Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Ismus, Ismo, Isme, Ismo, Ism, (esper.) ismoj

IT-Ismen

bimbo (W3)

contraband (W3)

"contraband", NOUN:

1. Goods prohibited by law or treaty from being imported or exported.

2a. Illegal traffic in contraband; smuggling. 2b. Smuggled goods.

3. Goods that may be seized and confiscated by a belligerent if shipped to another belligerent by a neutral.

4. An escaped slave during the Civil War who fled to or was taken behind Union lines.

"contraband", ADJECTIVE:

Prohibited from being imported or exported.

ETYMOLOGY:

Italian "contrabbando": "contra-", "against" (from Latin "contr-"; see "contra–") + "bando", "legal proclamation" (from Late Latin "bannus", of Germanic origin; see "bha-" 2 in Appendix I).

OTHER FORMS:

• "contrabandage", NOUN
• "contrabandist", NOUN

Appendix I, Indo-European Roots

ENTRY: "bha" 2

DEFINITION: "To speak". Oldest form "*bhe" 2, colored to "*bha" 2, contracted to "*bha-".

Derivatives include "fate", "infant", "prophet", "abandon", "banish", "symphony", "confess", and "blame".

1. "fable", "fabliau", "fabulous", "fado", "fairy", "fandango", "fate", "fay" 2; "affable", "fantoccini", "ineffable", "infant", "infantry", "preface", from Latin "fari"= "to speak".

2. "–phasia"; "apophasis", "prophet", from Greek "phanai" = "to speak".

3a. "ban" 1, from Old English "bannan" = "to summon", "proclaim", and Old Norse "banna" = "to prohibit", "curse";

3b. "banal", "banns"; "abandon", from Old French "ban", feudal jurisdiction, summons to military service, proclamation, Old French "bandon" = "power", and Old English "gebann" = "proclamation";

3c. "banish", from Old French "banir" = "to banish";

3d. "contraband", from Late Latin "bannus", "bannum" = "proclamation";

3e. "bandit", from Italian "bandire" = "to muster", "band together" (- "to have been summoned").

3a–3e all from Germanic suffixed form "*ban-wan", "*bannan" = "to speak publicly" (used of particular kinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudal custom; "to proclaim under penalty", "summon to the levy", "declare outlaw").

4. Suffixed form "*bha-ni-".

4a. "boon" 1, from Old Norse "bon" = "prayer", "request";

4b. "bee1", perhaps from Old English "ben" = "prayer", from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse "bon" = "prayer". Both 4a and 4b from Germanic "*boni-".

5. Suffixed form "*bha-ma".

5a. "fame", "famous"; "defame", "infamous", from Latin "fama" = "talk", "reputation", "fame";

5b. "euphemism", "Polyphemus", from Greek "pheme" = "saying", "speech".

6. Suffixed o-grade form "*bho-na-". "phone" 2, "–phone", "phoneme", "phonetic", "phono-", "–phony"; "anthem", "antiphon", "aphonia", "cacophonous", "euphony", "symphony", from Greek "phone" = "voice", "sound", and (denominative) "phenein" = "to speak".

7. Suffixed zero-grade form "*bhe-to-" = "confess", "profess", from Latin "fatr" = "to acknowledge", "admit".

8. "blame", "blaspheme", from Greek "blasphemos", "blasphemous", perhaps from "*mis-bha-mo-" = "speaking evil" ("blas-" = "evil"; see "mel-" 3).

(Pokorny 2. "bha-" 105.)

ide. "*bha-" 2

"To speak". Oldest form "*bheh2-", colored to "*bhah2-", becoming "*bha-".

Derivatives include "fate", "infant", "prophet", "abandon", "banish", "symphony", "confess", and "blame".

1. "fable", "fabliau", "fabulous", "fado", "fairy", "fandango", "fate", "fay" 2; "affable", "fantoccini", "ineffable", "infant", "infantry", "preface", from Latin "fari", "to speak".

2. "-phasia"; "apophasis", "prophet", from Greek "phanai", "to speak".

3.a. "ban" 1, from Old English "bannan", "to summon", "proclaim", and Old Norse "banna", "to prohibit", "curse";

3.b. "banal", "banns"; "abandon", from Old French "ban", "feudal jurisdiction", "summons to military service", "proclamation", Old French "bandon", "power", and Old English "gebann", "proclamation";

3.c. "banish", from Old French "banir", "to banish";

3.d. "contraband", from Late Latin "bannus", "bannum", 2proclamation";

3.e. "bandit", from Italian "bandire", "to proclaim", "proscribe", "banish".

3a-3e) all from Germanic suffixed form "*ban-wan", "*bannan", "to speak publicly" (used of particular kinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudal custom; "to proclaim under penalty", "summon to the levy", "declare outlaw").

4. Suffixed form "*bha-ni-".

4.a. "boon" 1, from Old Norse "bon", "prayer", "request";

4.b. "bee" 1, perhaps from Old English "ben", "prayer", from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse "bon", "prayer".

Both 4.a. and 4.b. from Germanic "*boni-".

5. Suffixed form "*bha-ma".

5.a. "fame", "famous"; "defame", "infamous", from Latin "fama", "talk", "reputation", "fame";

5.b. "euphemism", "Polyphemus", from Greek "pheme", "saying", "speech".

6. Suffixed o-grade form "*bho-na-". "phone" 2, "-phone", "phoneme", "phonetic", "phono-", "-phony"; "anthem", "antiphon", "aphonia", "cacophonous", "euphony", "symphony", from Greek "phone", "voice", "sound", and (denominative) "phonein", "to speak".

7. Suffixed zero-grade form "*bhe-to-". "confess", "profess", from Latin "fateri", "to acknowledge", "admit".

8. "blame", "blaspheme", from Greek "blasphemos", "blasphemous", perhaps from "*mls-bha-mo-", "speaking evil" ("blas-", "evil"; see "mel-" 3).

[Pokorny 2. "bha-" 105.]

"contraband", noun

• any goods which are illicit or illegal to possess
• goods which are prohibited from being traded, smuggled goods
• an escaped slave during the Civil War who was taken behind Union lines

"contraband", adjective

prohibited from being traded
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Contrabands and Freedmen Cemetery

Alexandria, Virginia

Once forgotten and built over, this historic Black cemetery now houses a poignant memorial.

Beer Quarry Caves

Beer, England

This Roman quarry once held secret masses and smuggler's contraband and is now home to rare species of bats.

Museum of Confiscated Art

Brest, Belarus

A small museum in this border city displays the contraband art that has been stolen back from smugglers.

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ORIGIN OF CONTRABAND

First recorded in1520–30; earlier "contrabanda", from Spanish, from Italian "contrabando" (now "contrabbando"), equivalent to "contra" = "against" + Medieval Latin "bandum", variant of "bannum" = "edict"; see origin at "contra" 1, "ban" 2.
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• contrabandist
• contraband of war

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ORIGIN OF CONTRABANDIST

From the Spanish word "contrabandista", dating back to 1810–20. See "contraband", "-ist".
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"contraband": Goods that are brought into a country illegally, often to avoid taxes. Spanish "contrabanda" = "smuggling" - Italian "contrabando" = "unlawful dealing" - Latin "contra" = "against" + "bandun" = "edict", "proclamation".

ide. "*bha-" (2) : Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to speak", "tell", "say".

It forms all or part of:

"abandon"; "affable"; "anthem"; "antiphon"; "aphasia"; "aphonia"; "aphonic"; "apophasis"; "apophatic"; "ban" (n.1) "proclamation" or "edict"; "ban" (v.); "banal"; "bandit"; "banish"; "banlieue"; "banns" (n.); "bifarious"; "blame"; "blaspheme"; "blasphemy"; "boon" (n.); "cacophony"; "confess"; "contraband"; "defame"; "dysphemism"; "euphemism"; "euphony"; "fable"; "fabulous"; "fado"; "fairy"; "fame"; "famous"; "fandango"; "fatal"; "fate"; "fateful"; "fatuous"; "fay"; "gramophone"; "heterophemy"; "homophone"; "ineffable"; "infamous"; "infamy"; "infant"; "infantile"; "infantry"; "mauvais"; "megaphone"; "microphone"; "monophonic"; "nefandous"; "nefarious"; "phatic"; "-phone"; "phone" (n.2) "elementary sound of a spoken language"; "phoneme"; "phonetic"; "phonic"; "phonics"; "phono-"; "pheme"; "-phemia"; "Polyphemus"; "polyphony"; "preface"; "profess"; "profession"; "professional"; "professor"; "prophecy"; "prophet"; "prophetic"; "quadraphonic"; "symphony"; "telephone"; "xylophone".

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:

Greek "pheme" = "speech", "voice", "utterance", "a speaking", "talk", "phone" "voice", "sound", "phanai" = "to speak"; Sanskrit "bhanati" = "speaks"; Latin "fari" = "to say", "fabula" = "narrative", "account", "tale", "story", "fama" = "talk", "rumor", "report"; "reputation", "public opinion"; "renown", "reputation"; Armenian "ban", "bay" = "word", "term"; Old Church Slavonic "bajati" = "to talk", "tell"; Old English "boian" = "to boast", "ben" "prayer", "request"; Old Irish "bann" = "law".

contraband (n.)

1520s, "smuggling", "illegal or prohibited traffic"; 1590s, "smuggled goods", "anything by law forbidden to be imported or exported"; from French "contrebande" = "a smuggling", from older Italian "contrabando" (modern "contrabbando") = "unlawful dealing", etymologically "contrary to proclamation", from Latin "contra" = "against" (see "contra" (prep., adv.)) + Medieval Latin "bannum", from Frankish "*ban" = "a command" or some other Germanic source (see "ban" (v.)). As an adjective, "prohibited by law, proclamation, or treaty", 1650s.

"ban" (v.)

Old English "bannan" = "to summon", "command", "proclaim", from Proto-Germanic "*bannan" = "to speak publicly" (used in reference to various sorts of proclamations), "command"; "summon"; "outlaw", "forbid" (source also of Old Frisian "bonna" = "to order", "command", "proclaim", Old High German "bannan" = "to command or forbid under threat of punishment", German "bannen" = "banish", "expel", "curse"), apparently a Germanic specialization from a suffixed form of PIE root "*bha-" (2) = "to speak", "tell", "say" (source also of Old Irish "bann" = "law", Armenian "ban" = "word").

From mid-12c. as "to curse", "condemn", "pronounce a curse upon"; from late 14c. as "to prohibit"; these senses likely are via the Old Norse cognate "banna" = "to curse", "prohibit", and probably in part from Old French "banir" = "to summon", "banish" (see "banish"), a borrowing from Germanic. The sense evolution in Germanic was from "speak" to "proclaim a threat" to (in Norse, German, etc.) "curse", "anathematize".

The Germanic root, borrowed in Latin and French, has been productive: "banal", "bandit", "contraband", etc. Related: "Banned"; "banning". "Banned in Boston" dates from 1920s, in allusion to the excessive zeal and power of that city's Watch and Ward Society. "Ban the bomb" as a slogan of the nuclear disarmament movement is from 1955.

Michael Powell: Contraband, 1940

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Did you know?

"Contraband" first appeared in English in the early 1500s as a borrowing of Italian "contrabbando". This Italian word can be traced to the Medieval Latin word "contrabannum", a combination of "contra-" ("against") and "bannum" ("decree"). "Bannum" is Germanic in origin and is related to Old High German "bannan" ("to command"). "Bannan" is also related to Middle English "bannen" ("to summon" or "to curse"), the source of the English verb "ban", which now means "to prohibit" but which once also meant "to curse".
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Etymology: borrowed from Middle French & Italian; Middle French "contrebande", borrowed from Italian "contrabando" (later "contrabbando"), originally Upper Italian (Venetian) "chontrabando" (Medieval Latin of Venice "contrabannum"), from "contra-" = "CONTRA-" + "bando" = "proclamation", "edict", "law", borrowed from Gothic "bandwo" = "sign", "signal" — more at "BAND" entry 3

First Known Use: circa 1540, in the meaning defined at sense 1 [1 : illegal or prohibited traffic in goods : SMUGGLING]
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"contrabandist", noun - SMUGGLER

Etymology: borrowed from Spanish "contrabandista", from "contrabando" = "contraband" (borrowed from Italian "contrabbando") + "-ista" "-IST" entry 1 — more at "CONTRABAND"

First Known Use: circa 1818, in the meaning defined above
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Limericks on "contraband"
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Buck named his band as a pun on both country (music) band and contraband, which generally means "smuggled goods", but which can also mean "stolen goods", when used humorously.
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During the US Civil War, the term "contraband" was applied to escaped slaves who fled to or who were taken behind Union lines.
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Since this unsuccessful attempt at escape, Nick's toying with the idea of going straight. Don't hold your breath re: the likelihood of success.

Limericks on "contrabandist"

The Two Classes of Airport Contraband

Airport security found a jar of pasta sauce in my luggage last month. It was a 6-ounce jar, above the limit; the official confiscated it, because allowing it on the airplane with me would have been too dangerous. And to demonstrate how dangerous he really thought that jar was, he blithely tossed it in a nearby bin of similar liquid bottles and sent me on my way.

There are two classes of "contraband" at airport security checkpoints: the class that will get you in trouble if you try to bring it on an airplane, and the class that will cheerily be taken away from you if you try to bring it on an airplane. This difference is important: Making security screeners confiscate anything from that second class is a waste of time. All it does is harm innocents; it doesn’t stop terrorists at all.
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• | "CONTREBANDE", Forbonnais, [Commerce | Police; Commerce | Police; Comm. & Police.]
• | "Contre-bande", NA, [Coat of arms; Blason; dans le Blason]
• | "Contre-bandé", Eidous, [Coat of arms; Blason; terme de Blason]
• | "CONTREBANDIER", NA, [Commerce; Commerce; Comm.]
• | Fraude, Contravention, "Contrebande", NA, [Commerce; Commerce; Comm.]

"contraband": "Unfair Trade"

A somewhat lazy pronunciation of this noun leaves off the terminal -d, and that way of saying contraband is not without etymological sense: the -band part is related to the word ban, and contraband's Italian ancestor literally meant "against the ban." Contraband refers to both goods traded illegally, and those that are banned from trade.

APRIL 30, 2020: News Words: Contraband

"contraband": distributed or sold illicitly

"contrabandist": someone who imports or exports without paying duties

contraband

contrabandist

"contra-", "contro-", "counter", "contre-" (Latin: "against", "opposed to", "opposite", "contrary"; used as a prefix)

"Ban"

The House of Commons, the lower house of the British Parliament, last week voted by a large majority to ban the hunting of wild animals with dogs, which includes fox-hunting, though it’s unlikely that this will lead soon to a change in the law. "Ban" is a useful journalistic dagger, short and pointed, invaluable in headlines. But its application in this sense is surprisingly recent. Only from the middle of last century has it commonly been taken to mean the proscribing or prohibition of some activity.

Its origins lie in an old Germanic word meaning "to summon", "proclaim", which influenced English via Old Norse and then again later through Latin via French (very distantly, it is also the source of our "fame" and "phase"). In early times it frequently meant "a call to arms", but it also commonly referred to the "public proclamation that a couple proposed to marry", a word which is now written in the plural as "banns". Sometimes such proclamations were issued to formally "excommunicate someone" or "to outlaw" them, hence our word "banish".

The same root moved via Latin into Italian and gave rise to "bandito", a person who has been outlawed, which is the direct origin of our "bandit" (at first used in the plural to mean a gang of outlaws, leading some writers to think it came from "band").

Also coined in Italian was "contrabanda", which literally meant something done in defiance of a proclamation, hence an "unlawful act". It came to mean specifically "dealing in prohibited goods", "smuggling" sometime during its journey to us through Spanish. There was a lot of smuggling by the English with the Spanish possessions in the Americas in the years around 1600 and the word seems to have been picked up around that time along with the illicit goods. Once naturalised in English in the form "contraband" it started to refer to the "smuggled goods" themselves.

In French, the now-obsolete word "bandon" had been derived from "ban" with the sense of "control", "jurisdiction" (that is, those persons who are required to submit to a ban); from this arose "mettre à bandon", "to put a person under the jurisdiction of someone else", hence in English "to abandon" him.

The adjective from "ban" is "banal". In French its initial sense related directly to the "call to arms", specifically to the requirement that all young men should serve a period in the army. In English, it first meant any compulsory feudal service required by proclamation (for example, the common requirement that tenants should take their corn to be ground at the manor mill was called "bannal-mill"). From these beginnings, in both French and English it took on the broader sense of something that was open to or imposed upon the whole community, from which comes our modern sense of "commonplace", "ordinary". As with "ban", this sense is only recorded from the 1830s onwards.

Contraband
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Origin of "Contraband"

Italian "contrabbando": "contra-" = "against" (from Latin "contra-") "bando" = "legal proclamation" (from Late Latin "bannus") (of Germanic origin "*bha-" 2 in Indo-European roots)

From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition
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jiboney (W3)

• Das engl. "marriage of convenience" ist die Lehnübersetzung des frz. "mariage de convenance" (a marriage for expediency rather than love)
• Der frz. "gratte-ciel" und der dt. "Wolkenkratzer" sind Lehnübersetzungen des engl. "skyscraper".
• Das engl. "jiboney" = "a fool" ist (vermutlich) übernommen von dem ital. Dialektwort "giambone" = "ham" = "Schinken".