neither hide nor hair (W3)

proz.com
McCann, Michael J.
The Use of Metaphors

Table of Contents

• Introduction 6
• Definition of the metaphor 6
• Use of metaphors 6
• Refutation 7
• Etymology and structure 7
• Historical aspect 7
• Argumentative distribution of the concept 8
• Explicit metaphors 10
• Examples of explicit metaphors 10
• Explicit linguistic requirement 11
• Implicit metaphors 12
• Implicit linguistic requirement 12
• Translation osmosis 12
• Intra-rhetorical metaphors 14
• Examples of infra-rhetorical metaphors (5-76) 14
• Refutation 20
• Extra-rhetorical metaphors 21
• Text reprise 21
• Visual metaphor(s) 22
• Therapeutic metaphors 22
• Radical or root metaphors 23
• Examples of extra-rhetorical metaphors (101-159) 24
• Conceptual metaphors 24
• Headings 29
• Close proximity of metaphors 29
• Explicit cognitive metaphors 30
• Noun and verbal cognitive forms of metaphors 32
• Translation strategy and tactic 34
• Levels of cognition 39
• First level of transference 39
• Second level of transference 39
• Third level of transference 40
• Fourth level of transference 40
• Fifth level of transference 40
• Research aims 42
• First objective of this research 42
• Second objective of this research 43
• Third objective of this research 46
• Conclusions 55
• Bibliography 56
• Dictionaries 56
• Sitography 56

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Etymology and structure

The etymology of the word "metaphor" some from the Greek words "over", and "to carry". "Metaphor" implies "transference" of an aspect of one concept to another concept, thus creating a mental expression, statement or judgement.

The first part of the metaphor is the unfamiliar or less familiar item, sometimes called the ‘tenor’, basically equivalent in cognitive linguistics to the ‘target’. The more familiar item is called the ‘vehicle’ or in cognitive linguistics the ‘source’. The essential condition of the metaphor, the sine qua non, is the transference of one or more characteristics of the source concept to the target concept.
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The use of the classical Latin metaphor of "opportunity", etymologically denoting a favourable wind blowing toward the harbour, "ob-" "in the direction of" and "portus", "harbour", has long been lost in both speech and literature.
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wissenschaft-online
Warum es sich neben einer Kiste besser denkt

von Jan Dönges

Beim Nachdenken "öfter mal über den Tellerrand zu schauen" oder "sich nicht im Kreis zu drehen" sind nicht nur verbreitete, sondern offenbar auch ganz nützliche Tipps, um die Kreativität zu fördern - zumindest dann, wenn der Angesprochene die Aufforderung wörtlich nimmt. Das ergab jetzt die Studie eines internationalen Forscherteams, bei der Freiwillige solche Metaphern wortwörtlich in die Tat umsetzen sollten.

Angela Leung von der Singapore Management University und Kollegen konzentrierten sich dabei auf Metaphern, die im englischen Sprachgebrauch verbreitet sind, darunter "to think outside the box" ("außerhalb der Kiste denken"). Würden Versuchspersonen, die neben einer Kiste sitzen, bessere Antworten finden als solche, die darin sitzen?
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Sommer, Elyse (Autor, Herausgeber)
Weiss, Dorrie (Künstler)
Metaphors Dictionary

Kurzbeschreibung
A masterful metaphor, like a picture, may be worth a thousand words. By comparing two unlike objects or ideas, it illuminates the similarities between them, accomplishing in a word or phrase what could otherwise be expressed only in many words, if at all. "Metaphors Dictionary" is an expansive collection of 6,500 colorful classic and contemporary comparative phrases (with full annotations and a complete bibliography of sources). "The Metaphors Dictionary" revisits most of the great and respected names in the annals of cultural literacy while dipping into current literature and media sources. And now available for the first time in hard cover, it's bound for heavy duty at a price that's hard to beat.

Synopsis
Contains 6,500 phrases organized under 500 themes, including aloneness, death, love, and peace.