Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Sprache, Lengua, Langue, Lingua, Language, (esper.) lingvo - lingvoj

Amtssprache, Langue Officielle, Official Language:
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

about.com
English language

(E?)(L?) http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/englishlanguageterm.htm

Definition:

The primary language of several countries (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and a second language in a number of multilingual countries (including India, Singapore, and the Philippines). See Observations, below.

English is conventionally divided into three historical periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.

Varieties of English:

African American Vernacular English, American, Australian, Babu, Banglish, British, Canadian, Caribbean, Chicano, Chinese, Euro-English, Hinglish, Indian, Irish, Japanese, New Zealand, Nigerian, Nonstandard English, Pakistani, Philippine, Scottish, Singapore, South African, Spanglish, Standard American, Standard British, Standard English, Taglish, Welsh, Zimbabwean

also:

Etymology:

"English" is derived from "Anglisc", the speech of the "Angles" (one of the three Germanic tribes that invaded England during the fifth century).
...


Erstellt: 2014-12

Amtssprache von UK
Amtssprache von United Kingdom

Amtssprache(n) von UK - Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland) ist / sind

Erstellt: 2012-07

antonomasia (W3)

'Antonomasia' comes from the Greek 'anti-' meaning 'instead' or 'against', plus 'onomazein', meaning 'to name'.
Originally, the word was used in the sense "the substitution of another designation for a common, obvious, or normal one."
Beispiele: aber auch:

(E?)(L?) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/antonomasia

antonomasia


arrantpedantry.com
Celtic and the History of the English Language

(E1)(L1) https://www.arrantpedantry.com/2014/12/01/celtic-and-the-history-of-the-english-language/

A little while ago a link to this list of 23 maps and charts on language went around on Twitter. It’s full of interesting stuff on linguistic diversity and the genetic relationships among languages, but there was one chart that bothered me: this one on the history of the English language by Sabio Lantz.

The Origins of English

The first and largest problem is that the timeline makes it look as though English began with the Celts and then received later contributions from the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and so on. While this is a decent account of the migrations and conquests that have occurred in the last two thousand years, it’s not an accurate account of the history of the English language. (To be fair, the bar on the bottom gets it right, but it leaves out all the contributions from other languages.)

English began with the Anglo-Saxons. They were a group of Germanic tribes originating in the area of the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Denmark, and they spoke dialects of what might be called common West Germanic. There was no distinct English language at the time, just a group of dialects that would later evolve into English, Dutch, German, Low German, and Frisian. (Frisian, for the record, is English’s closest relative on the continent, and it’s close enough that you can buy a cow in Friesland by speaking Old English.)
...


Erstellt: 2020-06

B

babbel.com
Babbel Magazine

(E?)(L?) http://www.babbel.com/magazine




Erstellt: 2015-07

Barbarian
Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans
Barbarians and Savages
blahs and barbarians

From the Greek "barbaroi", meaning "babblers", used to mean non-Greeks, i.e., people who didn't speak Greek; from the sound that the Greeks thought they were making: "bar bar bar bar..."

(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ma/vivekananda/sanscrit3.html


(E?)(L1) http://www.crystalinks.com/barbarians.html


(E1)(L1) http://www.etymonline.com/b2etym.htm


(E1)(L1) http://www.takeourword.com/Issue010.html
Issue 10 Spotlight Barbecued Barbarians and Their Barbers

(E1)(L1) http://www.westegg.com/etymology/


bartleby116
Fowler, H.W.
The King’s English

(E?)(L?) https://www.bartleby.com/116/
The plan for the second edition of the classic reference work The King’s English was dictated by the following considerations:

SECOND EDITION
OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, 1908
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 1999



bbc
English language History Trail

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/legacy_entry.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_yoke

The invaders of Britain left their indelible mark on the English language and culture - from the royal coat of arms to our place names and the words we use everyday. Discover the roots of English by creating your own poem or try to spot the origins of a selection of objects.


bbc
English language in different era

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml


(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/world/index_noflash.shtml
Hier findet man eine kleine Übersicht über die Entwicklung der englischen Sprache von 400 bis 1970 (auch als Flash version).
Choose a time period to find out the comings and goings of the English language in that era.

bbc
Evolving English
englische Sprache
Beiträge der BBC

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series1.shtml

Evolving English


(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series2.shtml

Humour and Cussing


(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series3.shtml

Accents and Dialects


(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series4.shtml

People and Places


bbc
Language Map of UK

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/


(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/
"Daps" or "pumps"? "Mitch" or "skive"? What's your local lingo? Create your own interactive word map and help us build a picture of the words we use across the British Isles.

Some of the languages in this section originated here. The others have become part of our language landscape over time. No one knows how many languages are spoken in the British Isles, but we've included some of the most widely spoken.
Arabic | Bengali | British Sign Language | Caribbean Creoles | Chinese | Cornish | Croatian | English | Greek | Guernesiais | Gujarati | Irish | Jerriais | Manx | Panjabi | Portuguese | Romani | Serbian | Somali | Scottish Gaelic | Scots | Turkish | Ulster-Scots | Urdu | Welsh | Yoruba

Zu jeder dieser Sprachen gibt es einen Link zu weiteren Informationen bei BBC.

bbc
Languages
language site

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/languages/


(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/
One standout is the BBC language site, which offers free courses in French, Spanish, German and Italian, as well as basic guides to several other languages. Audio clips guiding pronunciation abound throughout the site, and the bigger courses boast an impressive array of multimedia exposure. Video clips demonstrating conversational exchanges are the central component to the main language courses, with follow-up exercises designed to aid oral and written skills. Another handy offering: extensive links to the BBC World Service, which offers news reports in 43 languages.
For quick reference, the site also has a collection of essential phrases in 30 languages, with a printer-friendly version so you can take it with you as you travel.

Learn some lingo for your holiday
Keep your grey matter active and use your holiday as an opportunity to learn a new language. For an easy start delve into a quick fix and then graduate to one of the steps online in French, Spanish, German or Italian.

bbc
Language Gene discovered

(E?)(L1) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2192969.stm
First language gene discovered - Scientists think they have found the first of many genes that gave humans speech.

bbc
Sound of the Saxons

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/conquest/after_viking/sound_saxons_ms03.shtml

Play 'Sound of the Saxons'

Imagine giving a speech to the turbulent, unpredictable England which existed under the Vikings. The country is being ravaged by the invaders and King Ethelred has fled to France, leaving the throne empty.

In 1014, Archbishop Wulfstan, a prominent government member, made such a speech. But what did an Anglo-Saxon speech sound like? What did it look like? Find out in 'Sound of the Saxons'.


bbc
The Ages of English Timeline

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_ages_english.shtml

From a West Saxon dialect to a global phenomena, from runes to rap, the development of English follows a fascinating trail.

Ever wondered how Beowulf sounded? Why "pickleherring" was one of Johnson's choice insults? Explore the ten ages of English in this interactive timeline and find out.


bbc
The Roots of English

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml




bbc
URP - upper received pronunciation

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/posh.shtml

Routes of English Special - Talking Posh
In this special edition of Routes of English, Melvyn Bragg turns his attention to the mysterious speech patterns of Britain's aristocrats for whom Cadogan Square will forever be "squaur".
But was it ever thus? And is toffs' talk the product of a lineage that in many cases stretches back to the Middle Ages?
...


bbc
Word of Mouth

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/wordofmouth.shtml


bl.uk
The British Library
Evolving English
English Timeline
The evolution of English language and literature

(E?)(L?) http://www.bl.uk/


(E?)(L?) http://www.bl.uk/evolvingenglish/

About the exhibition

Explore the English language in all its national and international diversity

Exhibition supported by the American Trust for the British Library

In this ground-breaking exhibition, the roots of Old English, slang dictionaries, medieval manuscripts, advertisements and newspapers from around the world come together - alongside everyday texts and dialect sound recordings. Follow the social, cultural and historical influences on the English language... and see how it’s still evolving today.


(E?)(L?) http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/evolvingenglish/accessvers/index.html
Vom Jahr 1000 bis 2000 wird die Entwicklung der englischen Sprache mit Texten und kleinen Videos aufgearbeitet.


This interactive timeline allows you to explore the evolution of English language and literature, from the 11th century to the present day. Scroll through decade by decade to investigate the richness and diversity of our poetry and prose, as well as the many social, cultural and political strands from which our language has been woven.

The timeline includes a fascinating combination of texts: Anglo Saxon tales and medieval illuminations; iconic literary manuscripts and printed texts; as well as letters, newspapers, handbills, posters, charters, speeches and campaign leaflets.

Explore the content


(E?)(L?) http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126565.html

...
One of the reasons Chaucer is so important is that he made the decision to write in English and not French. In the centuries following the Norman invasion, French was the language spoken by those in power. The Canterbury Tales was one of the first major works in literature written in English. Chaucer began the tales in 1387 and continued until his death in 1400. No text in his own hand still exists, but a surprising number of copies survive from the 1500s - more than 80. This suggests the tales were enormously popular in medieval England. This early and handsomely ornamented manuscript copy, from c.1450, was made within a generation of Chaucer's death.
...


(E?)(L?) http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/timeline/index.html

Animated Timeline


Erstellt: 2016-04

blackwellpublishing.com
Studying HEL Today
History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405129923/9781405129923.PDF

History, English, Language

Studying HEL Today

Michael Matto and Haruko Momma


Erstellt: 2017-10

blogspot.com - SbaCL
Separated by a Common Language

(E?)(L?) https://separatedbyacommonlanguage.blogspot.com/

About Lynneguist

Hi, I’m Lynne Murphy. When I'm at work, I'm Professor of Linguistics at the University of Sussex. (Here's where I have to say: the views expressed here are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of Sussex.)

Since 2006, my alter ego Lynneguist has used this blog to explore the often subtle differences in American and British English. At first this was a distraction from the linguistic research I do at my day job, but increasingly my professional work has been inspired by the topics here.
...


Erstellt: 2023-01

C

cam
Cmabrigde Uinervtisy
intuitives Lesen

(E?)(L1) http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/people/matt.davis/home.html
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

(E?)(L1) http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/cambridge.asp


(E?)(L1) http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,grossbild-294441-266694,00.html


copyeditor

(E?)(L?) http://www.copyeditor.com/
Welcome to the leading language newsletter

D

dummies
Language Arts

(E?)(L?) http://www.dummies.com/how-to/education-languages/language-arts.html?&sort=TITLE




E

eng-lang
English Language Issues

(E?)(L?) http://www.eng-lang.co.uk/

Articles
This is a selection of articles I have written on English language issues, mostly as a result of questions that kept coming up in various places about correct usage of apostrophes and suchlike.


(E?)(L?) http://www.eng-lang.co.uk/indexpage.htm

This is an index to the words discussed on other pages (about writing style, errors and superstitions).

agenda | alternatives | among | apostrophes with single letters | arena | averse to | beg the question | between | cheap prices | clichés | criteria | criterion | consensus | could of | data | different to | discreet | discrete | e-mail | enormity | extension | fewer | foreign words - plurals of | hot temperatures | hyphens | it's | it is | lay | less | liaise | lie | licensed | loose | lose | minuscule | none | practising | prepositions at the end of sentences | principal | principle | raises a question mark | referenda | referendum | refute | sat | should of | split infinitive | stadia | stadium | stood | supersede | track records | who's | whose | would of | vocal cords.

The apostrophe page looks at apostrophe use with: abbreviations (CDs | 70s) | adjectival and attributive phrases (sports car) | initialisms (USA) | it's and its | Master's Degree | Mother's Day | names | non-living things | noun phrases (hotel room | car door) | personal pronouns (everybody | everyone | somebody | someone | no-one | nobody) | plurals (disco's) | possessive pronouns (mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | theirs | whose) | times | titles (Land Rover Owners Club | Masters Tournament | Hundred Years War) | words ending in s.


englishclub.com
History of English

(E?)(L?) https://www.englishclub.com/history-of-english/

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.


Erstellt: 2017-10

ethnologue
Languages of United Kingdom
Sprachen von United Kingdom (Europe)

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GB


ethnologue
Albannach Gaidhlig - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Angloromani - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme


ethnologue - Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yhd


ethnologue - Arabic, Moroccan Spoken - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ary


ethnologue - Arabic, Ta'izzi-Adeni Spoken - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=acq


ethnologue - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aii


ethnologue - Belfast - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Bengali - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ben


ethnologue - Birmingham - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Bolton Lancashire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - British Sign Language - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfi


ethnologue - Brummie - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Brummy - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - BSL - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bfi


ethnologue - Central Cumberland - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Chinese, Hakka - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hak


ethnologue - Chinese, Mandarin - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cmn


ethnologue - Chinese, Yue - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yue


ethnologue - Cockney - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Cornish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cor


ethnologue - Cornwall - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Craven Yorkshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Cumberland - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Curnoack - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cor


ethnologue - Cymraeg - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cym


ethnologue - Devonshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Dgernesiais - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fra


ethnologue - Dorset - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Durham - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - East Anglia - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - East Devonshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - East Sutherlandshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Edinburgh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - English - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - English Romani - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme


ethnologue - Erse - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Erse - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gle


ethnologue - Estonian - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=est


ethnologue - Farsi, Western - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pes


ethnologue - French - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fra


ethnologue - Gaeilge - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gle


ethnologue - Gaelg - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glv


ethnologue - Gaelic - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ghc


ethnologue - Gaelic, Irish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gle


ethnologue - Gaelic, Scottish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Gàidhlig - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Gailck - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glv


ethnologue - Gaoidhealg - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ghc


ethnologue - Greek - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ell


ethnologue - Gujarati - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=guj


ethnologue - Hebrew - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=heb


ethnologue - Hiberno-Scottish Classical Common Gaelic - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ghc


ethnologue - Hindi - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hin


ethnologue - Insular - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sco


ethnologue - Irish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gle


ethnologue - Italian - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita


ethnologue - Japanese - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jpn


ethnologue - Jerriais - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fra


ethnologue - Kalderash - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy


ethnologue - Kashmiri - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas


ethnologue - Kernewek - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cor


ethnologue - Kernowek - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cor


ethnologue - Kirmanjki - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kiu


ethnologue - Kurdish, Northern - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kmr


ethnologue - Latvian - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lav


ethnologue - Lithuanian - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lit


ethnologue - Lovari - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy


ethnologue - Lowland Scottish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Malayalam - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mal


ethnologue - Maltese - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlt


ethnologue - Manx - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glv


ethnologue - Manx Gaelic - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glv


ethnologue - Newcastle Northumberland - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Norfolk - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Norn - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nrn


ethnologue - North Lancashire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - North Wiltshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - North Yorkshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Northern Scots - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sco


ethnologue - Northern Welsh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cym


ethnologue - Northumberland - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Old Kentish Sign Language - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=okl


ethnologue - Palari - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pld


ethnologue - Palarie - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pld


ethnologue - Panjabi, Eastern - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan


ethnologue - Panjabi, Mirpur - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pmu


ethnologue - Panjabi, Western - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb


ethnologue - Parlare - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pld


ethnologue - Parlary - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pld


ethnologue - Parlyaree - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pld


ethnologue - Parsi - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=prp


ethnologue - Pashto, Northern - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu


ethnologue - Pashto, Southern - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbt


ethnologue - Patagonian Welsh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cym


ethnologue - Pogadi Chib - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme


ethnologue - Polari - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pld


ethnologue - Portuguese - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=por


ethnologue - Posh `N' Posh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme


ethnologue - Radcliffe Lancashire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Rom - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy


ethnologue - Romani English - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme


ethnologue - Romani, Vlax - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy


ethnologue - Romani, Welsh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmw


ethnologue - Romanichal - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme


ethnologue - Romenes - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy


ethnologue - Saraiki - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=skr


ethnologue - Scots - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sco


ethnologue - Scots Gaelic - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gla


ethnologue - Scottish Cant - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=trl


ethnologue - Scottish Traveller Cant - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=trl


ethnologue - Scouse - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Seraiki - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=skr


ethnologue - Sheffield Yorkshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Shelta - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sth


ethnologue - Sindhi - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=snd


ethnologue - Somali - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=som


ethnologue - Somerset - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - South Wales - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Southern Scots - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sco


ethnologue - Southern Welsh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cym


ethnologue - Southwestern Caribbean Creole English - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jam


ethnologue - Sussex - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Sylheti - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=syl


ethnologue - Tagalog - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tgl


ethnologue - Tamil - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tam


ethnologue - Traveller Scottish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=trl


ethnologue - Tsigane - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy


ethnologue - Turkish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur


ethnologue - Tyneside Northumberland - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Urdu - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=urd


ethnologue - Vietnamese - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vie


ethnologue - Welsh - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cym


ethnologue - West Country - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - West Yorkshire - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Westmorland - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=eng


ethnologue - Yinglish - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yib


ethnologue - Yoruba - Language of GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yor


F

furman
The Great Vowel Shift

(E?)(L?) http://alpha.furman.edu/~mmenzer/gvs/



This site is designed for my students--undergraduates with limited linguistic knowledge who are being introduced to the Great Vowel Shift.

The "Great Vowel Shift" was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift has had long-term implications for, among other things, orthography, the teaching of reading, and the understanding of any English-language text written before or during the Shift. Any standard history of the English language textbook (see our sources) will have a discussion of the GVS. This page gives just a quick overview; our interactive See and Hear page adds sound and animation to give you a better sense of how this all works.

When we talk about the GVS, we usually talk about it happening in eight steps. It is very important to remember, however, that each step did not happen overnight. At any given time, people of different ages and from different regions would have different pronunciations of the same word. Older, more conservative speakers would retain one pronunciation while younger, more advanced speakers were moving to a new one; some people would be able to pronounce the same word two or more different ways. The same thing happens today, of course: I can pronounce the word "route" to rhyme with "boot" or with "out" and may switch from one pronunciation to another in the midst of a conversation. Please see our Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced section for an illustration of this phenomenon.


furman
The History of English Phonemes

(E?)(L?) http://alpha.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/

This Website was constructed by William E. Rogers of the English Department at Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, and Diana Ervin, an English major at Furman. The site is intended to supplement four courses currently taught at Furman: English 38 (History of the English Language), English 39 (English Grammar), English 40 (Medieval English Literature), and English 60 (Chaucer). The construction of this site was made possible by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to Furman University and Wofford College (Furman/Wofford Mellon Program).

This Website is designed to help students of the English language trace the development of the phonemes of English from the Old English period into Present-Day English. The information contained in the site is available in any good textbook on the history of the language, but printed texts normally present the information in a linear fashion corresponding to the chronological development of English. The value of the Website is the hypertextual treatment of the information, which is meant to keep students from having to spend a great deal of time leafing through textbooks.

The navigation bar on the left-hand side of this page mirrors the structure of the site. Click on "Instructions" in the navigation bar for instructions on using the site, or click on the green button here.

ENGLISH PHONEMES:
Instructions for Using Site
Phonology: Consonants | Vowels
Phonemes:
Old English (OE): Consonants | Vowels
Middle English (ME): Consonants | Vowels
Early Modern English (EME): Consonants | Vowels
Present-Day English (PDE): Consonants | Vowels
Sound-Changes
Spelling
Useful Links


G

Geschichte der Englischen Sprache (W3)

Um das Jahr 450 mußten sich die britischen Kelten gegen Pikten aus dem Norden und die Scoten aus Irland wehren. Zur Unterstützung engagierten sie Angeln, Jüten und Sachsen als Söldner. Viele von ihnen blieben - mit ihrer Sprache - auf der Insel. An die Angeln erinnert z.B. "East Anglia", an die Sachsen erinnert "Wessex" ("West-Sachsen" und "Sussex" = "Süd-Sachsen").

Im 8. Jh. begannen die Wikinger die Nordseeküsten unsicher zu machen. Ab 840 gingen die Wikinger dazu über nicht nur Raubzüge zu unternehmen sondern auch Eroberungen zu machen. D. h. sie siedelten sich an der Küste und in Mündungsgebieten an.

Um 900 schlossen der Wikingeranführer Guthrum und Alfred der Große von Wessex einen Vertrag über eine Grenze zwischen Skandinaviern im Nordosten und Engländern im Südwesten. Im Herrschaftsbereich der Wikinger galt nun dänisches Recht und die Bezeichnung "Danelag" (nord. "lag" = dt. "Gesetz", vgl. engl. "law") wurde zur Bezeichnung dieses Gebietes. 50 Jahre später waren aus den kriegerischen Wikingern friedliche Bauern geworden. Die letzten Haudegen und ihr wikingischer König von York, Erik Blutaxt, wurden im Jahr 954 von den Engländern vertrieben. Damit war das Kapitel Wikinger noch nicht ganz erledigt. Um weitere Plünderungszüge zu vermeiden zahlten die Engländer fortan Schutzgeld an die Wikinger, das "Danegeld".

Die Wikinger hatten nicht nur die englische Ostküste besucht und teilweise besiedelt. Sie plünderten auch die Nordküste Frankreichs. Mit dem Vertrag des Frankenkönigs "Karl dem Einfältigen" und dem Wikinger-Anführer Rollo (Hrólfr, Graf von Rouen), in dem Rollo den Küstenstreifen im Nordwesten als Lehen erhielt, gelang 911 ein Assimilationsprojekt, das sich schon bald als erfolgreich herausstellen sollte. Die angesiedelten Wikinger verteidigten nun ihrerseits die Nordküste Frankreichs, die "Normandie", die "Nordmännerei", wurden Bauern und lernten Französisch, d.h. Fränkisch.

Und dann kam das Jahr 1066. Auf Grund mehrerer Todesfälle sah sich der normannische "Wilhelm der Eroberer" als rechtmäßiger Herrschernachfolger in England. Er nutzte die Gunst der Stunde und brachte den Engländern die französische Sprache näher. Seither gibt es in England viele Doppelbenennungen, die etwas vornehmeren erinnern an Französisch (amtliche Sprache war fortan das normannische Französisch), die etwas alltäglicheren erinnern an sächsisch oder keltisch.

Bis zum Ende des 12. Jh. waren Latein und Französisch die Schriftsprachen in England in offiziellen Schriftstücken und Briefen, für Gedichte und Prosa.

Ab dem 13. Jh. beginnen einige Literaturschaffende sich der englischen Sprache zu bedienen. In seinen "Canterbury Tales" läßt Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 - 1400) Vertreter verschiedener Gesllschaftsschichten zu Wort kommen.

Im 14. Jh. gewann das Englische wieder an Einfluß. Aus der mit vielen französischen Lehnwörtern angereicherten Sprache der Londoner Kanzleien ging die neuenglische Sprache hervor. Im heutigen Englisch findet man auch zahlreiche Entlehnungen aus dem Altnordischen, Lateinischen, Griechischen, Niederländischen, Spanischen und Deutschen.

Erstellt: 2014-11

getwords.com
English History and Its Development

(E?)(L?) http://getwords.com/unit/98

In the history of English, there are two particular groups which are of central importance to the development of modern English

The first group of significance is the Romance languages: classical Latin, the literary language of ancient Rome; and French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, which evolved from Vulgar Latin, the language of the common people, who had spread through the Western Roman empire.

The role of Latin and French, in particular, in the growth of English vocabulary has been immense. We acquired a sizable proportion of our English words from one or the other of these two sources.

The second important group, of course, is the Germanic languages: because that is the group to which English itself belongs. The existence of the Germanic people as a separate speech community dates back at least 3,000 years.

At this time, they all spoke the same language, which is generally known as Common Germanic. About the second century B.C., this began to split up into three distinct dialects.

One was East Germanic. The only east Germanic language of which any written evidence survives is Gothic. Now extinct, it was spoken by Germanic people who migrated back eastwards to the area of modern Bulgaria and the Crimea.

It provides us with our closest glimpse of what prehistoric Common Germanic must have been like. The second was North Germanic, which has evolved into modern German, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic.

The forerunners of English crossed the Channel in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D.

The major Germanic contributors to English were brought by people from the northeastern corner of the European mainland, around Jutland and southern Denmark: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

They spoke a mutually intelligible set of Germanic dialects (whose closest modern continental relative is Frisian), which formed the basis of what is now known as "Old English" (the alternative term "Anglo-Saxon" is no longer used as often).

This was a more, or less, homogeneous language, but with marked geographical differences reflecting the areas in Britain into which the various Germanic people had moved: the Angles into the Midlands (where Mercian was spoken) and the North (whose form of Old English is now called Northumbrian); the Jutes into Kent; and the Saxons into the rest of southern and western England (their speech was known as West Saxon).

The end of the Old English period is conventionally associated with the Norman Conquest of 1066

In practice, the transition into the next historical phase of English, which we term "Middle English", was a gradual process not a sudden result of the Norman Conquest.

Its crucial feature, from the point of view of vocabulary, was the beginning of the importation of non-native words which over the centuries have transformed English from a limited and narrow character of a northeast European dialect into a lexical tapestry of astonishing richness and diversity.

Some Latin words entered English following the conversion of the English to Christianity in the seventh century, but it was the Vikings who first introduced new ingredients to the lexical blend in a big way.

Their introductions began in the mid-eighth century and lasted for several hundred years. Their impact on English was greatest in northern areas of Britain, where they settled, but the language as a whole is indebted to Old Norse for such basic words as "anger", "egg", "knife", "law", and "leg".

Undoubtedly the single most significant event in the history of the English language was the Norman invasion of 1066

The Norman invasion provided the impetus for a huge influx of vocabulary from Normandy, France, across the English Channel into Britain.

These new words came both by way of Anglo-Norman, the dialect of Old French spoken in England by the new ruling classes, which was based on the northern variety of French; and directly from Old French itself (Old French, the ancestor of modern French, was spoken from the ninth century to roughly the middle of the sixteenth century).

It was this lexical infusion, which lasted from the eleventh to the sixth centuries, which truly laid the basis for the hybrid English language of today.

It would be useless to try to give a representative sample of the words Anglo-Norman French introduced into English, because they are so all-pervasive. From "supper" to "justice", from "action" to "money", from "village" to "receive"; they all came in by the thousands.

Some words were Gaulish in ultimate origin. Gaulish was the Celtic language spoken in what is now France before the French language deleted it from common usage. The great majority of these French imports were descended from earlier Latin ancestors.

It was Latin itself, together with Greek, that formed the next wave of lexical innovations in English. With the Renaissance, came a revival in classical scholarship, and in the sixteenth and seventh centuries, hundreds of Latin and Greek words were naturalized into English; among them: "apparatus", "area", "crisis", "maximum", "poem", and "pollen", to name just a minute fraction of them.

English is still growing, probably faster since the late twentieth century than at any previous time in its history. Over half of the new words come from combinations of old ones, and there continues to be a lot of borrowing from other languages.

Much of this page is based on information from the introduction of "Dictionary of Word Origins" by John Ayto, Arcade Publishing, Inc., New York, 1990.


Erstellt: 2020-07

google.com - HEL
HEL on the Web
History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) https://sites.google.com/site/helontheweb/hel




Erstellt: 2017-10

googlealert.com
Language-Links per E-Mail

(E?)(L1) http://www.googlealert.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.googlealert.com/feed/0629/cogooglert.4.html


Erstellt: 2016-12

H

History of English
A Brief Look at the History of English

The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:
...

historychannel

(E?)(L?) http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/
berühmte Reden

historyofenglishpodcast
The History of English Podcast

(E?)(L?) http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/


(E?)(L?) http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/episodes/

Episodes


Erstellt: 2018-02

historyofenglishpodcast.com
Germanic Markings and the Runes

(E?)(L?) http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2013/08/05/episode-25-germanic-markings-and-the-runes/

Episode 25: Germanic Markings and the Runes

We explore the expansion of Germanic tribes into the Danube region where the Germans encounter the Etruscan alphabet. The Germanic runes develop and provide the first opportunity for the Germanic tribes to write their own language.



Map Prepared by Louis Henwood

Audio Player: 36:55

Many scholars think the runes were influenced by an early version of the alphabet, perhaps the Etruscan version. But it doesn’t appear that the order was maintained. I don’t really know why. Perhaps it was because the runes were influenced by the alphabet, but they weren’t really intended to be a proper borrowing of the alphabet.


Erstellt: 2018-02

I

infoplease
English language

(E?)(L1) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0817376.html


infoplease
History of English

(E?)(L1) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0857999.html


itools.com
Language Toolbox

(E?)(L?) http://itools.com/language

Look up words to find out what they mean, how to spell or pronounce them. Translate words, phrases and whole texts into other languages. Solve word games with the language toolbox full of the best vocabulary reference tools

Dictionary - Language reference for words with meaning, pronunciation, and etymology Translate - Translate words, texts and web pages from one language to another: Mandarin Chinese, English, Spanish, Hindi, Russian, Arabic, Portuguese, French (+42 more) Thesaurus - Language reference: Look up the words that are related - that have the same meaning (synonyms), or the opposite meaning (antonyms) or are pronounced similarly Word Games - Solve word games like find all the words that can be made from a set of letters, as in SCRABBLE games Quotes - Quotations and famous quotes on pretty much any subject Specialized Words - Gain understanding of a technical or industry-specific terminology


Erstellt: 2014-06

J

K

King James Bible (W3)

In der Ausgabe "December 2011" von "National Geographic" findet man einen interessanten Artikel mit der Überschrift "The Bibel of King James". Und darunter:

"First printed 400 years ago, it molded the English language, buttressed the 'powers that be' - one of its famous phrases - and yet enshrined a gospel of individual freedom. No other book has given more to the English-speaking world."

(By Adam Nicolson, Photograps by Jim Richardson).

Vergleichbar der Lutherbibel formte die die "King James Bible" die englische Sprache ab 1611 und fügte ihr neue (18) Redewendungen hinzu und bewahrte 240 aus früheren Bibelübersetzungen. Viele findet man auch in entsprechender Übersetzung in der Lutherbibel. Als Beispiele werden genannt:

Im Jahr 1603 erbte der schottische König "James VI" den englischen Thron. Eine seiner ersten Amtshandlungen war die Einsetzung einer Kommission, die sich um eine neue englische Bibelübersetzung kümmern sollte. Als klare Regeln wurden 1604 festgelegt: Die Bibel sollte also eine klare Sprache sprechen, ohne Anmerkungen über strittige Übersetzungen, verständlich für jedermann, dabei aber genau und bedingungslos auf der höchsten Bildungsstufe, geschrieben sein.

Die Kommission bestand aus 54 Gelehrten unter denen sich viele Originale befanden, um ein breites Spektrum an Wissen und Bildung in die Übersetzung einfliessen zu lassen. Unter ihnen befanden sich Die Übersetzer-Kommission wurde in 6 Unterkomitees aufgeteilt. Jedes Mitglied übersetzte einen festgelegten Bibelabschnitt allein. Die Übersetzungen wurden in den Unterkomitees verglichen, diskutiert und laut verlesen, bis man sich auf eine einzige Variante geeinigt hatte. Diese wurde dann zwei Bischöfen und dann dem Erzbischof von Canterbury präsentiert. Mindestens informativ wurde sie auch dem König vorgelegt.

Im Jahr 1611 war die Übersetzung fertiggestellt und die "King James Bible" erschien mit dem Vorwort: "We desire that the Scripture may speake like it selfe, that it may be understood even of the very vulgar."

Die Formulierung "In the beginning God created the heaven, and the earth" soll im Unterkomitee das die ersten fünf Bücher übersetzte, unter dem Vorsitz des Dekans Lancelot Andrews, im Dekanatsraum der Westminster Abbey, zum ersten Mal gehört worden sein.

Mitte des 17. Jh. (also um 1650) hatte sich die "King James Bible" weitgehend durchgesetzt. Durch die Konolisierungsaktivitäten wurde sie in alle Welt verbreitet. Zwischen 1804 und 1884 wurden 100 Millionen Ausgaben durch Bibelgesellschaften in England und den USA verteilt. Das führte allerdings auch dazu, dass sie als "Bible of slavery" assoziiert wird.

Ein Schaubild zeigt u.a. auch eine kleine Bibelgeschichte:

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/exploreraltflash/?tag=&page=70
The King James Bible (Authorised) The King James Bible translation was begun in 1604, at the request of King James 1, and translated from the original ... Contributed by Individual

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/exploreraltflash/?tag=&page=71
Book of Common Prayer Probably, with the King James Bible, one of the most influential written books in the history of this country. Wherever ... Contributed by Individual

(E?)(L?) http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/classic-literature.asp
King James Bible

The Old Testament of the King James Bible The New Testament of the King James Bible

(E?)(L?) http://www.culture24.org.uk/art353825

Manifold Greatness: Bodleian Library Oxford recounts the Making of the King James Bible


(E?)(L?) http://www.global-language.com/djvueds/


(E?)(L1) http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/m
McAfee, Cleland Boyd: Study of the King James Bible (English) (as Author)

(E?)(L1) http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/v
The King James Bible (English) (as Author)

(E?)(L?) http://www.languagemonitor.com/?s=King+James+Bible

Words in the King James Bible:


(E2)(L1) https://www.dictionary.com/browse/King James Bible


(E?)(L?) http://www.speedbible.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/ARTFL/public/bibles/


(E?)(L?) http://www.cddc.vt.edu/bps/rexroth/essays/new-english-bible.htm

The New English Bible
Kenneth Rexroth compares the New English Bible with the King James Version


(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=King James Bible
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "King James Bible" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1750 auf.

Erstellt: 2011-12

krysstal
Languages and Linguistics

(E?)(L?) http://www.krysstal.com/language.html#borrow
Language Families : The English Language : Words
Grammar : History of Writing : UK and USA English : London English
Place Names : Writing for the Internet
Essays, Tables and Lists
Language Families
Languages are grouped together into families. Languages belonging to the same family share common ancestors. This essay looks at some of the more common and important language families. These are described in general terms with unusual or interesting grammars indicated for selected languages.
There are descriptions of several language families in detail: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Sino-Tibetan, Malayo-Polynesian, Afro-Asiatic, Caucasian, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Other Families.
There is also a listing of the 30 Most Spoken Languages in the world.
The English Language: A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English.
Borrowed Words in English: A collection of words in the English language that were originally borrowed from other languages. The list features languages as diverse as Arabic, Hindi, Cree, Italian and Ewe. Borrowed words include algebra, ketchup, baron, caravan, patio, lava, clock, theory, shampoo, doctor, and chocolate.
There is a search engine for looking up borrowed words by language, continent, language family, and type of word.

Writing

The development, history and evolution of the world's writing systems. Beginning with pictographic forms and outlining the invention of the alphabet.
A map shows the evolution of scripts, alphabets and syllabaries with links to several examples: Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Bengali, Berber, Brahmi, Burmese, Cham, Chinese Characters, Chinese Pictograms, Coptic, Cuniform, Cyrillic, Etruscan, Georgian, Greek, Gujerati, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Latin (Roman and Modern), Lepcha, Linear B, Malayalam, Maldivian, Mayan, Mongolian, Nastaliq, Oriya, Phonecian, Punjabi, Runic, Samaritan, Sanskrit, Sinhalese, Syriac, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Tocharian, Ugarit.

Words And Names: The origin of names (both of people and places). The origin and evolution of selected words. Brief descriptions with many examples.

English: UK and USA: Differences in the usage of English in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Some differences are trivial, others could cause embarassment.

"Have a butchers, me old china!"
Grammar: An essay on grammar defining different parts of speech with examples mainly from English but also from different languages. Terms defined include nouns, verbs ( with descriptions of mood, tense and voice), adjectives, adverbs and more.
It's a WORLD Wide Web: This essay is about communicating over the internet in English.
Many writers on the web assume that their readers will be from a particular country ("the Prime Minster says..."), cultural background ("the holiday season is approaching..."), hemisphere ("now that spring is here...") or religion ("merry Christmas...").
These assumptions can be a bar to effective communication and may even cause offence.
KryssTal Related Pages
The Western Media: Why the Western media does not always report everything that is going on in the world. From a linguistic point of view, this essay includes a section on how language is used to obscure facts and mould public opinion.
External Language and Linguistics Links
Language Families: A complete index to many of the world's language families.
Language for Travellers: A web site featuring languages useful for travellers.
Webster's Dictionary: An excellent American dictionary.
Etymology: An excellent etymological site with many links and a section on World English.
First Names: Very large site for the etymology and history of first names.
Numbers: A list of the numbers 1 to 10 in thousands of languages and many more language resources.
So You Wanna: So you want to know the most spoken languages in the World. Plus more on languages.

krysstal
English-Speaking Countries
History of English
The Origin and History of the English Language

(E?)(L1) http://www.krysstal.com/english.html


(E?)(L1) http://www.krysstal.com/index.html#language
The Web Site is a United Kingdom based educational and information web site by Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi in London.

The English Language - A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English. - Including the origin of words, borrowed words and language families.

Hinweise zur Geschichte, Verbreitung, Statistik, Dialekte, Einflüsse der englischen Sprache.

KryssTal Site Search Web Search:

ku-eichstaett
Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt

Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit

Da der Lehrstuhl für Englische und Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft den Kontakt mit der interessierten Öffentlichhkeit fördern möchte, stellt diese Website Arbeitsblätter zur Verfügung, die von Studierenden erstellt und anfänglich für den Schulunterricht gedacht waren. Die Seite startete daher unter dem Titel "Service für die Schule". Wir denken aber, dass viele der hier zusammengetragenen Beiträge auch eine breitere Öffentlichkeit ansprechen, und haben der Seite daher den Namen "Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit" gegeben. Die Themen entstammen dabei den verschiedenen Bereichen der Englischen, Europäischen, Deutschen und Französischen Sprachwissenschaft.

(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/euvsw.htm


(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/schule.htm




L

Language (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language


Language Code (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/w/wiki.phtml?PHPSESSID=97ff51cc9e07858c2fc30dd48b4c71f2&search=language+code


language-game (W3)

Die Bezeichnung engl. "language-game" wurde von dem österreichisch-britischen Philosophen Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein geprägt.

(E?)(L?) https://aeon.co/ideas/how-playing-wittgensteinian-language-games-can-set-us-free

...
It was the maverick philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein who coined the term "language-game". He contended that words acquire meaning by their use, and wanted to see how their use was tied up with the social practices of which they are a part. So he used "language-game" to draw attention not only to language itself, but to the actions into which it is woven. Consider the exclamations "Help!" "Fire!" "No!" These do something with words: soliciting, warning, forbidding. But Wittgenstein wanted to expose how ‘words are deeds’, that we do something every time we use a word. Moreover, what we do, we do in a world with others.
...


(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=language game
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "language game" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1920 auf.

Erstellt: 2019-10

Latinisierung Englands
Latinisierung der englischen Sprache (W3)

Eine - wie ich finde - besonders interessante Entwicklung mit Auswirkung auf die englische Sprache fand im Jahr 1066 statt.

Obwohl die Römer bereits vor 2000 Jahren in England waren, hatten sie es nicht geschafft, die lateinische Sprache nachhaltig zu etablieren. In Gallien (Frankreich) wurde die lateinische Umgangssprache der römischen Söldner dahingegen zum heutigen Französisch kultiviert.

Die normannischen Einwanderungen, die meist kriegerisch verliefen, dominierten den einstigen Einfluß der Römer nachhaltig. Und so war England bis zum Jahr 1066 vorwiegend von den skandinavischen Wikingern und deren Sprache beeinflußt.

Die Normannen, die sich jedoch in der - nach Ihnen benannten - Normandie niederließen, nahmen nach kurzer Zeit gallisch-römische Sitten und das latinisiserte Idiom an. Im Nachhinein war es also ein geschickter Zug des französischen/westfränkischen Königs (Karl der Einfältige) im Jahr 911, einen Teil der Wikinger (unter ihrem Anführer Jarl Rollo) mit einer Landschenkung zu Verbündeten zu machen und damit ein Bollwerk gegen weitere Normanneneinfälle zu schaffen.

Und nun kam also das Jahr 1066. Auf Grund der noch gepflegten familiären Beziehungen leitete auch der normannische Herzog Wilhelm (der Eroberer) ein Anrecht auf den englischen Thron ab. Als König Eduard am 05. Januar 1066 kinderlos starb erhoben drei Verwandte Anspruch auf den englischen Thron. Ob nun geschickt geplant oder Nutznießer der Geschichte - Wilhelm ging als lachender Dritter aus dem Streit hervor.

Der bereits amtierende König Harald II. wehrte den Einfall von 300 Schiffen des norwegischen Harald im Norden Englands erfolgreich ab. Als er erfuhr, dass der Normanne Wilhelm auf dem Weg war, an der Südküste Englands zu landen, führte er seine bereist erschöpften Krieger in einem Gewaltmarsch in den Süden der Insel. Vermutlich verdankte Wilhelm dieser Doppel- und Dreifachbelastung der Verteidiger Englands den Sieg.

Und so übernahmen nun die Verwandten aus dem bereits latinisierten europäischen Festland die Herrschaft in England. Als neue politische und kriegerische Oberschicht, bestimmten sie auch wesentlich die Sitten und die Sprache in England. Und so kam es, dass die einstigen Wikinger/Nordmänner nun die Latinisierung Englands (in Form des Altfranzösischen) betrieben.

Ein weiterer interessanter Aspekt ist, dass im Gefolge Wilhelms nicht nur Nordmänner waren sondern auch Angehörige der bereits länger an der Nordküste siedelnden Bewohner, eben Gallier und Bretonen. Und die Bretonen waren ihrerseits einst aus "Großbritannien" gekommen, um "Kleinbritannien" ("Little Brittany", "Bretagne") zu besiedeln. Somit kamen also auch die Nachfolger ehemalier Britten latinisiert nach England zurück, um nun auf Seiten der Herrscher die Latinisierung ihrer Verwandten zu betreiben.

Hätte der norwegische Harald dem normannischen Wilhelm den Vortritt gelassen - wäre also Harald erst an der Nordküste gelandet nachdem Wilhelm an der Südküste gelandet, so hätten die Truppen des englischen Harald II. sich im Süden abgekämpft - vermutlich gesiegt - und wären nach dem Marsch nach Norden erschöpft auf die norwegische Invasion getroffen. Und die Geschichte hätte eine vollkommen andere Richtung genommen. Die Weltsprache Englisch würde wesentlich mehr dem Norwegischen ähneln.

So aber kamen zu den bereits skandinavisch-sächsisch geprägten britischen Spracheinheiten die fränkisch durchsetzten vulgärlatinisiserten gallischen Varianten hinzu und verdoppelten den Wortschatz der englischen Sprache. Und ehemalige Skandinavier und Britten betrieben die Eingemeindung ins latinisierte Europa, lange nachdem die Römer die Insel verlassen hatten und überhaupt von der europäischen Bühne verschwunden waren.

Die Fähigkeit Wörter aus anderen Sprachen aufzunehmen hat die englische Sprache bis heute nicht verloren. Und so findet man im "Concise Oxford Dictionary" Wörter aus 87 Sprachen. Während für Französisch 150.000 Wörter geschätzt werden, geht man im Englischen von 400.000 bis 600.000 Wörtern aus.

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_in_r%C3%B6mischer_Zeit

Großbritannien in römischer Zeit


(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelsachsen

Angelsachsen


(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Englands

Geschichte Englands


(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1066


(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannische_Eroberung_Englands
Normannische Eroberung Englands

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne

Bretagne ...
Bretonische Einwanderung

Ab etwa 450 n. Chr., nach dem Niedergang des Römischen Reiches, wanderten christianisierte Waliser auf die bretonische Halbinsel ein. Gleichzeitig dehnten sich die Siedlungsgebiete der heidnischen Sachsen, Angeln und Jüten auf der britischen Hauptinsel immer weiter aus. So setzten etwa zwei Jahrhunderte lang in unregelmäßigen Abständen sogenannte Inselkelten in die Bretagne über. Sie besiedelten und christianisierten Aremorica und brachten ihre Sprache in das bereits lange romanisierte Gallien. Das Bretonische geht also nicht auf die zu Caesars Zeiten in der Bretagne gesprochene keltische Sprache, das Gallische zurück. Im Zuge der Stärkung der keltischen Sprache und Kultur wurden die Gallorömer immer weiter zurückgedrängt, bis sie die Vorherrschaft um 580 endgültig verloren.
...


Erstellt: 2010-03

Leeward Caribbean Creole English
Sprache von UK
Language of UK

(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aig


(E?)(L?) http://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB

Official Name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
...
Immigrant Languages

Afrikaans, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (5,000), Bengali (400,000), Eastern Punjabi (471,000), Greek (200,000), Gujarati (140,000), Hakka Chinese (10,000), Hebrew (8,000), Hindi (480,000), Iranian Persian (12,000), Italian (200,000), Japanese (12,000), Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, Kashmiri (115,000), Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Lithuanian, Malayalam (21,000), Maltese (40,900), Mandarin Chinese (12,000), Morisyen (1,000), Moroccan Spoken Arabic (5,800), Northern Kurdish (23,800), Northern Pashto, Northern Zazaki, Pahari-Potwari (20,000), Parsi (75,000), Portuguese (17,000), Saraiki, Shelta (30,000), Sindhi (25,000), Somali (1,600), Southern Pashto (87,000), Southwestern Caribbean Creole English (170,000), Spanish (112,000), Standard Estonian (14,000), Standard Latvian (12,000), Sylheti (300,000), Tagalog (74,000), Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic (29,000), Tamil, Turkish (60,000), Urdu (400,000), Vietnamese (22,000), Western Punjabi (103,000), Yoruba (12,000), Yue Chinese (300,000)
...


(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=Leeward Caribbean Creole English
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "Leeward Caribbean Creole English" taucht in der Literatur nicht signifikant auf.

Erstellt: 2016-01

M

merriam-webster.com
What are the origins of the English Language?

(E?)(L?) https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq-history

The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called "Old English" (or "Anglo-Saxon"), "Middle English", and "Modern English". The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down.
...


Erstellt: 2017-10

mhhe
The Mayfield Handbook of Technical Scientific Writing

(E6)(L1) http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/home.htm


(E6)(L1) http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/toc.htm
mit folgenden Kapiteln:

N

natcorp
British National Corpus (BNC)

(E?)(L?) http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/


(E?)(L?) http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html

...
The British National Corpus (BNC) is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of current British English, both spoken and written. ...
If you just want a taste of what is in the BNC, you can perform a simple search using the World Wide Web. You can do this directly from the web browser you are currently using to read this page, without registering.
The restricted search interface will not return more than 50 hits, with a maximum of one sentence of context for each, but it will support any legal CQL query.
...


(E?)(L?) http://bnc.bl.uk/saraWeb.php?qy=Etymology&mysubmit=Go
(10.03.2005):

Results of your search - Your query was "etymology": Only 47 solutions found for this query:

neatorama
New Word Order

In der Ausgabe December 2009 von "National Geographic" ist ein Artikel "New Word Order" zu finden. Darin wird das Ergebnis der Forschungen des englischen Linguisten Mark Pagel an der "University of Reading" vorgestellt.

Demnach ändern sich Verben und Adjektive einer Sprache schneller als Substantive, Zahlen und Pronomen. Eine Erklärung dieses Phänomens steht allerdings noch aus.

(E?)(L?) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7911645.stm


(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2009/02/27/words_feature.shtml


(E?)(L?) http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7911000/7911716.stm
Auf diese Seite findet man eine Tonbeitrag zum Thema (nach "Mark Pagel" suchen").

(E?)(L?) http://www.neatorama.com/tag/mark-pagel/

The Oldest Words in the English Language
Posted by Alex in Book & Lit on February 26, 2009 at 3:13 pm

Mark Pagel, evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading, and colleagues have identified some of the oldest words in the English language using computer analyses:

Reading University researchers claim "I", "we", "two" and "three" are among the most ancient, dating back tens of thousands of years. [...]

At the root of the Reading University effort is a lexicon of 200 words that is not specific to culture or technology, and is therefore likely to represent concepts that have not changed across nations or millennia.
...


(E?)(L?) http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13267-languages-evolve-in-sudden-leaps-not-creeps.html


ntu
History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ntu.edu.sg/home/mdamodaran/


O

omniglot
Links: English language

(E?)(L1) http://www.omniglot.com/links/english.htm




oxforddictionaries
The history of English

(E?)(L?) http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/thehistoryofenglish/the-history-of-english


Erstellt: 2010-07

P

peaklearn
Language Arts
Long List of Links

(E?)(L?) http://www.peaklearn.com/public_html/newteach/etymolog.html


portmanteau, Portmanteau Words (W3)

(E?)(L?) https://www.bartleby.com/68/81/881.html


(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/portmanteau-word.html


(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau


psa
English: A Language for the next millenium

(E?)(L?) http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/1999/julios.pdf

ENGLISH: A LANGUAGE FOR THE NEXT MILLENNIUM
Territorial Politics
CHRIS JULIOS
(QMW, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)
International ethnolinguistic estimates suggest that the English language is currently spoken by nearly a quarter of the world’s population. Amongst approximately 5,000 existing tongues worldwide, no other language can match this growth. The present paper explores the origins and evolution of this linguistic phenomenon. From the expansion of the British Empire in the nineteenth century, through the rise of the United States to world leadership, to the latest unprecedented technological explosion of the English-speaking North American-led Internet. As the new millennium dawns upon increasingly ‘multicultural’ and ‘multilingual’ societies, a paradoxical ‘globalisation’ of the English language seems to be taking place. Against the background of an heterogeneous European Babel, the significance of one single tongue’s supremacy is examined.




Q

queens-english-society
Queens English Society

(E?)(L?) http://www.queens-english-society.com/

Welcome to the website of the Queen's English Society, dedicated to preserving and improving the beauty and precision of the English language.


questia
The History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24969974
BY OLIVER FARRAR EMERSON, A.M., PH.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AND ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY
New York
MACMILLAN AND CO. AND LONDON
1894
Contributors: Oliver Farrar Emerson - author. Publisher: Macmillan. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1894.
415 Seiten online.

Questia offers free access to the first page of every chapter in a book and the first paragraph of each article for your review.
Unter "This Week's FREE Books - Click below to read the entire book" findet man jede Woche ein Werk, zum kostenlosen Zugriff.

Click on a chapter to start reading.

questia
The English Language in Modern Times, since 1400

(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=12571810
by MARGARET SCHLAUCH Professor of English Philology University of Warsaw
PWN -- Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa
Oxford University Press, London
Contributors: Margaret Schlauch - author. Publisher: Paanstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Place of Publication: Warsaw, Poland. Publication Year: 1965.
318 Seiten online.

Questia offers free access to the first page of every chapter in a book and the first paragraph of each article for your review.
Unter "This Week's FREE Books - Click below to read the entire book" findet man jede Woche ein Werk, zum kostenlosen Zugriff.

Click on a chapter to start reading.

questia
Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use

(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3883366
BY GEORGE PHILIP KRAPP, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI AUTHOR OF "THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR"
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1909
Contributors: George Philip Krapp - author. Publisher: Charles Scribner's Sons. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1909.
362 Seiten online.

Click on a chapter to start reading. Questia offers free access to the first page of every chapter in a book and the first paragraph of each article for your review.
Unter "This Week's FREE Books - Click below to read the entire book" findet man jede Woche ein Werk, zum kostenlosen Zugriff.



R

Received Pronunciation, RP (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.yaelf.com/rp.shtml


(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation
This term was invented in 1917 by Daniel Jones, the author of "An English Pronouncing Dictionary".
He defined "RP" as what is "most usually heard in everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk have been educated at the great public boarding-schools" (Privatschule mit Internat). It is therefore a regional accent, but one which through wide use, and through the influence of public schools such as Eton, Harrow and Winchester, as well as Oxford and Cambridge universities, came to be accepted as the standard pronounciation of educated people throughout and to a certain degree even beyond England. "RP" is used as the model for phonetic transcription in all the standard British English dictionaries.

rice.edu - HoE
History of English

(E?)(L?) http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/history/

A Brief History of English, with Chronology

by Suzanne Kemmer © 2001-2005

Pre-English | Old English | Middle English | Modern English


(E?)(L?) http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/index.html

Welcome to the Words in English Website

The English language is a West-Germanic language which originated in England and has since spread throughout the British Isles and into various regions where Britain held overseas colonies. English is the third most popular world language, as measured by the number of native speakers, which was around 402 million in 2002 . It is also the most popular non-native acquired language in the world, as the cultural, economic, military, political and scientific importance of the United States of America and the United Kingdom for the last two centuries has given English pre-eminent status as a language of international communication.

This website is a resource for those who want to learn more about this fascinating language – its history as a language, the origins of its words, and its current modern characteristics.


Erstellt: 2019-09

RP (W3)

"RP" steht für engl. "Received Pronunciation". Diese Aussprache erwuchs dem Dialekt in Südengland und wird auch als "Oxford English" oder "BBC English" bezeichnet.

Erstellt: 2011-10

S

scitechdaily

(E?)(L1) http://www.scitechdaily.com/
Take a look at the future with... SciTech Daily

SPELL (W3)

"SPELL" steht für "The Society for the Preservation of English Language and Literature".

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellorg.com/


Erstellt: 2011-06

spellingdoctor

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingdoctor.com/
All of the works that the Spelling Doctor (Raymond Laurita) has researched and written over the past four decades;
interessant (aber nur Kostenpflichtiges)

spellorg

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellorg.com/
The Society for the Preservation of English Language and Literature (SPELL) is an organization of people who love our language and are determined to resist its abuse and misuse in the news media and elsewhere.

studyenglishtoday.net
A Brief History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/english-language-history.html

The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The closest undoubted living relatives of English are Scots and Frisian. Frisian is a language spoken by approximately half a million people in the Dutch province of Friesland, in nearby areas of Germany, and on a few islands in the North Sea.
...


Erstellt: 2017-10

swan

(E?)(L?) http://www.swan.ac.uk/german/links/langling.htm
External Links Language Teaching/Learning: Linguistics:

synonym
Synonyms, Antonyms and definitions for English words!

(E?)(L1) http://www.synonym.com/


T

theatlantic
Word Watch

(E?)(L?) http://www.theatlantic.com/language/wordwatch.htm
A selection of terms that have newly been coined, that have recently acquired new currency, or that have taken on new meanings.

thehistoryofenglish.com
The History of English

(E?)(L?) http://thehistoryofenglish.com/

INTRODUCTION
...
English-speaking Britain was the leading colonial nation in the 17th and 18th Century, as well as the leader of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 18th Century; in the late 19th and 20th Century, English-speaking America was the leading economic power, and was also at the forefront of the electronic and digital revolution of the late 20th Century.

But, it has also proved itself the most flexible and resilient of languages, remarkable for its ability to adopt and absorb vocabulary from other cultures. It has survived incursions by invading armies, outfaced potential extinction on more than one occasion, and navigated the changing cultural zeitgeist, growing ever stronger in the process. Its continued vitality is evidenced by the number and diversity of its worldwide variations today.

The main part of this website, the History, can be read as a kind of story, in chapters, following the development of the English language from its Indo-European origins, through Old English and Middle English to Early Modern English and Late Modern English, before a brief look at English Today. But there is also section on Language Issues (including How New Words are Created, Language and Geography and English as a Global Language), a Timeline of important dates in the development of English, a Glossary of some of the technical and historical terms used, and a list of Sources and Links.
...
HISTORY TIMELINE
LANGUAGE ISSUES GLOSSARY OF TERMS SOURCES & LINKS


Erstellt: 2017-10

towerofenglish
The Tower of English

(E?)(L?) http://www.towerofenglish.com/

The Tower of English is here to help ESL students and teachers quickly find the best places on the Internet to practice real English! You'll find about 300 fun and interesting websites in 34 different categories.

The Tower is easy to use. Just choose a page from the ESL Internet Guide at left. You'll find a list of sites for you to visit. Read about the site to see if you're interested. Read Your Turn for a fun idea for a related activity. Some of these activities can be done at home, and some can be done in your classroom.

We have also added some fun and interesting interactive activities that we hope you will enjoy. We will keep adding new activities all the time, so come back often! If you want to know when new activities and resources are added, sign up below for our free Tower Tipsheet newsletter!


(E?)(L?) http://www.towerofenglish.com/vocabulary.html
Hier findet man Links zu folgenden Themen: (Einige dürften sprachlich sicherlich interessant sein.)

(E?)(L?) http://www.towerofenglish.com/a-z.html

| 1000 Most Common Words | 1000 Years | The 1900 House | 2002 Best Inventions | 21 Reasons Why I Love You! | 50 Places of a Lifetime | 50States.com | 6 Billion Human Beings | The New 7 Wonders of the World | The $95,000 Adventure | A, An, The | A. Pintura: Art Detective | About.com | About.com Listening Exercises | Aha! Jokes | Alice in Wonderland | All About Ceiva | AllRecipes.com: The Recipe Network | All Things Considered | The AmbiGallery | The America Project | American Flag History | American Sign Language | Ananova: Virtual Newscaster | Animal Crackers | Animal News Center | | Antimoon.com | | Ask the Magic 8-Ball! | Astounding Space Thrills | Attack on the U.S. | Autowraps | | Bad Fads Museum | Band-Aid AP Stylebook | Banned for Life | Be an Architect! | Beach 'n Billboard | Beatles Lyrics | Bed and Breakfast | Biography.com | Boggler | BookBrowse | The Book of Clich? | Brain Bowl | Bud's Journal | Burma Shave Slogans | Business Meetings | CNN Learning Resources | Calvin and Hobbes | Candlelight Stories | Carmine's Portraits | Casey at the Bat | Castaway | Chain Stories | Changing Illusions | Chat with John Lennon | Cobuild Definitions Game | Collective Creation | Common American Slang | Comenius Idioms | The Communication Station | The Complete Works of Pooh Bear | Country Reports | Culture Shock: A Fish Out of Water | Daily Buzzword | Daily Grammar | Dating Ideas | Dave's ESL Cafe | Dave Sperling's ESL Slang Page | This Day in Rock and Roll History | Dear Abby | D.FILM MovieMaker | Disney Sony Lyrics | Ditto | Don't Throw a Brick Straight Up! | Dumb Laws | ELT News | The ELT Two Cents Cafe | ESL Cafe Web Guide | ESL Independent Study Lab | esllessons.com | ESL Lounge | ESL Point | The ESL Wonderland | Easy English News Stories | Echo the Bat | Egg Shell Art | The Electric Postcard | Enchanted Forest | Encyclopedia.com | English Cafe Australia | EnglishCLUB.net | The English Global Village | English On-line Reading Comprehension Project | English Learner Movie Guides | "English" Signs from Around the World | English Web Guide | Eric Conveys an Emotion | Evolution of the Alphabet | Exotic/Alternative Pets | Fact Cat | Fake Book Jackets | Famous Last Words | Fantastic Dinner Party | Fast Hangman Games | Favorite Poem Project | Flags and Countries Quiz | Fluency Through Fables | Foreignborn.com | Fred the Webmate | Fridge Magnet Poetry | Full Moon | funhits.com | A Game a Day | GetLyrical | Ghost Stories | Giggle Poetry | GlobalStudy | GoEnglish.com Idiom Dictionary | Going Places | Grammar and Vocabulary Assessment Tests | Grammar Goofs | Grammar Gorillas | Grimms' Fairy Tales | Groaners | A Guide to Web Surfing (for ESL Students) | Guess the Name | Haiku Movie Reviews | | Hawaiian Shirts | Hazardous Waste in the Home Quiz | Headless Mike | Healthy Dining Quiz | | History Channel Speeches | The History of Ice Cream | The History of Thanksgiving | The Hollywood Sign | Home Video Library | How Christmas Works | How Old Are You? | How to Make a Pop-Up | The Idiom Connection | IPIX Images | Illustrated Idioms | Internet Bumper Stickers | Internet Movie Database | The Internet TESL Journal | Inventors Museum | Isabel's ESL Site | JigZone | John's ESL Community | John Lennon Assasination | Karin's ESL PartyLand | King Features Comics | The Language of Love | Lateral Puzzles | LawBuzz Stories | The Leaning Tower of Pisa | Lemondade Stand | Library Cats Map | LIFE Magazine Dream House | LIFE Images of the Century | The Longevity Game | Looking at Language | Lost and Found Sounds


(E?)(L?) http://www.towerofenglish.com/a-z2.html

MP3000 Music Maker | Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade | Magic Card Tricks | The Many Faces of Santa | Map Machine | Meet Mei Xiang and Tian Tian | The Mercury Theatre on the Air | Miss Kitty's Storybook | The Moller Skycar | Momisms! | The Moonlit Road | Mother's Day Message | MovieFlix | Movie Poster Quiz | Movie Scripts | Mystery! A Gorey Murder | NPR Online | NY-Taxi.com | NetGrammar | The Neverending Tale: The Stacks | News Directory | Notorious Confusables | NotQuite Comics | The Online English Grammar | The Open Diary | Optimist or Pessimist? | Origin of Phrases | Owl Cam | OxymoronList.com | Oz Stories | Paint by Idioms | Peanut Butter | Peanuts | PencilNews | Penguins Around the World | Penguin Misconceptions | Pet Peeves | Phrasal Verb Dispenser | Phrase Fun | A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words | Picture Puzzles | Plant-Parts Salad | Plumb Design Thesaurus | Poetry Pool | Postscript Magazine | Project Denny's | Proofreading Exercises | Pun of the Day | Puzzlemaker | Quiz Box | Randall's ESL Listening Lab | Reader's Theater Editions | Really Bad Jokes | Revealing Things | | RiddleNut.com | Rivertrout.com | Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer | Schackne.com | SearchShots | SeaRoom Habitats | See-n-Solve Mystery | Sendomatic.com | Silly Survey | The Simile Satellite | Slapdash City | Slip-Ups | Sniglets | The Snowflake Man | SoloTrek | Songs Connection | Sounds of English | Spark Online | SpellaRoo | A Spelling Test | Spider-Man Activities | | Sports Cliche List | St. Patrick's Irish Word Puzzle | Steven Wright Jokes | Stickman Murder Mystery Games | Strawberry Fields | The Streetplay Galleries | StupidHead Test | The TEFL Farm | TOEFL Practice | Takako's Great Adventure | Tales of Wonder | | Ten-word Movie Reviews | That Explains It! | Things Sold in Vending Machines | Timed Reading | Today's Cartoon | Tongue Twister Database | Toonopedia | Totally Absurd | Treasure Hunt | A Trip to the Grand Canyon | Twenty-two Things To Do With French Fries Besides Eat Them | Twist Mini-mystery | U.S. Tipping Guide | Unofficial Smiley Dictionary | The Un-Matching Game | Vanity License Plates | Vintage Thanksgiving Cards | Virtual English Center | Virtual Museum of Arts El Pais | Volterre-Fr | Voycabulary | Wacky Web Tales | Web Links for Learners of English | What Time is it? | Whatchamacallits | Where Were You? | | Who2 Loops | Word Perhect | Words in the News | World of English | World Talk Radio | Worldview! Christmas Around the World |


U

Ulster
Language of GB
Sprache in GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sco


Uni Laval
Histoire de la langue anglaise

(E2)(L1) http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/anglais.histoire.htm




Uni Wuppertal

(E?)(L?) http://ntopac1.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/bibliothek.html/wup/ghb/node122.html
DKA-DNT Allgemeines. Englisch in Großbritannien und Irland

usingenglish
English Language Tips

(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/


(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/resources/language-tips.html
Am 01.09.2004 waren Tipps zu folgenden Stichwörtern zu finden:

V

verbivore

(E?)(L?) http://www.verbivore.com/
Richard Lederer's Verbovore
the web site woven for wordaholics, logolepts, and verbivores. Carnivores eat meat; herbivores eat plants and vegetables; verbivores devour words.

vimeo.com - HoTEL
History of The English Language

(E?)(L?) https://vimeo.com/38855993

History of The English Language (1943)

Acting as an excellent layman's introduction to the origins of one of the most common languages on the planet, 'History of the English Language' demonstrates how language changes over time, and presents England as being multicultural right down to its roots.

von British Council Film


Erstellt: 2016-06

vt
History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/hel/hel.html


vt
The Evolution of Present-Day English

(E?)(L?) http://wiz2.cath.vt.edu/Mosser/helmod/chaunge.html
©Daniel W. Mosser

By Period By Topic For the IDLE Project

W

wikipedia
Englische Sprache

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_Sprache


wikipedia.org - EL
English language

(E?)(L?) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Named after the "Angles", one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the "Anglia" ("Angeln") peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly "Norse" (a North Germanic language), as well as by "Latin" and "Romance languages", especially "French".
...


Erstellt: 2017-10

wikipedia
English language

(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishlanguage

English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries and of the United States since the mid 20th century, it has become the lingua franca in many parts of the world. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language in Commonwealth countries and many international organizations.

Historically, English originated from several dialects, now collectively termed Old English, which were brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers beginning in the 5th century. The language was influenced by the Old Norse language of Viking invaders. After the Norman conquest, Old English developed into Middle English, borrowing heavily from the Norman (Anglo-French) vocabulary and spelling conventions. The etymology of the word "English" is a derivation from 12th century Old English: englisc or Engle, and plural form Angles; definition of, relating to, or characteristic of England. [3] Modern English developed with the Great Vowel Shift that began in 15th-century England, and continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of languages, as well as coining new words. A significant number of English words, especially technical words, have been constructed based on roots from Latin and ancient Greek.

Contents ...


wikipedia.org - HoE
History of English

(E?)(L?) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_English

History of English

English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Germanic invaders and settlers from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands, displacing the Celtic languages that previously predominated.

The Old English of the Anglo-Saxon era developed into Middle English, which was spoken from the Norman Conquest to the late 15th century. A significant influence on the shaping of Middle English came from contact with the North Germanic languages spoken by the Scandinavians who conquered and colonised parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries; this contact led to much lexical borrowing and grammatical simplification. Another important influence came from the conquering Normans, who spoke a Romance langue d'oïl called Old Norman, which in Britain developed into Anglo-Norman. Many Norman and French loanwords entered the language in this period, especially in vocabulary related to the church, the court system and the government. The system of orthography that became established during the Middle English period is by and large still in use today - later changes in pronunciation, however, combined with the adoption of various foreign spellings, mean that the spelling of modern English words appears highly irregular.

Early Modern English - the language used by Shakespeare - is dated from around 1500. It incorporated many Renaissance-era loans from Latin and Ancient Greek, as well as borrowings from other European languages, including French, German and Dutch. Significant pronunciation changes in this period included the ongoing Great Vowel Shift, which affected the qualities of most long vowels. Modern English proper, similar in most respects to that spoken today, was in place by the late 17th century. The English language came to be exported to other parts of the world through British colonisation, and is now the dominant language in Britain and Ireland, the United States and Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many smaller former colonies, as well as being widely spoken in India, parts of Africa, and elsewhere. Partially due to United States influence, English gradually took on the status of a global lingua franca in the second half of 20th century. This is especially true in Europe, where English has largely taken over the former roles of French and (much earlier) Latin as a common language used to conduct business and diplomacy, share scientific and technological information, and otherwise communicate across national boundaries. English-speaking Christian missionaries spread English to many lands. It became a second language for most of the people groups where the missionaries went.

Old English consisted of a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in different parts of Britain. The Late West Saxon dialect eventually became dominant; however, a greater input to Middle English came from the Anglian dialects. Global geo-social variation among different English dialects and accents remains significant today. Scots, a form of English traditionally spoken in parts of Scotland and the north of Ireland, is sometimes treated as a separate language.

Contents  


Erstellt: 2017-10

wordinfo.info
English History and Its Language Development

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4218/?letter=E&spage=4




(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4218/2/?spage=4&letter=E




(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4218/3/?spage=4&letter=E




(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/newsletter-files.html

Newsletter: A List of Current and Back Issues.


Erstellt: 2010-03

X

Y

yaelf
English language history

(E?)(L?) http://www.yaelf.com/history.shtml

English language history


(E?)(L?) http://www.ibiblio.org/lineback/words/hwf.htm

The Lawgiver of English Usage

Henry Watson Fowler (1858-1933)

Educated at Rugby and Oxford's Balliol College, H.W. Fowler began his career by teaching English grammar for seventeen years at a Yorkshire secondary school for boys. When offered a promotion to housemaster, he quit and move to London. There, while proving to himself that it was possible to live on 100 pound sterling a year, he was a freelance journalist. Fowler made his real mark on the English language only after moving to the remote island of Guernsey in 1903. He and his brother, Francis George Fowler, proposed to write "a sort of English composition manual, from the negative point of view, for journalists & amateur writers." The outcome, The King's English, was published by the Oxford University Press and quickly became a de facto standard. Exposing the shortcomings of eminent writers, the tome offering but five basic commandments: The majority of "Old English" words are lost to modern usage and have no descendants. Of the small core of survivors, most are readily familiar and seldom have abstract meanings. The roots are typically short and often contain a single syllable. Some have taken on meanings only indirectly related to those in Saxon times. And, others are downright awkward in contemporary usage. Fowler addressed these point in A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, first published in 1926 and still in print. He warns that:

"...conscious deliberate Saxionism is folly, that the choice or rejection of particular words should depend not on their descent but on considerations of expressiveness, intelligibility, brevity, euphony, or ease of handling, & yet that any writer who becomes aware that the Saxon or native English element in what he writes is small will do well to take that fact as a danger-signal." This lexicon of Modern English words contains many of those Saxon words that Fowler would have us prefer. May it - along with Fowler's sage advise - lead to a betterment of your understanding of Modern English and its usage!


(E?)(L?) http://groups.google.com/groups?dq=&hl=en&selm=9ck4du43scf6j1ig3s4me832u8hb4jcomg%404ax.com


"No lawful standard...": The Evolution of English Dictionaries
...
(extracts from the "Virginia Tech" site, article by Daniel W. Mosser)
uk-diktio
(E?)(L?) http://wiz.cath.vt.edu/hel/helmod/dicty.html


Is English the "Official" Language of the UK?
...
Henry Churchyard: Here are some semi-random facts:
ca. 1250: First book appears to teach French to children of upper classes in England Early 14th century: Contemporary statements that all classes can speak English, while knowledge of French is somewhat limited 1362: For the first time, chancellor opens parliament in English. Lawsuits ordered to be conducted in English, not French. 2nd half of 14th century: Schools generally switch over from French to English as language of instruction. (The subject matter which is taught is still mostly Latin, of course.) 1399: Henry IV comes to throne as first monarch speaking only English (apparently) 1404: English ambassadors negotiating with France insist that French not be used as the language of negotiations (instead, Latin is used) 1st half of 15th century: Private letters between members of upper classes switch over from being generally in French to almost entirely in English 1422: London Brewers switch guild proceedings from French to English 1423: Parliamentary proceedings ("petitions of commons") start to appear in English. ca. 1430: "A large number of towns are seen translating their ordinances and their books of customs into English." late 1480's (first Tudor on throne): Parliamentary statutes are written down in English in their final form; effective disappearance of most of the last lingering uses of French in the internal domestic administration of England, though many French (and Latin) phrases remained in the language of the law.
(extract from the aue archives, articles by Don Aitken and Henry Churchyard)
uk-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&selm=a8v7bh%24kgv%40moe.cc.utexas.edu




Civil War Slang
...
us-milita
(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ms/genealogyinfo/page4.html


Glossary of Old Names (for diseases)
...
uk-medizi
(E?)(L?) http://www.bignell.uk.com/glossary_of_old_names.htm


The History of American English
...
(extract from The History Channel site by John Algeo)
us-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://www.historychannel.com/cgi-bin/frameit.cgi?p=http%3A//www.historychannel.com/perl/print_book.pl%3FID%3D35330


The Protean N-Word
...
us-dialek
(extract from the review of "Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word" at the Amazon site)

Deciphering Old Handwriting
...
(from Sabina J. Murray's "Deciphering Old Handwriting" page)
uk-zeiche
(E?)(L?) http://www.amberskyline.com/treasuremaps/oldhand.html


Herder: An essay on the origin of language. Superb!
uk-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/wow/grammar.latin.html


Search The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
uk-litera
(E?)(L?) https://www.bartleby.com/cambridge/



youtube.com - HoE
History of English

(E?)(L?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3r9bOkYW9s


Erstellt: 2017-10

youtube.com - THoEitM
The History of English in ten Minutes

(E?)(L?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3r9bOkYW9s

The History of English in ten minutes.

Chapter One: Anglo-Saxon or whatever - happened to The Jutes?

The English Language begins with the phrase "Up yours, Caesar", as the Romans leave Britain and a lot of Germanic tribes start flooding in. Tribes such as the Angles and the Saxons, who together gave us the term "Anglo-Saxon" and the "Jutes" who didn't. The Romans left some very straight roads behind, but not much of their Latin language.

The Anglo-Saxon vocab was much more useful, as it was mainly words for simple everyday things, like "house", "woman", "loaf" and "werewolf". Four of our days of the week were named in honour of Anglo-Saxon gods, they didn't bother with "Saturday", "Sunday" and "Monday" as they'd all gone off for a long weekend. While they were away, Christian missionaries stole in, bringing with them leaflets about jumble sales and more Latin.

Christianity was a hit with the locals and made them much happy to take on funky new words from Latin like "martyr", "Bishop" and "font" along came the Vikings with their action-man words like "drag", "ransack", "fast" and "die". They may have raped and pillaged, but they were also into give and take, two of around 2000 words they gave English, as well as the phrase "watch out for that man with the enormous axe."

Chapter Two: The Norman Conquest or excuse my English.

1066, true to his, name William the Conqueror invades England bringing new concepts from across the channel like the French language, the Doomsday Book and the duty-free Gauloise multi-pack. French was de rigueur for all official business, with words like "judge", "jury", "evidence" and "justice", coming in and giving John Grisham's career a kick start. Latin was still used at nauseam in church, but the common man spoke English, able to communicate only by speaking more slowly and loudly until the others understood him. Words like "cow", "sheep" and "swine" come from the english-speaking farmers, while the a la carte versions, "beef", "mutton" and "pork" come from the french-speaking tops, beginning a long-running trend for restaurants having completely indecipherable menus. All in all, the English absorbed about 10,000 new words from the Normans, though they still couldn't grasp the rules of cheek kissing.

The Boname all ended when the English nation took their new war-like lingo of "armies", "navies" and "soldiers" and began the Hundred Years War against France. It actually lasted 116 years but by that point no one could count any higher in French and English took over as the language of power.

Chapter Three: Shakespeare or a plaque on both his houses.

As the dictionary tells us, about 2,000 new words and phrases were invented by William Shakespeare; he gave us handy words like "eyeball", "puppy dog" and "anchovy", and more show-offy words like "dauntless", "besmirch" and "lacklustre". He came up with the word "alligator" soon after he ran out of things to rhyme with "crocodile". And a nation of tea drinkers finally took him to their hearts, when he invented the "hobnob". Shakespeare knew the power of catchphrases as well as biscuits, without him we would never eat our flesh and blood out of house and home. We'd have to say good riddance to the green-eyed monster and breaking the ice will be as dead as a door nail. If you try to get your money's worth you'd be given short shrift and anyone who laid it on with a trial could be pushed with his own petard. Of course, it's possible other people use these words first but the dictionary writers liked looking them up in Shakespeare, because there was more cross-dressing and people taking each other's eyes out. Shakespeare's poetry showed the world that English was a rich, vibrant language with limitless expressive and emotional power, and he still had time to open all those tea rooms in Stratford.

Chapter Four: The King James Bible or let there be light reading.

In 1611, the powers that be turned the world upside down with a labour of love, a new translation of the Bible. A team of scribes with the wisdom of Sullivan went the extra mile to make King James translation all things to all men. Whether from their heart's desire, to fight the good fight, or just for the filthy lucre. This sexy new Bible went from strength to strength getting to the root of the matter in a language even the salt of the earth could understand. The writing wasn't on the wall, it was in handy little books with fire and brimstone preachers reading it in every church. Its words and phrases took root to the ends of the earth, well at least the ends of Britain. The King James Bible is the book that taught us that a leopard can't change its spots, that a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, that a wolf in sheep's clothing is harder to spot than you would imagine, and how annoying it is to have a fly in your ointment. In fact, just as Jonathan begat Maribel and Maribel begat Myka, the King James Bible begat a whole glossary of metaphor and morality that still shapes the way English is spoken today. Amen.

Chapter Five: The English of Science or how to speak with gravity.

Before the 17th Century scientists weren't really recognised, possibly because lab coats had yet to catch on. But suddenly Britain was full of physicists, there was Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, and even some people not called Robert, like Isaac Newton. The Royal Society was formed out of the invisible college after they put it down somewhere and couldn't find it again. At first they worked in Latin after sitting through Newton's story about the "Pomum" falling to the "Terra" from the "Arbor" for the umpteenth time, the bright sparks realised they all spoke English and they could transform our understanding of the universe much quicker, by talking in their own language. But science was discovering things faster than they could name them, words like "acid", "gravity", "electricity" and "pendulum" had to be invented just to stop their meetings turning into an endless game of charades. Like teenage boys, the scientists suddenly became aware of the human body, coining new words like "cardiac" and "tonsil", "ovary" and "sternum" and the invention of "penis" and "vagina" made sex education classes a bit easier to follow. Though "clitoris" was still a source of confusion.

Chapter Six: English and Empire or the Sun never sets on the English language.

With English making its name as the language of science, the bible and Shakespeare, Britain decided to take it on tour, asking only for land, wealth, natural resources, total obedience to the crown and a few local words in return.

They went to the Caribbean looking for gold and a chance to really unwind, discovering the "barbecue", the "canoe" and a pretty good recipe for rum "punch". They also brought back the word "cannibal" to make their trip sound more exciting.

In India, there was something for everyone. "Yoga" to help you stay in shape while pretending to be spiritual. If that didn't work there was the "cummerbund" to hide the paunch, and if you couldn't even make it up the stairs without turning crimson, they have the "bungalow".

Meanwhile in Africa, they picked up words like "voodoo" and "zombie" kicking off the teen horror film.

From Australia, English took the words "nugget", "boomerang" and "walkabout" and, in fact, the whole concept of chained pubs. All in all, between toppling Napoleon and the First World War, the British Empire gobbled up around ten million square miles, four hundred million people, and nearly a hundred thousand gin and tonics. Leaving new varieties of English to develop all over the globe.

Chapter Seven: The Age of the Dictionary or the definition of a hopeless task.

With English expanding in all directions, along came a new breed of men called lexicographers who wanted to put an end to this Anarchy, a word they defined as what happens when people spell words slightly differently from each other. One of the greatest was Dr. Johnson, whose Dictionary of the English Language took him nine years to write. It was 18 inches tall and contained forty two thousand seven hundred and seventy three entries, meaning that even if you couldn't read, it was still pretty useful if you wanted to reach a high shelf. For the first time when people were calling you a "pickle herring", a "jobbernowl" or a "fopdoodle" you could understand exactly what they meant, and you'd have the consolation of knowing they were all using the standard spelling. Try as he might to stop them, words kept being invented, and in 1857 a new book was started that would become the Oxford English Dictionary. It took another seventy years to be finished after the first editor resigned to be an archbishop, the second died of TB and the third was so boring that half his volunteers quit and one of them ended up in an asylum. It eventually paid in 1928 and it's continued to be revised ever since, proving the whole idea you can stop people making up words is complete snuffbumble.

Chapter 8: American English or not English but somewhere in the ballpark.

From the moment Brits first landed in America they needed names for all the new plants and animals, so they borrowed words like "raccoon", "squash" and "moose" from the Native Americans, as well as most of their territory. Waves of immigrants fed America's hunger for words, the Dutch came sharing "coleslaw" and "cookies", probably a result of their relaxed attitude to "drugs".

Later the Germans arrived selling "pretzels" from "delicatessens" and the Italians arrived with their "pizza", their "pasta" and their "mafia", just like mama used to make.

America spread a new language of capitalism, getting everyone worried about the "break-even" and the "bottom line", whether they were "blue chip" or "white collar". The commuter needed a whole new system of "freeways", "subways" and "parking lots", and quickly, before words like "merger" and "downsizing" could be invented. American English drifted back across the pond, as Brits got the hang of their cool movies and their groovy jazz.

There are even some old forgotten English words that lived on in America, so they carried on using "fall", "faucets", "diapers" and "candy", while the Brits moved on to "autumn", "taps", "nappies" and NHS dental care.

Chapter 9: Internet English or language reverts to type.

In 1972, the first "email" was sent, soon the "internet" arrived: a free global space to share information, ideas and amusing pictures of cats. Before the Internet, English changed through people speaking it, but the net brought typing back into fashion and hundreds of cases of repetitive strain injury. Nobody had ever had to "download" anything before, let alone use a "toolbar" and the only time someone set up a "firewall" it ended with a massive insurance claim and a huge pile of charred wallpaper. Conversations were getting shorter than the average attention span. Why bother writing a sentence when an abbreviation would do and leave you more time to blog, poke and reboot when your hard drive crashed. In my humble opinion became "IMHO", by the way became "BTW" and if we're honest that life-threatening accident was pretty hilarious, simply became "FAIL". Some changes even passed into spoken English, for your information people frequently asked questions like how can "LOL" mean "laugh out loud" and "lots of love", but if you're gonna complain about that, then you U'v Go 2 Be Kidding.

Chapter 10: Global English or whose language is it anyway?

In the 1500 years since the Romans left Britain, English has shown a unique ability to absorb, evolve, invade and if we're honest, steal. After foreign settlers got it started, it grew into a fully-fledged language all of its own, before leaving home and travelling the world, first via the high seas then via the high-speed broadband connection, pilfering words from over 350 languages and establishing itself as a global institution. All this, despite a written alphabet that bears no correlation to how it sounds, and a system of spelling that even Dan Brown couldn't decipher. Right now, around 1.5 billion people speak English. Of these, about a quarter are native speakers, a quarter speak it as their second language and half are able to ask for directions to a swimming pool.

There's "Hinglish" which is "Hindi English", "Chinglish" which is "Chinese English" and "Singlish" which is "Singaporean English" and not that bit where they speak in musicals. So in conclusion, the language has got so little to do with England these days it may well be time to stop calling things. If someone does think up a new name for it, it should probably be in Chinese.


Erstellt: 2023-01

Z

Bücher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Sprache, Lengua, Langue, Lingua, Language, (esper.) lingvo - lingvoj
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

B

Bähr, Dieter
Abriß der englischen Sprachgeschichte

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 200 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart

Bähr, Dieter
Einführung in das Altenglische

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 191 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart

Bähr, Dieter
Einführung ins Mittelenglische

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 191 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
Erscheinungsdatum: Januar 1997
Auflage: 4., Aufl.


Kurzbeschreibung:
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine synchronisch strukturelle Analyse des Mittelenglischen anhand des reich glossierten Prolog der "Canterbury Tales" von Chaucer. Der beigefügte Prolog und das sehr umfangreiche Glossar ermöglichen vor allem dem Anfänger ein selbständiges Arbeiten und den Erwerb des nötigen Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsstoffes.


Bierma, Nathan L. K. (Autor)
The Eclectic Encyclopedia of English

Taschenbuch: 288 Seiten
Verlag: Franklin Beedle & Associates (September 2009)
Sprache: Englisch


Product Description
Culled from his On Language column in The Chicago Tribune, Nathan Bierma conducts a wide-ranging discussion of topics related to English language. He gets under the hood to find out what etymologists do to arrive at their conclusions (they get under the hood), looks at dictionaries through the eyes of those who make them (and catches them making up a word to catch would-be word pirates), and ponders simple usage questions (lay or lie? bring or take? could care less or couldn't care less?) in ways you may not have considered before. He also fields questions from his readers and shows off some of the more interesting Australian slang, horse racing cliches, untranslatable terms, birding vocabulary, and lots more.


Erstellt: 2011-04

Burridge, Kate (Autor)
Blooming English
Observations on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language

Unbekannter Einband
Verlag: Klett; Auflage: 1., Aufl. (Januar 2005)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
Fascinating well-crafted look at the quirks of the English language.


Erstellt: 2010-06

C

Cloutier, Robert A.
Hamilton-Brehm, Anne Marie
Kretzschmar, Jr., William A.
Studies in the History of the English Language V

Gebundene Ausgabe: 329 Seiten
Verlag: Gruyter (30. Oktober 2010)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
Twelve articles about contemporary approaches to variation and change in historical English grammar and lexicon, with commentaries and responses by the authors, show the main issues and discussion in the field as traditional methods meet contemporary linguistics.

Über den Autor
Robert A. Cloutier, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, USA; Anne Marie Hamilton-Brehm and William A. Kretzschmar, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.


(E?)(L?) http://www.degruyter.com/cont/fb/sk/detail.cfm?id=IS-9783110220322-1

Reihe: Topics in English Linguistics [TiEL] 68

Produktinfo
This collection of essays focuses on current approaches to variation and change in historical English grammar and lexicon. Of the twelve papers in the collection, half are based on grammar and syntax, half on lexical developments. The volume highlights the contributions that strong empirical research can make to our knowledge of the development of English grammar, especially as realized in lexical development. In illustration of contemporary research trends, the articles in the collection make strong use of extralinguistic factors to discuss language change as well as argue for internal and structural development.

The authors are drawn from nine different countries, and each article is followed by a commentary and response that provide actual dialogue about the issues in the field, thus representing world-wide discussion of issues in the history of English. The essays recognize the different audiences for historical variation and change - formal linguists, sociolinguists, and lexicographers - and specifically address the interests and discourse in those areas.

The volume shows how historical studies of English are increasingly engaged with contemporary trends in linguistics, at the same time as demonstrating how empirical and other methods can bring classical philology fully into the sphere of contemporary linguistics without abandoning its traditional concerns.


Erstellt: 2010-11

Crystal, David (Autor)
A Little Book of Language

Taschenbuch: 260 Seiten
Verlag: Yale University Press; Auflage: Reprint (1. März 2011)
Sprache: Englisch


With a language disappearing every two weeks and neologisms springing up almost daily, an understanding of the origins and currency of language has never seemed more relevant. In this charming volume, a narrative history written explicitly for a young audience, expert linguist David Crystal proves why the story of language deserves retelling. From the first words of an infant to the peculiar modern dialect of text messaging, "A Little Book of Language" ranges widely, revealing language's myriad intricacies and quirks. In animated fashion, Crystal sheds light on the development of unique linguistic styles, the origins of obscure accents, and the search for the first written word. He discusses the plight of endangered languages, as well as successful cases of linguistic revitalization. Much more than a history, Crystal's work looks forward to the future of language, exploring the effect of technology on our day-to-day reading, writing, and speech. Through enlightening tables, diagrams, and quizzes, as well as Crystal's avuncular and entertaining style, "A Little Book of Language" will reveal the story of language to be a captivating tale for all ages.


Erstellt: 2011-10

Crystal, David (Autor)
A little Book of Language
Little Histories

Gebundene Ausgabe: 272 Seiten
Verlag: Yale University Press (31. März 2010)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
With a language disappearing every two weeks and neologisms springing up almost daily, an understanding of the origins and currency of language has never seemed more relevant. In this charming volume, a narrative history written explicitly for a young audience, expert linguist David Crystal proves why the story of language deserves retelling. From the first words of an infant to text messaging, "A Little Book of Language" ranges widely, revealing language's myriad intricacies and quirks. In animated fashion, Crystal sheds light on the development of unique linguistic styles, the origins of obscure accents, and the search for the first written word. He discusses the plight of endangered languages, as well as successful cases of linguistic revitalization. Much more than a history, Crystal's guide looks forward to the future of language, exploring the effect of technology on our day-to-day reading, writing, and speech. Through enlightening tables, diagrams, and quizzes, as well as Crystal's avuncular and entertaining style, "A Little Book of Language" reveals the story of language to be a captivating tale for all ages.

Über den Autor
David Crystal is one of the world's pre-eminent language specialists. Writer, editor, lecturer, and broadcaster, he is Honorary Professor of Linguistics at the University of Wales, Bangor. He has written nearly 100 books, including The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language, By Hook or By Crook: a Journey in Search of English, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8, The Stories of English, and Rediscover Grammar, as well as publishing widely on phonetics, Shakespeare's language and child language. In 1995 he was awarded the OBE for services to the English language.


Erstellt: 2010-09

Crystal, David (Author)
Begat: The King James Bible and the English Language

Hardcover: 336 pages
Publisher: OUP Oxford (23 Sep 2010)
Language English


Product Description
What do the following have in common? "Let there be light" - "A fly in the ointment" - "A rod of iron" - "New wine in old bottles Lick the dust" - "How are the mighty fallen" - "Kick against the pricks" - "Wheels within wheels". They are all in the King James Bible. This astonishing book "has contributed far more to English in the way of idiomatic or quasi-proverbial expressions than any other literary source." So wrote David Crystal in 2004. In Begat he returns to the subject not only to consider how a work published in 1611 could have had such influence on the language, but how it can still do so when few regularly hear the Bible and fewer still hear it in the language of Stuart England. No other version of the Bible however popular (such as the Good News Bible) or imposed upon the church (like the New English Bible) has had anything like the same influence. David Crystal shows how its words and phrases have over the centuries found independent life in the work of poets, playwrights, novelists, politicians, and journalists, and how more recently they have been taken up with enthusiasm by advertisers, Hollywood, and hip-hop. Yet the King James Bible owes much to earlier English versions, notably those by John Wycliffe in in the fourteenth century and William Tyndale in the sixteenth. David Crystal reveals how much that is memorable in the King James Bible stems from its forebears. At the same time he shows how crucial were the revisions made by King James's team of translators and editors. "A person who professes to be a critic in the delicacies of the English language ought to have the Bible at his finger's ends," Lord Macaulay advised Lady Holland in 1831. Begat shows how true that remains. It will be a revelation to all who read it.


Erstellt: 2011-08

Crystal, David
English as a Global Language

Broschiert: 212 Seiten
Verlag: Klett Ernst /Schulbuch (Februar 2004)
Sprache: Englisch


...
Man kann sagen, dass Crystal das Standardwerk zum Thema geschrieben hat, und dass jeder Anglistik-Student oder sprachlich Interessierte seine Freude daran haben wird, es zu lesen.
...


(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishlanguage
4.3 English as a global language

(E1)(L1) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/archives.html
English as a global language: nous | dyscalculia | timorous | pecuniary |

Crystal, David (Autor)
Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices
An Illustrated History of the English Language

Taschenbuch: 160 Seiten
Verlag: British Library (1. Oktober 2010)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
English is spoken or written today by a third of the world's population - an unprecedented achievement for a language. How has this situation come about? And what happens to a language when it is used by so many? In this illustrated history David Crystal charts the development of the language from the earliest runic inscriptions in Old English, through the emergence of a standard variety of English between 1400 and 1800, to the most modern forms of the language in 'concrete' and 'text' poetry. In telling the story he draws on examples from English in its various guises and uses - from our everyday English to English in the workplace and English used as a medium of playful and literary expression. The regional and international varieties of English are also considered. This book shows us where language is now, where it has been, and - perhaps most important of all - where it is heading, for the new varieties of the language appearing in world literature and on the Internet show that this is a story which is by no means over.

Über den Autor
David Crystal is a writer, lecturer and broadcaster on language and linguistics. He is the author of many books including The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (CUP, 1995), The Stories of English (Penguin, 2005), By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English (HarperPress, 2007) and Txtng: The Gr8 Db8 (OUP, 2008).


(E?)(L?) http://www.odlt.org/
The Online Dictionary of Language Terminology (ODLT): Crystal, David

Erstellt: 2011-10

Crystal, David (Autor)
Introduction to Language: A Complete Course
[DVD-ROM]

DVD-ROM: 8 Seiten
Verlag: Routledge Chapman & Hall; Auflage: 1 DVD (9. Juni 2011)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
'A brilliantly accessible introduction to core topics in English language and linguistics. My students loved it.' David Adger, Queen Mary, University of London, UK 'Entertaining, clear and informative. David Crystal's lectures demystify and enrich the English language for students of all levels.' Sylvia Shaw, Middlesex University, UK 'A well-delivered and well-structured bird's-eye introduction to all areas of the study of language. Crystal's discussion of issues like dialect and bilingualism will interest many and hopefully promote a rational and reasoned stance towards language.' Klaus Abels, University College London, UK David Crystal brings linguistics alive in these specially recorded lectures. Six 30-minute lectures, each divided into two parts for flexibility of use in lectures and virtual learning environments, cover all the key topics in an introductory English-language/linguistics course, under the headings: Language, Communication & Pragmatics The Structure of Language - semantics and grammar The Mode of Transmission - speech and writing Language in Use: Temporal Variation Language in Use - regional, social and personal variation Language & Discourse This is an essential resource for all beginning students of English language, linguistics and English as a second language.

Über den Autor
David Crystal has been a freelance writer, lecturer and broadcaster since 1984. Based in Holyhead, Crystal is Honorary Professor at Bangor University, UK. He is author of numerous books, including Internet Linguistics (2011), Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language (2009) and The Future of Language DVD (2009), all Routledge.


(E?)(L?) http://www.routledge.com/davidcrystal/

The companion website includes substantial supporting material: bonus extra clips from the lectures a synopsis of lecture content a linguistic and cultural commentary with time codes so users can select points of interest a glossary of linguistic terms, with flashcards for self-testing suggestions for activities, follow-up work and further reading multiple-choice questions to test knowledge of the content of the lectures an index of linguistic terms with time codes to locate them in use on the DVD.


(E?)(L?) http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415602679/dc-glossary.asp

David Crystal's Introduction to Language


This glossary contains the key language and linguistic terms used in the DVD lectures. You can test yourself on these terms using the flashcards.
...


Erstellt: 2011-05

Crystal, David (Autor)
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language

Ein Buch über alle Aspekte der gesprochenen und geschriebenen Sprache, Zeichensprache, Spracherwerb, lingusitische und sprachliche Unregelmäßigkeiten.

Taschenbuch: 524 Seiten
Verlag: Cambridge University Press; Auflage: 3 (3. Juni 2010)
Sprache: Englisch


Über das Produkt
This third edition incorporates the major developments in language study since the mid 1990s. It includes major new sections on electronic communication and language death. All statistics and maps have been updated, and all sections revised. The book benefits from many new illustrations and a completely fresh text design.


Erstellt: 2011-10

Crystal, David (Autor)
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language

Ein Buch über die Geschichte der englischen Sprache, Vokabular, Grammatik, gesprochenes und geschriebens Englisch, Erwerb der englischen Sprache.

Taschenbuch: 499 Seiten
Verlag: Cambridge University Press; Auflage: 2 (4. August 2003)
Sprache: Englisch

Erstellt: 2011-10

Crystal, David
The Stories of English
Warum sprechen die Engländer nicht Französisch?

Als Herausgeber der "Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language", als Schriftsteller und als Radiosprecher in Sachen Sprache kennt sich David Crystal bestens aus in der englischen Sprache.

In diesem Buch beschreibt er die wahre Geschichte der des Gebrauchs der englischen Sprache in der Geschichte. Er zeigt, dass es nie ein einheitliches Englisch gegeben hat, sondern dass es immer viele Varianten des internationalen Englisch gab und zunehmend gibt.

Daneben erfährt man, warum die Engländer nicht Französisch sprechen.

Normalerweise übernehmen die Einwohner eines besetzten Landes die Sprache des Eroberers. Nachdem die französisch sprechenden Normannen 1066 England erobert hatten, wurde natürlich auch Französisch als Verwaltungssprache (am Hof und in der Rechtssprechung) eingeführt. Aber die Eroberer waren rein zahlenmässig den Ureinwohnern unterlegen. Und so schafften Sie es nicht die französische Sprache im Alltag einzuführen. Nach 300 Jahren wurde so Englisch auch wieder als offizielle Verwaltungssprache eingeführt. Aber Latein und Französisch haben tiefe Spuren hinterlassen und die englische Sprache bereichert. Das erklärt auch, warum es im heutigen Englisch oftmals zwei Bezeichnungen für eine Bedeutuzng gibt, eine mehr lateinisch/französisch beeinflusste und eine germanische Variante. Die Grammatik allerdings wurde soweit reduziert, dass sie beiden sprachlichen Anforderungen gerecht werden konnte.

David Crystal hat hier wieder eine umfangreiches Buch (fast 600 Seiten) geschrieben, das einen tiefen Einblick in die Geschichte der englischen Sprache bietet.

Die Kurzbeschreibung bei Amazon lautet:

Language expert, David Crystal, tells the true story of the English language, its origins and many incarnations. Includes entertaining sidebars and panels describing the origins of particular words, phrases and dialects. "Simply the best introductory history of the English language family that we have" J.M. Coetzee

Crystal, David
The Story of English in One Hundred Words

Gebundene Ausgabe: 288 Seiten
Verlag: Profile Books; Auflage: Trade Paperback. (13. Oktober 2011)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
In dieser einzigartigen neuen Geschichte der Universalsprache Englisch, erklärt der Linguist David Crystal anhand von 100 beispielhaften Wörtern, die Entwicklung, die Ereignisse und den Einfluss, unter welchem diese Sprache sich seit ihrer ersten schriftlichen Niederlegung im 5. Jahrhundert befand und noch heute befindet.

Über den Autor
David Crystal is the foremost expert on English, and honorary professor of linguistics at the University of Wales, Bangor. He has written many books and published articles in fields ranging from forensic linguistics and ELT to the liturgy and Shakespeare.


Erstellt: 2011-09

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E

F

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Gelfert, Hans-Dieter
Englisch mit Aha!
Die etwas andere Einführung in die englische Sprache

(E?)(L?) http://www.chbeck.de/Gelfert-Dieter-Englisch-Aha_/productview.aspx?product=13695154

3. Auflage 2014. 222 S.: Broschiert
ISBN 978-3-406-66914-9

Hans-Dieter Gelfert bietet mit diesem Buch einen unterhaltsamen Einstieg in die englische Sprache. Er beginnt dort, wo sie für uns am leichtesten zu erlernen ist, bei den gemeinsamen Wurzeln des Deutschen und Englischen, und zeigt auf verblüffende Weise, daß diese Weltsprache niemandem fremd bleiben muß. Er erläutert leicht verständlich die komplizierten Bestandteile der englischen Grammatik und zeigt, wo so mancher Stolperstein lauert. Dieses Buch ist eine Quelle überraschender Einsichten in die englische Sprache, für den Anfänger ebenso wie für den Fortgeschrittenen geeignet.


Erstellt: 2016-10

H

Hodgson, Charles (Autor, Sprecher)
Global WORDing
The Fascinating Story of the Evolution of English

Audio CD
Verlag: Highroads Media (27. Mai 2008)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
Global Wording traces the development of our language using easily recognizable milestones such as "Beowulf", "William the Conqueror", "Chaucer" and "Shakespeare". Rather than relying on scores of dates and boring facts, Hodgson instead punctuates his story with anecdotes about why these characters were so memorable, as well as interesting details on how we know what we know and the conditions of life over the years as they affected the growth of our language.


Erstellt: 2010-07

I

J

K

L

Leitner, Gerhard
English Today. Introducing the Varieties of English around the World

(E?)(L?) http://www.reclam.de/

1780 gab es weniger als 15 Millionen Menschen, die Englisch sprachen - in England, Irland, Schottland, den USA und Kanada vor allem. Heute ist Englisch für rund 400 Millionen Menschen Muttersprache, über 500 Millionen sprechen es als Zweitsprache. Dieses kleine Buch zeichnet den Weg des Englischen zur Weltsprache nach: seine Entstehung und Entwicklung, seine regionale Differenzierung, seine Ausbreitung und die besonderen Varianten des Englischen in den verschiedenen Erdteilen.

280 S.
ISBN: 978-3-15-019849-0

Inhaltsverzeichnis


Erstellt: 2014-11

Leitner, Gerhard (Autor)
Weltsprache Englisch
Vom angelsächsischen Dialekt zur globalen Lingua franca

Broschiert: 272 Seiten
Verlag: C.H. Beck; Auflage: 1 (22. Oktober 2009)
Sprache: Deutsch


Die Mehrheit der Bürger Europas wünscht sich Englisch als die Fremdsprache, die ihre Kinder zuerst lernen sollten. In Südostasien oder Afrika ist das kaum anders, wenn selbst Landessprachen zugunsten des Englischen aufgegeben werden. Englisch verspricht globale Teilhabe und Fortschritt. Die Politik folgt dem Geist der Zeit und demonstriert Modernität, wenn Englisch von Kindesbeinen an angeboten wird. Zugleich aber wird Englisch als Feind für Sprachen und Kulturen angesehen, wenn den dominanten Anglizismen und Amerikanismen nichts entgegenzusetzen ist. Gerhard Leitner erzählt umfassend, systematisch und kritisch die Geschichte des Englischen von den Anfängen bis zur globalen Lingua franca. Sein Rundblick über die ganze Welt führt durchaus zu überraschenden Ergebnissen: Die englische Sprache wird zunehmend plurizentrisch, das asiatische oder das afrikanische Englisch gewinnen an Bedeutung und stehen im Wettbewerb mit dem formalen Business-Englisch. Die Globalisierung befördert beides, das formale und das Englisch des Hip Hop. Leitners Prognosen sind unsentimental: Das Englische verändert die Welt und wird selbst tiefgreifend verändert.

Über den Autor
Gerhard Leitner ist Professor für Englische Linguistik an der Freien Universität Berlin.


Erstellt: 2010-09

M

McWhorter, John - OMBT
Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue
The Untold Story of English

(E?)(L?) http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/302945/our-magnificent-bastard-tongue-by-john-mcwhorter/9781592404940

Paperback
Published by Avery
Oct 27, 2009 | 256 Pages | 5 x 7-1/4 | ISBN 9781592404940

A survey of the quirks and quandaries of the English language, focusing on our strange and wonderful grammar

Why do we say "I am reading a catalog" instead of "I read a catalog"? Why do we say "do" at all? Is the way we speak a reflection of our cultural values? Delving into these provocative topics and more, Our Magnificent Bastard Language distills hundreds of years of fascinating lore into one lively history.

Covering such turning points as the little-known Celtic and Welsh influences on English, the impact of the Viking raids and the Norman Conquest, and the Germanic invasions that started it all during the fifth century ad, John McWhorter narrates this colorful evolution with vigor. Drawing on revolutionary genetic and linguistic research as well as a cache of remarkable trivia about the origins of English words and syntax patterns, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue ultimately demonstrates the arbitrary, maddening nature of English — and its ironic simplicity due to its role as a streamlined lingua franca during the early formation of Britain. This is the book that language aficionados worldwide have been waiting for (and no, it’s not a sin to end a sentence with a preposition).

John McWhorter is the author of the bestseller Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America, The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language, and four other books. He is associate professor of linguistics at the University of California at Berkeley, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, and a contributing editor to The City Journal and The New Republic. He has been profiled in the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The Philadelphia Inquirer, and has appeared on Dateline NBC, Politically Incorrect, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.


(E?)(L?) http://www.buecher.de/shop/englische-buecher/our-magnificent-bastard-tongue-the-untold-history-of-english/mcwhorter-john/products_products/detail/prod_id/26578608/

Verlag: GOTHAM BOOKS
Seitenzahl: 230
Altersempfehlung: ab 18 Jahre
2009
Englisch
Abmessung: 183mm x 128mm x 17mm
Gewicht: 172g
ISBN-13: 9781592404940
ISBN-10: 1592404944


(E?)(L?) http://aliciapousada.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/0/2/10020146/review_of_mcwhorter_2008.pdf

Review of McWhorter, John. (2008). Our magnificent bastard tongue: The untold history of English. New York: Gotham Books (Penguin group). Sargasso, 2007-2008, II, 138-142.

Reviewed by: Dr. Alicia Pousada, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras

John McWhorter is one of the few linguists who can write well for a popular audience. Whether other linguists agree with his theories or not (he tends to be a maverick), they cannot deny his ability to present linguistic issues in an attractive, entertaining, and thought-provoking manner. McWhorter is astonishingly prolific. Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue is his twelfth book, and it arrived on the heels of a book on Hip-Hop and Black America. He also writes a column for The New York Sun¸ contributes frequently to The New Republic, and appears regularly on radio and TV shows. He is particularly wellknown for his extensive pop-culture references, vibrant use of current slang, clever analogies, and irreverent wit. He is also noted for his often conservative politics, a fact that has little bearing on the book under review but may color the reactions of some linguists to his work.
...


(E?)(L?) https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages

McWhorter, John

English is not normal

John McWhorter is a professor of linguistics and American studies at Columbia University. His latest book is The Language Hoax (2014).
...
More weirdness? OK. There is exactly one language on Earth whose present tense requires a special ending only in the third-person singular. I’m writing in it. I talk, you talk, he/she talk-s - why just that? The present-tense verbs of a normal language have either no endings or a bunch of different ones (Spanish: hablo, hablas, habla). And try naming another language where you have to slip do into sentences to negate or question something. Do you find that difficult? Unless you happen to be from Wales, Ireland or the north of France, probably.

Why is our language so eccentric? Just what is this thing we’re speaking, and what happened to make it this way?
...
The first thing that got us from there to here was the fact that, when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes (and also Frisians) brought their language to England, the island was already inhabited by people who spoke very different tongues. Their languages were Celtic ones, today represented by Welsh, Irish and Breton across the Channel in France. The Celts were subjugated but survived, and since there were only about 250,000 Germanic invaders - roughly the population of a modest burg such as Jersey City - very quickly most of the people speaking Old English were Celts.

Crucially, their languages were quite unlike English. For one thing, the verb came first (came first the verb). But also, they had an odd construction with the verb do: they used it to form a question, to make a sentence negative, and even just as a kind of seasoning before any verb. Do you walk? I do not walk. I do walk. That looks familiar now because the Celts started doing it in their rendition of English. But before that, such sentences would have seemed bizarre to an English speaker - as they would today in just about any language other than our own and the surviving Celtic ones. Notice how even to dwell upon this queer usage of do is to realise something odd in oneself, like being made aware that there is always a tongue in your mouth.

At this date there is no documented language on earth beyond Celtic and English that uses do in just this way. Thus English’s weirdness began with its transformation in the mouths of people more at home with vastly different tongues. We’re still talking like them, and in ways we’d never think of. When saying "eeny, meeny, miny, moe", have you ever felt like you were kind of counting? Well, you are - in Celtic numbers, chewed up over time but recognisably descended from the ones rural Britishers used when counting animals and playing games. "Hickory, dickory, dock" - what in the world do those words mean? Well, here’s a clue: "hovera, dovera, dick" were "eight, nine and ten" in that same Celtic counting list.

The second thing that happened was that yet more Germanic-speakers came across the sea meaning business. This wave began in the ninth century, and this time the invaders were speaking another Germanic offshoot, Old Norse. But they didn’t impose their language. Instead, they married local women and switched to English. However, they were adults and, as a rule, adults don’t pick up new languages easily, especially not in oral societies. There was no such thing as school, and no media. Learning a new language meant listening hard and trying your best. We can only imagine what kind of German most of us would speak if this was how we had to learn it, never seeing it written down, and with a great deal more on our plates (butchering animals, people and so on) than just working on our accents.

As long as the invaders got their meaning across, that was fine. But you can do that with a highly approximate rendition of a language - the legibility of the Frisian sentence you just read proves as much. So the Scandinavians did pretty much what we would expect: they spoke bad Old English. Their kids heard as much of that as they did real Old English. Life went on, and pretty soon their bad Old English was real English, and here we are today: the Scandies made English easier.
...
Old English had the crazy genders we would expect of a good European language - but the Scandies didn’t bother with those, and so now we have none. Chalk up one of English’s weirdnesses. What’s more, the Vikings mastered only that one shred of a once-lovely conjugation system: hence the lonely third-person singular -s, hanging on like a dead bug on a windshield. Here and in other ways, they smoothed out the hard stuff.

They also followed the lead of the Celts, rendering the language in whatever way seemed most natural to them. It is amply documented that they left English with thousands of new words, including ones that seem very intimately ‘us’: sing the old song ‘Get Happy’ and the words in that title are from Norse. Sometimes they seemed to want to stake the language with ‘We’re here, too’ signs, matching our native words with the equivalent ones from Norse, leaving doublets such as dike (them) and ditch (us), scatter (them) and shatter (us), and ship (us) vs skipper (Norse for ship was skip, and so skipper is ‘shipper’).

But the words were just the beginning. They also left their mark on English grammar. Blissfully, it is becoming rare to be taught that it is wrong to say "Which town do you come from"?, ending with the preposition instead of laboriously squeezing it before the wh-word to make "From which town do you come?" In English, sentences with ‘dangling prepositions’ are perfectly natural and clear and harm no one. Yet there is a wet-fish issue with them, too: normal languages don’t dangle prepositions in this way. Spanish speakers: note that "El hombre quien yo llegué con" ("The man whom I came with") feels about as natural as wearing your pants inside out. Every now and then a language turns out to allow this: one indigenous one in Mexico, another one in Liberia. But that’s it. Overall, it’s an oddity. Yet, wouldn’t you know, it’s one that Old Norse also happened to permit (and which Danish retains).

We can display all these bizarre Norse influences in a single sentence. Say "That’s the man you walk in with", and it’s odd because 1) the has no specifically masculine form to match man, 2) there’s no ending on walk, and 3) you don’t say ‘in with whom you walk’. All that strangeness is because of what Scandinavian Vikings did to good old English back in the day.

Finally, as if all this wasn’t enough, English got hit by a firehose spray of words from yet more languages. After the Norse came the French. The Normans - descended from the same Vikings, as it happens - conquered England, ruled for several centuries and, before long, English had picked up 10,000 new words. Then, starting in the 16th century, educated Anglophones developed a sense of English as a vehicle of sophisticated writing, and so it became fashionable to cherry-pick words from Latin to lend the language a more elevated tone.

It was thanks to this influx from French and Latin (it’s often hard to tell which was the original source of a given word) that English acquired the likes of crucified, fundamental, definition and conclusion. These words feel sufficiently English to us today, but when they were new, many persons of letters in the 1500s (and beyond) considered them irritatingly pretentious and intrusive, as indeed they would have found the phrase ‘irritatingly pretentious and intrusive’. (Think of how French pedants today turn up their noses at the flood of English words into their language.) There were even writerly sorts who proposed native English replacements for those lofty Latinates, and it’s hard not to yearn for some of these: in place of "crucified", "fundamental", "definition" and "conclusion", how about "crossed", "groundwrought", "saywhat", and "endsay"?

But language tends not to do what we want it to. The die was cast: English had thousands of new words competing with native English words for the same things. One result was triplets allowing us to express ideas with varying degrees of formality. "Help" is English, "aid" is French, "assist" is Latin. Or, "kingly" is English, "royal" is French, "regal" is Latin - note how one imagines posture improving with each level: "kingly" sounds almost mocking, "regal" is straight-backed like a throne, "royal" is somewhere in the middle, a worthy but fallible monarch.

Then there are doublets, less dramatic than triplets but fun nevertheless, such as the English/French pairs "begin" and "commence", or "want" and "desire". Especially noteworthy here are the culinary transformations: we kill a "cow" or a "pig" (English) to yield "beef" or "pork" (French). Why? Well, generally in Norman England, English-speaking labourers did the slaughtering for moneyed French speakers at table. The different ways of referring to meat depended on one’s place in the scheme of things, and those class distinctions have carried down to us in discreet form today.

Caveat lector, though: traditional accounts of English tend to oversell what these imported levels of formality in our vocabulary really mean. It is sometimes said that they alone make the vocabulary of English uniquely rich, which is what Robert McCrum, William Cran and Robert MacNeil claim in the classic The Story of English (1986): that the first load of Latin words actually lent Old English speakers the ability to express abstract thought. But no one has ever quantified richness or abstractness in that sense (who are the people of any level of development who evidence no abstract thought, or even no ability to express it?), and there is no documented language that has only one word for each concept. Languages, like human cognition, are too nuanced, even messy, to be so elementary. Even unwritten languages have formal registers. What’s more, one way to connote formality is with substitute expressions: English has "life" as an ordinary word and "existence" as the fancy one, but in the Native American language Zuni, the fancy way to say life is ‘a breathing into’.

Even in English, native roots do more than we always recognise. We will only ever know so much about the richness of even Old English’s vocabulary because the amount of writing that has survived is very limited. It’s easy to say that comprehend in French gave us a new formal way to say "understand" - but then, in Old English itself, there were words that, when rendered in Modern English, would look something like "forstand", "underget", and "undergrasp". They all appear to mean "understand", but surely they had different connotations, and it is likely that those distinctions involved different degrees of formality.

Nevertheless, the Latinate invasion did leave genuine peculiarities in our language. For instance, it was here that the idea that ‘big words’ are more sophisticated got started. In most languages of the world, there is less of a sense that longer words are ‘higher’ or more specific. In Swahili, Tumtazame mbwa atakavyofanya simply means ‘Let’s see what the dog will do.’ If formal concepts required even longer words, then speaking Swahili would require superhuman feats of breath control. The English notion that big words are fancier is due to the fact that French and especially Latin words tend to be longer than Old English ones - "end" versus "conclusion", "walk" versus "ambulate".

The multiple influxes of foreign vocabulary also partly explain the striking fact that English words can trace to so many different sources - often several within the same sentence. The very idea of etymology being a polyglot smorgasbord, each word a fascinating story of migration and exchange, seems everyday to us. But the roots of a great many languages are much duller. The typical word comes from, well, an earlier version of that same word and there it is. The study of etymology holds little interest for, say, Arabic speakers.

To be fair, mongrel vocabularies are hardly uncommon worldwide, but English’s hybridity is high on the scale compared with most European languages. The previous sentence, for example, is a riot of words from Old English, Old Norse, French and Latin. Greek is another element: in an alternate universe, we would call "photographs" "lightwriting". According to a fashion that reached its zenith in the 19th century, scientific things had to be given Greek names. Hence our undecipherable words for chemicals: why can’t we call "monosodium glutamate" "one-salt gluten acid"? It’s too late to ask. But this muttly vocabulary is one of the things that puts such a distance between English and its nearest linguistic neighbours.

And finally, because of this firehose spray, we English speakers also have to contend with two different ways of accenting words. Clip on a suffix to the word "wonder", and you get "wonderful". But - clip on an ending to the word "modern" and the ending pulls the accent ahead with it: "MO-dern", but "mo-DERN-ity", not "MO-dern-ity". That doesn’t happen with "WON-der" and "WON-der-ful", or "CHEER-y" and "CHEER-i-ly". But it does happen with "PER-sonal", "person-AL-ity".

What’s the difference? It’s that "-ful" and "-ly" are Germanic endings, while "-ity" came in with French. French and Latin endings pull the accent closer - "TEM-pest", "tem-PEST-uous" - while Germanic ones leave the accent alone. One never notices such a thing, but it’s one way this ‘simple’ language is actually not so.

Thus the story of English, from when it hit British shores 1,600 years ago to today, is that of a language becoming delightfully odd. Much more has happened to it in that time than to any of its relatives, or to most languages on Earth. Here is Old Norse from the 900s CE, the first lines of a tale in the Poetic Edda called The Lay of Thrym. The lines mean "Angry was Ving-Thor/he woke up", as in: "he was mad when he woke up". In Old Norse it was:

Vreiðr vas Ving-Þórr / es vaknaði.

The same two lines in Old Norse as spoken in modern Icelandic today are:

Reiður var þá Vingþórr / er hann vaknaði.

You don’t need to know Icelandic to see that the language hasn’t changed much. "Angry" was once "vreiðr"; today’s "reiður" is the same word with the initial "v" worn off and a slightly different way of spelling the end. In Old Norse you said "vas" for "was"; today you say "var" - small potatoes.

In Old English, however, "Ving-Thor was mad when he woke up" would have been "Wraþmod wæs Ving-Þórr/he áwæcnede". We can just about wrap our heads around this as ‘English’, but we’re clearly a lot further from Beowulf than today’s Reykjavikers are from Ving-Thor.

Thus English is indeed an odd language, and its spelling is only the beginning of it. In the widely read Globish (2010), McCrum celebrates English as uniquely ‘vigorous’, ‘too sturdy to be obliterated’ by the Norman Conquest. He also treats English as laudably ‘flexible’ and ‘adaptable’, impressed by its mongrel vocabulary. McCrum is merely following in a long tradition of sunny, muscular boasts, which resemble the Russians’ idea that their language is ‘great and mighty’, as the 19th-century novelist Ivan Turgenev called it, or the French idea that their language is uniquely ‘clear’ (Ce qui n’est pas clair n’est pas français).

However, we might be reluctant to identify just which languages are not ‘mighty’, especially since obscure languages spoken by small numbers of people are typically majestically complex. The common idea that English dominates the world because it is ‘flexible’ implies that there have been languages that failed to catch on beyond their tribe because they were mysteriously rigid. I am not aware of any such languages.

What English does have on other tongues is that it is deeply peculiar in the structural sense. And it became peculiar because of the slings and arrows - as well as caprices - of outrageous history.


Erstellt: 2016-12

(E?)(L?) http://theweek.com/articles/594909/english-weird

McWhorter, John

English is weird


Erstellt: 2016-12

McWhorter, John - TLH
The Language Hoax
Why the World Looks the Same in Any Language

(E?)(L?) https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-language-hoax-9780190468897

John H. McWhorter

Japanese has a term that covers both green and blue. Russian has separate terms for dark and light blue. Does this mean that Russians perceive these colors differently from Japanese people? Does language control and limit the way we think?

This short, opinionated book addresses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which argues that the language we speak shapes the way we perceive the world. Linguist John McWhorter argues that while this idea is mesmerizing, it is plainly wrong. It is language that reflects culture and worldview, not the other way around. The fact that a language has only one word for eat, drink, and smoke doesn't mean its speakers don't process the difference between food and beverage, and those who use the same word for blue and green perceive those two colors just as vividly as others do.

McWhorter shows not only how the idea of language as a lens fails but also why we want so badly to believe it: we're eager to celebrate diversity by acknowledging the intelligence of peoples who may not think like we do. Though well-intentioned, our belief in this idea poses an obstacle to a better understanding of human nature and even trivializes the people we seek to celebrate. The reality — that all humans think alike — provides another, better way for us to acknowledge the intelligence of all peoples.

Introduction

John McWhorter is Professor of Linguistics at Columbia University and author of many books, including "The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language", "Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold Story of English", and "What Language Is, What It Isn't, and What It Could Be". He also writes on language, as well as race and cultural issues, as Contributing Editor at "The New Republic" and Columnist at "Time". His work has appeared in "The New York Times", "Time", and "The New Yorker", and he has appeared often on "National Public Radio", "CSPAN" and "MSNBC".


(E1)(L1) http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/blogexcerpts/?page=5

The Return of Lexicon Valley
July 15, 2014
Lexicon Valley, Slate's podcast for language lovers, has just returned after an extended hiatus. First up is an interview with Columbia University professor John McWhorter about his new book "The Language Hoax". Listen to the podcast here, and also check out Mark Peters' review of McWhorter's book here. And stay tuned for news about our own Ben Zimmer joining forces with the Lexicon Valley podcasters!
Article Topics: Language, Media, Online


(E?)(L?) http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/dogeared/a-powerful-debunking-of-whorfian-exaggeration/

Dog Eared - Books we love

A Powerful Debunking of Whorfian Exaggeration

April 14, 2014

By Mark Peters

"Whorfianism" — the idea that language shapes thought, and each language creates a distinct worldview — is an appealing idea. What language lover doesn't get excited when hearing about a foreign country's unique grammar or vocabulary, and how such features inevitably determine how its speakers see the world? Whorfianism is a beautiful way to acknowledge the uniqueness of cultures.

But there's one problem: "Whorfianism", at least dogmatic Whorfianism, is a huge load of bunk, at least according to John McWhorter's new book "The Language Hoax: Why the World Looks the Same in Any Language". This is a persuasive book that expertly dismantles "...the very idea that language is primarily a cultural tool rather than primarily a shambolically magnificent accretion of random habits." While pooh-poohing Whorfianism, McWhorter also makes a case for the intrinsic beauty and magnificence of languages.

McWhorter calls this book a manifesto, and it definitely is — but it's not unreasonable, unbalanced, or rant-like in any way. He dismantles the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis without dismissing it: in fact, McWhorter takes great pains to acknowledge and discuss Whorfian research that does show a connection (however small) between language and thought, and he's equally clear that those researchers are not the source of the myth he opposes: rather, it's journalists who are to blame.
...


Erstellt: 2016-12

McWhorter, John - WotM
Words on the Move
Why English Won't — and Can't — Sit Still (Like, Literally)

(E?)(L?) http://us.macmillan.com/books/9781627794718

A bestselling linguist takes us on a lively tour of how the English language is evolving before our eyes - and why we should embrace this transformation and not fight it.

Language is always changing - but we tend not to like it. We understand that new words must be created for new things, but the way English is spoken today rubs many of us the wrong way. Whether it’s the use of "literally" to mean "figuratively" rather than "by the letter", or the way young people use "LOL" and "like", or business jargon like "What’s the ask?" - it often seems as if the language is deteriorating before our eyes.

But the truth is different and a lot less scary, as John McWhorter shows in this delightful and eye-opening exploration of how English has always been in motion and continues to evolve today. Drawing examples from everyday life and employing a generous helping of humor, he shows that these shifts are a natural process common to all languages, and that we should embrace and appreciate these changes, not condemn them.

Words on the Move opens our eyes to the surprising backstories to the words and expressions we use every day. Did you know that "silly" once meant "blessed"? Or that "ought" was the original past tense of "owe"? Or that the suffix "-ly" in adverbs is actually a remnant of the word "like"? And have you ever wondered why some people from New Orleans sound as if they come from Brooklyn?

McWhorter encourages us to marvel at the dynamism and resilience of the English language, and his book offers a lively journey through which we discover that words are ever on the move and our lives are all the richer for it.


(E?)(L?) https://literalminded.wordpress.com/2016/11/28/review-words-on-the-move/

Review: Words on the Move

Posted by Neal on November 28, 2016

As I’ve written before, John McWhorter is a master of analogies, and he still commands them in examples like this one. It comes from his latest book, "Words on the Move", of which I received a free review copy from Holt Publishing. The tongue analogy above isn’t even in reference to articulatory phonetics, as you might think in a book about language; it’s about the oddball past-time marker in English used to, the commonality being that they’re both things that are amazingly weird when you stop to think about them, but which we use every day and consider completely normal. Here are some of the other analogies McWhorter uses in WOTM: ...


Chapter 1 is about one kind of semantic change, whereby words acquire meanings that are more about feelings and relating to one’s audience than they are about naming things or actions. ...

Chapter 2 moves into another kind of semantic change, namely, the drifting that occurs as a result of happenstance imbuing a word with various connotations, which then become its denotation. ...

In Chapter 3, M moves on to semantic changes that go so far that the words cease lose all of their earlier meaning and serve only to provide grammatical information. ...

Chapter 4 shifts from changes in word meaning to changes in pronunciation. ...
...
For example, I was surprised to learn here that "world" began as a compound of the same word for "man" that gives us "werewolf" and "eld" meaning "old". ...

In the final chapter, M talks about the effects of having a written language on how words change: It doesn’t stop it, but it makes it more visible and therefore more troubling - if you let it. ...

Language lives, as we do. Let’s love it as what it is-something always becoming, never still.
...


(E?)(L?) http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/dogeared/john-mcwhorter-is-the-perfect-parade-marshal-for-our-on-the-go-language/

Dog Eared - Books we love

John McWhorter is the Perfect Parade Marshal for Our On-the-go Language

September 26, 2016

By Mark Peters

It's mind-boggling that many people who profess to love language have bizarre, backwards ideas about it based on superstition and hokum. Educated folks who mock evolution-deniers have no problem believing equally unsupported ideas about language—such as "English is worse than ever!" and "Words shouldn’t change!"

Though one despairs—particularly in an election year—that anyone is capable of changing their mind about anything, sometimes hope arises. A new hope for a more scientific, educated, and downright uplifting approach to language has reared its beautiful head in the form of John McWhorter's terrific new book "Words on the Move: Why English Won't — and Can't — Sit Still (Like, Literally)". McWhorter makes a persuasive, charming, fact-based argument for the paradoxical constancy of language change. I don't know if this book will put any pet peeves to sleep, but it makes a strong case that the only words that should freak us out are the ones that don't change.
...


Erstellt: 2016-10

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Okrent, Arika - HI
O'Neill, Sean (Ill.)
Highly Irregular
Why Tough, Through, and Dough Don't Rhyme
And Other Oddities of the English Language

(E?)(L?) https://global.oup.com/academic/product/highly-irregular-9780197539408

Answers questions people really have about English, like "Why are there so many ways to say '-gh'?" and "Why is there an 'r' in Mrs.?"

Explores the many quirks of English and how they are connected to the history of the language

Explains a wealth of language concepts in an accessible, entertaining way, illustrated by humorous cartoons

Maybe you've been speaking English all your life, or maybe you learned it later on. But whether you use it just well enough to get your daily business done, or you're an expert with a red pen who never omits a comma or misplaces a modifier, you must have noticed that there are some things about this language that are just weird.

Perhaps you're reading a book and stop to puzzle over absurd spelling rules (Why are there so many ways to say "-gh"?), or you hear someone talking and get stuck on an expression (Why do we say "How dare you" but not "How try you"?), or your kid quizzes you on homework (Why is it "eleven and twelve" instead of "oneteen and twoteen"?). Suddenly you ask yourself, "Wait, why do we do it this way?" You think about it, try to explain it, and keep running into walls. It doesn't conform to logic. It doesn't work the way you'd expect it to. There doesn't seem to be any rule at all.

There might not be a logical explanation, but there will be an explanation, and this book is here to help.

In Highly Irregular, Arika Okrent answers these questions and many more. Along the way she tells the story of the many influences — from invading French armies to stubborn Flemish printers — that made our language the way it is today. Both an entertaining send-up of linguistic oddities and a deeply researched history of English, Highly Irregular is essential reading for anyone who has paused to wonder about our marvelous mess of a language.

Table of Contents

Arika Okrent, Linguist and author of In the Land of Invented Languages, and Illustrated by Sean O'Neill, Illustrator and Writer

Arika Okrent is a linguist and author of In the Land of Invented Languages. She worked in a brain research lab on her way to a Psycholinguistics PhD from the University of Chicago, and now writes about language for various publications including Mental Floss, The Week, Smithsonian Magazine, Popular Science, Slate, and Aeon. Sean O'Neill is an illustrator and writer living in Chicago. He is the creator of the Rocket Robinson series of graphic novels for young readers. Arika and Sean are also known for their series of live-drawing whiteboard videos on language and other topics, produced by mentalfloss.com.


Erstellt: 2021-09

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PONS
Englisch rund um die Insel
Quiz, Sprachenrätsel und Skurriles

(E?)(L?) http://www.pons.de/produkte/3-12-561921-1/

Format: 15 x 21 cm, 128 Seiten, Broschur
ISBN: 978-3-12-561921-0

Englischlernen einmal anders So lernen Sie die Englender verstehen - ihre Sprache, ihre Kultur, ihre Eigenheiten. Testen Sie Ihr Wissen und erfahren Sie viel Neues über die Sprache, Land und Leute.

Für England-Liebhaber mit ersten Vorkenntnissen in der englischen Sprache (Niveau A2-B2).


Erstellt: 2013-06

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Viereck, Wolfgang
Viereck, Karin
Ramisch, Heinrich
Atlas Englische Sprache

dtv
275 Seiten

(E?)(L?) http://www.dtv.de/

Der dtv-Atlas zur englischsprachigen Welt vermittelt einen Überblick Sprache Wortbildung, Syntax, aber auch über die Entwicklung vom Altenglischen ...


(E?)(L?) https://www.sprachlog.de/2007/08/11/bilderbuchtipp-windows-vista-windaugensicht/

"Windows Vista" = "Windaugensicht"

Von Kristin Kopf

Oooh, oooh, ganz dringend lesen:

Wolfgang Viereck, Karin Viereck, Heinrich Ramisch (2002): dtv-Atlas Englische Sprache. München.

Da erfährt man zum Beispiel, dass "window" ein skandinavisches Lehnwort ist und ursprünglich "Windauge" hieß. Oder dass die "Pikten" von den Römern so genannt wurden, weil sie "picti" = "Bemalte" waren. Oder dass Professor "Slughorn" eine "Nacktschnecke" beinhaltet, und keine mit Häuschen, denn die heißt ja "snail" (*summ* “I’d rather be a sparrow than a snail …”). – Und auch wenn man Englisch studiert oder so etwas aus anderen Gründen für Allgemeinwissen hält, wird man bestimmt seine Freude dran haben.

Außerdem hat es ein Text-Bild-Verhältnis von 50:50! Juhu!


Erstellt: 2023-11

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