Ball Pen (W3)
(E6)(L?) http://www.bicworld.com/
In France, in 1945, a man named "Marcel BICH", who had been the production manager for a French ink manufacturer, bought with his partner Edouard BUFFARD, a factory outside Paris and set up business as the maker of parts for fountain pens and mechanical lead pencils.
While his writing instruments parts business began to grow, the development of the ballpoint was advancing in both Europe and the United States and Marcel BICH saw the enormous potential for this new writing instrument.
After obtaining the patent rights to a ball pen created by Hungarian inventor, Ladislao BIRO, Marcel BICH introduced his own ball pen in December 1950. Touting his product as a reliable pen at an affordable price, he called it "BIC" a shortened, easy-to-remember version of his own name. The famous "BIC® CRISTAL® ballpoint pen" was born!
(E?)(L?) http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/%7Ewumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm10.html
Den "Kugelschreiber", einen eine Farbmine enthaltenden Schreibstift, bei dem eine kleine rollende Kugel in der Minenspitze die Farbmasse auf das Schreibpapier überträgt, erfanden 1938 die ungarischen Brüder Laszlo und Georg Biró nach 18jähriger Entwicklungsarbeit in Budapest. Nach Erlangung des ungarischen Patents (1938) und Patentanmeldung des "Fountain Pen for Pulping Ink" in den USA am 27. 12. 1938 (US-Patent erteilt am 14. 10. 1941 für den nun "Ball Pen" genannten Schreibstift) fanden die Birós zur Auswertung ihrer Erfindung in dem Engländer Henry G. Martin einen Finanzier. Martin eröffnete (zusammen mit Frederick Miles) 1944 bei Reading (Berkshire) die erste Kugelschreiberfabrik der Welt, in welcher im ersten Jahr 30 000 für die Royal Air Force bestimmte "Kugelschreiber" hergestellt wurden.
(E?)(L?) http://www.oedilf.com/db/Lim.php?Word=ball pen
Limericks on ball pen
(E?)(L?) http://www.penshop.co.uk/category/pens/ball-pen/
Ball Pens are probably the most widely used type of writing instrument in the UK. Depending on the manufacturer, the Ball Pen tip is made ready for use with either a twist of the cap or a click of the button on the end of the cap. Our Ball Pens are convenient to use and have the longest refill life of any type of pen.
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(E?)(L?) http://www.penshop.co.uk/default/sitemap/
Ball Pen
- Caran d Ache Cubrik Rhodium Ball Pen
- Caran d Ache Ecridor Chevron Mini Rhodium Ball Pens
- Caran d Ache Ecridor Retro Mini Rhodium Ball Pens
- Caran d Ache Ecridor Retro Rhodium Plated Ball Pens
- Caran d Ache Ivanhoe Ball Pens
- Cross Affinity Crimson Red Ballpoint Pen
- Cross Affinity Crimson Red Rolling Ball Pen
- Cross Affinity Jewel Blue Ballpoint Pen
- Cross Affinity Jewel Blue Rolling Ball Pen
- Cross Affinity Opalescent Black Ball Pen
- Cross Apogee Black Ball Pen
- Cross Apogee Chrome Ball Pen
- Cross Apogee Frosty Steel Ball Pen
- Cross Apogee Sable Ball pen
- Cross ATX Basalt Black Ball Pens
- Cross ATX Matte Chrome Ball Pens (Web Exclusive)
- Cross ATX Pure Chrome Ball Pens
- Cross Century 10kt Rolled Gold Ball Pens
- Cross Century Chrome Ball Pens
- Cross Century Classic Lumina Tender Rose Ball pen
- Cross Century II 10kt RG WG Ball Pens
- Cross Century II Chrome WG Ball Pens
- Cross Century II Matte Black WG Ball Pens
- Cross Century II Medalist WG Ball Pens (Web Exclusive)
- Cross Century Matte Black Ball Pens
- Cross Century Medalist Ball Pens (Web Exclusive)
- Cross Masquerade Cardinal Red Ballpoint Pen
- Cross Masquerade Peacock Green Ball Pen
- Cross Masquerade Raven Black Ballpoint Pen
- Cross Sauvage Azurite Blue Crocodile Pattern Ball pen
- Cross Sauvage Brown Tourmaline Lacquer - Giraffe Pattern Ball pen
- Cross Sauvage Smoke Stingray Pattern Ball pen
- Cross Sentiment Breast Cancer Awareness Ballpoint Pen
- Cross Sentiment Pearlescent Ivory Ball Pen
- Cross Sentiment Scarlet Red Ballpoint Pen
- Cross Torero Bordeaux Crocodile Embossed Leather Ball Pen
- Cross Torero Braided Black Leather Ball Pen
- Cross Townsend Lacquer Blue Ball pen
- Cross Townsend Lustrous Chrome Ball Pens
- Cross Townsend Medalist Ball Pens
- Etoile de Mont Blanc Pave Ballpen
- Ice London Princess Pen Black
- Ice London Princess Pen Blue
- Ice London Princess Pen Graduated Black
- Ice London Princess Pen Graduated Gold
- Ice London Princess Pen Graduated Pink
- Ice London Princess Pen Hearts
- Ice London Princess Pen Pink
- Ice London Princess Pen Purple
- Ice London Princess Pen Spiral
- Kingsley Amalfi black with chrome cap ball pen
- Kingsley Berkeley Chrome Ball Pen Gold Plated Trim
- Kingsley Buckingham Black Marble effect Ball Pen
- Kingsley Buckingham Chrome with gold plated trims Ball Pen
- Kingsley Buckingham Gun Metal Ball Pen
- Kingsley Buckingham Walnut Ball Pen
- Kingsley Cross Hatch Black Ball Pen
- Kingsley Cross hatch Gunmetal ball pen
- Kingsley Cross Hatch Silver Ball Pen
- Kingsley Crystal Vogue Blue Ball pen
- Kingsley Crystal Vogue Pink Ballpen
- Kingsley Crystal Vogue Silver Ball Pen
- Kingsley Crystal Vogue Violet Ball Pen
- Kingsley Glamour Black Ball Pen
- Kingsley Kensington Black Ball Pen
- Kingsley Kensington Silver Ball Pen
- Kingsley Mayfair Mini Black Ball Pen With Chrome Plated Trim(Length110mm)
- Kingsley Mayfair Mini Blue Ball Pen With Chrome Plated Trim (Length110mm)
- Kingsley Midnight Ball Pen
- Kingsley Milan black ball pen
- Kingsley Milan Blue ball pen
- Kingsley Milan Red ball pen
- Kingsley Mini Chrome Ball Pen (Length110mm)
- Kingsley Mini Pink Ball Pen (Length110mm)
- Kingsley Parisian Aqua Ball Pen
- Kingsley Parisian Lilac Ball Pen
- Kingsley Parisian Pearl Ball Pen
- Kingsley Parisian Pink Ball Pen
- Kingsley Pen Triple Grip Gold Ballpen
- Kingsley Pen Triple Grip Red Ballpen
- Kingsley Pen Triple Grip Rose Ballpen
- Kingsley Pen Triple Grip Silver Ballpen
- Kingsley Silhouette Aqua Ball Pen
- Kingsley Silhouette Lilac Ball Pen
- Kingsley Silhouette Monochrome Ball Pen
- Kingsley Silhouette Pink Ball Pen
- Kingsley Strada Silver ball pen
- Kingsley Visage Chrome Ballpen
- Kingsley Visage Gunmetal Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Amadeus Mini Mozart ball pen black and platinum plated
- Mont Blanc Amadeus Mini Mozart ball pen
- Mont Blanc Boheme Bleu Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Boheme Marron Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Boheme Noir Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Boheme Rouge Ballpen
- Mont blanc Classique black and gold plated trim Ball Pen
- Mont Blanc classique black and platinum plated ball pen
- Mont Blanc MEISTERSTCK LeGrand Black and gold plated trim Ball Pen
- Mont Blanc MEISTERSTCK LeGrand Platinum Ball Pen
- Mont Blanc Meisterstuck Solitaire Carbon Steel Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Meisterstück Diamond Classique 161 Ball Pen
- Mont Blanc Meisterstück Diamond Classique 164 Ball Pen
- Mont Blanc Solitaire Doue Black-White Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Special Edition Marlene Dietrich Ball Pen
- Mont Blanc Starwalker Black Mystery Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Starwalker Doue Black-Platinum Plated Guilloche Ballpen
- Mont blanc Starwalker Midnight black Resin Ballpen
- Mont Blanc Starwalker Resin Ball Pen
- Parker Duofold Black (Plat) Ball Pen
- Parker Duofold Black GT Ball Pen
- Parker Duofold Pearl-Black GT Ball Pen
- Parker Esprit Carbon Black Ball Pen(D)
- Parker Esprit Electric Red Ball Pen
- Parker IM Premium Dark Gun Metal Chiselled Ball Point Pen
- Parker IM Premium Shiny chrome Chiselled Ballpen
- Parker Premier Black Edition Ball Pen
- Parker Premier Black with silver plated trim ballpen
- Parker Premier Custom black laquer ballpen with sliver plated cap
- Parker Premier Deluxe gold plated ballpen
- PARKER PREMIER DELUXE SILVER BALL PEN
- Parker Sonnet 08 Cisele Gold Plated Trim Ballpen
- Parker Sonnet 08 Laque Black Chrome Trim Ballpen
- Parker Sonnet 08 Laque Black Gold Plated Trim Ballpen
- Parker Sonnet 08 Matte Black Chrome Plated Trim Ballpen
- Parker Sonnet 08 Matte Black Gold Trim Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Chiselled Carbon Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Chiselled Chocolate Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Gold Lustre Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Silver Lustre Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Slim Chrome Trim Black Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Slim Chrome Trim Matte Black Ball pen
- Parker Sonnet Slim Gold Trim Matte Black Ball pen
- Parker Urban Deluxe Ebony Ball pen
- Parker Urban Deluxe Pearl Ballpen
- Sheaffer 100 Ballpoint Pen & Glossy Pink Purse Holder
- Sheaffer 100 Ballpoint Pen & Glossy Purple Purse Holder
- Sheaffer Agio Absolute Black gold plated trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Agio Ballpoint Pen Frosted Pink
- Sheaffer Agio Brushed Chrome with Gold Trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Intensity Carbon Fibre Chrome trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Intensity Cornflower striped Chrome trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Intensity Deep Violet striped Chrome trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Intensity Jet Black Striped Chrome trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Intensity Onyx Chrome trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Intensity Ultramarine striped Chrome trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Prelude Black barrel and palladium plated cap with gold plated trim ball pen
- Sheaffer Prelude Black Gloss Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Prelude Brushed Chrome Ball Pen with Chrome Trim
- Sheaffer Prelude Brushed Chrome With Gold Trim Ball Pen
- Sheaffer Prelude Electric Blue Finish - Nickel Plate Trim Ballpoint Pen(Web Exclusive)
- Sheaffer Prelude Gold Plated Fluted Ball pen
- Sheaffer Prelude Luminous Purple Finish - Nickel Plate Trim Ballpoint Pen(Web Exclusive)
- Sheaffer Prelude Matt Black Ball Pen with gold plated trims
- Sheaffer Prelude Radiant Magenta Finish - Nickel Plate Trim Ballpoint Pen
- Sheaffer Prelude Silver shimmer Nickel Plated Trim ballpen
- Sheaffer VFM Extreme Purple Action Ballpen
- Sheaffer VFM Matte Black Click Action Ballpen
- Sheaffer VFM Neon Blue Click Action Ballpen
- Sheaffer VFM Red Action Ballpen
- Sheaffer VFM Strobe Silver Click Action Ballpen
(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Pen
A "ballpoint pen" (also "biro", and "ball pen") is a writing instrument which dispenses a viscous ink from an internal reservoir through the rolling action of a metal ball at its point. This "ball point" may vary in diameter, and may be made of brass, steel, or tungsten carbide.
Originally conceived and developed as a cleaner and reliable alternative to quill and "fountain pens", "ballpoint pens" are now the dominant writing instrument. Millions are manufactured and sold every day, worldwide, with low-cost and ubiquity assuring that there is always a ballpoint pen within reach.
This so-called "invention that changed the way we write" has also influenced the way art is made; some professional artists use ballpoints to create fine artwork. A popular disposable model has gained recognition for its industrial design as part of the permanent collection at New York's Museum of Modern Art. Designer ballpoints are also produced for the high-end market by pen manufacturers, and prized by collectors.
Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Origins
- 1.2 Postwar proliferation
- 2 Types of ballpoint pens
- 3 As art medium
- 4 Manufacturing
- 4.1 Standards
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
History
The concept of using a ball point within a writing instrument as a method of applying ink to paper has existed since the late 19th century. In these inventions, the ink was placed in a thin tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball, held so that it could not slip into the tube or fall out of the pen. The ink clung to the ball, which spun as the pen was drawn across the paper.
The first patent for a ballpoint pen was issued on 30 October 1888, to John J. Loud, a leather tanner, who was attempting to make a writing instrument that would be able to write on his leather products, which then-common fountain pens could not. Loud's pen had a small rotating steel ball, held in place by a socket. Although it could be used to mark rough surfaces such as leather, as Loud intended, it proved to be too coarse for letter-writing. With no commercial viability, its potential went unexploited and the patent eventually lapsed. The manufacture of economical, reliable ballpoint pens as we know them arose from experimentation, modern chemistry, and precision manufacturing capabilities of the early 20th century. Patents filed worldwide during early development are testaments to failed attempts at making the pens commercially viable and widely available. Early ballpoints did not deliver the ink evenly; overflow and clogging were among the obstacles inventors faced toward developing reliable ballpoint pens. If the ball socket were too tight, or the ink too thick, it would not reach the paper. If the socket were too loose, or the ink too thin, the pen would leak or the ink would smear. Ink reservoirs pressurised by piston, spring, capillary action, and gravity would all serve as solutions to ink-delivery and flow problems.
László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper editor frustrated by the amount of time that he wasted filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages, noticed that inks used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge free. He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink. Bíró enlisted the help of his brother György, a chemist, to develop viscous ink formulas for new ballpoint designs.
László's innovation successfully coupled ink-viscosity with a ball-socket mechanism which act compatibly to prevent ink from drying inside the reservoir while allowing controlled flow. Bíró filed a British patent on 15 June 1938.
In 1941 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, fled Germany and moved to Argentina, where they formed Bíró Pens of Argentina and filed a new patent in 1943. Their pen was sold in Argentina as the "Birome" (portmanteau of the names "Bíró and Meyne"), which is how ballpoint pens are still known in that country. This new design was licensed by the British, who produced ball point pens for RAF aircrew as the Biro. Ballpoint pens were found to be more versatile than fountain pens, especially at high altitudes where fountain pens were prone to ink-leakage.
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(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=Ball Pen
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.
Engl. "Ball Pen" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1900 auf.
Erstellt: 2013-11