistory, 23 May, 1910 Solomon - The second son of David by his wife Bathsheba, and the acknowledged favourite of his father Solomon, Psalms of - Eighteen apocryphal psalms, extant in Greek, probably translated from a Hebrew, or an Aramaic original, commonly assigned to the first century B.C Solomon Islands, Northern - Established on 23 May, 1898, by separation from the Vicariate Apostolic of New Pomerania Solomon Islands, Southern - The Spanish navigator Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovered the Islands of Ysabel, Guadalcanar, and San Christoval in 1567 Solsona - Diocese in Lerida, Spain, suffragan of Tarragona Somaliland - A triangular-shaped territory in the north-eastern extremity of Africa, projecting into the ocean towards the island of Socotra; its apex is at Cape Guarafui Somaschi - Name of a charitable religious congregation of regular clerics, founded in the sixteenth century by St. Jerome Emiliani with the mother-house at Somasca (Venice), whence the name Somerset, Thomas - Confessor, born about 1530; died in the Tower of London, 27 May, 1587; second son of Henry, second Earl of Worcester Song, Religious - The general designation given to the numerous poetical and musical creations which have come into existence in the course of time and are used in connection with public Divine worship, but which are not included in the official liturgy on account of their more free and subjective character Songish Indians - A tribe of some importance formerly holding the south coast of Vancouver Island, B.C Sonnius, Franciscus - Theologian, b. at Zon in Brabant, 12 August, 1506; d. at Antwerp, 30 June, 1576 Son of God - Includes uses from the Old and New Testaments Son of Man - Several instances of its use are detailed Sonora - Republic of Mexico; suffragan of the Archdiocese of Durango Sophene - A titular see, suffragan of Melitene in Armenia Secunda Sophists - A group of Greek teachers who flourished at the end of the fifth century B.C Sophonias - The ninth of the twelve Minor Prophets of the Canon of the Old Testament; preached and wrote in the second half of the seventh century B.C Sophronius - Bishop of Constantina or Tella in Osrhoene, was a relative of Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, and apparently of the same theological tendency, i. e. strongly anti-Monophysite and liable to be suspected of Nestorianism Sora - A titular see in Paphlagonia, suffragan of Gangra Sorbait, Paul de - Physician, b. in Hainault, 1624; d. at Vienna, 19 April, 1691 Sorbonne - This name is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris Sorin, Edward - The founder of Notre Dame, Indiana; b. 6 Feb., 1814, at Ahuille, near Laval, France; d. 31 Oct., 1893, at Notre Dame, U.S.A Sorrento - Archdiocese in the Province of Naples, with one suffragan, Castellamare Sorrows of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Feast of the Seven - The object of these feats is the spiritual martyrdom of the Mother of God and her compassion with the sufferings of her Divine Son Soter and Caius, Saints - Popes, having their feast together on 22 April Soto, Dominic - Dominican, renowned theologian, b. at Segovia, 1494; d. at Salamanca, 15 Nov., 1560 Soul - The question of the reality of the soul and its distinction from the body is among the most important problems of philosophy, for with it is bound up the doctrine of a future life Soul, Faculties of the - Article covers the meaning and classification South American College in Rome, The - The Rev. Ignatius Victor Eyzaguirre went to Rome, in 1857, and proposed to the Pope the erection of a college for students from Latin American countries South Carolina - One of the thirteen original colonies of the United States South Dakota - The thirty-ninth state, admitted to the Union on 2 November, 1889 Southerne, Venerable William - Brief profile of the English martyr, who was arrested while saying Mass, and executed in 1618 Southwark - Suffragan of Westminster, England Southwell, Venerable Robert - Biography of the English poet, Jesuit, and martyr. He was hanged in 1595 Southworth, Saint John - English priest, missionary to his native land, imprisoned several times, once deported, finally martyred for the crime of being a priest. He was executed at Tyburn, 28 June, 1654 Sovana and Pitigliano - The two towns, Sovana and Pitigliano, are situated in the Province of Grosseto, Central Italy Sozomen, Salaminius Hermias - One of the famous historians of the early Church, born at Bethelia, a small town near Gaza in Palestine Sozopolis - Titular see in the Balkans, suffragan of Adrianopolis Sozusa - A titular see of Palestina Prima, suffragan of Caesarea Space - The idea of space is one of the most important in the philosophy of the material world; for centuries it has preoccupied and puzzled philosophers and psychologists Spagni, Andrea - Educator and author, born at Florence, 8 Aug., 1716; died at Rome, 16 Sept., 1788 Spain - This name properly signifies the whole peninsula which forms the south-western extremity of Europe. Since the political separation of Portugal, however, the name has gradually come to be restricted to the largest of the four political divisions of the Peninsula: (1) Spain; (2) Portugal; (3) the Republic of Andorra; (4) the British possession of Gibraltar, at the southern extremity Spalato-Macarsca (Salona) - Suffragan of Zara Spalding, Martin John - Seventh Archbishop of Baltimore (1810-1872) Spallanzani - A distinguished eighteenth-century scientist, b. at Scadiano in Modena, Italy, 10 January, 1729; d. at Pavia, 12 February, 1799 Spanish-American Literature - The literature produced by the Spanish-speaking peoples of Mexico, Central America, Cuba and adjacent islands, and of South America with the notable exceptions of Brazil (whose speech is Portuguese) and the Guianas Spanish-American Universities - The University of St. Mark's at Lima enjoys the reputation of being the oldest in America; it has the distinction of having first begun its course by royal decree Spanish Armada, The - A fleet intended to invade England and to put an end to the long series of English aggressions against the colonies and possessions of the Spanish Crown Spanish Language and Literature - As a medium of literary expression Spanish asserted itself first in the twelfth century: it had been six or seven centuries in the process of evolution out of Latin Sparta - A celebrated town of the Peloponnesus, mentioned several times under this name or under that of Lacedaemon in the Bible Species - In scholastic terminology, species is the necessary determinant of every cognitive process Speckbacher, Josef - A Tyrolean patriot of 1809, born at Gnadenwald, near Hall, in the Tyrol, 13 July, 1767; died at Hall, 28 March, 1820 Speculation - A term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of loss on the chance of unusual gain Spedalleri, Nicola - A priest, theologian, and philosopher, born at Bronte in the Province of Catania, Sicily, 6 December, 1740; died at Rome, 26 November, 1795 Spee, Friedrich Von - A poet, opponent of trials for witchcraft, born at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, 25 February, 1591; died at Trier 7 August, 1635 Speed, Blessed John - Alias John Spence. Englishman, martyred for aiding St. John Boste. Bl. John was executed at Durham in 1593 or 1594 Spencer, The Hon. George - Passionist, b. at the Admiralty, London, 21 Dec., 1799; d. at Carstairs, Scotland, 1 Oct., 1864 Spenser, John - Converted while a student at Cambridge and entered the Society of Jesus in 1627 Spenser, Venerable William - Short biography of the English priest and martyr, who was executed in 1589 Speyer - Diocese in Bavaria Speyer, Johann and Wendelin von - German printers in Venice from 1468 to 1477 Spillmann, Joseph - Author, b. at Zug, Switzerland, 22 April, 1842; d. at Luxembourg, 20 February, 1905 Spina, Alphonso de - Spanish Franciscan, date of birth unknown; died about 1491 Spina, Bartolommeo - Scholastic theologian, born at Pisa about 1475; died at Rome, 1546 Spinola, Christopher Royas de - Bishop of Wiener-Neustadt, born of a noble Spanish family, near Roermond in Gelderland in 1626; died at Wiener-Neustadt, 12 March, 1695 Spinoza, Benedict - Belonged to a family of Jewish merchants of moderate means, and was originally called Baruch. Born at Amsterdam, 24 Nov., 1632; died at The Hague, 21 Feb., 1677 Spire - A tapering construction in plan conical, pyramidal, octagonal, or hexagonal crowning a steeple or tower Spirit - Used in several different but allied senses: (1) as signifying a living, intelligent, incorporeal being, such as the soul; (2) as the fiery essence or breath (the Stoic pneuma) which was supposed to be the universal vital force; (3) as signifying some refined form of bodily substance, a fluid believed to act as a medium between mind and the grosser matter of the body Spirit, Holy - The doctrine of the Catholic Church concerning the Holy Ghost forms an integral part of her teaching on the mystery of the Holy Trinity Spiritism - History and methods of Spiritism (here distinguished from Spiritualism) and the dangers inherent in its practice and beliefs Spirito Santo - Suffragan of Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro, established in 1896 Spiritual Direction - Personal guidance according to individual needs. Criticizes excesses at both ends of the spectrum: heavyhanded directors, and people who think that since they have the Holy Spirit they have no need of human help Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius - A short work composed by St. Ignatius of Loyola and written originally in Spanish Spiritualism - The term has been frequently used to denote the belief in the possibility of communication with disembodied spirits, and the various devices employed to realize this belief in practice Spirituals - A general term denoting several groups of Friars Minor, existing in the second half of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth centuries, who, in opposition to the main body of the order, pretended to observe the Rule of St. Francis in its primitive severity Spokan Indians - An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, closely cognate with the Colville, Coeur d'Alene, Kalispel, and Flathead, and formerly holding the country upon Spokane River in Eastern Washington and the adjacent portion of Idaho Spoleto - Archdiocese in Umbria, Italy Spondanus, Henri - A convert from Calvinism, Bishop of Pamiers, and one of the continuators of Baronius, born at Mauleon, 6 January, 1568; died at Toulouse, 18 May, 1643 Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico - Composer, born at Magolati, near Jesi, Ancona, 14 Nov., 1774; died there, 14 Jan., 1851 Spoons, Apostle - A set of thirteen spoons, usually silver, the handles of which are adorned with representations of Our Lord (the Master spoon) and the twelve Apostles Sporer, Patritius - Moral theologian, born at Passau, Bavaria; died there, 29 May, 1683 Sportelli, Cæsar - Lawyer and priest, born at Nola in Bari, Italy, 29 March, 1702; died at Pagani, 19 April, 1750 Springfield - Diocese of Springfield (Campifontis) in Massachusetts, erected in June, 1870 Sprott, Venerable Thomas - Also called Thomas Spratt. English priest and martyr. Article also has information on his companion in martyrdom the Bl. Thomas Hunt. The two died in 1600 Squamish Indians - A considerable tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, speaking a distinct language, holding the territory about Squamish River and Howe Sound, above Fraser River in South-western British Columbia Squiers, Herbert Goldsmith - Army officer and diplomatist; b. at Madoc, Canada, 20 April, 1859; d. at London, 19 Oct., 1911 Squillace - Suffragan diocese of Reggio, in Calabria, Southern Italy Sri Lanka - An island to the south-east of India and separated from it only by a chain of reefs and sand-banks called Adam's Bridge Stabat Mater - The opening words of two companion hymns, one of which (Stabat Mater Dolorosa) is in liturgical use, while the other (Stabat Mater Speciosa) is not Stadler, John Evangelist - Bavarian hagiographer, b. at Parkstetten, in the Diocese of Ratisbon, 24 Dec., 1804; d. at Augsburg, 30 Dec., 1868 Staff, Pastoral - The Pastoral Staff is an ecclesiastical ornament which is conferred on bishops at their consecration and on mitred abbots at their investiture, and which is used by these prelates in performing certain solemn functions Stained Glass - The popular name for the glass used in the making of coloured windows Stalls - Seats in a choir, wholly or partly enclosed on the back and sides Stanbrook Abbey - An abbey of Benedictine nuns, midway between Malvern and Worcester, England Stanfield, William Clarkson - English painter, b. at Sunderland, 1793; d. at Hampstead, near London, 1867 Stanislas Kostka, Saint - Polish Jesuit, died in 1568 at the age of 17, less than a year after entering the Society Stanislaus of Cracow, Saint - Bishop and martyr, d. 1079. The patron saint of Poland Stanislawow - Diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite, in Galicia, Austria, suffragan of Lemberg Stanley Falls - Vicariate Apostolic in the Belgian Congo Stansel, Valentin - Astronomer, b. at Olmuetz, Moravia, 1621; d. at Bahia, Brazil, 18 Dec., 1705 Stanyhurst, Richard - Catholic controversialist, historian, and devotional writer, born at Dublin, 1547; died at Brussels, 1618 Stanza - An Italian word signifying room, chamber, apartment. In English the term is chiefly used for Raphael's celebrated Stanze in the Vatican Palace, four in number, the walls of which were frescoed by Raphael and his pupils Stapf, Joseph Ambrose - Theologian, born at Fliess in the valley of the Upper Inn in the Tyrol, Austria, 15 August, 1785; died at Brixen, 10 January, 1844 Staphylus, Friedrich - Theologian, born at Osnabrueck, 27 Aug., 1512; died at Ingolstadt, 5 March, 1564 Stapleton, Theobald - Nothing is known of his career, except that he was a priest living in Flanders, and that in 1639 he published at Brussels a book called 'Catechismus seu doctrina christiana latino-hibernica', which was the first book in which Irish was printed in Roman type Stapleton, Thomas - Controversialist, born at Henfield, Sussex, July, 1535; died at Louvain, 12 Oct., 1598 Starowolski, Simon - Born at Stara Wola, near Cracow, 1585; died at Cracow, 1656; studied at Louvain, but took his degrees in the University of Cracow, after which he travelled in various countries of Western Europe Starr, Eliza Allen - Writer and artist, born at Deerfield, Massachusetts, 29 August, 1824; died at Durand, Illinois, 8 September, 1901 State, Allegiance to the - The duty of loyalty and obedience which a person owes to the State of which he is a citizen State and Church - The Church and the State are both perfect societies, that is to say, each essentially aiming at a common good commensurate with the need of mankind at large and ultimate in a generic kind of life, and each juridically competent to provide all the necessary and sufficient means thereto State or Way - Stages in the spiritual life States of the Church - Consists of the civil territory which for over 1000 years (754-1870) acknowledged the pope as temporal ruler States, Papal - Consists of the civil territory which for over 1000 years (754-1870) acknowledged the pope as temporal ruler Station Days - Days on which in the early Church fast was observed until the Hour of None (between twelve and three o'clock), later of Sext (nine to twelve), as distinct from the strict observance of the fast day proper until Vespers (three to six) Stations of the Cross - Historical background on this devotion Statistics, Ecclesiastical - Includes a history of their keeping Statistics of Religions - Includes the definition and historical development, along with the status of religious bodies Stattler, Benedict - Jesuit theologian, born at Koetzting, Bavaria (Diocese of Ratisbon), 30 Jan., 1728; died at Munich, 21 Aug., 1797 Staudenmaier, Franz Anton - A theologian, born at Donzdorf, Wuertemberg, 11 Sept., 1800; died at Freiburg im Breisgau, 19 Jan., 1856 Staupitz, Johann Von - Abbot, born at Motterwitz near Leisnig (or Moderwitz near Meustadt an der Orla) about 1460; died at Salzburg, 28 Dec., 1524 Stauropolis - A titular metropolitan see of the Province of Caria Stavanger, Ancient See of - Located in Norway Stedingers - A tribe of Frisian peasants in Northern Germany who revolted against their lord, the Archbishop of Bremen, and had to be subdued by arms Stefaneschi, Giacomo Gaetani - A cardinal deacon, born at Rome, about 1270; died at Avignon, 23 June, 1343 Steffani, Agostino - A titular Bishop of Spiga, diplomatist and musician, born at Castelfranco in the Province of Treviso, in 1655; died at Frankfort in 1728 or 1730 Steinamanger - Located in Hungary, suffragan of Gran, founded in 1777 under Queen Maria Theresa Steinle, Eduard Von - An historical painter, born at Vienna, 2 July, 1810; died at Frankfort, 19 Sept., 1886 Steinmeyer, Ferdinand - Jesuit missionary, born in Swabia, Germany, 13 Oct., 1720; died at Philadelphia, 17 Aug., 1786 Steno, Nicolaus - Or Niels Steensen. Danish anatomist and geologist who converted to Catholicism. Was made a bishop. He died in 1686 Stephen, Saint - On the deacon, and first Christian martyr. Stephen, Saint - First King of Hungary. Baptized at the age of 10 by St. Adalbert, and died in 1038 Stephen I, Pope Saint - Reigned 254-257 Stephen II, Pope - Reigned 752 Stephen (II) III, Pope - Unanimously elected in St. Mary Major's and consecrated on 26 March (or 3 April), 752; d. 26 April, 757 Stephen (III) IV, Pope - Born about 720; died 1 or 3 August, 772 Stephen (IV) V, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died 24 Jan., 817 Stephen (V) VI, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died in Sept., 891 Stephen (VI) VII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died about August, 897 Stephen (VII) VIII, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died in February or March, 931 Stephen (VIII) IX, Pope - Date of birth unknown; he became pope about 14 July, 939, and died about the end of Oct., 942 Stephen (IX) X, Pope - Born probably about the beginning of the eleventh century; died at Florence, 29 March, 1058 Stephen Harding, Saint - English Cistercian, confessor, the third abbot of Citeaux, d. 1134 Stephen of Autun - Bishop, liturgical writer, b. at Bange (hence surnamed Blagiacus or de Balgiaco) in Anjou; d. at the abbey of Cluny, 1139 or early in 1140 Stephen of Bourbon - Illustrious writer and preacher, especially noted as a historian of medieval heresies, b. towards the end of the twelfth century; d. in 1261 Stephen of Muret, Saint - Founder of the Order of Grandmont. Died 1124 Stephen of Tournai - Canonist, born at Orleans, 1128; died at Tournai, September, 1203 Stephens, Henry Robert - Belgian theologian, born of English parentage at Liege, 5 August, 1665; died there, 15 June, 1723 Stephens, Thomas - Known as the first Englishman in India. Born about 1549 at Bulstan, Wiltshire; died in 1619 at Goa, India Steps, Altar - The number of steps leading up to the high altar is for symbolical reasons uneven; usually three, five, or seven, including the upper platform Steuco, Agostino - Exegete, born at Gubbio, Umbria, 1496; died at Venice, 1549 Stevenson, Joseph - Archivist, born at Berwick-on-Tweed, 27 Nov., 1806; died in London, 8 Feb., 1895 Stevin, Simon - Born at Bruges in 1548; died at Leyden in 1620 Stifter, Adalbert - Poet and pedagogue, b. at Oberplan in Bohemia, 23 October, 1805; d. at Linz, 28 October, 1868 Stigmata, Mystical - Their existence is so well established historically that, as a general thing, they are no longer disputed by unbelievers, who now seek only to explain them naturally Stipend - A fixed pay, salary; retribution for work done; the income of an ecclesiastical living Stockholm - The capital of the Kingdom of Sweden, situated on Lake Maelar at the spot where it opens into the Saltsjoe Stöckl, Albert - A neo-Scholastic philosopher and theologian, born in Bavaria, 1823, and died 1895 Stoddard, Charles Warren - An American author, born 7 August, 1843, at Rochester, N. Y.; died 23 April, 1909, at Monterey, California Stoics and Stoic Philosophy - The Stoic School was founded in 322 B.C. by Zeno of Cittium and existed until the closing of the Athenian schools (A.D. 429) Stolberg - Friedrich Leopold, Count zu Stolberg. Born at Brammstedt in Holstein (then a part of Denmark), 7 November, 1750; d. at Sondermuehlen near Osnabrueck, 5 December, 1819 Stole - A liturgical vestment composed of a strip of material from two to four inches wide and about eighty inches long Stole, Altar - An altar ornament from the Middle Ages Stolz, Alban Isidor - Catholic theologian and popular author, b. at Buehl, Baden, 3 Feb., 1808; d. at Freiberg, 16 Oct., 1883 Stone, Altar - A solid piece of natural stone, consecrated by a bishop, large enough to hold the Sacred Host and chalice Stone, Corner - Rite regarding the blessing and laying of the Foundation Stone for the building of a church Stone, John, Blessed - English Augustinian friar, martyred probably in 1539 Stone, Mary Jean - Writer and scholar, born at Brighton, Sussex, in 1853; died at Battle, Sussex, 3 May, 1908 Stone, Marmaduke - Jesuit, b. at Draycot, 28 Nov., 1748; d. at St. Helens, 22 Aug., 1834 Stones, Precious, in the Bible - Stones remarkable for their colour, brilliancy, or rarity Stoning in Scripture - At first an expression of popular fury analogous to 'lynching', later came to be a natural and legally recognized method of execution Stonnes, James - English priest, b. 1513; d. after 1585 Stonyhurst College - History of the school, which dates back to a period considerably prior to its foundation on English soil in 1794 Story, Blessed John - Or Storey. Member of Parliament, was arrested but escaped and became a Spanish subject. Kidnapped in Flanders, he was carried to the Tower, where he was tortured repeatedly. Died a martyr in 1571 Stoss, Veit - Sculptor, b. at Nuremberg in 1438; d there in 1533 Stoup - Vessels intended for the use of holy water Stradivari, Antonio - Cremonese violin-maker, b. in 1649 or 1650; d. at Cremona, 18 or 19 Dec., 1737 Stradivari Family, The - Family name that goes back to the Middle Ages. Spelled various ways, Stradivare, Stradiverto, Stradivertus. Known among other things as makers of stringed instruments Strahov, Abbey of - A Premonstratensian abbey at Prague, Bohemia, founded in 1149 Strain, John - Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, born at Edinburgh, 8 December, 1810; died there, 2 July, 1883 Stransham, Venerable Edward - English priest and martyr, d. 1586. Biography Strasburg - German diocese immediately dependent on the Papal See Stratonicea - A titular see in Caria (Asia Minor) suffragan of Stauropolis Streber, Franz Ignaz Von - Numismatist and theologian, born at Reisbach, Lower Bavaria, 11 Feb., 1758; died at Munich, 26 April, 1841 Streber, Franz Seraph - Numismatist and nephew of Franz Ignaz von Streber, born at Deutenkofen, Lower Bavaria, 26 Feb., 1805; died at Munich, 21 Nov. 1864 Streber, Hermann - Son of Franz Seraph Streber, b. at Munich, 27 Sept., 1839; d. at Toelz, 9 Aug., 1896 Strengnäs, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden Striking of the Breast - A liturgical act prescribed in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass Stripping of an Altar - Removal of the altar-cloths, vases of flowers, antipendium, and other ornaments, so that nothing remains but the cross and the candlesticks with the candles extinguished Strossmayer, Joseph Georg - Josip Juraj, Bishop of Diakovar, born at Essegg in Croatia-Slavonia, 4 February, 1815; died 8 April, 1905 Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement - Cardinal, Duke of York, known by the Jacobites as 'Henry IX, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland'; born at Rome, 11 March, 1725; died at Frascati, 13 July, 1807 Studion - Latin Studium, the most important monastery at Constantinople, situated not far from the Propontis in the section of the city called Psamathia Stuhlweissenburg - Diocese in Hungary, and Suffragen of Gran. It was formed in 1777 from the dioceses of Gyor and Veszprem Sturluson, Snorri - Historian, born at Hvammr, 1178; died 1241 Stylites - Solitaries who, taking up their abode upon the tops of a pillar (stylos), chose to spend their days amid the restraints thus entailed and in the exercise of other forms of asceticism. This practice may be regarded as the climax of a tendency which became very pronounced in Eastern lands in the latter part of the fourth century Styria - A duchy and Austrian crownland, divided by the River Mur into Upper and Lower Styria Suárez, Francisco - Article on his life, teachings and works, by A. Perez Goyena Subdeacon - The subdiaconate is the lowest of the sacred or major orders in the Latin Church. It is defined as the power by which one ordained as a subdeacon may carry the chalice with wine to the altar, prepare the necessaries for the Eucharist, and read the Epistles before the people Subiaco - A city in the Province of Rome, twenty-five miles from Tivoli, received its name from the artificial lakes of the villa of Nero and is renowned for its sacred grotto (Sagro Speco), the Abbey of St. Scholastica, and the archiepiscopal residence and Church of St. Andrew, which crowns the hill Subreption - In canon law the concealment or suppression of statements or facts that according to law or usage should be expressed in an application or petition for a rescript Subsidies, Episcopal - Since the faithful are obliged to contribute to the support of religion, especially in their own diocese, a bishop may ask contributions for diocesan needs from his own subjects, and particularly from the clergy Substance - A genus supremum, cannot strictly be defined by an analysis into genus and specific difference; yet a survey of the universe at large will enable us to form without difficulty an accurate idea of substance Suburbicarian Dioceses - A name applied to the dioceses nearest Rome, viz. Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina, Sabina, Ostia and Velletri, Porto and S. Rufina, the bishops of which form the order of cardinal bishops Sudan - The Vicariate Apostolic of Sudan or Central-Africa Sufetula - A titular see of North Africa. Sufetula seems to be Suthul where Jugurtha had deposited his treasures Sugar, Venerable John - Also called John Suker. English priest, was martyred on the same day as a layman, the Bl. Robert Grissold, in 1604 after spending a year in prison Suger - Abbot of St-Denis, statesman and historian, b. probably at or near St-Denis, about 1081; d. there, 13 Jan., 1151 Suicide - The act of one who causes his own death, either by positively destroying his own life, as by inflicting on himself a mortal wound or injury, or by omitting to do what is necessary to escape death, as by refusing to leave a burning house Suidas - Author of, perhaps, the most important Greek lexicon or encyclopedia Suitbert, Saint - Born in England, studied in Ireland, accompanied St. Willibrord on his missionary journeys. Died in 713 Sullivan, Alexander Martin - Irish politician, lawyer and journalist, b. at Bantry in 1830; d. at Dartry Lodge, Rathmines, Dublin, 17 Oct., 1884 Sullivan, Peter John - Soldier, lawyer, born at Cork, Ireland, 15 March, 1821; died at Cincinnati, Ohio, 2 March 1883 Sully, Maurice de - Bishop of Paris, born of humble parents at Sully-sur-Loire (Soliacum), near Orleans, at the beginning of the twelfth century; died at Paris, 11 Sept., 1196 Sulpicians in the United States - Came to the United States at the very rise of the American Hierarchy Sulpicius Severus - An ecclesiastical writer, born of noble parents in Aquitaine c. 360; died about 420-25 Sulpitius - Two bishops of Bourges bore this name Sumatra - Erected by a Decree of 30 June, 1911, and entrusted to the Dutch Capuchins Summæ - Compendiums of theology, philosophy, and canon law which were used both as textbooks in the schools and as books of reference during the Middle Ages Summer Schools, Catholic - An assembly of Catholic clergy and laity held during the summer months to foster intellectual culture in harmony with Christian faith by means of lectures and special courses along university extension lines Sunday - Sunday (Day of the Sun), as the name of the first day of the week, is derived from Egyptian astrology Superior - Situated in the northern part of Wisconsin Supernatural Adoption - The adoption of man by God in virtue of which we become His sons and heirs Supernatural Gift - Something conferred on nature that is above all the powers (vires) of created nature Supernatural Order - The ensemble of effects exceeding the powers of the created universe and gratuitously produced by God for the purpose of raising the rational creature above its native sphere to a God-like life and destiny Superstition - From supersisto, 'to stand in terror of the deity' Supper, The Last - The Evangelists and critics generally agree that the Last Supper was on a Thursday, that Christ suffered and died on Friday, and that He arose from the dead on Sunday Suppression of Monasteries in Continental Europe - The suppressions of religious houses (whether monastic in the strict sense or houses of the mendicant orders) since the Reformation Suppression of Monasteries in England - From any point of view the destruction of the English monasteries by Henry VIII must be regarded as one of the great events of the sixteenth century Supremi disciplinæ - Motu Proprio of Pius X, promulgated 2 July, 1911, relating to Holy Days of obligation. On Holy Days of precept a twofold duty is incumbent on the faithful, of hearing Mass and of abstaining from servile work Sura - Titular see in Augusta Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis Surin, Jean-Joseph - Born 1600; died at Bordeaux, 1665. He belonged to the Society of Jesus, and enjoyed celebrity for his virtues, his trials, and his talents as a spiritual director Surius, Laurentius - Hagiologist, born at the Hanseatic city of Luebeck, 1522; died at Cologne, 23 May, 1578 Surplice - A large-sleeved tunic of half-length, made of fine linen or cotton, and worn by all the clergy Susa - Capital of the Kingdom of Elam Susa - Diocese in the Province of Turin, Piedmont, Northern Italy Susanna and Tiburtius, Saints - Roman martyrs, feast 11 August Suso, Blessed Henry - Biography of this German Dominican mystic, d. 1366 Suspension (in Canon Law) - Usually defined as a censure by which a cleric is deprived, entirely or partially of the use of the power of orders, office, or benefice Sutton, Ven. Robert - Priest, martyr, b. at Burton-on-Trent; quartered at Stafford, 27 July, 1587 Sutton, Sir Richard - Co-founder of Brasenose College, Oxford, date of birth unknown; d. September or October, 1524 Swan, Order of the - A pious confraternity, indulgenced by the pope, which arose in 1440 in the Electorate of Brandenburg, originally comprising, with the Elector Frederick at their head, thirty gentleman and seven ladies united to pay special honour to the Blessed Virgin Sweden - The largest of the three Scandinavian countries and the eastern half of the Scandinavian peninsula Swedenborgians - The believers in the religious doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. As an organized body they do not call themselves Swedenborgians, which seems to assert the human origin of their religion, but wish to be known as the 'Church of the New Jerusalem', or 'New Church', claiming for it Divine Authorship and promulgation through human instrumentality Sweinheim, Konrad - Fifteenth-century printers who brought the printing press to Italy Swetchine, Sophie-Jeanne Soymonof - Writer, b. at Moscow, 22 Nov., 1782; d. in Paris, 10 Sept., 1857 Sweynheim, Konrad - Printer, b. at Schwanheim, Frankfort, Germany; d. in Rome, 1477 Swinomish Indians - A tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, closely connected with the Skagit. They formerly held the territory about the mouth of the river Skagit together with the adjacent portion of Whidbey Island Swithin, Saint - Bishop of Winchester (d. 862). One of the two trusted counsellors of Egbert, King of the West Saxons Switzerland - A confederation in the central part of Western Europe, made up of twenty-two cantons, three of which are divided into half-cantons Syene - A titular see in Thebian Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais. Syene (Egyptian, Souanou, Coptic, Souan) was originally the marketplace of the island of Elephantine (in Egyptian, Abou) Sykes, Edmund - Born at Leeds; martyred at York Tyburn 23 March, 1586-7 Syllabus - The name given to two series of propositions containing modern religious errors condemned respectively by Pius IX (1864) and Pius X (1907) Sylvester I, Pope Saint - In office for 21 years, while Constantine was emperor. St. Sylvester died in 335 Sylvester II - Pope (999-1003) Sylvester, Bernard, of Chartres - A twelfth-century philosopher of Neo-Platonic tendencies Sylvester Gozzolini, Saint - Founder of the Sylvestrines. Canon, hermit. Died 1267 Sylvester, Order of Saint - The Order is neither monastic nor military but a purely honorary title created by Gregory XVI, 31 Oct., 1841 Sylvestrines - A minor monastic order or, strictly speaking, congregation following in general the Rule of St. Benedict but distinct from the Black monks and not forming a part of the confederation of Benedictine congregations Sylvia, Saint - The mother of St. Gregory the Great. She died in about 592 Sylvius, Francis - Theologian, born at Braine-le-Comte, Hainault, Belgium, 1581; died at Douai, 22 February, 1649 Sydney - The vast territories formerly known as New Holland and Van Dieman's Island and since 1900 as The Commonwealth of Australia were erected to the Vicariate Apostolic of New Holland in 1834 Symbolism - The investing of outward things or actions with an inner meaning, more especially for the expression of religious ideas Symmachus, Pope Saint - Lengthy article on this pope, who died in 514 Symmachus the Ebionite - Author of one of the Greek versions of the Old Testament included by Origen in his Hexapla and Tetrapla. Some fragments of this version survive in what remains of the Hexapla Symphorian and Timotheus, Saints - Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August Symphorosa, Saint - Martyr, d. circa 138. According to legend, her seven sons were martyred with her, and her acts were extant in the fifth century, but today we have no reliable testimonies about her life and martyrdom Synagogue - The place of assemblage of the Jews. This article will treat of the name, origin, history, organization, liturgy and building of the synagogue Synaus - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea Synaxarion - The name of a liturgical book of the Byzantine Church. The exact meaning of the name has changed at various times Synaxis - Means gathering, assembly, reunion. It is exactly equivalent to the Latin collecta (from colligere), and corresponds to synagogue (synagoge), the place of reunion Syncelli - A name which in the early Church was given to those monks or clerics who lived in the same room with their bishops, and whose duty it was to be witnesses to the purity of their lives or to perform the daily spiritual exercises in common with them Syncretism - An explanation is given by Plutarch in a small work on brotherly love ('Opera Moralia', ed. Reiske, VII, 910). He there tells how the Cretans were often engaged in quarrels among themselves, but became immediately reconciled when an external enemy approached Synderesis - Synderesis, or more correctly synteresis, is a term used by the Scholastic theologians to signify the habitual knowledge of the universal practical principles of moral action Syndic, Apostolic - A layman, who in the name, and by the authority, of the Holy See assumes the care and civil administration of the temporalities and in particular the pecuniary alms destined for the support and benefit of Franciscan convents, and thence provides for the requirements of the brethren Syndicalism - Derived from the French syndicats, associations of workingmen uniting members of the same trade or industry for the furtherance of common economic interests Synesius of Cyrene - Bishop of Ptolomais, neo-Platonist, date of birth uncertain; d. about 414 Synnada - Titular metropolis in Phrygia Salutaris. Synnada is said to have been founded by Acamas who went to Phrygia after the Trojan war and took some Macedonian colonists Synod - A general term for ecclesiastical gatherings under hierarchical authority, for the discussion and decision of matters relating to faith, morals, or discipline. It corresponds to the Latin word concilium Synods, National - According to the recent canon law, national councils are the deliberating assemblies at which all the bishops of a nation are convoked by the patriarch or primate (Cf. Bened. XIV, 'De Synodo', I, i), but, in order to include the ancient national synods, it would be more correct to say a legitimate assemblage of the episcopate of a nation, the decisions of which are valid for an entire national Church Synoptics - The name given since Griesbach's time (about 1790) to the first three canonical Gospels Syntagma Canonum - A canonical collection made in 1335 by Blastares, a Greek monk about whose life nothing certain is known Syon Monastery - Middlesex, England, founded in 1415 by King Henry V at his manor of Isleworth Syra - A Latin diocese, suffragan of Naxos, comprising the Island of Syra of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea Syracuse - Archdiocese of Syracuse (Syracusana) in Sicily Syracuse - The Diocese of Syracuse, in the State of New York Syria - A country in Western Asia, which in modern times comprises all that region bounded on the north by the highlands of the Taurus, on the south by Egypt, on the east by Mesopotamia and the Arabia Desert, and on the west by the Mediterranean Syriac Hymnody - To the general consideration set forth in the article hymnody and hymnology must be added some bearing particularly on the structure and liturgical use of hymns (madrashe), exclusive of poetical homilies or discourses (mimre), which belong to the narrative and epic class, while the hymns are lyrical Syriac Language and Literature - Syriac is the important branch of the group of Semitic languages known as Aramaic Syrian Rite, East - This rite is used by the Nestorians and also by Eastern Catholic bodies — in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar — who have separated from them Syrian Rite, West - The rite used by the Jacobite sect in Syria and by the Catholic Syrians is in its origin simply the old rite of Antioch in the Syriac language Syro-Chaldaic Rite - This rite is used by the Nestorians and also by Eastern Catholic bodies — in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar — who have separated from them Syro-Jacobite Liturgy - The rite used by the Jacobite sect in Syria and by the Catholic Syrians is in its origin simply the old rite of Antioch in the Syriac language Syro-Malabar Church - An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent from the Apostle St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Rite - This rite is used by the Nestorians and also by Eastern Catholic bodies — in Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, and Malabar — who have separated from them Szántó, Stephan - Born in the Diocese of Raab, Hungary, 1541; died at Olmuetz in 1612 Szatmár - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Eger, from which it was formed, by King Francis I, at the same time as the See of Kassa Sze-Ch'wan (Eastern) - The mission of Eastern Sze-ch'wan was separated from North-western Sze-ch'wan and erected in a Vicariate Apostolic in 1856 Sze-Ch'wan (North-western) - Vicariate Apostolic of North-western Sze-Ch'wan Sze-Ch'wan (Southern) - Vicariate Apostolic of Southern Sze-Ch'wan Szentiványi, Martin - Born at Szentivan, 20 October, 1633; died at Nagy-Szombat (Tyrnau), 5 March, 1708. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1653, and was professor of Scripture for five years at Vienna and Nagy-Szombat, professor of mathematics and philosophy for nine years, and professor of canon law and theology for seven years Szepes - Diocese in Hungary Szujski, Joseph - Born at Tarnow, 1835; d. at Cracow, 1883 Szymonowicz, Simon - Known also by the Latin name of Somonides, b. at Lemberg, 1558; d. 1629

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Tabæ - Titular see in Caria, suffragan of Stauropolis Tabasco - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archbishopric of Yucatan Tabb, John Bannister - American poet and educator (1845-1909) Tabbora - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage Tabernacle - Vessel holding the Blessed Sacrament Tabernacle - Old Testament precursor to the Temple Tabernacle Lamp - In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should always burn in the Tabernacle of the Testimony without the veil Tabernacles, Feast of - One of the three great feasts of the Hebrew liturgical calendar Tabernacle Societies - The Association of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and of work for poor churches was founded at Brussels in 1848 by Anne de Meeus Tabernacle Society - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Tabor, Mount - Distinguished among the mountains of Palestine for its picturesque site, its graceful outline, the remarkable vegetation which covers its sides of calcareous rock, and the splendour of the view from its summit Tacana Indians - The collective designation for a group of tribes constituting the Tacanan linguistic stock in different dialects, occupying the upper valleys of the Beni and Madre de Dios Rivers, on the eastern slope of the Andes, Department of Beni, northwestern Bolivia Tacapæ - Titular see of Tripolitana in northern Africa Taché, Alexandre-Antonin - First Archbishop of St. Boniface, Manitoba, missionary, prelate, statesman, and writer of Western Canada (1823-1894) Taché, Etienne-Pascal - Statesman, b. at St. Thomas (Montmagny, Province of Quebec), 5 Sept., 1795, son of Charles, and Genevieve Michon; d. 30 July, 1865 Tadama - A titular see in Mauretania Caesariensis Tænarum - A titular see in Greece, suffragan of Corinth Taensa Indians - A Muskhogean tribe living when first known on the west bank of the Mississippi, within the present limits of Tensas parish, Louisiana Tahiti - Located in the Society Islands, has an area of 600 square miles Taigi, Ven. Anna Maria - Happily married for 48 years, became a Third Order Trinitarian, d. 1837 Tait Indians - A collective term for those members of the Cowichan tribe, occupying the Lower Fraser River, Yale District, British Columbia (Canada), between Nicomen and Yale Takkali - The hybrid name by which the Carrier Indians of the northern interior of British Columbia were originally made known by the fur traders Talbot, James - Fourth son of George Talbot and brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury. Chiefly known for having been the last priest to be indicted in the public courts for saying Mass (1726-1790) Talbot, John - English Catholic layman Talbot, Peter - Archbishop of Dublin, 1669-1680; b. at Malahide, Dublin, in 1620 Talbot, Thomas Joseph - Brother of the fourteenth Earl of Shrewsbury, and of Bishop James Talbot Tallagaht, Monastery of - Situated in the barony of Uppercross Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de - Prince of Benevento, Bishop of Autun, French minister and ambassador (1754-1838) Tallis, Thomas - Focusing especially on his contributions to Catholic liturgics and hymnody, even after the English Reformation Talmud - A post-Biblical substantive formation of Pi'el ('to teach'), and originally signified 'doctrine' or 'study' Talon, Jean - First intendant in exercise of New France Talon, Nicolas - French Jesuit, historian, and ascetical writer (1605-1691) Talon, Pierre - A French-Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, 1676 Tamanac Indians - A tribe of Cariban linguistic stock occupying the territory about the Cuchivero River, a tributary of the lower Orinoco, Venezuela Tamassus - A titular see in Cyprus, suffragan of Salamis Tamaulipas - Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Linares Tamburini, Michelangelo - Fourteenth General of the Society of Jesus (1648-1730) Tamburini, Thomas - Moral theologian (1591-1675) Tametsi - The first word of Chapter 1, Session 24, of the Council of Trent Tamisier, Marie-Marthe-Baptistine - Initiator of international Eucharistic congresses, born at Tours, 1 Nov., 1834; died there 20 June, 1910 Tanagra - A titular see in Hellas, suffragan of Corinth Tancred - Prince of Antioch, born about 1072; died at Antioch, 12 Dec., 1112 Taney, Roger Brooke - Fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Tanguay, Cyprien - Genealogist, born at Quebec, 1819; died 1902 Tanis - A titular see, suffragan of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima, capital of the fourteenth district of Lower Egypt Tanner, Adam - Controversialist, born at Innsbruck in 1571; died at Unken, 25 May, 1632 Tanner, Conrad - Abbot of Einsiedeln, born at Arth in the Canton of Schwyz, 28 Dec., 1752; died 7 April, 1825 Tanner, Edmund - Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, 1574-1579; born about 1526; died 1579 Tanner, Matthias - Taught humanities, philosophy, theology, and Scripture, was made rector of the imperial university, and guided for six years the Bohemian province of his order Tantum Ergo - The opening words of the penultimate stanza of the Vesper hymn of Corpus Christi Tanucci, Bernardo - Marchese, Italian statesman, born at Stia in Tuscany, of poor family, in 1698 died at Naples, 29 April, 1793 Taoism - Religion derived from the philosophical doctrines of Lao-tze Taos Pueblo - Town of the Pueblo group, inhabited by Indians speaking the Tigua language of Shoshonean linguistic stock Taparelli, Aloysius - Philosopher and writer on sociological subjects (1793-1862) Tapestry - A fabric in which the two processes of weaving and embroidering are combined Tapis, Esteban - Entered the Franciscan Order at Gerona, 27 Jan., 1778, and joined the missionary College of San Fernando, Mexico, in 1786 Tarabotti, Helena - Nun and authoress, b. at Venice, 1605; d. there 1652 Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus, Saints - Martyrs of the Diocletian persecution (c. 304) Taranto - Diocese in southern Italy, on a bay in the Gulf of Taranto Tarapacá - Situated in Chile, bounded on the north by the canon of the Camarones and on the south by the Loa River Tarasius, Saint - Layman who became Patriarch of Constantinople by acclamation, called for the Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea, champion of Church unity and of the veneration of the holy ikons. Died 806 Tarazona - The Diocese of Tarazona comprises the Spanish provinces of Saragossa, Soria, Navarre, and Logrono Tarbes - The Diocese of Tarbes comprises the Department of the Hautes-Pyrenees (ancient territory of Bigorre) Tarentaise - Comprises the arrondissement of Moutiers in the Department of Savoie; it is also sometimes called the Diocese of Moutiers en Tarentaise, and is suffragan of Chambery Targum - The distinctive designation of the Aramaic translations or paraphrases of the Old Testament Tarisel, Pierre - Master-mason to the king, b. about 1442; d. in August, 1510 Tarkin, Saint - Eighth-century Scottish bishop Tarnow - Diocese in western Galicia, Austria Tarquini, Camillus - Cardinal, Jesuit canonist and archaeologist (1810-1874) Tarragona - Its suffragans are Barcelona, Lerida, Gerona, Urgel, Vich, Tortosa, and Solsona Tarsicius, Saint - Was carrying the Blessed Sacrament on his person, and refused to surrender it when beset by a pagan mob. Martyr of the third or early fourth century Tarsus - A metropolitan see of Cilicia Prima Tartaglia, Nicolò - Italian mathematician (1500-1557) Tartini, Giuseppe - Provides biography and background on his becoming a musician against his parents' wishes. Includes noted works and evaluation of his technical and theoretical brilliance Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre - Archbishop of Quebec and first Canadian cardinal (1820-1898) Tassach, Saint - Irish saint, born in the first decade of the fifth century; died about 497 Tassé, Joseph - Writer and journalist (1848-1895) Tassin, René-Prosper - French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur (1697-1777) Tasso, Torquato - Italian poet (1544-1595) Tassoni, Alessandro - Italian poet (1565-1635) Tatian - A second-century apologist about whose antecedents and early history nothing can be affirmed with certainty except that he was born in Assyria and that he was trained in Greek philosophy Tatwin, Saint - Archbishop of Canterbury; died 30 July, 734 Taubaté - Diocese in Brazil, South America, established on 29 April, 1908, as a suffragan of San Paulo Tauler, John - Article on the life and teachings of this 14th-century German Dominican mystic and author Taunton, Ethelred - Writer, born at Rugeley, Staffordshire, England, 17 Oct., 1857; died in London, 9 May, 1907 Taverner, John - English composer (1475-1535) Tavistock Abbey - Located on the Tavy River in Devonshire, England, founded for Benedictine monks in 961 Tavium - A titular see in Galatia Prima, suffragan of Ancyra Taxa Innocentiana - A Decree issued by Innocent XI, 1 Oct., 1678, regulating the fees that may be demanded or accepted by episcopal chancery offices for various acts, instruments, or writings Taxster, John de - Sometimes erroneously called Taxter or Taxston. A thirteenth-century chronicler, of whose life nothing is known except that he was professed as a Benedictine at Bury St. Edmund's 20 Nov., 1244 Taylor, Frances Margaret - Superior General, and foundress of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God (1832-1900) Taylor, Ven. Hugh - The first (November 1585) to suffer martyrdom for the crime of being a priest in England who had studied abroad; the following day, a layman who had outwardly conformed was martyred for the newly defined felony of harboring such a person Tebaldeo, Antonio - Italian poet, born at Ferrara, in 1463; died. in 1537 Te Deum, The - An abbreviated title commonly given a hymn in rhythmical prose, of which the opening words, Te Deum Laudamus, formed its earliest known title Tegernsee - Benedictine abbey of Bavaria Tehuantepec - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Oaxaca Teilo, Saint - Archbishop of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthenshire, probably in or before 560 Tekakwitha, Blessed Kateri - Biographical article on the 'Lily of the Mohawks,' who died in 1680. Also known as Catherine Tegakwitha or Takwita Teleology - From Greek telos, end, and logos, science Telepathy - A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to denote 'the ability of one mind to impress or to be impressed by another mind otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense' Telese - A small town in the Province of Benevento, Southern Italy Telesio, Bernardino - Short article on the life and teachings of this 16th-century scholar, by William Turner Telesphorus, Pope Saint - Martyr, died c. 136 Telesphorus of Cosenza - A name assumed by one of the pseudo-prophets during the time of the Great Schism Tell el-Amarna Tablets, The - A collection of some 350 clay tablets found in 1887 amid the ruins of the ancient Egyptian city of Akhetaton Téllez, Gabriel - Spanish priest and poet, better known by his pseudonym of Tirso de Molina (1571-1648) Tellier, Michel Le - Commissioned by Cardinal Mazarin to organize the royal army Telmessus - Titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra Te Lucis Ante Terminum - The hymn at Compline in the Roman Breviary Temiskaming - The Vicariate Apostolic of Temiskaming, suffragan of Ottawa, Canada Temnus - A titular see in Asia, a suffragan of Ephesus Tempel, Wilhelm - German astronomer (1821-1889) Temperance - One of the four cardinal virtues Temperance Movements - Covers the history in Europe, the United States, and Canada Templars, The Knights - The earliest founders of the military orders Temple - The Latin form, templum, from which the English temple is derived, originally signified an uncovered area marked off by boundaries; especially the place marked off by the augurs to be excepted from all profane uses Temple, Sisters of the - Established in London for educational purposes at the time of the Crusades Temple of Jerusalem - In the Bible the sanctuary of Jerusalem bears the Hebrew name of Bet Yehovah (house of Jehovah) Temptation - An incitement to sin whether by persuasion or by the offer of some good or pleasure Temptation of Christ - Christ endured temptation only from without, inasmuch as His human nature was free from all concupiscence Tencin, Pierre-Guérin de - French statesman and cardinal (1680-1758) Ten Commandments, The - The fundamental obligations of religion and morality and embodying the revealed expression of the Creator's will in relation to man's whole duty to God and to his fellow-creatures Ten Thousand Martyrs, The - On two days is a group of ten thousand martyrs mentioned in the Roman Martyrology Tenebræ - The name given to the service of Matins and Lauds belonging to the last three days of Holy Week Tenebrae Hearse - The triangular candlestick used in the Tenebrae service Tenedos - A titular see, suffragan of Rhodes in the Cyclades Teneriffe - Suffragan of Seville, formerly called Nivariensis from Nivaria, the ancient name of the island Teniers, David - The name of two eminent Flemish landscape painters; the elder, born at Antwerp in 1582; died there in 1649; the younger; born at Antwerp in 1610; died at Brussels in 1694 Tennessee - Includes geography, history, and demographics Tenney, William Jewett - An author, editor, born at Newport, Rhode Island, 1814; died at Newark, New Jersey, 20 Sept., 1883 Tentyris - Seat of a titular suffragan see of Ptolemais in Thebaid Secunda Tenure, Ecclesiastical - System of feudal tenure was not always restricted to lands, as church revenues and tithes were often farmed out to secular persons as a species of ecclesiastical fief Teos - Titular see; suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor Tepic - A diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the Archbishopric of Guadalajara Tepl - A Premonstratensian abbey in the western part of Bohemia Teramo - Diocese in southern Italy Terce - Essay on the office of Terce, the earliest of the 'little hours' in the day Terenuthis - Titular see, suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima Teresa of Avila, Saint - Carmelite reformer and founder, mystic, author, d. 1582 Teresa of Lisieux, Saint - Short biographical article by Edith Donovan Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne, The Sixteen Blessed - Guillotined at the Place du Trone Renverse (now called Place de la Nation), Paris, 17 July, 1794 Terill, Anthony - English theologian (1623-1676) Termessus - A titular see, suffragan of Perge in Pamphylia Secunda Termoli - Located on the Italian coast of the Adriatic, having a small harbour near the mouth of the Petraglione Ternan, Saint - Brief biography of this sixth-century bishop of the Picts Terracina, Sezze, and Piperno - Located in the Province of Rome Terrasson, André - A French preacher, born at Lyons in 1669; died at Paris, 25 April, 1723 Terrestrial Paradise - The name popularly given in Christian tradition to the scriptural Garden of Eden Terrien, Jean-Baptiste - Dogmatic theologian (1832-1903) Tertiaries - Known as 'Third Orders', those persons who live according to the Third Rule of religious orders, either outside of a monastery in the world, or in a religious community Tertullian - Ecclesiastical writer in the second and third centuries Teruel - A suffragan of Saragossa Testament, Old - The Apostle St. Paul declares himself (II Cor., iii, 6) a minister 'of the new testament', and calls (iii, 14) the covenant entered into on Mount Sinai 'the old testament' Testament, New - Jesus Christ uses the words 'new testament' as meaning the alliance established by Himself between God and the world, and this is called 'new' as opposed to that of which Moses was the mediator Testem Benevolentiae - An Apostolic Letter of Leo XIII addressed to Cardinal Gibbons, 22 January, 1899 Test-Oath, Missouri - The terms of the oath required the affiant to deny, not only that he had ever been in armed hostility to the United States, or to the lawful authorities thereof, but that he had ever 'by act or word', manifested his adherence to the cause of the enemies of the United States Tetzel, Johann - First public antagonist of Luther (1465-1519) Teuchira - A titular see in Libyan Pentapolis Teutonic Order - A medieval military order modeled on the Hospitallers of St. John Tewdrig - Brief introduction to the Welsh martyr Texas - Includes geography, history, demographic, and government information Textual Criticism - The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work the autograph of which has been lost Thabor, Mount - Distinguished among the mountains of Palestine for its picturesque site, its graceful outline, the remarkable vegetation which covers its sides of calcareous rock, and the splendour of the view from its summit Thabraca - A titular see of Numidia near the sea, between the Armua and the Tusca Thacia Montana - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage Thænæ - A titular see in Africa Byzacena Thagaste - A titular see in Numidia Thagora - Titular see in Numidia, mentioned by the 'Rabula Peutingeriana', which calls it Thacora Thais, Saint - A penitent in Egypt in the fourth century Thalberg, Sigismond - Life, musical highlights, comparisons with Liszt, and comments on his better and worse works Thalhofer, Valentin - German theologian (1825-1891) Thangmar - Historian (d. 1022) Thanksgiving before and after Meals - The word grace, which, as applied to prayer over food, always in pre-Elizabethan English took the plural form graces, means nothing but thanksgiving Thanksgiving Day - The custom originated in 1621, when Governor Bradford of the Plymouth colony appointed a day for public praise and prayer after the first harvest Thapsus - Titular see in Macedonia Thasos - A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica Thaumaci - Titular see in Thessaly Thayer, John - New England convert and priest (1755-1815) Theatines - A religious order of men, founded by Gaetano dei Conti di Tiene, Paolo Consiglieri, Bonifacio da Colle, and Giovanni Pietro Carafa, afterwards Pope Paul IV Theatre, The - All forms of the drama were banned by the Fathers of both East and West indiscriminately and in terms of the severest reprobation Thebaid - The valley of the Nile, under Roman domination, was divided into four provinces: Lower and Upper Egypt, Lower and Upper Thebaid Thébaud, Augustus - Jesuit educator and publicist (1807-1885) Thebes - A metropolitan titular see of Achaia Secunda Thebes - Titular see of Thebais Secunda, suffragan of Ptolemais, and the seat of a Coptic Catholic diocese Thecla, Saint - Short biography of the eighth-century Benedictine abbess of Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt Thecla, Saints - The most famous of several saints named Thecla is Thecla of Iconium. Other saints of this name include a martyr from Gaza, an African martyr, one or two Roman martyrs, one who is purely legendary (Boniface and Thecla), and one St. Thecla of whom almost nothing is known Theft - The secret taking of another's property against the reasonable will of that other Thegan (Degan) of Treves - Chronicler, died about 850. Assistant Bishop of Trier and friend of Walafrid Strabo Theiner, Augustin - Theologian and historian (1804-1874) Thelepte - A titular see in Byzacene Themiscyra - A titular see, suffragan of Amasea in the Hellespont Themisonium - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea Thénard, Louis-Jacques, Baron - Chemist (1777-1857) Thennesus - A titular suffragan see of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima Theobald, Saint - Hermit, joined the Camaldolese late in life, died in 1066 Theobald - Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1161) Theocracy - A form of civil government in which God Himself is recognized as the head Theodard, Saint - Archbishop of Narbonne, died 893 Theodicy - Term was introduced into philosophy by Leibniz Theodore I, Pope - Reigned from 642 to 649 Theodore II, Pope - Son of Photius Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury - Seventh Archbishop of Canterbury (602-690) Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia - Bishop in Cilicia and ecclesiastical writer Theodore of Amasea, Saint - Soldier saint, martyred in 306. After refusing a court order to sacrifice to the gods, St. Theodore was released for a time of reflection--and burnt a pagan temple Theodore of Gaza - A fifteenth-century Greek Humanist and translator of Aristotle Theodore of Studium, Saint - Biography of this monk, priest, and abbot. He was a champion of the independence of the Church, and of the veneration of icons. St. Theodore died in 826 Theodoret - Bishop of Cyrus and theologian, born at Antioch in Syria about 393; died about 457 Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres - A Platonist philosopher of the twelfth century Theodoric the Great - King of the Ostrogoths Theodorus and Theophanes, Saints - Brothers, natives of Jerusalem. Championed the veneration of images during the second Iconoclastic controversy in the East Theodorus Lector - A lector attached to the Church of St. Sophia of Constantinople in the early part of the sixth century Theodosiopolis - A titular metropolitan see of Thracia Prima Theodosius I - Roman Emperor (also known as Flavius Theodosius), born in Spain, about 346; died at Milan, 17 January, 395 Theodosius Florentini - Born at Muenster, in the Grisons, Switzerland, 23 May, 1808; died at Heiden, in Appenzell, 15 Feb., 1865 Theodotus of Ancyra, Saint - Patron of innkeepers Theodulf - Bishop of Orleans, a writer skilled in poetic forms and a learned theologian, born in Spain about 760; died at Angers, France, 18 December, 821 Theology, Ascetical - Briefly defined as the scientific exposition of Christian asceticism Theology, Dogmatic - That part of theology which treats of the theoretical truths of faith concerning God and His works Theology, History of Dogmatic - Detailed article broken into time periods Theology, Moral - Limited to those doctrines which discuss the relations of man and his free actions to God and his supernatural end, and propose the means instituted by God for the attainment of that end Theology, Mystical - Mysticism and mystical prayer or contemplation considered from a Catholic perspective, along with a bibliography of famous Christian mystics Theology, Pastoral - The science of the care of souls Theology of Christ (Christology) - Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ Theonas - Bishop of Alexandria from about 283 to 301 Theophanes, Saint - He and his wife both entered monastic life. He signed the decrees of Nicaea II Theophanes Kerameus - Twelfth-century archbishop and writer Théophane Vénard - French missionary to West Tonkin, martyred in 1861 Theophilanthropists - A deistic sect formed in France during the latter part of the French Revolution Theophilus - Second-century Bishop of Antioch Theophilus - Patriarch of Alexandria (385-412) Theosophy - A term used in general to designate the knowledge of God supposed to be obtained by the direct intuition of the Divine essence Theotocopuli, Domenico - Spanish artist. Born in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; died at Toledo, 7 April, 1614 Thera (Santorin) - Diocese in the Cyclades Thérèse of Lisieux, Saint - Short biographical article by Edith Donovan Thermae Basilicae - A titular see in Cappadocia Prima, suffragan of Caesarea Thermopylae - A titular see and suffragan of Athens in Achaia Prima Thessalonians, Epistles to the - Two of the canonical Epistles of St. Paul Thessalonica - Titular metropolis in Macedonia Theveste - Titular see of Numidia Thibaris - Titular see in Byzacena Thibaut de Champagne - Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and King of Navarre, and French poet (1201-1253) Thierry of Freburg - A philosopher and physician of the Middle Ages, and a member of the Order of Saint Dominic Thiers, Louis-Adolphe - French statesman and historian, first president of the Third French Republic (1797-1877) Thignica - A titular see in Numidia Thijm, Joseph Albert Alberdingk - Dutch poet of the nineteenth century Thijm, Peter Paul Maria Alberdingk - President of the Association Tijd en Vlijt and of Constantius Buter, also a member of the Flemish Academy, and for a time, its president Thimelby, Richard - Missionary priest (1614-1672) Third Orders - Lay members of religious orders, i.e. men and women who do not necessarily live in community and yet can claim to wear the habit and participate in the good works of some great order Thirty Years War - Though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance for the history of the whole of Europe Thmuis - A titular see in Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium Thomas the Apostle, Saint - Article on Thomas in Scripture and in legend Thomas, Charles L.A. - French composer (1811-1896) Thomas Abel, Blessed - Biography of the priest and martyr, chaplain to Catherine of Aragon Thomas Alfield, Venerable - Priest, twice imprisoned, twice converted, died a martyr in 1585 Thomas á Jesu - Discalced Carmelite, writer on mystical theology (1564-1627) Thomas à Kempis - Author of the 'Imitation of Christ', born at Kempen in the Diocese of Cologne, in 1379 or 1380; died 25 July, 1471 Thomas Aquinas, Saint - Lengthy article on the life, writings, and influence of this philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church. Called the Angelic Doctor. Died in 1274 Thomas Atkinson, Venerable - Priest martyred at York in 1616 Thomas Becket, Saint - Biography of this martyr, also known as St. Thomas of Canterbury, where he was archbishop and where he was murdered in 1170 Thomas Belchiam, Venerable - A Franciscan martyr in the reign of Henry VIII, date of birth uncertain; d. 3 August 1537 Thomas Christians, Saint - An ancient body of Christians on the east and west coasts of India, claiming spiritual descent from the Apostle St. Thomas Thomas Cottam, Blessed - A convert to Catholicism, entered the Jesuit novitiate, was ordained a priest. Imprisoned and tortured for a year and a half, he died a martyr in 1582 Thomas Ford, Blessed - English priest, martyred at Tyburn in 1582 Thomas Garnet, Saint - Biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1608 Thomas Johnson, Blessed - The last of nine London Carthusians to die of starvation in prison in 1537. He died 20 September, after nearly 5 months of barbaric treatment Thomas More, Saint - Biographical article on the Lord Chancellor of England, and martyr. Beheaded 1535 Thomas of Beckington - Bishop of Bath and Wells, born at Beckington, Somerset, about 1390; died at Wells, 14 January, 1465 Thomas of Bradwardine - Theologian known as the Doctor Profundus Thomas of Cantimpré - Medieval writer, preacher, and theologian (1201-1272) Thomas of Celano - Franciscan poet and writer (1200-1255) Thomas of Dover - Martyr (d. 1295) Thomas of Hereford - Bishop of Hereford (1218-1282) Thomas of Jesus - Reformer and preacher (1529-1582) Thomas of Jorz - English theologian and cardinal (d. 1310) Thomas of Strasburg - A fourteenth-century scholastic of the Augustinian Order Thomas of Villanova, Saint - Spanish Augustinian, d. 1555. Educator, diligent in almsgiving, Archbishop of Valencia Thomas Percy, Blessed - Earl of Northumberland, martyr, born in 1528; died at York, 22 August, 1572 Thomas Sherwood, Blessed - Was imprisoned, tortured, and finally martyred (in 1578) for denying the royal supremacy Thomassin, Louis - Theologian and French Oratorian (1619-1695) Thuringia - A large part of Central Germany, bounded by the Werra River, the Saale, the Harz Mountains, and the Thuringian Forest Thurmayr, Johannes - German scholar (1477-1534) Thomas Thwing, Venerable - Priest, missionary to his native England, convicted of plotting to murder the king on the same evidence by which the other accused had been acquitted, martyred in 1680 Thomas Woodhouse, Blessed - Martyr who suffered at Tyburn 19 June, 1573 Thomism - In a broad sense, the name given to the system which follows the teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas in philosophical and theological questions Thompson, Edward Healy and Harriet Diana - English converts Thompson, Francis - Poet (1859-1907) Thompson, Right Honourable Sir John Sparrow David - Jurist and first Catholic Premier of Canada (1844-1894) Thompson, Blessed James - Also called James Hudson. Priest who was imprisoned and then martyred at York in 1582 Thompson River Indians - Also known as Knife Indians Thonissen, Jean-Joseph - Professor of law at the University of Louvain, minister in the Belgian Government (1817-1891) Thorlaksson, Arni - An Icelandic bishop, b. in Iceland, 1237; d. at Bergen, 1297 Thorney Abbey - For some three centuries the seat of Saxon hermits, or of anchorites living in community, before it was refounded in 972 for Benedictine monks by Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, with the aid of King Edgar Thorns, Crown of - Mentioned by three Evangelists and is often alluded to by the early Christian Fathers, such as Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and others, but there are comparatively few writers of the first six centuries who speak of it as a relic known to be still in existence Thorns, Feast of the Crown of - First instituted at Paris in 1239 Thorpe, Venerable Robert - Brief account of the martyrdom of the Yorkshire priest, who was hanged in 1591 Thou, Jacques-Auguste de - French historian (1553-1617) Thou, Nicolas de - Bishop of Chartres, uncle of the historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou (1528-1598) Three Chapters - (1) the person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia; (2) certain writings of Theodoret of Cyrus; (3) the letter of Ibas to Maris Three Rivers - Formed from the Archdiocese of Quebec, to which it is suffragan Throne - The seat the bishop uses when not engaged at the altar Thuburbo Minus - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage Thugga - Titular see of Numidia Thugut, Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula - Austrian statesman, born at Linz, 31 March, 1736; died at Vienna, 28 May, 1818 Thulis, Venerable John - Lancashire priest and martyr, converted some of his fellow prisoners. Was executed together with Roger Wrenno in 1615 or 1616 Thundering Legion - The story of an expedition against the Quadi led by Emperor Marcus Aurelius Thun-Hohenstein, Count Leo - Austrian statesman (1811-1888) Thyatira - A titular suffragan see of Sardes in Lydia Thynias - A titular see, suffragan of Nicomedia, in Bithynia Prima Thyräus, Hermann - German Jesuit (1532-1591) Tiara - The papal crown, ornamented with precious stones and pearls, which is shaped like a bee-hive, has a small cross at its highest point Tibaldi, Pellegrino - Known also as Pellegrino da Bologna and as Pellegrino Pellegrini, decorator, mural painter, and architect. 1527-1592) Tiberias - Titular see, suffragan of Scythopolis, in Palaestina Secunda Tiberias, Sea of - So called in John 21:1 (cf. 6:1), otherwise known as 'the sea of Galilee' Tiberiopolis - Titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana Tiberius - Brief biography of the second Roman emperor Tibet - Includes information on geography, history, and missions Tiburtius and Susanna, Saints - Roman martyrs, feast 11 August Ticelia - Titular see, suffragan of Cyrene, in the Libya Pentapolis Tichborne, Ven. Nicholas - Martyr, born at Hartley Mauditt, Hampshire; suffered at Tyburn, London, 24 Aug., 1601 Tichborne, Ven. Thomas - Born at Hartley, Hampshire, 1567; martyred at Tyburn, London, 20 April, 1602 Ticonius - An African Donatist writer of the fourth century who appears to have had some influence on St. Augustine Ticuna Indians - A tribe along the north bank of the upper Amazon Tieffentaller, Joseph - Jesuit missionary and noted geographer in Hindustan. 1710-1785) Tiepolo - Article on Giovanni Battista (Giambattista) Tiepolo and his son Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo Tierney, Mark Aloysius - Wrote 'The History and Antiquities of the Castle of Arundel' (London, 1834) and several controversial pamphlets. Also acted as editor of the 'Dublin Review', succeeding Quin, the first editor Tigris, Saint - Sister of St. Patrick Tillemont, Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de - French historian and priest (1637-1698) Tilly, Johannes Tserclæs, Count of - Born at Brabant in 1559; died at Ingolstadt in April, 1632 Timbrias - A titular see in Pisidia, suffragan of Antioch Time - Article explores two questions, What are the notes, or elements, contained in the subjective representation of time? and To what external reality does this representation correspond? Timothy and Symphorian, Saints - Martyrs whose feast is observed on 22 August Timothy and Titus, Epistles to - Disciples of St. Paul Timucua Indians - A principal group or confederacy of ancient Florida Tincker, Mary Agnes - Novelist (1833-1907) Tingis - A titular see of Mauretania Tingitana (the official list of the Roman Curia places it in Mauretania Caesarea) Tinin - Located in Dalmatia; suffragan to Kalocsa-Bacs Tinos and Mykonos - A Latin diocese of the Cyclades Tintern Abbey - In Monmouthshire, England, founded in 1131 by Walter de Clare for Cistercian monks Tintoretto, Il - Italian painter, b. at Venice, 1518; d. there 1594 Tipasa - A titular see of Numidia Tiraboschi, Girolamo - Italian scholar (1731-1794) Tiraspol - Diocese in Southern Russia suffragan of Mohilev Tisio da Garofalo, Benvenuto - An Italian painter of the Ferrarese school (1481-1559) Tissot, James - French draughtsman and painter (1836-1902) Tithes - The tenth part of the increase arising from the profits of land and stock, alotted to the clergy for their support or devoted to religious or charitable uses Tithes, Lay - Ecclesiastical tithes, which in the course of time became alienated from the Church to lay proprietors Titian - Biography of the artist, with bibliography Titopolis - Titular see, suffragan of Seleucia Trachaea in Isauria Titulus - In pagan times titulus signified an inscription on stone, and later the stone which marked the confines of property Titus, Bishop of Bostra - Born about 362-371 Titus - Biography of the first-century Roman Emperor Titus and Timothy, Epistles to - Disciples of St. Paul Tius - Titular see, suffragan of Claudiopolis in Honorias Tivoli - Diocese in the Province of Rome Tlaxcala - A former diocese of the colony of New Spain Tlos - A titular see in Lycia, suffragan of Myra Toaldo, Giuseppe - Priest and physicist (1719-1797) Toba Indians - Tribe of the great Chaco wilderness of South America Tobias - Name of various persons and a book in the Bible Tocqueville, Charles-Alexis-Henri-Maurice-Clerel de - Writer and statesman (1805-1859) Todi - Diocese in Central Italy; immediately dependent on the Holy See Tokio - Archdiocese comprising 21 provinces or 15 departments Toledo (Spain) - Primatial see of Spain, whose archbishop, raised almost always to the dignity of cardinal, occupies the first place in the ranks of the higher Spanish clergy Toledo (Ohio) - A diocese in Ohio, U.S.A., formed out of the Diocese of Cleveland and erected into a separate jurisdiction, 15 April, 1910 Toledo, Francisco - Philosopher, theologian, and exegete, son of an actuary (1532-1596) Tolentino and Macerata - Located in the Marches, Central Italy Toleration, History of - Explores the attitude of the Church towards religious toleration Toleration, Religious - The magnanimous indulgence one shows towards a religion other than his own, accompanied by the moral determination to leave it and its adherents unmolested in private and public, although internally one views it with complete disapproval as a 'false faith' Tolomei, John Baptist - Jesuit theologian and cardinal (1653-1726) Tomb - A memorial for the dead at the place of burial, customary, especially for distinguished persons Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Explores the question where Mary died and was buried, either Jerusalem or Ephesus Tomb, Altar - A tomb, or monument, over a grave, oblong in form, which is covered with a slab or table, having the appearance of an altar Tomi - A titular metropolitan see in the Province of Scythia, on the Black Sea Tommasi, Blessed Giuseppe Maria - Cardinal, scholar, and author, died 1713 Tongerloo, Abbey of - Founded in 1128 near Antwerp, Belgium Tongiorgi, Salvator - Italian philosopher (1820-1865) Tongues, Gift of - A supernatural gift of the class gratiae gratis datae, designed to aid in the outer development of the primitive Church Tonica Indians - A small tribe living, when first known to the French, in small villages on the lower Yazoo River, Mississippi Tonkawa Indians - A tribal group formerly ranging about the middle Trinity and Colorado Rivers, in Eastern Texas Tonsure - A sacred rite instituted by the Church by which a baptized and confirmed Christian is received into the clerical order Tootell, Hugh - Historian commonly known as Charles Dodd. Died 1743 Torah - Signifies first 'direction, instruction', as, for instance, the instruction of parents, or of the wise Torbido, Francesco - Veronese painter and engraver Toribio Alfonso Mogrovejo, Saint - Pioneering missionary archbishop of Lima, founded first seminary in the Americas, d. 1606 Tornielli, Girolamo Francesco - Italian Jesuit, preacher and writer (1693-1752) Torone - A titular see in Macedonia, suffragan of Thessalonica Toronto - Located in the Province of Ontario, Canada Torquemada, Tomás de - Grand Inquisitor of Spain (1420-1498) Torres, Francisco - Hellenist and polemicist (1509-1584) Torres Naharro, Bartolemé de - Spanish poet and dramatist, born at Torres, near Badajoz, towards the end of the fifteenth century Torricelli, Evangelista - Italian mathematician and physicist, born at Faenza, 15 October, 1608; died at Florence, 25 October, 1647 Torrubia, José - A linguist, scientist, collector of fossils and of books, writer on historical, political, and religious subjects. Born towards the end of the seventeenth century at Granada, Spain; died in 1768 Tortona - Diocese in Piedmont, Italy Tortosa - Located in Spain, suffragan of Tarragona Toscanella and Viterbo - The city of Viterbo in the Province of Rome stands at the foot of Monte Cimino, in Central Italy Toscanelli, Paolo dal Pozzo - Mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer (1397-1482) Tosephta - Hebrew, addition, supplement Tostado, Alonso - Exegete, born at Madrigal, Castile, about 1400; died at Bonilla de la Sierra, near Avila, 3 Sept., 1455 Tosti, Luigi - Benedictine historian (1811-1897) Totemism - Constitutes the group of superstitions and customs of which the totem is the center Totonac Indians - One of the smaller cultured nations of ancient Mexico, occupying at the time of the Spanish conquest the coast province of Totonicapan Touchet, George Anselm - Born at Stalbridge, Dorset; died about 1689 Toulouse - Includes the Department of Haute-Garonne Tournai - Diocese in Belgium Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de - French botanist (1656-1708) Tournély, Honoré - Theologian (1658-1729) Tournon, Charles-Thomas Maillard de - Papal legate to India and China, cardinal, born of a noble Savoyard family at Turin, 21 December, 1668; died in confinement at Macao, 8 June, 1710 Touron, Antoine - Dominican biographer and historian (1686-1775) Tours - Archdiocese in France Toustain, Charles-François - French Benedictine, and member of the Congregation of St-Maur (1700-1754) Touttée, Antoine-Augustin - French Benedictine of the Maurist Congregation (1677-1718) Tower of Babel - Information on the history, site, and construction of the tower Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de - Viceroy of New France, born in France, 1603, of noble parents; died there in 1670 Tradition and Living Magisterium - The word tradition refers sometimes to the thing (doctrine, account, or custom) transmitted from one generation to another sometimes to the organ or mode of the transmission Traditionalism - A philosophical system which makes tradition the supreme criterion and rule of certitude Traducianism - In general the doctrine that, in the process of generation, the human spiritual soul is transmitted to the offspring by the parents Trajan - Emperor of Rome (A.D. 98-117), b. at Italica Spain, 18 September, 53; d. 7 August, 117 Trajanopolis - Titular metropolitan see of Rhodope Trajanopolis - A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan of Laodicea Tralles - A titular see, suffragan of Ephesus in Asia Minor Trani and Barletta - Diocese in Italy Transcendentalism - The terms transcendent and transcendental have antithetical reference to experience or the empirical order Transept - A rectangular space inserted between the apse and nave in the early Christian basilica Transfiguration - Culminating point of Christ's public life, as His Baptism is its starting point, and His Ascension its end Transfiguration of Christ, Feast of the - Observed on August 6 to commemorate the manifestation of the Divine glory recorded by St. Matthew (Chapter 17) Transubstantiation - The change of the substance of bread and wine into that of the Body and Blood of Christ Transvaal - Vicariate apostolic. Portion of south Africa Transylvania - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Kalocsa Bacs Trapani - Diocese in Sicily, suffragan of Palermo Trapezopolis - A titular see in Phrygia Pacatiana, suffragan to Laodicea Trappists - The Cistercians who follow the reform inaugurated by the Abbot de Rance (b. 1626; d. 1700) in the Abbey of La Trappe, and often now applied to the entire Order of Reformed Cistercians Trasilla and Emiliana, Saints - Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century Treason, Accusations of - A common misrepresentation concerning the Elizabethan persecution of English and Irish Catholics from 1570 onwards is the statement that the victims devoted to imprisonment, torture, and death suffered not for their religious belief but for treason against the queen and her government Trebizond - An Armenian Catholic diocese Trebnitz - A former abbey of Cistercian nuns, situated north of Breslau in Silesia Tredway, Lettice Mary - Abbess of the Convent of Notre-Dame-de-Sion Tregian, Francis - Confessor, born in Cornwall, 1548; died at Lisbon, 25 Sept., 1608 Tremithus - Titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus Trent - Diocese; suffragan of Salzburg Trent, Council of - Main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants Trenton - Diocese created 15 July, 1881, suffragan of New York Tresham, Sir Thomas - Knight Bachelor (in or before 1524), Grand Prior of England in the Order of Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem Treviso - Diocese in Venetia (Northern Italy) Tribe, Jewish - The earlier Hebrew term rendered in English versions by the word 'tribe' is shebet, while the term matteh, prevails in the post-exilic writings Tricarico, Diocese of - Located in the Province of Potenza in the Basilicata (Southern Italy), near the River Perrola Tricassin, Charles Joseph - Theologian of the Capuchin Order, b. at Troyes; d. in 1681 Tricca - Titular see, suffragan of Larissa in Thessaly Trichinopoly, Diocese of - Located in India, suffragan of Bombay Trichur - Vicariate Apostolic in India, one of the three vicariates of the Syro-Malabar Rite Tricomia - Titular see, suffragan of Caesarea in Palaestina Prima Triduum - Three days. Frequently chosen for prayer or for other devout practices Trier - Diocese; suffragan of Cologne Triesnecker, Francis a Paula - Astronomer (1745-1817) Triest-Capo d'Istria - Suffragan diocese of Goerz-Gradiska Trincomalee - Located in Ceylon, suffragan of Colombo Trinità di Cava dei Tirrenti, Abbey of - Located in the Province of Salerno Trinitarians, Order of - Towards the end of the twelfth century the order had 250 houses throughout Christendom, where its benevolent work was manifested by the return of liberated captives Trinity, The Blessed - The term employed to signify the central doctrine of the Christian religion, the truth that in the unity of the Godhead there are three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, these three persons being truly distinct one from another Trinity College - An institution for the higher education of Catholic women, located at Washington, D.C Trinity Sunday - The first Sunday after Pentecost, instituted to honour the Most Holy Trinity Triple-Candlestick - A name given along with several others to a church ornament used only in the office of Holy Saturday Trissino, Giangiorgio - Italian poet and scholar (1478-1550) Tritheists - Heretics who divide the Substance of the Blessed Trinity Trithemius, John - Scholar and Benedictine abbot (1462-1516) Trivento - Diocese in southern Italy Trivet, Nicholas - Author of a large number of theological and historical works and commentaries on the classics, more especially the works of Seneca Troas - A suffragan of Cyzicus in the Hellespont Trocmades - Titular see of Galatia Secunda, suffragan of Pessinus Trokelowe, John de - A Benedictine monk of St. Albans and monastic chronicler still living in 1330, but the dates of whose birth and death are unknown Trondhjem, Ancient See of - In 997 Olaf Trygvesson founded at the mouth of the River Nid the city of Nidaros, afterwards called Trondhjem Trope - A collective name which, since about the close of the Middle Ages or a little later, has been applied to texts of great variety (in both poetry and prose) written for the purpose of amplifying and embellishing an independently complete liturgical text Tropology, Scriptural - The theory and practice of interpreting the figurative meaning of Holy Writ Troy, John Thomas - Archbishop of Dublin (1739-1823) Troyes - Diocese comprising the Department of Aube Truce of God - A temporary suspension of hostilities, as distinct from the Peace of God which is perpetual Truchsess von Waldburg, Otto - Cardinal-Bishop of Augsburg (1514-1573) Trudo, Saint - Late seventh century priest and monastic founder Trudpert, Saint - Seventh-century missionary in Germany True Cross, The - (1) Growth of the Christian Cult; (2) Catholic Doctrine on the Veneration of the Cross; (3) Relics of the True Cross; (4) Principal Feasts of the Cross Trueba, Antonio de - Spanish poet and folklorist (1821-1889) Trullo, Council in - Particular council held in A.D. 692 Trujillo - Diocese comprising the Departments of Lambayeque, Libertad, Pinra, and the Province of Tumbes, in North-west Peru, formed by Gregory XIII Trumpets, Feast of - The first day of Tishri (October), the seventh month of the Hebrew year Trumwin, Saint - Seventh-century missionary bishop among the Picts Trustee System - In the exercise of inherent rights of administering property, the Church often appoints deputies Trusts and Bequests - Defined as the right enforceable solely in equity to the beneficial enjoyment of property of which the legal title is in another Truth - Defines ontological, logical, and moral truth Truth Societies, Catholic - Covers their establishment in various countries Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha - Martyrs whose feast is observed in the Latin Church on 10 November Tschiderer zu Gleifheim, Johann Nepomuk von - Bishop of Trent, d. 1860 Tschupick, John Nepomuk - A celebrated preacher, b. at Vienna, 7 or 12 April, 1729; d. there, 20 July, 1784 Tuam - The Archdiocese of Tuam, the metropolitan see of Connacht, extends, roughly speaking, from the Shannon westwards to the sea, and comprises half of County Galway, and nearly half of Mayo, with a small portion of south Roscommon Tuam, School of - Founded by St. Jarlath, it rivalled Clonmacnoise as a center of Celtic art in the eleventh century Tübingen, University of - Located in Wuertemberg; founded by Count Eberhard im Bart on 3 July, 1477 Tubunae - A titular see in Mauretania Caesariensis Tucson - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Santa Fe Tucumán - Suffragan to Buenos Aires, erected from the Diocese of Salta on 15 February, 1897 Tudela - Diocese in Spain Tuguegarao - Diocese in the Philippines Tulancingo - Diocese in the Mexican Republic, suffragan of Mexico Tulasne, Louis-René - Botanist (1815-1885) Tulle - Diocese comprising the Department of Correze Tunic - A vestment shaped like a sack, which has in the closed upper part only a slit for putting the garment over the head, and, on the sides, either sleeves or slits through which the arms can be passed Tunis - French protectorate on the northern coast of Africa Tunja - Diocese established in 1880 as a suffragan of Bogota, in the Republic of Colombia, South America Tunkers - A Protestant sect thus named from its distinctive baptismal rite Tunstall, Cuthbert - Bishop of London, later of Durham (1474-1559) Tunstall, Venerable Thomas - Martyred at Norwich, 13 July, 1616 Tunsted, Simon - English Minorite (d. 1369) Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques - Baron de L'Aulne, French minister (1727-1781) Turin - The chief town of a civil province in Piedmont and was formerly the capital of the Duchy of Savoy and of the Kingdom of Sardinia Turin, Shroud of - A relic now preserved at Turin, for which the claim is made that it is the actual 'clean linen cloth' in which Joseph of Arimathea wrapped the body of Jesus Christ Turin, University of - Founded in 1404, when the lectures at Piacenza and Pavia were interrupted by the wars of Lombardy Turkestan - Details of Chinese Turkestan and Russian Turkestan Turkish Empire - Created in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries on the ruins of the Byzantine Empire, from the caliphate of Baghdad and independent Turkish principalities Turnebus, Adrian - Philologist (1512-1565) Turpin - Archbishop of Reims Tuscany - A division of central Italy, includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Massa and Carrara, Pisa, and Siena Tuy - Suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Santiago Twenge, Saint John - Canon regular, prior of St. Mary's, Bridlington. Miracle-worker, d. 1379 Twiketal of Croyland - English abbot (d. 975) Tyana - Titular see of Cappadocia Prima Tychicus - Disciple and companion of St. Paul Tynemouth Priory - Located on the east coast of Northumberland, England, occupied the site of an earlier Saxon church built first in wood, then in stone, in the seventh century, and famous as the burial-place of St. Oswin, king and martyr Types in Scripture - Offers several definitions Tyrannicide - The killing of a tyrant, and usually is taken to mean the killing of a tyrant by a private person for the common good Tyre - Melchite archdiocese and Maronite diocese Tyrie, James - Scottish theologian (1543-1597)

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Ubaghs, Casimir - Born at Bergélez-Fauquemont, 26 November, 1800; died at Louvain, 15 February, 1875 Ubaldus, Saint - Confessor, Bishop of Gubbio, born of noble parents at Gubbio, Umbria, Italy, towards the beginning of the twelfth centry; died there, Whitsuntide, 1168 Ubanghi - Vicariate Apostolic; formerly part of the Vicariate of French Congo, erected on 14 Oct., 1890 Ubanghi, Belgian - In Belgian Congo, separated on 7 April, 1911, from the Vicariate of the Belgian Congo and entrusted to the Capuchins Ubanghi-Chari - Prefecture Apostolic in Equatorial Africa Uberaba - Suffragan diocese of Marianna, in Brazil Ubertino of Casale - Leader of the Spirituals, born at Casale of Vercelli, 1259; died about 1330 Ubiquitarians - A Protestant sect started at the Lutheran synod of Stuttgart, 19 December, 1559, by John Brenz Ucayali - Prefecture Apostolic in Peru Uccello - Painter, born at Florence, 1397; died there, 1475 Udine - The capital of a province and archdiocese in Friuli, northern Italy Ugento - Situated in the Province of Leece, in Apulia, on the Gulf of Tarentum Ughelli, Ferdinando - Historian (1595-1670) Uhtred - An English Benedictine theologian and writer Ujejski, Cornelius - Polish poet (1823-1897) Ulenberg, Kaspar - Convert, theological writer and translator of the Bible (1549-1617) Ulfilas - Apostle of the Goths, missionary, translator of the Bible, and inventor of an alphabet Ullathorne, William Bernard - English Benedictine monk and bishop (1806-1889) Ullerston, Richard - From 1403 held the prebend of Oxford in Salisbury cathedral, and from 1407 the rectory of Beeford in Yorkshire Ulloa, Antoine de - Naval officer and scientist (1716-1795) Ulloa, Francisco de - Accompanied Hernan Cortes to California Ulrich, Saint - Bishop of Augsburg, died 973 Ulrich of Bamberg - A cleric of the cathedral church of Bamberg Ulrich of Richenthal - Chronicler of the Council of Constance Ulrich of Zell - Wulderic; called also of Cluny, and of Ratisbon Ultan of Ardbracca - Collected a life of the Irish saint for his pupil, St. Brogan Cloen of Rostuirc, on Ossory Ultramontanism - A term used to denote integral and active Catholicism Unam Sanctam - The Bull on papal supremacy issued 18 November, 1302, by Boniface VIII during the dispute with Philip the Fair, King of France Unclean and Clean - The distinction between legal and ceremonial, as opposed to moral Unction, Extreme - A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be, the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are seriously ill Ungava - A Canadian territory lying north of the Province of Quebec Uniformity Acts - Statutes passed in an effort to secure uniformity in public worship throughout England Unigenitus - A celebrated Apostolic Constitution of Clement XI, condemning 101 propositions of Pasquier Quesnel Union of Brest - 1596. The union of the Ruthenians with Catholicism Union of Christendom - Includes the Catholic Church together with the many other religious communions which have either directly or indirectly, separated from it Unions of Prayer - Details of four unions of prayer Unitarians - A Protestant sect which holds as it distinctive tenet the belief in a uni-personal instead of a tri-personal God Unitas Fratrum - 'Bohemian Brethren' and 'Moravian Brethren' are the current popular designation of the Unitas Fratrum founded in Bohemia in 1457, renewed by Count Zinzendorf in 1722 United States of America, The - Provides geographic, historic, and statistical information Unitive Way - Stages in the spiritual life Unity - Characterizes the one Church founded by Christ Universalists - A liberal Protestant sect whose distinctive tenet is the belief in the final salvation of all souls Universals - Those ideas which, while excluding whatever constitutes the difference of things of the same genus or species, represent that which is necessary to their constitution, is essential, and is therefore common to all, remaining fixed in all vicissitudes Universe - Presents a history of astronomy Universe, Relation of God to the - Sections include essential dependence of the universe on God, divine immanence and transcendence, and possibility of the supernatural Universities - The principal Catholic foundations have been treated in special articles; here the general aspects of the subject are presented University College (Dublin) - A constitutional college of the National University of Ireland Unjust Aggressor - According to the accepted teaching of theologians, it is lawful, in the defense of life or limb, of property of some importance, and of chastity, to repel violence with violence, even to the extent of killing an unjust assailant Unyanyembe - Vicariate apostolic in German East Africa Upper Nile - Vicariate apostolic; separated from the mission of Nyanza, 6 July, 1894, comprises the eastern portion of Uganda Upper Rhine - Ecclesiastical province; includes the Archdiocese of Freiburg and the suffragan Dioceses of Fulda, Mainz, Limburg, and Rottenburg Upsala, Ancient See of - History of an episcopal see established at Old Upsala, the center of idolatrous worship not only for Sweden but for all Scandinavia Upsala, University of - The oldest university of Sweden Uranopolis - A titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Ancyra in Galatia Prima Urban I, Pope Saint - Died 230. Very little is known about his life, and even his burial place was in doubt for some time Urban II, Pope Blessed - Long article on the canon and later Cluniac prior, assistant to Pope Gregory VII. Urban was elected unanimously to the papacy in 1088, but was forced to spend years wandering southern Italy. He died in 1099 Urban III, Pope - Reigned 1185-87, born at Milan; died at Ferrara, 19 October, 1187 Urban IV, Pope - Reigned 1216-64 Urban V, Pope Blessed - Benedictine monk, canonist, diplomat, elected to the papacy in 1362, d. 1370 Urban VI, Pope - Bartolomeo Prignano, the first Roman pope during the Western Schism Urban VII, Pope - Giambattista Castagna, born at Rome, 4 Aug., 1521; elected pope, 15 September, 1590; died at Rome, 27 September, 1590 Urban VIII, Pope - Maffeo Barberini (1568-1644) Urbi et Orbi - Signifies that a papal document is addressed not only to the City of Rome but to the entire Catholic world Urbino - Province of Pesaro and Urbino, Italy Urbs beata Jerusalem dicta pacis visio - The first line of a hymn of probably the seventh or eighth century, comprising eight stanzas together with a doxology Urdaneta, Andrés - Augustinian, born at Villafranca, Guipuzcoa, Spain, 1498; died in the City of Mexico, 1568 Urgel - Diocese in Spain, suffragan of Tarragona Urim and Thummim - The sacred lot by means of which the ancient Hebrews were wont to seek manifestations of the Divine will Urmiah - A residential see in Chaldea, in the Province of Adherbaidjan, Persia Urráburu, Juan José - Article on this Jesuit thinker, by Antonio Nadal Ursperger Chronicle - A history of the world in Latin that begins with the Assyrian King Ninius and extends to the year 1229 Ursula, Saint, and the Eleven Thousand Virgins - This history rests on ten lines, and these are open to question Ursula of the Blessed Virgin, Society of the Sisters of Saint - Religious congregation of women founded in 1606 by the Venerable Anne de Xainctonge (1587-1612) Ursulines, The - Founded by St. Angela de Merici Ursulines of Quebec, The - The oldest institution of learning for women in North America Ursus, Saint - Member of the Theban Legion, martyr, commemorated from very early times Urubamba - This prefecture apostolic was created by a Decree of the Holy See in 1899 at the request of the Peruvian Government Uruguay - The smallest independent state in South America Uruguayana - Diocese; suffragan of Porto Alegre, Brazil Ushaw College - A combined college and seminary for the six dioceses that were comprised in the old Northern Vicariate of England Usilla - A titular see of Byzacena in Africa Usuard, Martyrology of - A Benedictine monk of the Abbey of St-Germain-des-Prxs, Paris Usury - Defines the church's view on money lending Utah - The thirty-second state admitted to the Union, takes its name from an Indian tribe known as the Utes Ut Queant Laxis Resonare Fibris - The first line of a hymn in honour of St. John the Baptist Uthina - A titular see of Africa Proconsularis, suffragan of Carthage Utica - A titular see in Africa Proconsularis Utilitarianism - A modern form of the Hedonistic ethical theory which teaches that the end of human conduct is happiness, and that consequently the discriminating norm which distinguishes conduct into right and wrong is pleasure and pain Utopia - A term used to designate a visionary or an ideally perfect state of society first used by Sir Thomas More Utraquism - The principal dogma, and one of the four articles, of the Calixtines or Hussites Utrecht, Archdiocese of - Situated in the Netherlands, includes the Provinces of Utrecht, Friesland, Overyssel, Drenthe, Groningen, the larger part of Gelderland, and a small part of North Holland

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Vaast, Abbey of Saint - Situated at Arras, the ancient capital of Artois, Department of Pas-de-Calais, France; founded in 667 Vacancy - A term applied to an office or position devoid of an incumbent, as a vacant benefice, bishopric, or parish Vácz, Diocese of - Located in Hungary; suffragan of Gran; probably founded by King St. Stephen Vadstena, Abbey of - Founded in Sweden by St. Bridget in 1346 Vaga - A titular see of Numidia, frequently mentioned by historians and ancient geographers Vaillant de Gueslis, François - Jesuit missionary (1646-1718) Vaison, Ancient Diocese of - Suppressed by the Concordat of 1801, its territory is now included in the Dioceses of Avignon Valdés, Alfonso de - Spanish Humanist and chancellor of Emperor Charles V (1500-1532) Valence, Diocese of - Comprises the Department of Drome Valence, University of - Erected 26 July, 1452, by letters patent from the Dauphin Louis, afterwards Louis XI Valencia - Located in Spain; comprises the civil Provinces of Valencia, Alicante, and Castellon Valencia, University of - At the request of Jaime I the Conqueror, Innocent IV in 1246, authorized by a Bull the establishment of estudios generales in Valencia Valens, Flavius - Emperor of the East (328-378) Valentine, Saint - At least three different Saint Valentines, all of them martyrs, are mentioned in the early martyrologies under date of 14 February Valentine, Pope - Reigned briefly in A.D. 827 Valentinian I - Emperor of the West (321-375) Valentinian II - Emperor of the West (371-392) Valentinian III - Reigned 425-55, son of Constantius III and Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius, succeeded Emperor Honorius.(419-455) Valentinus and Valentinians - The best known and most influential of the Gnostic heretics, born on the coast of Egypt Valerian - Biography of the Roman ruler, focusing on his treatment of Christians Validation of Marriage - May be effected by a simple renewal of consent when its nullity arises only from a defective consent in one or both parties Valla, Lorenzo - Article by U. Benigni on the teachings of this Italian humanist Valladolid, Archdiocese of - Bounded on the north by Palencia, east by Burgos and Segovia, south by Avila and Salamanca, and west by Zamora Valladolid, University of - Alfonso XI was the patron of Valladolid Vallarsi, Dominic - Italian priest (1702-1771) Valle, Pietro della - Italian traveller in the Orient (1586-1652) Vallée-Poussin, Charles-Louis-Joseph-Xavier de la - Professor of geology and mineralogy at the Catholic University of Louvain (1827-1903) Valleyfield, Diocese of - Situated at the outlet of Lake St. Francis, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence Vallgornera, Thomas de - Dominican theologian and ascetical writer (1595-1665) Valliscaulian Order - Founded towards the end of the twelfth century by Viard, a lay brother of the Carthusian priory of Loubigny, in the Diocese of Langres Vallo and Capaccio - Suffragan diocese of Salerno Vallumbrosan Order - Founded by St. John Gualbert, son of the noble Florentine Gualbert Visdomini Valois, Henri - Philologist (1603-1676) Valona - Titular see, suffragan of Dyrrachium, in Epirus Nova Valroger, Hyacinthe de - French oratorian, first studied medicine, and was later ordained priest (1814-1876) Valva and Sulmona, Dioceses of - Located in Italy, Valva, a medieval castle belonging to the Bishop of Sulmona, Baron of Valva, is situated near the ancient Corfinium, chief town of the Peligni, a Samnite tribe Valverde, Vincent de - First Bishop of Cuzco (d. 1541) Van Beethoven, Ludwig - Composer (1770-1827) Van Beneden, Pierre-Joseph - Professor of zoology and comparative anatomy in the Catholic University at Louvain (1809-1831) Van Buren, William Home - American surgeon (1819-1883) Van Cleef, Jan - Flemish painter (1646-1716) Van Cleef, Joost - Flemish painter (1520-1556) Van Cleef, Martin - Flemish painter (1520-1570) Van der Sandt, Maximilian - Wrote works on philosophy and theology, including a notable controversial reply to the Batavian Calvinist Lawrence in defence of the moral teaching of the Jesuits (1578-1656) Van De Vyver, Augustine - Sixth Bishop of Richmond, Virginia (1844-1911) Vancouver - Archdiocese; includes that part of the mainland of the Province of British Columbia south of 54° N. lat. and west of the Straits of Georgia, together with the Queen Charlotte Islands Vandal, Albert - French writer (1853-1910) Vandals - A Germanic people belonging to the family of East Germans Van den Broek, Theodore J. - Priest and missionary (1783-1851) Van der Bundere, Joannes - Flemish theologian and controversialist (1482-1557) Van der Weyden, Rogier - Painter (1399-1464) Van de Velde, Peter - Spanish painter (1503-1580) Van Eyck, Hubert and Jan - Brothers, Flemish illuminators and painters, founders of the school of Bruges and consequently of all the schools of painting in the North of Europe Vane, Thomas - Seventeenth-century convert from Anglicanism Vannes, Diocese of - Comprises the Department of Morbihan, and was re-established by the Concordat of 1802 Vanni, Andrea - Painter and statesman (1320-1414) Vanni, Francesco - Siennese painter (1565-1609) Varani, Blessed Baptista - Poor Clare and ascetical writer. She died in 1527 Vargas, Luis de - Seville painter (1502-1568) Vargas y Mexia, Francisco de - Spanish diplomat and ecclesiastical writer, died 1566 Vasari, Giorgio - Painter, architect, and writer (1511-1574) Vase, Altar - Vase to hold flowers for the decoration of the altar Vasquez, Gabriel - Theologian (1549-1604) Vatable, François - Abbot of Bellozane, died 1547 Vatican, The - Detailed history and information Vatican as a Scientific Institution, The - Details of scientific activity in the Vatican Vatican Council - The twentieth and up to 1912, the last ecumenical council, opened on 8 December, 1869, and adjourned on 20 October, 1870 Vatican Observatory - Gregory XIII ordered a tower to be erected in a convenient part of the Vatican buildings, and to be fitted out with the greatest and best instruments of the time Vaticanus, Codex - A quarto volume written in uncial letters of the fourth century Vaudreuil - Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil. Governor of Canada, died 1725 Vaughan, Herbert - Cardinal, and third Archbishop of Westminster (1832-1903) Vaughan, Roger William - Second Archbishop of Sydney (1834-1883) Vauquelin, Louis-Nicolas - French chemist (1763-1829) Vaux, Laurence - Martyr in prison (1519-1585) Vaux-de-Cernay - Cistercian abbey situated in the Diocese of Versailles, Seine-et-Oise, in what was called the 'Isle-de-France' Vavasour, Thomas - English physician (1536-1585) Vavasseur, François - Humanist and controversialist (1605-1681) Vaz, Blessed Joseph - Biographical article on this 17th-century priest from Goa who was a missionary to Sri Lanka Vecchietta, Lorenzo di Pietro - Artist (1412-1480) Vedas - Sacred books of ancient India Vega, Andreas de - Spanish theologian (d. 1560) Veghe, Johannes - German preacher and religious writer, died 1504 Vegio, Maffeo - Humanist, poet, and educator (1406-1458) Veglia, Diocese of - In Austria, suffragan of Goerz-Gradisca Vehe, Michael - German Dominican (d. 1559) Veil, Humeral - The name given to a cloth of rectangular shape about 8 feet long and 18 inches wide Veil, Religious - The bride of Christ, as the vestal virgins had done, adopted the veil, which thus symbolized not so much the purity as the inviolable fidelity to Christ which was to be reverenced in her Veit, Philipp - Painter (1793-1877) Veith, Johann Emanuel - Preacher (1787-1876) Velazquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y - Artist's biography by Louis Gillet Vénard, Théophane - French missionary to West Tonkin, martyred in 1861 Venezuela - A republic formed out of the provinces which, under Spanish rule, constituted the captaincy general of the same name Veni Creator Spiritus - The most famous of hymns, assigned in the Roman Breviary to Vespers (I and II) and Terce of Pentecost and throughout the octave Veni Sancte Spiritus Et Emitte Coelitus - Sung at Mass from Whitsunday until the following Saturday inclusively, and comprises ten stanzas Veni Sancte Spiritus Reple - A prose invocation of the Holy Ghost Venice - The capital of a province in Northern Italy, is formed of a group of 117 small islands joined together by 378 bridges mostly built of stone Venosa - Diocese in Southern Italy Ventimiglia - Italian diocese Ventura di Raulica, Gioacchino - Italian orator, patriot, philosopher (1792-1861) Venturino of Bergamo - Preacher (1304-1346) Venusti, Raffaele - Italian controversialist (d. 1543) Vera Cruz - Diocese of the Mexican Republic, suffragan of the Archbishopric of Mexico Verapoly, Archdiocese of - Located on the Malabar Coast, India, having the Diocese of Quilon as suffragan Verbiest, Ferdinand - Jesuit missionary and astronomer (1623-1688) Verbum Supernum Prodiens - The first line of two hymns celebrating respectively the Nativity of Christ and the Institution of the Holy Eucharist Vercelli - Archdiocese in the Province of Novara, Piedmont, Italy Vercellone, Carlo - Biblical scholar, born at Biella, Milan; died at Rome, 19 January, 1869 Verdaguer, Jacinto - Spanish poet (1845-1902) Verdi, Giuseppe - Italian composer (1813-1901) Verdun, Diocese of - Comprises the Department of the Meuse Verecundus - Bishop of Junca, in the African Province of Byzacena, in the middle of the sixth century Vergani, Paolo - Italian political economist (1753-1820) Vergerio, Pier Paolo, the Elder - Humanist, statesman, and canonist (b. 1370) Vergil, Polydore - Commissioned by Henry VII to write the history of England Vergilius of Salzburg, Saint - Irish-born Abbot of St. Peter's monastery at Salzburg. He held that the earth was round, for which St. Boniface accused him of heresy. Vergilius freed himself of the charge, and went on to become a missionary, dying in 789 Vering, Friedrich Heinrich - German canonist (1833-1896) Vermont - One of the New England states Verna, La - An isolated mountain hallowed by association with St. Francis of Assisi, situated in the centre of the Tuscan Appenines Vernazza, Tommasina - Entered the monastery of St. Maria delle Grazie, and became a canoness regular, taking the name of Battistina (1497-1587) Verne, Jules - Novelist (1828-1905) Vernier, Pierre - Inventor of the instrument which bears his name (1580-1637) Veroli, Diocese of - Located in the Province of Rome Véron, François - French controversialist, born at Paris about 1575; died at Charenton, 1625 Verona - Diocese in Venetia (Northern Italy) Veronica, Saint - Veronica is a name popularly given to one of the women who accompanied Christ to Calvary. 'Veronica' is an abbreviation of 'vera icon' (true image), and the woman now called Veronica is said to have offered a towel to Christ, on which he left the imprint of his face Veronica Giuliani, Saint - Short biographical article on this Capuchin, who died in 1727 Verot, Augustin - Third Bishop of Savannah, first of St. Augustine (1804-1876) Verrazano, Giovanni da - Navigator, died 1527 Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme - French-Canadian priest, educator, and historian (1828-1901) Verri, Count Pietro - Economist.(1728-1797) Verrocchio, Andrea del - Artist (1435-1488) Versailles - Diocese includes the Department of Seine-et-Oise, France Versions of the Bible - Article on versions of the Bible in the original languages and in translation. Grouped by source Versions of the Bible, Coptic - At least parts of Scripture were translated into all four dialects of the Coptic language, though there is some debate about which of the Coptic versions is oldest Verstegan, Richard - Publisher and antiquarian, born at London, about 1548 Vertin, John - Third Bishop of Marquette, U.S.A (1844-1899) Vertot, Réné-Aubert, Sieur de - French historian (1655-1735) Veruela - A Cistercian monastery and church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. It is situated five miles northwest of Borja, Saragossa, Spain Vesalius, Andreas - The reorganizer of the study of anatomy Vespasian - Biography of the Roman Emperor Vespasiano da Bisticci - Florentine humanist and librarian (1421-1498) Vespers - Historical article on Evening Prayer, one of the two principal canonical hours Vespers, Music of - Applies especially to the cathedral Office, i.e., the Liturgy of the Hours in a parish setting Vespers, Sicilian - The traditional name given to the insurrection which broke out at Palermo on Easter Tuesday, 31 March, 1282, against the domination of Charles of Anjou Vespucci, Amerigo - Biographical article on the Italian navigator (1451-1512) Vessels, Altar - The chalice is the cup in which the wine and water of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is contained Vestibule (in Architecture) - A hall projecting in front of the facade of a church, found from the fifth century both in the East and the West Vestments - According to the rules of the Church or from ecclesiastical usage, are to be worn by the clergy in performing the ceremonies of the services of the Church Veszprém - Diocese in Hungary, suffragan of Gran, one of the sees founded about 1009 by King St. Stephen, or perhaps by Queen Gisela, his wife Veto, The Royal - Lord Grenville presented a petition for the Catholics in the Lords, and, in moving for a committee, proposed an effective veto for the king on the appointment of bishops Vetter, Conrad - Preacher and polemical writer (1547-1622) Veuillot, Louis - Journalist and writer (1813-1883) Vexilla Regis Prodeunt - Written by Venantius Fortunatus Vexiö, Ancient See of - In Sweden, comprised the County of Kronoberg and the hundreds of Ostra, Westra, Ostbo, and Westbo in the County of Joenkoeping Vezzosi, Antonio Francesco - Member of the Theatine Congregation and biographical writer (1708-1783) Via Crucis - Historical background on this devotion Via Dolorosa - Historical background on this devotion Viader, José - Assistant at the Indian mission of Santa Clara Vianney, Saint Jean-Baptiste-Marie - The Cure of Ars, d. 1869 Viaticum - Among the ancient Greeks the custom prevailed of giving a supper to those setting out on a journey Viator, Clerics of Saint - Lector of the cathedral at Lyons, France, in the fourth century Viborg, Ancient See of - Located in Denmark Vicar - In canon law, the representative of a person clothed with ordinary ecclesiastical jurisdiction Vicar Apostolic - In the early ages of the Church, the popes committed to some residentiary bishops the duty of watching over ecclesiastical matters in a certain region Vicar of Christ - A title of the pope implying his supreme and universal primacy, both of honour and of jurisdiction, over the Church of Christ Vicar Capitular - The administrator of a vacant diocese, elected by a cathedral chapter Vicar-General - The highest official of a diocese after the ordinary Vicari, Hermann von - Archbishop of Freiburg in Baden (1773-1868) Vicariate Apostolic (Updated List) - Recenty erected vicariates Apostolic as of 1913 Vice - Regarded as a habit inclining one to sin Vicelinus, Saint - Biographical article on the Bishop of Oldenburg, who died in 1154 Vicente, Gil - Portuguese dramatist (1470-1536) Vicenza, Diocese of - The city is the capital of a province in Venetia (Northern Italy) Vich, Diocese of - Suffragan of Tarragona Vico, Francescoe de - Astronomer (1805-1848) Victimae Paschali Laudes Immolent Christiani - First stanza of the Easter sequence Victor I, Pope Saint - Article on the late second-century pope, involved in the Quartodeciman controversy Victor II, Pope - Reigned 1055-57 Victor III, Pope Blessed - Benedictine monk, peacemaker, abbot of Monte Cassino, elected to the papacy in 1086, d. 1087 Victor - Bishop of Tunnunum in Northern Africa (d. 569) Victor IV - Cardinal Gregory Conti, elected in opposition to Innocent II Victor of Capua - A sixteenth-century bishop Victor Vitensis - An African bishop of the Province of Byzacena Victoria - Diocese in southwestern British Columbia Victoria Nyanza, Northern - Founded in 1878 by the White Fathers of Cardinal Lavigerie Victoria Nyanza, Southern - Vicariate apostolic erected from the mission of Nyanza Victorinus, Caius Marius - A fourth-century grammarian, rhetorician, philosopher, and theologian Victorinus, Saint - Biographical profile of the bishop of Pettau, an ecclesiastical writer, martyred in the Diocletian persecution Vida, Marco Girolamo - Italian Humanist Viel, Nicholas - Died 1625, the first victim of apostolic zeal on the shores of the St. Lawrence Vieira, Antonio - Missionary, diplomat, orator (1608-1697) Vienna - The capital of Austria-Hungary, the residence of the emperor, and the seat of a Latin archbishopric Vienna, University of - The oldest university of the former Holy Roman Empire, next to the University of Prague Vienne, Council of - Convened 1311-1312, dealing mainly with the Knights Templar Vierthaler, Franz Michael - Austrian pedagogue (1758-1827) Vieta, François - Father of modern algebra Viger, Denis-Benjamin - French-Canadian statesman and writer (1774-1861) Viger, Jacques - French-Canadian antiquarian and archaeologist (1787-1858) Vigevano - Diocese in Lombardy, Province of Pavia Vigilius, Saint - Biographical essay on the Bishop of Trent, martyred 26 June, 405 Vigilius - Bishop of Tapsus, in the African Province of Byzacena Vigilius, Pope - Reigned 537-55 Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da - A theoretical and practical architect of the Transition Period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles (1507-1573) Vigor, Simon - French bishop and controversialist (1515-1575) Vikings - The Scandinavians who, in the ninth and tenth centuries, first ravaged the coasts of Western Europe and its islands and then turned from raiding into settlers. Villalpandus, Juan Bautista - His fame rests mainly on a 'Commentary on Ezechiel' Villani, Giovanni - Florentine historian, b. about 1276; d. of the plague in 1348 Villanovanus, Arnaldus - Physician and alchemist (1235-1312) Villefranche, Jacques-Melchior - Publicist (1829-1904) Villehardouin, Geoffroi de - Marechal de Champagne, warrior, and first historian in the French language Villeneuve-Barcement, Jean-Paul-Alban - Vicomte de, b. at Saint-Auban, Var, 8 Aug., 1784; d. at Paris, 8 June, 1850 Villermé, Louis-René - French economist (1782-1863) Villers, Cistercian Abbey of - Situated on the confines of Villers and Tilly, Duchy of Brabant, present Diocese of Namur (Belgium), and first monastery of the order in this territory Vilna - The capital of Lithuania, situated at the junction of the Rivers Vileika and Vilja Vincent, Saint - Also called Maldegarius, married to St. Waldetrude. Their four children are also among the saints. SS. Vincent and Waldetrude both entered monastic life, he founding the monasteries of Hautmont and Soignies. He died in 677 Vincent, Saint - Essay on the deacon, a native of Saragossa, martyred in 304 Vincent de Paul, Saint - Biography of the French priest, founder of the Congregation of the Mission, who died in 1660 Vincent de Paul, Sisters of Charity of Saint - A congregation of women with simple vows, founded in 1633 and devoted to corporal and spiritual works of mercy Vincent de Paul, Sisters of Charity of Saint (New York) - Motherhouse at Mt. St. Vincent-on Hudson, New York; not to be confused with the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul founded earlier Vincent de Paul, Society of Saint - International association of Catholic laymen engaging in personal service of the poor Vincent Ferrer, Saint - Biography of this Spanish-born Dominican missionary, who died in 1419 Vincent Kadlubek, Blessed - Bishop of Cracow, resigned his office and became the first Pole to join the Cistercians. He died in 1223 Vincent of Beauvais - Priest and encyclopedist (1190-1264) Vincent of Lérins, Saint - Essay on the fifth-century monk and ecclesiastical writer Vincentians - A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul Vincenzo de Vit - Latinist (1810-1892) Vinci, Leonardo di Ser Piero da - Florentine painter, sculptor, architect, engineer and scholar (1452-1519) Vindicianus, Saint - Biography of the bishop of Cambrai-Arras, born about 620 Vineam Domini - An Apostolic Constitution issued by Clement XI against the Jansenists on 16 July, 1705 Violence - The stimulus or moving cause must come from without; no one can do violence to himself Viotti, Giovanni Battista - Founder of the modern school of violinist Viraggio, Jacopo di - Became a Dominican at a very early age, was a renowned preacher, provincial, and then Archbishop of Genoa. He died in about 1298. Biographical article Virgilius, Saint - Essay on the monk, archbishop of Arles Virgin Birth of Christ - The dogma which teaches that the Blessed Mother of Jesus Christ was a virgin before, during, and after the conception and birth of her Divine Son Virgin Mary, The - The Blessed Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus Christ, the mother of God Virgin Mary, Name of - The Hebrew form of her name is Miryam Virgin Mary, Devotion to the - Devotion to Our Blessed Lady in its ultimate analysis must be regarded as a practical application of the doctrine of the Communion of Saints Virginia - One of the thirteen original states Virginity - Morally, virginity signifies the reverence for bodily integrity which is suggested by a virtuous motive Virtue - According to its etymology the word virtue (Latin virtus) signifies manliness or courage Virtue, Heroic - St. Augustine first applied the pagan title of hero to the Christian martyrs Vischer, Peter - Sculptor and metal founder (1460-1529) Visdelou, Claude de - One of the missionaries sent to China by Louis XIV in 1687 Visigoths - One of the two principal branches of the Goths Visions - The article deals not with natural but with supernatural visions, that is, visions due to the direct intervention of a power superior to man Visit ad Limina - The obligation incumbent on certain members of the hierarchy of visiting, the 'thresholds of the Apostles', Sts. Peter and Paul, and of presenting themselves before the pope to give an account of the state of their dioceses Visitation, Canonical - The act of an ecclesiastical superior who in the discharge of his office visits persons or places with a view of maintaining faith and discipline, and of correcting abuses by the application of proper remedies Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary - Article on the event and the feast Visitation Order - The nuns of the Visitation of Mary, called also Filles de Sainte-Marie, Visitandines, and Salesian Sisters, were founded in 1610 Visitation Convent, Georgetown - Located in the District of Columbia, United States of America Visitors Apostolic - Officials whom canonists commonly class with papal legates Visits to the Blessed Sacrament - A devotional practice of relatively modern development, honoring the Real Presence of Christ Vitalian, Pope Saint - He tried to win over the Monothelites who then held sway in Constantinople, and was the reigning pope at the time of the Synod of Whitby. He died in 672 Vitalini, Bonifazio - Jurist, died 1388 Vitalis, Saint - Martyr in about 171. Husband of St. Valeria (also a martyr), and father of SS. Gervasius and Protasius Vitalis and Agricola, Saints - Vitalis was a slave, converted to Christianity by his master Agricola. Both were martyred at Bologna about 304 Vitalis of Savigny, Saint - Founder of the monastery and Congregation of Savigny. Died 1122 Vitelleschi, Muzio - Born at Rome 2 Dec., 1563; died there 9 Feb., 1645 Vitellius, Lucius - Proclaimed Roman Emperor by the soldiers at Cologne during the civil war of A.D. 69; d. at Rome, 21 Dec., 69 Vitensis, Victor - An African bishop of the Province of Byzacena Viterbo and Toscanella - The city of Viterbo in the Province of Rome stands at the foot of Monte Cimino, in Central Italy Vitoria - Diocese; suffragan of Burgos, in Spain Vittorino da Feltre - Humanist educator (1397-1446) Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia, Saints - According to the legend, martyrs under Diocletian Viva, Domenico - Writer (1648-1726) Vivarini - A family of Italian painters. Alvise, Antonio, and Bartolommeo (Bartolommeo da Murano) Vives, Juan Luis - Article on his life and works, by Paul Lejay Viviers - Diocese; includes the Department of Ardeche, France Vivisection - Defined literally the word vivisection signifies the dissection of living creatures Vizagapatam, Diocese of - Located in the east of India, suffragan to Madras Vizeu - Diocese in north central Portugal Vladimir the Great, Saint - Biography of the grandson of St. Olga. Grand Duke of Kiev and All Russia, first ruler of Russia to convert to Christianity, d. 1015 Vocation, Ecclesiastical and Religious - The special gift of those who, in the Church of God, follow with a pure intention the ecclesiastical profession of the evangelical counsels Vogler, George Joseph - Theorist, composer, organist (1749-1814) Vogüé, Eugène-Melchior, Vicomte de - Critic, novelist, and historian (1848-1910) Volk, Wilhelm - Pseudonym, Ludwig Clarus Volksverein - Organization of German Catholics opposing heresies and revolutionary tendencies in the social world, and for the defence of Christian order in society Volta, Alessandro - Physicist (1745-1827) Volterra - Diocese in Tuscany Volterra, Daniele da - Italian painter (1509-1566) Voluntarism - In the modern metaphysical sense is a theory which explains the universe as emanating ultimately from some form of will Voluntary - Wilful, proceeding from the will Voluntary Association, Right of - Any group of individuals freely united for the pursuit of a common end Völuspá - A wise woman Von Gagern, Max, Freiherr - Born at Weilburg (in Nassau), Germany, 25 March, 1810; died at Vienna, 17 October, 1889 Vondel, Joost van Den - Netherland poet and convert (1587-1679) Voragine, Jacopo de - Became a Dominican at a very early age, was a renowned preacher, provincial, and then Archbishop of Genoa. He died in about 1298. Biographical article Votive Mass - A Mass offered for a votum, a special intention Votive Offerings - The general name given to those things vowed or dedicated to God, or a saint, and in consequence looked upon as set apart by this act of consecration Votive Offices - One not entered in the general calendar, but adopted with a view to satisfying a special devotion Vows - A promise made to God Vrau, Philibert - 'The holy man of Lille', organizer of numerous Catholic activities (1829-1905) Vrie, Theodoric - Fourteenth-century historian Vulgate, Revision of - In the spring of 1907 the public press announced that Pius X had determined to begin preparations for a critical revision of the Latin Bible

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Waagen, Wilhelm Heinrich - Geologist and palaeontologist (1841-1900) Wace, Robert - Poet, born at Jersey, about 1100; died at Bayeux, 1174 Wachter, Eberhard - Painter, born at Stuttgart, (1762-1852) Wadding, Luke - Historian and theologian, born at Waterford, Ireland (1588-1657) Wadding, Michael - Mystical theologian, born at Waterford, Ireland (1591-1644) Waire, Venerable - English friar and martyr, hanged, drawn, and quartered at St. Thomas Waterings in Camberwell, 8 July, 1539 Waitzen, Diocese of - Located in Hungary; suffragan of Gran; probably founded by King St. Stephen Wakash Indians - A linguistic family inhabiting the western coast of British Columbia, and the west and northwest of Vancouver Island, as well as a small region around Cape Flattery, Washington Walafrid - German poet and theologian of the ninth century Walburga, Saint - Fairly lengthy biographical article on this abbess of a double monastery, and author, who died in 777 Waldeck, Principality of - A former state of the German Empire Waldenses - An heretical sect which appeared in the second half of the twelfth century Waldsassen, Abbey of - Cistercian monastery founded by Gerwich von Wolmundstein Waldseemüller, Martin - Learned humanist and celebrated cartographer. A canon of St-Die in Lorraine (1475-1522) Walenburch, Adrian and Peter von - Auxiliary bishops of Cologne and celebrated controversial theologians, born at Rotterdam at the beginning of the seventeenth century Wales - Located in the western portion of Great Britain Walkenried - Cistercian abbey of Germany, situated in the Duchy of Brunswick between Lauterberg and Nordhausen. Founded in 1127 by Countess Adelheid of Klettenberg Wall, Venerable John - Biography of the English Franciscan priest and missionary, martyred in 1679 Walla-Walla Indians - A Shahaptian tribe dwelling on the Walla-Walla River and the Columbia in Washington and Oregon, from Snake River to the Umatilla Wallenstein, Albrecht von - Born at Hermanic, Bohemia (1583-1634) Wallon Henri-Alexandre - Historian and statesman, born at Valenciennes (1812-1904) Walmesley, Charles - Bishop of Rama, Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England (1722-1797) Walpole, Ven. Henry - Converted to Catholicism by the death of Edmund Campion. Walpole became a Jesuit priest, and was arrested as soon as he returned to England. He was martyred in 1595 Walsh, Edward - Irish poet, born at Derry in 1805; died at Cork, 6 August, 1850 Walsh, Patrick - Irish-American journalist and senator (1840-1900) Walsh, Peter - Irish Franciscan, born at Mooretown, County Kildare, about 1608; died in London, 15 March, 1688 Walsh, Robert - Publicist, diplomat, born at Baltimore, MD., 1785; died at Paris, 7 Feb., 1859 Walsh, Thomas - Bishop of Cambysopolis, born in London in 1777 Walsh, William - Bishop of Meath, Ireland Walsingham, Thomas - Benedictine historian, died about 1422 Walsingham Priory - It stood a few miles from the sea in the northern part of Norfolk, England Walter, Ferdinand - Jurist, born at Wetzlar (1794-1879) Walter of Châtillon - Poet in the second half of the twelfth century, born at Lille; died of the plague in the beginning of the thirteenth century Walter of Merton - Bishop of Rochester and founder of Merton College, Oxford Walter of Mortagne - A twelfth-century Scholastic philosopher, and theologian Walter of St-Victor - Mystic philosopher and theologian of the twelth century Walter of Winterburn - An English Dominican, cardinal, orator, poet, philosopher, and theologian in the thirteenth century Waltham Abbey - Formerly located near London Walther von der Vogelweide - Minnesinger and old poet, born about 1170; died in 1228 Walton, Brian - English Biblical scholar (1600-1661) Wandelbert - Benedictine monk and theological writer (813-850) Wangnereck, Heinrich - German theologian, preacher, and author (1595-1664) War - In its juridical sense, a contention carried on by force of arms between sovereign states, or communities having in this regard the right of states Ward, Hugh - Irish Hagiographer (1590-1635) Ward, James Harman - The first Union naval officer to fall in the Civil War Ward, Margaret, Saint - English martyr, died at Tyburn in 1588 Ward, Mary - Founded the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ward, Thomas - English controversialist (1652-1708) Ward, Ven. William - Ward, whose real name was William Webster, was over 40 when he began his studies for the priesthood. He labored for 30 years in England, 20 of which were spent in prison. He was martyred in 1641 at the age of about 80, for the crime of being a priest Ward, William George - English writer and convert (1812-1882) Warde, Mary Francis Xavier - Irish-American nun (1810-1884) Warham, William - Archbishop of Canterbury (1450-1532) Warsaw, Archdiocese of - Located in Poland Wartenberg, Franz Wilhelm, Count von - Bishop and cardinal (1593-1661) Washing of Feet and Hands - Owing to the general use of sandals in Eastern countries the washing of the feet was almost everywhere recognized from the earliest times as a duty of courtesy to be shown to guests Washington, D.C. - The capital of the United States Washington, State of - One of the Pacific coast states, popularly known as the 'Evergreen State' Water, Holy - In the earliest Christian times, water was used for expiatory and purificatory purposes, to a way analogous to its employment under the Jewish Law Water, Holy, Fonts - Vessels intended for the use of holy water Water, Liturgical Use of - Besides the holy water which is used in rites of blessing, and the water employed in the washing of feet and hands, and in the baptismal font, water has its recognized place in the ritual of every Mass Waterford and Lismore - Suffragan of Cashel Waterson, Ven. Edward - English priest, missionary, and martyr. Executed in 1594 (1593 old style). Biographical entry Waterton, Charles - English naturalist and explorer (1782-1865) Waterworth, James - English priest (1806-1876) Watteau, Jean Antoine - Artist's biography with bibliography Waverley, Cistercian Abbey of - Founded by William Gifford, the first monastery of the Order of Citeaux in England Way, Ven. William - English priest and martyr, d. 1588 Way of the Cross - Historical background on this devotion Way or State - Stages in the spiritual life Wealth, Use of - The term 'wealth' is not used here in the technical sense in which it occurs in treatises on economic subjects Wearmouth Abbey - Benedictine monastery in Durham, England Weathers, William - English bishop (1814-1895) Webb, Benjamin Joseph - Kentucky editor and historian (1814-1897) Webbe, Samuel - English composer (1742-1816) Weber, Beda - Benedictine professor, author, statesman (1798-1859) Weber, Friedrich Wilhelm - Physician, poet, statesman (1813-1894) Weber, Heinrich - German Church historian (1834-1898) Weber, Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst von - Composer (1786-1826) Weedall, Henry - English priest (1788-1859) Week, Liturgical - The week was regarded as a sacred institution among the Jews owing to the law of the Sabbath rest and its association with the first chapter of Genesis Wegg-Prosser, Francis Richard - Prominent English convert (1824-1911) Weingarten - Suppressed Benedictine abbey Weis, Nicolaus von - Bishop in Lorraine (1796-1869) Weislinger, Johann Nikolaus - Polemical writer (1691-1755) Weiss, Johann Baptist - Historian (1820-1899) Weissenau, Monastery of - Suppressed Premonstratensian house in Wuertemberg Weitenauer, Ignatius von - Litterateur, exegete, and Orientalist (1709-1783) Welbourne, Ven. Thomas - A schoolmaster, was martyred at York in 1605 Weld - Name of a prominent English Catholic family Weld, Frederick Aloysius - New Zealand colonist (1823-1891) Welle, Prefecture Apostolic of - Located in the extreme north of Belgian Congo, Africa Wellington, Archdiocese of - Located in New Zealand Wells, Ven. Swithin - A married lay schoolmaster, hanged opposite his house in 1591 for the crime of attending mass Wells in Scripture - It is difficult to realize the importance which a country like Palestine attaches to any source of fresh water Welser, Bartholomeus - German merchant prince (1488-1561) Welsh Church - The term Welsh Church covers 'the British Church during the Roman period', 'the British Church during the period of Saxon Conquest', and 'the Church of Wales' Welsh Monastic Foundations - The British church was driven into Wales in the fifth century Welte, Benedict - Exegete, born at Ratzenried in Wuertemberg (1825-1885) Wenceslaus, Saint - The patron saint of Bohemia, murdered by his brother c. 929 Wendelin of Trier, Saint - Patron of shepherds. Died c. 617 Weninger, Francis Xavier - Jesuit missionary and author (1805-1888) Wenrich of Trier - Eleventh-century German ecclesiastico-political writer Werburgh, Saint - Benedictine abbess, died 699 or 700. Biographical article Werden - Suppressed Benedictine monastery Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias - Prussian convert, poet, and pulpit orator (1768-1823) Wessel Goesport, John - A fifteenth-century Dutch theologian, born at Groeningen in 1420; died there on 4 Oct., 1489 Wessenberg, Ignaz Heinrich von - Vicar-General and Administrator of the Diocese of Constance (1774-1860) Wessobrunn - Suppressed Benedictine abbey in Bavaria West Syrian Rite - The rite used by the Jacobite sect in Syria and by the Catholic Syrians is in its origin simply the old rite of Antioch in the Syriac language West Virginia - The state bounded by Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, and on Kentucky Westcott, Sebastian - English organist (1524-1583) Westeraas, Ancient See of - Located in Sweden Western Schism - Only a temporary misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was fed by politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and Constance Westminster, Archdiocese of - Comprises the Counties of Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Essex, and London north of the Thames Westminster, Matthew of - The name given to the supposed author of a well-known English chronicle, the 'Flores Historiarum' Westminster Abbey - This most famous of all English abbeys is situated within the precincts of the Royal Palace of Westminster Westminster Cathedral - A national expression of religious faith given by Roman Catholics to England Weston, William - Jesuit missionary priest, born at Maidstone Westphalia - Province of Prussia Wettingen-Mehrerau, Abbacy Nullius of - Cistercian abbey in Austria Wetzer, Heinrich Joseph - Learned Orientalist, born at Anzefahr in Hesse-Cassel (1801-1853) Wharton, Ven. Christopher - Biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1600 Wheeling, Diocese of - Located in West Virginia Whipple, Amiel Weeks - American military engineer and soldier (1818-1863) Whitaker, Venerable Thomas - Brief biography of this Lancashire priest, martyred in 1646 Whitbread, Venerable Thomas - A native of Essex and Jesuit provincial, refused Titus Oates admission to the Society of Jesus. And the rest, as they say, is history. Whitbread died a martyr in 1679 Whitby, Abbey of - Formerly called Streoneshalh. A Benedictine monastery in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, founded about 657, as a double monastery, by Oswy, King of Northumberland Whitby, Synod of - A conference at the monastery of St. Hilda at Whitby or Streanoeshalch. King Oswy with Bishops Colman and Chad represented the Celtic tradition; Alchfrid, son of Oswy, and Bishops Wilfrid and Agilbert that of Rome White, Andrew - Missionary (1579-1656) White, Charles Ignatius - American editor and historian (1807-1878) White, Edward - Grandfather of Stephen Mallory White, born in County Limerick, Ireland, in the latter part of the eighteenth century; died December, 1863 White, Eustace, Venerable - English convert to Catholicism, priest, missionary to his native land, martyred in 1591. Short biography White, Richard, Venerable - Real name, Richard Gwyn. Welsh schoolmaster, husband and father, had a reputation as a scholar, poet, martyred in 1584 White, Robert - English composer (1530-1574) White, Stephen - Irish antiquarian and polyhistor (1574-1646) White, Stephen Mallory - American statesman (1853-1901) White, Thomas - Several of White's opinions were censured by the Inquisition White Fathers - Missionaries of Our Lady of Africa of Algeria Whithorn Priory - Founded in Scotland in the twelfth century Whiting, Blessed Richard - Last abbot of Glastonbury, martyr, executed in 1539 Whitsunday - A feast which commemorates the Descent of the Holy Ghost upon the Apostles, fifty days after the Resurrection of Christ Whitty, Ellen - Australian nun (1819-1892) Whitty, Rose - Irish nun (1831-1911) Whitty, Robert - English Jesuit (1817-1895) Wibald - Medieval Belgian Abbot (1098-1158) Wichita, Diocese of - Erected in 1887, from the Diocese of Leavenworth Wichita Indians - A confederacy of Caddoan stock, formerly dwelling between the Arkansas River, Kansas, and the Brazos River, Texas Wichmans, Francis - Belgian Augustinian (1596-1661) Widmer, Joseph - Swiss theologian (1779-1844) Widow - Canonical prescriptions concerning widows in the Old Testament refer mainly to the question of remarriage Widukind - Saxon leader, and one of the heads of the Westphalian nobility Widukind of Corvey - Historian who lived in the tenth century in the Benedictine Abbey of Corvey, Germany Wiener-Neustadt, Diocese of - Suppressed see in Lower Austria Wiest, Stephan - Member of the Order of Cistercians (1748-1797) Wigand, Saints - Three saints of this name are mentioned in the Roman Martyrology Wigbert, Saint - English-born companion of St. Boniface. Wigbert was abbot of Hersfeld and, for a time, of Ohrdruf. He died in about 746 Wigbod - Theological writer of the eighth century Wigley, George J. - By profession he was an architect, but subsequently devoted himself to journalism in Paris Wilberforce, Henry William - Third son of William Wilberforce, and younger brother of Robert Wilberforce Wilberforce, Robert Isaac - Second son of William Wilberforce, and a younger brother of Samuel Wilberforce Wilcannia, Diocese of - Located in New South Wales, one of the six suffragan sees of Sydney Wilcox, Robert, Venerable - Biographical details on this English priest and two of his companions in martyrdom: fellow priest 'Edward Campion' and layman Robert Widmerpool. Martyred in 1588 Wild, Johann - Scriptural commentator and preacher (1495-1554) Wilfrid, Saint - Biographical article on this abbot and bishop, who died in 709 Wilgefortis - The legend makes her a Christian daughter of a pagan King of Portugal Wilhelm V - Duke of Bavaria (1548-1626) Wilhelm of Herle - Painter, born at Herle in Dutch Limburg at an unknown date in the fourteenth century Wilhering, Cistercian Abbey of - Situated on the right bank of the Danube, in the Diocese of Linz, Austria Will - This article discusses will in its psychological aspect Will and Testament of Clerics - Roman law allowed clerics to dispose of their property by will or otherwise Will, Free - The question of free will, moral liberty, or the liberum arbitrium of the Schoolmen, ranks amongst the three or four most important philosophical problems of all time Willaert, Adrian - Biography of the composer (1480-1562) Willehad, Saint - Short biography of the missionary and bishop, d. 789 Willems, Pierre - Philologist (1840-1898) William, Saint - Biographical article on William Fitzherbert, also called William of Thwayt. Twelfth-century Archbishop of York William, Saint - Bishop of St-Brieuc, died about 1234 William, Blessed - Biographical article on this Cluniac, abbot of Hirschau, monastic reformer, astronomer, musician, who died in 1091 William - For a time he was Archdeacon of Nantes, but renounced this dignity and became a monk at the Benedictine monastery of Marmoutiers (d. 1124) William - Abbot of Saint-Benigne on Dijon (962-1031) William Carter, Venerable - English printer, martyred in 1584 William Exmew, Blessed - A learned Carthusian, martyred at Tyburn in 1535 William Filby, Blessed - English priest, martyred in 1582. Article also has details on Bl. Laurence Richardson and St. Luke Kirby, his companions in martyrdom William Hart, Blessed - English priest, was betrayed by an apostate on Christmas Day of 1582, chained in an underground dungeon, and martyred at York in 1583 William Lacy, Blessed - English widower, became a priest. He was martyred at York in 1582 William of Auvergne - Short article on this thinker, by William Turner William of Auxerre - Thirteenth-century theologian William of Champeaux - A concise summary of his life and thought, by William Turner William of Conches - Scholastic philosopher and theologian (b. 1100) William of Digulleville - Fourteenth-century French poet William of Ebelholt, Saint - Also called William of Paris or William of the Paraclete. Twelfth-century canon William of Gellone, Saint - Late eighth century. The second count of Toulouse, founded a Benedictine monastery, then became a monk himself William of Jumièges - Benedictine historian (d. 1090) William of Maleval, Saint - Also known as St. William the Great. Hermit, d. 1157 William of Malmesbury - Benedictine monk at Malmesbury Abbey William of Moerbeke - Short article by M. de Wulf on this learned man of the 13th century William of Nangis - Medieval chronicler (d. 1300) William of Newburgh - English historian (1136-1198) William of Norwich, Saint - William's corpse was found showing signs of a violent death. He is the earliest example of a medieval blood libel saint, having died in 1144. His biographer relied on hearsay, and was 'a man of unlimited credulity.' William of Ockham - Biographical article on the fourteenth-century Franciscan philosopher William of Paris, Saint - Abbot of Eskill in Denmark William of Perth, Saint - Honored as a martyr because he was on pilgrimage to Jerusalem when murdered by his adopted son William of Poitiers - Norman historian, born of a noted family, at Preaux near Pont Audemer, Normandy, about 1020 William of Ramsey - A monk of Crowland Abbey William of St-Amour - Thirteenth-century theologian and controversialist (d. 1273) William of Sens - A twelfth-century French architect, supposed to have been born at Sens William of Shoreham - An English religious writer of the Anglo-Norman period, born at Shoreham, near Sevenoaks, in Kent, in the latter half of the twelfth century William of St-Thierry - Theologian and mystic (1085-1148) William of Turbeville - Bishop of Norwich (1095-1174) William of Tyre - Archbishop of Tyre and historian (1130-1190) William of Vercelli - Founder of the Hermits of Monte Vergine, died 1142 William of Ware - William de Warre, Guard, Guaro, Varro or Varron William of Wayneflete - English bishop and chancellor (d. 1486) William of Wykeham - Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor of England (1324-1404) William Perault - Thirteenth-century French writer and preacher William the Clerk (of Normandy) - French poet of the thirteenth century William the Conqueror - King of England and Duke of Normandy William the Walloon - Medieval abbot (d. 1089) Williamites - Name of two minor religious orders Willibald and Winnebald, Saints - Members of the Order of St. Benedict Willibrord, Saint - Article on the Benedictine missionary and bishop, who died in 739 Willigis, Saint - Archbishop of Mainz, d. 1011 Williram - Scripture scholar (d. 1085) Wilmers, Wilhelm - Professor of philosophy and theology (1817-1899) Wilmington, Diocese of - Located in Delaware, U.S.A Wilton, Richard - English Trinitarian scholar (d. 1239) Wilton Abbey - Benedictine convent near Salisbury, England Wimborne Minster - Monastery in Dorsetshire, England Wimmer, Boniface - Bavarian archabbot (1809-1887) Wimpfeling, Jakob - Humanist and theologian (1450-1528) Wimpina, Konrad - Theologian (1465-1531) Winchester, Ancient See of - This diocese came into existence in 635 when the great missionary Diocese of Dorchester, founded by St. Birinus in 634 for the Kingdom of Wessex, was subdivided into the Sees of Sherborne and Winchester Winckelmann, Johann Joachim - Archaeologist and historian of ancient art (1717-1768) Windesheim - Augustinian monastery in Holland Winding Sheet of Christ, Feast of the Holy - In 1206 one of the (supposed) Winding Sheets used at the burial of Christ was brought to Besancon by Otto de La Roche, and the feast of its arrival (Susceptio) was ordered to be kept on 11 July Windischmann, Friedrich Heinrich Hugo - Orientalist and exegete (1811-1861) Windischmann, Karl Joseph Hieronymus - Concise article on this philosopher's life and works, by Friedrich Lauchert Window, Rose - A circular window, with mullions and traceries generally radiating from the centre, and filled with stained glasses Windows in Church Architecture - A history of the use and form of windows in Christian houses of worship Windsor - A town on the Thames, in Berkshire, England; rendered Ventus Morbidus in some medieval documents, the name being really from the Saxon Windels-or, 'winding shore' Windthorst, Ludwig - German statesman (1812-1891) Wine, Altar - Wine is one of the two elements absolutely necessary for the sacrifice of the Eucharist. For valid and licit consecration vinum de vite, i.e. the pure juice of the grape naturally and properly fermented, is to be used Winefride, Saint - Seventh-century Welsh niece of St. Beuno. According to legend, she was decapitated by a frustrated suitor and restored to life by her uncle Wingham, Thomas - Pianist, organist, composer and teacher (1846-1893) Winnebago Indians - A Siouan tribe closely related in speech to the Iowa, Missouri, and Oto, and more remotely to the Dakota and Ponca Winnebald and Willibald, Saints - Members of the Order of St. Benedict Winnoc, Saint - Early eighth-century Benedictine prior Winona, Diocese of - Established in 1889, suffragan of St. Paul, in southern Minnesota Winslow, Jakob Benignus - Physician and anatomist (1669-1760) Winwallus, Saint - Abbot, contemporary of St. Patrick. There are fifty-some forms of his name, including Bennoc and Winwalloc Winzet, Ninian - Benedictine abbot and controversial writer (1518-1592) Wipo - Eleventh-century priest and biographer Wireker, Nigel - Twelfth-century satirist Wirt, Wigand - Theologian, born at Frankfort about 1460; died at Steyer, 30 June, 1519 Wisconsin - Known as the 'Badger State', admitted to the Union on 29 May, 1848, the seventeenth state admitted, after the original thirteen Wisdom, Book of - One of the deutero-canonical writings of the Old Testament, placed in the Vulgate between the Canticle of Canticles and Ecclesiasticus Wisdom, Daughters of - Founded at Poitiers by Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort in 1703 Wise Men (Magi) - The 'wise men from the East' who came to adore Jesus in Bethlehem (Matthew 2) Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick - Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster (1802-1865) Witchcraft - As commonly understood, involves the idea of a diabolical pact or at least an appeal to the intervention of the spirits of evil Witness - One who is present, bears testimony, furnishes evidence or proof Witt, Francis Xavier - Composer and reformer of church music (1834-1888) Wittenberg - City and University Wittman, George Michael - Bishop-elect of Ratisbon (1760-1833) Wittman, Patrizius - Catholic journalist (1818-1883) Witzel, Georg - Hessian theologian (1501-1573) Wladislaw, Diocese of - The historical origin of this diocese is not known precisely Wolff, George Dering - American editor (1822-1894) Wolfgang, Saint - Tenth-century Benedictine bishop of Ratisbon (Regensburg) Wolfram von Eschenbach - Middle-High-German epic poet (d. 1216) Wolgemut, Michael - Painter and engraver (1434-1519) Wolowski, Louis-François-Michel-Reymond - Polish economist (1810-1876) Wolsey, Thomas - Cardinal Archbishop of York (1471-1530) Wolstan, Saint - Eleventh-century Benedictine, Bishop of Worcester. Biography Woman - The position of woman in society has given rise to a discussion which, is known under the name of the 'woman question' Wood, Thomas - Priest and confessor (1499-1588) Wood-Carving - Discusses the branch of wood-carving dealing with artistic objects, belonging either to plastic (as statues, crucifixes, and similar carvings), or to industrial art (as arabesques and rosettes), and which serve mainly for the ornamentation of cabinet work Woodcock, Venerable John - Brief biography of the English Franciscan martyr, who died in 1646 Woodhead, Abraham - English writer (1609-1678) Woods, Julian Edmund Tenison - Priest and scientist (1832-1889) Woodhouse, Blessed Thomas - Martyr who suffered at Tyburn 19 June, 1573 Worcester, Ancient Diocese of - Located in England, created in 680 when, at the Synod of Hatfield under St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, the great Mercian diocese was divided into five sees Words (in Canon Law) - Canonists give many rules for the exact acceptation of words, in order that decrees may be correctly understood and the extent of their obligation determined World, Antiquity of the - Various attempts have been made to establish the age of the world Wormwood - Wormwood, known for its repulsive bitterness Wörndle, Von, Family - Philip, Edmund, and August Worship, Christian - In its most general sense, homage paid to a person or a thing Worsley, Edward - English Jesuit (1605-1676) Worthington, Thomas, D.D. - Third President of Douai College (1549-1627) Wounds, The Five Sacred - The revival of religious life and the zealous activity of St. Bernard and St. Francis in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, together with the enthusiasm of the Crusaders returning from the Holy Land, increased devotion to the Passion of Jesus Christ and particularly to practices in honour of the Wounds in His Sacred Hands, Feet, and Side Wouters, G. Henry - Historian (1802-1872) Wright, Venerable Peter - English Jesuit and martyr, d. 1651 Wright, William - A professor of philosophy at Gratz and Vienna and chaplain to the Gages at Hengrave Hall, Suffolk (1562-1639) Wulfen, Franz Xaver Freiherr von - Botanist (1728-1805) Wulfram, Saint - Late seventh-century missionary and bishop Würtemberg, Kingdom of - Situated between Bavaria and Baden Würzburg, Diocese of - Located in Bavaria; suffragan of Bamberg Würzburg, University of - John I of Egloffstein (1400-1411), Bishop of Wurzburg, obtained from Pope Boniface IX a charter, dated 10 December, 1492, for the university Würzburg Abbeys - Abbey of the Holy Redeemer, St. Andrew's Abbey, St. Stephen's Abbey, and St. James's Abbey Wyart, Théophile-Louis-Henri - French Cistercian (1839-1904) Wyche, Saint Richard de - The devoted companion of St. Edmund Rich, was bishop of Chichester. Richard died in 1253, and was canonized less than 10 years later Wyclif, John - Lengthy biographical article. Includes bibliography Wyntoun, Andrew of - Scottish chronicler Wyoming - Forty-fourth state, derives its name from the Delaware Indian word 'Maughwauwama', signifying mountains with large plains between

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X Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Xainctonge, Venerable Anne de - Foundress of the Society of the Sisters of St. Ursula of the Blessed Virgin Xaverian Brothers - Congregation of the Brothers of St. Francis Xavier. An institute of laymen, founded under episcopal approbation by Theodore James Ryken, in Belgium, in the year 1839 Xavier, Saint Francis - Biographical article on one of the first Jesuits, and missionary to Asia, who died in 1552 Ximenes, Didacus - A Spanish Dominican of the sixteenth century; noted as a theologian, philosopher, and astronomer Ximénez de Cisneros, Francisco - Franciscan, cardinal, and Primate of Spain, born at Torrelaguna in New Castile. 1436-1517) Xystus I, Pope Saint - Martyr, reigned for ten years in the very early part of the second century

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Y Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Yahweh - Proper name of God in the Old Testament Yakima Indians - A Shahaptian tribe formerly dwelling on the banks of the Columbia, the Wenatchee, and northern branches of the Yakima Rivers, in the east of Washington Yamasee Indians - A Muskhogean tribe, mentioned frequently in the history of South Carolina, residing formerly near the Savannah River and in Florida Yaqui Indians - A Cahita tribe, formerly dwelling near the Rio Yaqui Yazoo Indians - A small tribe formerly living on the lower course of Yazoo River, Mississippi, in close connection with several other tribes, including the Tonica Yellow Knives - A sub-arctic Dene tribe, called the Copper Indians by Hearne and other early English writers, and Red Knives by Mackenzie and Franklin Yom Kippur - A most solemn fast, on which no food could be taken throughout the day, and servile works were forbidden York, Ancient See of - The seat of metropolitan jurisdiction for the northern province York, Cardinal of - Cardinal, Duke of York, known by the Jacobites as 'Henry IX, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland'; born at Rome, 11 March, 1725; died at Frascati, 13 July, 1807 York, Use of - Principle in medieval canon law that while as regards judicial matters, as regards the sacraments, and also the more solemn fasts, the custom of the Roman Church was to be adhered to Youghal - The Wardenship of Youghal, in the Diocese of Cloyne, was founded by Thomas, Eighth Earl of Desmond Youville, Marie-Marguérite d' - Biography of the founder of the Gray Nuns, or Sisters of Charity. She died in 1771 Young Men's Institute - A Catholic fraternal organization, founded on 4 March, 1883, at San Francisco, California Ysambert, Nicolas - French theologian (1565-1642) Yucatán, Archdiocese of - Located in the Republic of Mexico; Campeche and Tabasco are its suffragans Yukon, Prefecture Apostolic of - Occupies the extreme northwestern portion of the Dominion of Canada Yun-nan - The Mission of Yun-nan includes the whole province, which is situated in the southwestern corner of China Yuracaré Indians - A Bolivian tribe living between Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba Yves, Saint - Or St. Yves. Patron saint of lawyers, d. 1303 Yves of Chartres, Saint - Essay on the life and writings of this bishop, who died in 1116

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Z Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Zabarella, Francesco - Cardinal, celebrated canonist, born at Padua (1360-1417) Zabulon - One of the twelve sons of Jacob and ancestor of the tribe of the same name Zacatecas - Diocese in the Republic of Mexico, suffragan of Guadalajara Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio - Theologian, historian, and writer (1714-1795) Zacconi, Ludovico - Musical theorist (1550-1623) Zacharias - The prophecy of Zacharias is one of the books admitted by both Jews and Christians into their canon of Sacred Writings, one of the Minor Prophets Zacharias Chrysopolitanus - A famous exegete of the Premonstratensian Order; born at Chrysopolis (Besancon); died about 1155 Zachary, Pope Saint - Biography of this eighth-century pontiff, with special emphasis on his diplomacy and his relations with St. Boniface Zachary, Canticle of - One of the three great canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis Zádori, János - Ecclesiastical writer, born at Katloez, County of Neutra, Hungary (1831-1887) Zahle and Forzol - Greco-Melchite diocese Zakho - Diocese in Chaldea Zallinger zum Thurn, Jacob Anton - Philosopher and canonist (1735-1813) Zallwein, Gregor - Austrian canonist (1712-1766) Zalvidea, José Maria de - Spanish Franciscan, born at Bilbao, Vizeaya, Spain (1780-1846) Zama - Titular see of Numidia. Zama Major and Zama Minor Zambesi Mission - Prefecture Apostolic of the Zambesi Mission Zamboanga, Diocese of - Philippine Islands, including the islands of Basilan, Camiguin, Dinagat, Mindanao, Siargao, and the Sulu Archipelago Zamboni, Giuseppe - Priest and physicist (1776-1846) Zamora - Diocese in Spain Zamora - Diocese in Mexico Zamora - Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador Zampieri, Domenico - Italian painter (1581-1641) Zängerle, Roman Sebastian - Prince-Bishop of Seckau (1771-1848) Zante - Diocese in Greece Zantedeschi, Francesco - Priest and physicist (1797-1873) Zanzibar - Located on the eastern coast of Africa, colonized by Asiatic nations Zapoteca Indians - Mexican tribe located chiefly in Oaxaca and Guerrero Zara - Archdiocese in Dalmatia Zarai - Titular see of Numidia in Africa Zarlino, Gioseffe - Italian musical theorist (1517-1590) Zasius, Ulric - Jurist, born at Constance (1461-1536) Zeal - From delos, a derivative of deo 'to boil', to 'throb with heat' Zegers, Nicholas Tacitus - Exegete, born either at Diest or Brussels during the latter half of the fifteenth century; died at Louvain, 25 August, 1559 Zela - Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasea in the Helenopontus Zell, Karl - Statesman, philologist, defender of Church rights (1793-1873) Zell, Ulrich - Publisher, first printer of Cologne (d. 1507) Zengg-Modrus - Diocese in Hungary Zeno, Saint - Bishop of Verona, d. 380 Zeno of Elea - Greek philosopher (b. 490 B.C.) Zenobius, Saint - Bishop of Florence, died probably in 417 Zenonopolis - Titular see of Asia Minor, suffragan of Seleucia, Trachaea in Isauria Zephaniah - The ninth of the twelve Minor Prophets of the Canon of the Old Testament; preached and wrote in the second half of the seventh century B.C Zephyrinus, Pope Saint - Fairly long article on this pontiff, who died in 217 Zephyrium - Titular see in Cilicia Zeugma - Titular see in Syria Zeuss, Johann Kaspar - Founder of Celtic philology, an eminent philologist, and studied at the gymnasium of Bamberg (1806-1856) Ziegelbauer, Magnoald - Historian who took vows at the Abbey of Zwiefalten 21 November, 1707, was ordained priest, 21 March, 1713, and became professor of theology at his monastery Ziegler, Gregorius Thomas - Bishop of Linz (1770-1852) Zierikzee, Cornelius van - Franciscan born at Zierikzee, a town in the Province of Zeeland, Holland (1405-1462) Zigliara, Tommaso Maria - Cardinal, theologian, and philosopher (1833-1893) Zimmer, Patrick Benedict - Philosopher and theologian (1752-1820) Zingarelli, Niccolò Antonio - Composer, born at Naples (1752-1837) Zingerle, Pius - Orientalist, born at Meran, in the Tyrol 1801. Died at the Abbey of Marienberg near Meran in 1881 Zionists - Followers of the movement to segregate the Jewish people as a nation Zionites - A sect which flourished in the eighteenth century at Ronsdorf in the Duchy of Berg Zips - Diocese in Hungary Zircz - Cistercian abbey in Hungary Zita, Saint - Short biographical article on the domestic servant, who died in 1271 Zita's Home for Friendless Women, Saint - Founded in New York, by Ellen O'Keefe (Mother Zita) in 1890 Zoara - A titular see of Palestina Tertia Zoega, Jörgen - Archeologist and numismatist (1755-1809) Zolkiewski, Stanislaus - Chancellor of Poland (1547-1620) Zonaras, John - Twelfth-century Byzantine chronicler and canonist Zoque Indians - A Mexican tribe dwelling in the western part of Chipas, north of the Sierra Madre, and part of Tabasco and Oaxaca Zosimus, Pope Saint - Account of his pontificate focuses on his entanglement with the Pelagian controversy Zosimus - Biographical article providing an overview of Zosimus' contributions to Roman history Zucchetto - The small, round skullcap of the ecclesiastic Zulia, Diocese of - Comprises the State of Zulia in the Republic of Venezuela Zululand - A territory in South Africa inhabited by the Zulus or Amazulus, who belong to the Bantu family Zumárraga, Juan de - Franciscan born at Durango in the Basque. Custodian of the convent of Abrojo Zuñi Indians - A Pueblo tribe residing on the bank of the Rio Zuni near the boundary of New Mexico Zurbaran, Francisco - Artist born in the suburb of Fuente de Cantos in Estramadure, on the boundaries of Andalusia, Nov., 1598 Zurich - The capital of the Swiss canton of the same name Zurla, Giacinto Placido - Cardinal Vicar of Rome and writer on medieval geography, born at Legnano of noble parents (1769-1843) Zwettl - Cistercian abbey in Austria Zwingli, Ulrich - Founder of the Reformation in Switzerland, born at Wildhaus in Switzerland (1484-1531) Zwirner, Ernst Friedrich - Architect born at Jakobswalde in Silesia (1802-1861)