Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Ismus, Ismo, Isme, Ismo, Ism, (esper.) ismoj

IR-Ismen

wikipedia.org
List of English words of Persian origin

• Alfalfa
• Etymology: Spanish, from Arabic al-fa?fa?a : al-, the + fa?fa?a, alfalfa (variant of fi?fi?a, ultimately (probably via Coptic p-espesta : p-, masculine sing. definite article + espesta, alfalfa) from Aramaic espesta from Middle Persian aspast, horse fodder.[1]
• Amazons
• via Old French (13c.) or Latin, from Greek Amazon (mostly in plural Amazones) "one of a race of female warriors in Scythia," possibly from an Iranian compound *ha-maz-an- "(one) fighting together".[2] Or a borrowing from old Persian for a warring scythian tribe ("ha-u-ma-va-r-(z)ga: 'lit. 'performing the Haoma plant ritual' "),
• Assassin
• The original word in Persian: ?????? Hashâshin is the common name used to refer to Nizari Ismailis who conducted a series of political assassinations.
• Azure
• Middle English (denoting a blue dye): from Old French asur, azur, from medieval Latin azzurum, azolum, from Arabic al 'the' + lazaward (from Persian lažward 'lapis lazuli').:
• B
• Babouche
• Etymology: from French babouche and Arabic ?????, from Persian papoosh (?????), from pa "foot" + poosh "covering." a chiefly oriental slipper made without heel or quarters.[3][4]
• Babul
• Etymology: Persian ???? babul; akin to Sanskrit ??????, ?????? babbula, babbla (Acacia arabica), an acacia tree (Acacia arabica) that is probably native to the Sudan but is widespread in northern Africa and across Asia through much of India[3]
• Badian
• Etymology: French badiane, from Persian ?????? badiyan 'anise.'[3]
• Baksheesh
• from Persian bakhshesh (????), lit. "gift," from verb ?????? bakhshidan "to give, to give in charity, to give mercifully; (hence, also) to forgive". a gift of money[5][3]
• Balaghat
• Etymology: probably from Hindi ???????, from Persian ???? bala 'above' + Hindi gaht 'pass.' tableland above mountain passes.[6]
• Baldachin
• "Baldachin" (called Baldac in older times) was originally a luxurious type of cloth from Baghdad, from which name the word is derived, through Italian "Baldacco".
• Balkans (region)
• Etymology: possibly from Persian balk 'mud' with Turkish suffix -an, or Persian ???? bala 'big, high, upper, above' + ???? khana 'house, upperhouse, room'.[7]
• Ban (title)
• "governor of Croatia," from Croatian ban "lord, master, ruler," from Persian baan (???) "prince, lord, chief, governor"[8]
• Barbican
• possibly from Persian (???? khaneh "house").[9]
• Barsom
• Etymology: Persian ???? barsam, from Middle Persian ???? barsum, from Avestan ??????? barsman. a bundle of sacred twigs or metal rods used by priests in Zoroastrian ceremonies.[10]
• Bazaar
• from Persian ????? bazar (="market").
• Bazigar
• Etymology: Hindi ??????? bazigar, from Persian ??????. literally means a 'player' (< bazi 'game, play' + participial suffix -gar; cf. english suffix -er, viz. "play-er") and it refers to a gypsylike nomadic muslim people in india.[11]
• Bedeguar
• Etymology: Middle French bedegard, from Persian ??????? baadaaward. gall like a moss produced on rosebushes (as the sweetbrier or eglantine) by a gall wasp (Rhodites rosae or related species)[12]
• Begar
• Etymology: Hindi ????? begaar, from Persian ????? bi-gar. Meaning forced labor.[13]
• Begari
• Etymology: Hindi ????? begaar, from Persian ?????? bi-gari.. Meaning forced labor.[14]
• Beige
• Etymology: French beige via Old French bege, perhaps from Italian bambagia cotton, from Medieval Latin bambac-, bambax, from Middle Greek ßaµß?? bambak-, ß?µßa? bambax, probably from a Turkish word represented now by Turkish pamuk cotton, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian ????? pamba cotton. cloth (as dress goods) made of natural undyed wool. a variable color averaging light grayish yellowish brown. a pale to grayish yellow.[15] "beige" /bazh/ may derive from "camBYSES" (Gk. ß?ss?? "byssos" fine cloth, "bysses.byses" fine threads. Persian princes' robe)
• Belleric
• Etymology: French Bellérique, from Arabic ??????? balilaj, from Persian ????? balilah, the fruit of the bahera. compare to MYROBALAN.[16]
• Bellum
• Etymology: modification of Persian ???? balam. a Persian-gulf boat holding about eight persons and propelled by paddles or poles.[17]
• Benami
• Etymology:be(??) means 'not'or 'without'.Hindi ????? benaam, from Persian ???? banaam in the name of + i. made, held, done, or transacted in the name of.[18]
• Bezoar
• from pad-zahr (??????) antidote. Also used in the following words BEZOAR, ORIENTAL BEZOAR, PHYTOBEZOAR, TRICHOBEZOAR, WESTERN BEZOAR. any of various concretions found in the alimentary organs (especially of certain ruminants) formerly believed to possess magical properties and used in the Orient as a medicine or pigment --[19][20]
• Bheesty
• Etymology: from Persian ???? bihisht heavenly one. India: a water carrier especially of a household or a regiment.[21]
• Bhumidar
• Etymology: Hindi ?????? bhumidar, from ???? bhumi earth, land (from Sanskrit ???? bhuumi also Persian ???? Bumi and Old Persian ?? Bum) + ?? dar holder (from Persian). India: a landholder having full title to his land.[22]
• Bildar
• Etymology: Hindi ?????? beldar, from Persian ????? bildaar, from ??? bil spade + ?? -dar holder. Digger, Excavator.[23]
• Biryani
• Etymology: Hindi, or Urdu ?????? biryaan from Persian ????? beryaan. roasted, grilled. Also an Indian dish containing meat, fish, or vegetables and rice flavored with saffron or turmeric.[24][25]
• Bobachee
• Etymology: Hindi ??????? babarchi, from Persian ??????? baawarchi. India: a male cook[26]
• Bolor
• Etymology: Mongolian ????? Bolour, from Persian ???? Booloor. Mongolian, Persian: Crystal[27]
• Bombast
• Etymology: modification of Middle French bombace, from Medieval Latin bombac-, bombax cotton, alteration of Latin bombyc-, bombyx silkworm, silk, from Greek ß?µß?? bombyk-, ß?µß?? bombyx silkworm, silk garment, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian ???? pamba cotton. 1) obsolete: cotton or any soft fibrous material used as padding or stuffing 2) a pretentious inflated style of speech or writing.[28]
• Borax
• Etymology: Via Middle English boras, Anglo-Norman boreis, Medieval Latin baurach, and Arabic ???? báuraq; ultimately from Persian ??? burah or Middle Persian burak. the best-known sodium borate Na2B4O7·10H2O[29][30]
• Bostanji
• Turkish bostanci, literally, gardener, from bostan garden, from Persian ?????? bustaan flower or herb garden, from ?? bo fragrance + ???? -stan place. one of the imperial guards of Turkey whose duties include protecting the palace and its grounds, rowing the sultan's barge, and acting as imperial gardeners[31]
• Bronze
• Etymology: Perhaps ultimately from Pers. ???? birinj "copper.".[32]
• Brinjal
• Etymology: from Persian ???????? badingaan, probably from Sanskrit ??????? vaatingana. Eggplant.[33]
• Buckshee
• Etymology: Hindi ?????? bakhsis, from Persian ???? bakhshish.[34]
• Budmash
• Etymology: Persian ???? badma'sh immoral, from ??? bad (from Middle Persian vat) + ?? ma'sh (Arabic) living, life. India: a bad character: a worthless person.[35]
• Bakshi
• Etymology: Persian ???? bakhshi, literally, giver, from bakhshidan to give. India: a military paymaster.[36]
• bulbul
• Etymology: Persian originally borrowed from Arabic ???? ("nightingale"). a Persian songbird frequently mentioned in poetry that is a nightingale. a maker or singer of sweet songs.[37]
• Bund
• Etymology: Hindi ??? band, from Persian. An embankment used especially in India to control the flow of water.[38]
• Bunder Boat
• Etymology: Hindi ????? bandar harbor, landing-place, from Persian. a coastal and harbor boat in the Far East.[39]
• Bundobust
• Etymology: Hindi ???-?-??? band-o-bast, literally, tying and binding, from Persian. India: arrangement or settlement of details.[40]
• Burka
• Etymology: Arabic ???? burqu' ("face covering with eye openings") via Russian ?????, probably from ????? buryi dark brown (of a horse), probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur red like a fox; the Turkic word probably from Persian ?? bur reddish brown.[41]
• Burkundaz
• Etymology: Hindi ??????????? barqandz, from Persian, from ??? barq lightning (from Arabic) + ????? andaz thrower. an armed guard or policeman of 18th and 19th century India.[42]
• Buzkashi
• from Dary ?? buz "goat" + ??? kashi "dragging"[43]
• C
• Cafcuh
• from Persian qâfkuh (???????) or kuh-e qâf (??? ???)
• Calabash
• possibly from Persian kharabuz, Kharbuzeh (?????) melon.[44]
• Calean
• Etymology: Persian ????? qalyaan. a Persian water pipe.[45]
• Calender or qalandar (dervish order)
• Etymology: Persian ????? qalandar, from Arabic ??????, and from Persian ????? kalandar uncouth man. one of a Sufic order of wandering mendicant dervishes.[46][47]
• Camaca
• Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French camocas or Medieval Latin camoca, from Arabic & Persian ???? ????? kamkha, kimkha. a medieval fabric prob. of silk and camel's hair used for draperies and garments.[48]
• Candy
• from Old French sucre candi, via Arabic ??? qandi "candied," derived from Persian ??? qand, meaning "sugar." Probably ultimately derived from Sanskrit ???? khanda sugar, perhaps from Dravidian.[49]
• Carafe
• from Arabic gharafa (?????), "to pour"; or from Persian qarabah, (?????) "a large flagon"[50]
• Caravan
• Etymology: Italian caravana, carovana, from Persian ?????? karavan. a company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants on a long journey through desert or hostile regions: a train of pack animals.[51]
• Caravansary
• Etymology: modification of Persian ????????? karwansara, from ?????? karwan caravan + ??? sara palace, large house, inn; an inn in eastern countries where caravans rest at night that is commonly a large bare building surrounding a court.[52]
• Carcass
• Etymology: Etymology: Middle French carcasse, alteration of Old French carcois, perhaps from carquois, carquais quiver, alteration of tarquais, from Medieval Latin tarcasius, from Arabic ?????? tarkash, from Persian ???? tirkash, from ??? tir arrow (from Old Persian ?????????? tigra pointed) + ??? -kash bearing (from ???? kashdan to pull, draw, from Avestan ???? karsh-);[53]
• Carcoon
• Etymology: Marathi ?????? kaarkun, from Persian ????? kaarkon manager, from ??? kaar work, business + ?? -kon doer. India: CLERK.[54]
• Cassock
• Etymology: Middle French casaque, from Persian ??????? kazhaghand padded jacket, from ??? ??? kazh, kaj raw silk + ??? aaghand stuffed. a long loose coat or gown formerly worn by men and women.[55][56]
• Caviar
• from Fr. caviar, from Pers. khaviyar (??????), from ??? khaya "egg"+ ?? dar "bearing, holder".[57]
• Ceterach
• Medieval Latin ceterah, from Arabic ?????? shtaraj, from Persian ??????? shitarakh. A small genus of mainly Old World ferns (family Polypodiaceae) typified by the scale fern[58]
• Chador
• Hindi ????? caddar, from Persian ???? chaddar. a large cloth used as a combination head covering, veil, and shawl usually by women among Muslim and Hindu peoples especially in India and Iran.[59]
• Chakar
• Hindi ???? chakor, from Persian ???? chaker. India: a person in domestic service: SERVANT; also: a clerical worker.[60]
• Chakdar
• From Panjabi ?????? chakdar, from ???? chak tenure (from Sanskrit ???? cakra wheel) + Persian -?? -dar having. a native land tenant of India intermediate in position between the proprietor and cultivator.[61]
• Chalaza
• Old Slavic zledica frozen rain, Ancient Greek ???a?a chalaza hailstone or lump, Persian ???? zhaala hail. Either of a pair of spiral bands of thickened albuminous substance in the white of a bird's egg that extend out from opposite sides of the yolk to the ends of the egg and are there attached to the lining membrane.[62]
• Chappow
• Persian ??? Chapu pillage or ???? Chapaul raid. Word is Mongolian in Origin. Pillage/Raid.[63]
• Charka
• Hindi ????? carkha, from Persian ????, ??? charkha, charkh wheel, from Middle Persian chark; akin to Avestan chaxra- wheel, Sanskrit cakra. Wheel. a domestic spinning wheel used in India chiefly for cotton.[64]
• Charpoy
• From Persian ????-??? Char-pai. Literally meaning four-footed. a bed consisting of a frame strung with tapes or light rope used especially in India.[65]
• Chawbuck
• Hindi ????? cabuk, from Persian ???? chabuk archaic, chiefly India: a large whip.[66]
• Check (and Cheque)
• check (cheque)(n.) from O.Fr. eschequier "a check at chess," from eschec, from V.L. *scaccus, from shah "king," the principal piece in a chess game (see shah). 1st Sassanid Empire. When the king is in check a player's choices are limited. Meaning widened from chess to general sense of "adverse event, sudden stoppage" and by c.1700 to (from Persian 'chek' (??)"a token used to check against loss or theft" (surviving in hat check) and "a check against forgery or alteration," which gave the modern financial use of "bank check, money draft" (first recorded 1798), probably influenced by exchequeur. Check-up "careful examination" is 1921, American English, on notion of a checklist of things to be examined.[67][68]
• Checkmate
• from Middle French eschec mat, from Persian ??? ??? shâh mât (="the King ("Shah") is dead")[69][70]
• Chess
• from Russian ??? Shach, from Persian ??? shah ("the King"), an abbreviation of ???-??? Shâh-mât (Checkmate).[71]
• Cheyney
• Etymology: probably from Persian ???? chini literally meaning Chinese. a woolen fabric in use during the 17th and 18th centuries.[72]
• Chick
• Hindi ??? ciq, from Persian ??? chiq. a screen used in India and southeast Asia especially for a doorway and constructed of bamboo slips loosely bound by vertical strings and often painted.[73]
• Chillum
• Etymology: Hindi ???? cilam, from Persian ??? chilam.[74]
• Chilamchi
• Etymology: Hindi ???????? cilamci, from Persian ?????? chilamchi. India: a metal wash basin.[75]
• China
• From Chinese ? (referring to the Qin Dynasty), Sanskrit ??? Chinas, and Latin; Modification (influenced by China, the country) of Persian ??? Cin (Chinese) porcelain.[76]: Also, Japan and Korea are repeatedly referred as "MaaChin" in old Persian literature that literally means "beyond China".
• Chinar
• Hindi ????? chinar, from Persian ???? chanar. A type of Oriental tree.[77]
• Chobdar
• Hindi ?????? cobdar. From Persian ???? chubar. from ??? chub, chub staff, wood (from Middle Persian ?? chup wood) + ?? -dar having.[78]
• Cinnabar
• probably from Persian ??????? zanjifrah[79]
• Coomb
• Middle English combe, from Old English cumb, a liquid measure; akin to Middle Low German kump bowl, vessel, Middle High German kumpf bowl, Persian ????/???? gumbed(Gonbad). an English unit of capacity equal to 4 imperial bushels or 4.13 United States bushels.[80]
• Culgee; Etymology
• Hindi ??? kalg, from Persian ???? kalgi jeweled plume. a jeweled plume worn in India on the turban.[81]
• Cummerbund
• from Hindi ?????? kamarband (??????), from Persian ??? kamar (="waist") + ??? band (="band")[82]
• Cushy
• modification of Hindi ??? khush pleasant, from Persian ??? khush.[83]
• D
• Daeva
• daeva, deva from Avestan daevo; dev from Persian ?? deev. Zoroastrianism: a maleficent supernatural being: an evil spirit.[84]
• dafadar
• From Persian ???????? Daf'adaar. from Arabic ????? daf'ah time, turn + Persian ?? -dar holder.[85]
• Daftar
• Hindi ?????, record, office, from Persian ???? Daftar, from Arabic ???? daftar, diftar, from Aramaic ??????? defter and Greek d?f???a diphthera prepared hide, parchment, leather.[86]
• Daftardar
• Etymology: Hindi ???????? daftardar, from Persian ????????, finance officer, from ???? daftar + ?? -dar holder.[87]
• Dakhma
• Etymology: Persian ????, from Middle Persian dakhmak, from Avestan daxma- funeral place.[88]
• Daroga
• Etymology: Hindi ????? daroga, from Persian ???? daaroga. India: a chief officer; especially: the head of a police, customs, or excise station.[89]
• Darvesh
• Persian ????? darvish.[90]
• Darzi
• Hindi ????? darzi, from Persian ???? Darzi. A tailor or an urban caste of tailors in Hindu society in India.[91]
• Dastur
• Hindi ?????? dastur custom, from Persian ????? Dastur. customary fee.[92]
• Dastur
• From Persian ????? Dastur. a Parsi high priest.[92]
• Dasturi
• Hindi ??????? Dasturi from Persian ????? Dastur. Gratuity.[93]
• Defterdar
• Turkish, from Persian ??????? daftardar finance officer. a Turkish government officer of finance; specifically: the accountant general of a province.[94]
• Dehwar
• Persian ???? dehwar=??? Dih(land)+?? war (having possession of). : a member of the Dehwar racial type usually having the status of a laborer or slave.[95]
• Dervish
• from Persian ????? Darvish Middle Persian ???? Darweesh. a member of any Muslim religious fraternity of monks or mendicants noted for its forms of devotional exercises[96][97]
• Dewan
• Etymology: Hindi ????? diwan, from Persian ????, account book.[98]
• Demitasse
• from Fr. demi-tasse, lit. "half-cup," from demi- + tasse, an O.Fr. borrowing from Arabic ??? tassah, from Pers. ??? tasht "cup, saucer".
• Div
• See the Entry Daeva above.[99]
• Divan
• via French and Turkish divan, from Persian ????? devan (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian ???? dipi (="writing, document") + ?????? vahanam (="house")[100][101]
• Doab
• Etymology: Persian ???? doab, from ?? do two (from Middle Persian) + ?? -ab water. a tract of land between two rivers: INTERFLUVE.[102]
• Dogana
• Etymology: from Persian ??????, account book. an Italian customhouse.[103]
• Douane
• Etymology: from Persian ????? Divan. CUSTOMHOUSE.[104]
• Dubber
• Etymology: from Persian ??? Dabba. a large globular leather bottle used in India to hold ghee, oil, or other liquid.[105]
• Duftery
• Etymology: from ???? Dafter (Record)+? i. A servant in an office whose duty is to dust and bind records, rule paper, make envelopes. An office boy.[106]
• Dumba
• Etymology: Persian, from ??? dumb tail. a fat-tailed sheep of Bokhara and the Kirghiz steppe that furnishes astrakhan.[107]
• Durbar
• Etymology: Persian, from ?? dar door + ??? baar door, admission, audience. admission, audience of the king.[108]
• Durwan
• Etymology: Persian ???? darwan, from ?? dar door (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian ??? duvar-) + Persian ??? -wan keeping, guarding.[109]
• Dustuck
• Etymology: Hindi ????? dastak, from Persian ???? Dastak (handle, related to hand).[110]
• E
• Emblic
• New Latin emblica, from Arabic ???? amlaj, from Persian ?????aamlah. an East Indian tree (Phyllanthus emblica) used with other myrobalans for tanning.[111]
• Enamdar
• Hindi ??'????? in'aamdaar, from Persian, from ????? ina'm (originally Arabic meaning Gift) + ?? -dar holder. the holder of an enam (Gifts).[112]
• Euphrates
• From Old Persian Ufratu "Good to cross over"
• F
• Farsakh
• Arabic ???? farsakh, from Persian farsang ?????, from earlier parsang ?????, a Persian metric unit approximately 6 kilometers or 3.75 miles.[113]
• Faujdar
• Hindi ???????? Fawjdaar from Persian, from Arabic ??? Fawj Host (troops) + Persian ??? daar (holder). petty officer (as one in charge of police).[114]
• Faujdari
• from Persian, from ?????? fawjdar. a criminal court in India.[115]
• Ferghan
• from Persian ?????? Ferghana. a region in Central Asia. a usually small heavy Persian rug chiefly of cotton having usually a web and a fringed end, a deep blue or rose field with an all over herati sometimes guli hinnai design and a main border with a turtle design, and being highly prized if antique.[116]
• Feringhee
• from Persian 'Farangi'- ????? -: from the word Frankish: a person from Europe. The first encounter with Western Europe was during Charlemagne who was King of Franks. From that time the word Farangi means European, especially Western European. Also after the first Crusade this word appeared frequently in Persian and Arabic literature. (in Arabic as 'Faranji' because they could not pronounce /g/) . The Ottoman Turks pronounced it as Feringhee.[117]
• Fers
• Middle English, from Middle French fierce, from Arabic ????? farzan, from Persian ????? farzin. Coming from "Fares" a name given by Muslims to the Sassanid era cavalry.[118]
• Fida'i
• Arabic ???? fida (sacrifice) plus Persian suffix 'i'. ?????, a member of an Ismaili order of assassins known for their willingness to offer up their lives in order to carry out delegated assignments of murdering appointed victims.[119]
• Firman
• from Persian ferman ?????, from Old Persian framaanaa, a decree or mandate, order, license, or grant issued by the ruler of an Oriental country.;[120][121]
• fitna
• (Persian)==lovable
• G
• Gatch
• from Persian ?? (Gach), a plaster used especially in Persian architectural ornamentation.[122]
• Galingale
• from Persian ?????? khalanjan, a plant.[123]
• Ghorkhar
• from Persian ???? ?? (Gureh Khar). a wild ass of northwestern India believed to be identical with the onager.[124]
• Giaour
• from Pers. ??? gaur, variant of gabr "fire-worshipper"[125][126]
• Gigerium
• from Latin gigeria, plural, entrails of fowl, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ??? jigar liver.[127]
• Gizzard
• earlier gysard, alteration of gysar, from Middle English giser, gyser, from Old North French guisier liver (especially of a fowl), gizzard, modification of Latin gigeria (neuter plural) cooked entrails of poultry, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ??? jigar liver;[128]
• Gul
• Etymology: Persian Gol/Gul ??. Rose.[129]
• Gulhinnai
• Etymology: Persian ??? ??? guli hinna, from Persian ?? gul flower, rose + Arabic ???/??? hinna/henna. a Persian rug design consisting of a plant with central stem and attached star flowers.[130]
• Gulmohar
• Etymology: Hindi ??????? gulmohur, from Persian ??? gul rose, flower + ??? muhr seal, gold coin.[131]
• Gunge
• Etymology: Hindi ?? gãj, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ??? ganj treasure.[132]
• Gymkhana
• Etymology: probably modification (influenced by English gymnasium) of Hindi ????-???? gend-khana racket court, from Persian ???? khana house. a meet or festival featuring sports contests or athletic skills: as a: a horseback-riding meet featuring games and novelty contests (as musical chairs, potato spearing, bareback jumping).[133]
• H
• Halalcor
• Hindi ??????? halalkhor, from Persian, from Arabic ???? halal + Persian ??? khor eating. a person in Iran and India to whom any food is lawful.:[134] Hash
• Comes from "Hashish" (????) that means "weed derived drugs" in Persian.
• Havildar
• Hindi ??????? hawaldar, from Arabic ??? 'hawala' charge + Persian ?? 'dar' having. a noncommissioned officer in the Indian army corresponding to a sergeant.[135]
• Hyleg
• modification of Persian ???? hailaj 'material body'. The astrological position of the planets at the time of birth[136]
• Hindi
• from Persian Hindu, derived from ?????? Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. literary language of northern India usually written in the Devanagari alphabet and one of the official languages of the Republic of India.[137]
• Hindu
• from medieval Persian word ???? Hindu (mod. ???? Hendi), from ancient Avestan hendava ultimately from Sanskrit ?????? saindhava. "Indian"[138][139]
• Hindustan
• Hindi ?????????? Hindustan, from Persian ???????? Hindustan (mod. ???????? Hendustan) India.[140]
• Hircarrah
• Persian ??????? harkara, from har every, all (from Old Persian haruva-) + kaar work, deed, from Middle Persian, from Old Persian kar- to do, make.[141]
• Homa
• hom from Persian ?? hom, from Avestan haoma. a stylized tree pattern originating in Mesopotamia as a symbol of the tree of life and used especially in Persian textiles.[142]
• I
• India
• from Persian ??? Hind, from Sanskrit ?????? Sindu, a river, in particular, the river Indus.[143]
• Iran
• from Middle Persian ??? Ir (Aryan, Aria, Areia) + ?? an (place)[144]
• Ispaghol
• literally, horse's ear, from ??? asp horse (from Middle Persian) + ??? ghol ear. an Old World plantain (Plantago ovata) with mucilaginous seeds that are used in preparing a beverage.[145]
• J
• Jackal
• from Persian ???? shaghal, ultimately from Sanskrit ????? s?gala?. Any of several doglike mammals of the genus Canis of Africa and southern Asia that are mainly foragers feeding on plants, small animals, and occasionally carrion.[146][147]
• Jagir
• from Persian ?? Ja (place) + ??? gir (keeping, holding). a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district.[148]
• Jama
• from Persian ???? Jama (garment). a long-sleeved cotton coat of at least knee length worn by men in northern India and Pakistan. Also used as suffix in the word Pajama.[149]
• Jasmine
• from ?????? yasmin, the name of a climbing plant with fragrant flowers.[150][151]
• Jemadar
• Hindi ???'??, ?????? jama'dar, jam'dar (influenced in meaning by Persian ?????? jam'at body of troops), from Arabic ???? jam' collections, assemblage + Persian ?? dar having. an officer in the army of India having a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. Any of several police or other officials of the government of India.[152]
• Jasper
• The name means "spotted or speckled stone", and is derived via Old French jasrpe (variant of Anglo-Norman jaspe) and Latin iaspidem (nom. iaspis)) from Greek ?asp?? iaspis, (feminine noun)[153] from a Semitic language (cf. Hebrew ???? yashepheh, Akkadian ???? yashupu), ultimately from Persian ??? yašp.[154]
• Jezail
• Persian ?????? jaza'il. a long heavy Afghan rifle.[155]
• Jujube
• Greek ????f?? zizyphon, Persian ?????? zayzafun, an Asiatic tree with datelike fruit.[156]
• Julep
• from ???? gulab (rose(?? gul)-water(?? ab)).[157][158]
• K
• Kabob
• or kebab, possibly from Persian kabab ????, or from identical forms in Arabic and Urdu[159]
• Kabuli
• : Persian ????? kabuli, of or belonging to Kabul, Afghanistan.[160]
• Kaftan
• from Persian ????? khaftân.[161]
• Kajawah
• from Persian ????? (Kajavah/Kajawah). a pannier used in pairs on camels and mules especially in India.[162]
• Kala-Azar
• from Hindi ??? kala (black) + Persian ??? azar (disease, pain). a severe infectious disease chiefly of eastern and southern Asia that is marked by fever, progressive anemia, leukopenia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver and is caused by a flagellate (Leishmania donovani) which is transmitted by the bite of sand flies (genus Phlebotomus) and which proliferates in reticuloendothelial cells – called also visceral leishmaniasis.[163]
• Kamboh
• Etymology: Unabridged Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Kamboh as "a member of a low caste in the Punjab engaged chiefly in agriculture".[164]
• Karez
• Etymology: ???? kârez an underground irrigation tunnel bored horizontally into rock slopes in Baluchistan. A system of irrigation by tunnels.[165]
• Kemancha
• Etymology: from Persian ?????? Kamancheh. a violin popular in Middle East, Caucus and Central Asia. It has usually a single string and a gourd resonator and is held vertically when played.[166]
• Kerana
• Etymology: modification of Persian karranâi ?????, from ?? nâi, reed, reed pipe. a long Persian trumpet.[167]
• Kenaf
• Etymology: Persian. a valuable fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus) of the East Indies now widespread in cultivation.[168]
• Khaki
• from Hindustani and Urdu ?????/???? khaki (="made from soil", "dusty" or "of the colour of soil"), from Persian ??? khak (= "soil")[169]
• Khakhsar
• Etymology: Hindi ?????? khâksâr, from Persian khâkâsr ?????? humble, probably from khâk dust + -sâr like. a member of a militant Muslim nationalist movement of India.[170]
• Khan
• Arabic ??? khân, from Persian, a caravansary or rest house in some Asian countries.[171], also defined the Turko-Mongol title Khan that was adapted to Persian language.
• Khankah
• Etymology: Hindi ?????? khânaqâh, from Persian ???? khâna house + ??? gâh place.[172]
• Khawaja
• Etymology: originally from Persian khâwja ?????. used as a title of respect.[173]
• Khidmatgar
• from Arabic ???? khidmah service + Persian ?? -gar (suffix denoting possession or agency). In India: a male waiter[174]
• Khoja
• see khawaja
• Khuskhus
• Etymology: Persian & Hindi ????/???? khaskhas. an aromatic grass (Andropogon zizamoides) whose especially fragrant roots yield an oil used in perfumery and are also made into mats in tropical India – called also vetiver.[175]
• Kincob
• Etymology: Hindi ??????, ??????? kimkhab, kamkhwab, from Persian. an Indian brocade usually of gold or silver or both.[176]
• Kiosk
• from ???? kushk (="palace, portico, pavilion") or Middle Persian gošak "corner"[177][178]
• Koftgari
• Hindi ???????? koftgar, from Persian ??????? koftgari, from ???? koft blow, beating + ?? -gar doing. Indian damascene work in which steel is inlaid with gold.[179]
• Koh-i-Noor
• from Pers. koh ??? "mountain" ??? Noor (light)." famous diamond that became part of the British crown jewels after the annexation of Punjab by Great Britain in 1849, from Persian ??? ??? Kh-i-nr, literally, mountain of light[180][181]
• Kotwal
• Hindi ?????? kotwal, from Persian. a chief police officer or town magistrate in India.[182]
• Kotwalee
• Hindi ?????? kotwal, from Persian, from ?????? kotwalee. a police station in India.[183]
• Kran
• Persian ???? qran. the basic monetary unit of Persia from 1826 to 1932. a silver coin representing one kran.[184]
• Kurta
• Hindi & Urdu ????? ????? kurta, from Persian ???? kurtâ. a loose-fitting collarless shirt.[185]
• Kusti
• Persian ????? ???? kusti, kushti, from ??? kusht waist, side, from Middle Persian ???? ????? kust, kustak. the sacred cord or girdle worn by Parsis as a mark of their faith – compare.[186]
• L
• Lac
• Persian ?? lak and Hindi ??? lakh. Resinous substance secreted by the lac insect and used chiefly in the form of shellac. Any of various plant or animal substances that yield hard coatings resembling lac and shellac.[187]
• Lamasery
• French lamaserie, from lama + -serie (from Persian ???? sarai palace, large house).[188]
• Larin
• Etymology: Persian ???? lari. a piece of silver wire doubled over and sometimes twisted into the form of a fishhook that was formerly used as money in parts of Asia.[189]
• Lascar
• Urdu lashkari < pers, equiv. to ?????? lashkar army + -i suffix of appurtenance]. an east indian sailor. anglo-indian. an artilleryman.[190]
• Lasque
• Etymology: perhaps from Persian ???? lashk bit, piece. a flat thin diamond usually cut from an inferior stone and used especially in Hindu work.[191]
• Leucothoe
• legendary Persian princess supposed to have been changed by Apollo into a sweet-scented shrub. a large genus of American and Asiatic shrubs of the family Ericaceae with herbage that contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in shrubs of the genus Kalmia and with flowers in terminal and axillary one-sided racemes.[192]
• Lemon
• Origin: 1350–1400; 1905–10 for def. 4; < ml lemonium; r. me lymon < ml limo, (s. limon-) < pers ????? ????? limu, limun. based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2006.[193] the yellowish, acid fruit of a subtropical citrus tree, citrus limon. according to www.dictionary.com: although we know neither where the lemon was first grown nor when it first came to europe, we know from its name that it came to us from the middle east because we can trace its etymological path. one of the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a middle english customs document of 1420–1421. the middle english word limon goes back to old french limon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into england through france. the old french word probably came from italian limone, another step on the route that leads back to the arabic word ?????? ????? laymun or limun, which comes from the persian word ???? limu.
• Lilac
• from Pers. ???? lilak, variant of ???? nilak "bluish," from ??? nil "indigo"[194]
• Lungi
• Hindi ????? lungi, from Persian. a usually cotton cloth used especially in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma for articles of clothing (as sarongs, skirts, and turbans).[195]
• Laari
• Etymology: probably from Divehi (Indo-Aryan language of the Maldive Islands) ????, from Persian ? lr piece of silver wire used as currency, from Lari, town in S Persia where the currency was first minted. a Maldivian monetary unit equal to 1/100 rufiyaa. a coin representing one laari.[196]
• M
• Magic
• Middle English magik, from Middle French magique, from Latin magicus, from Greek magikos (µa?????), from magos magus, wizard, sorcerer (of Iranian origin; akin to Old Persian magush sorcerer). of or relating to the occult: supposedly having supernatural properties or powers.[197]
• Magus, magi
• from magus, from Old Persian maguš "mighty one", Priest of Zoroastrianism. A member of the Zoroastrian priestly caste of the Medes and Persians. Magus in the New Testament, one of the wise men from the East, traditionally held to be three, who traveled to Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus.[198][197]
• Malguzar
• Hindi ???????? malguzar, from Arabic ??? mal property, rent + Persian ???? guzar payer. Equivalent to Malik in India.[199]
• Manichaean
• Latin Manichaeus member of the Manichaean sect (from Late Greek ?a???a??? Manichaios, from Manichaios Manes died ab276A.D. Persian sage who founded the sect) + English -an. of or relating to Manichaeism or the Manichaeans. characterized by or reflecting belief in Manichaeism. Manichaeism was founded by Mani.[200]
• Manticore
• from O. Pers. word for "man eater," cf. ????? martiya- "man" + root of ??? khvar- "to eat". a legendary animal having the head of a man often with horns, the body of a lion, and the tail of a dragon or scorpion.[201][202]
• Margaret
• The common female first name, is derived from the Old Persian word for pearl *margarita-, via French (Marguerite), Latin (Margarita), and Greek Margarites (compare Modern Persian morvarid "pearl")
• Markhor
• Persian ??? mar(snake)+??? khor(eating), consuming (from khordan to eat, consume). a wild goat (Capra falconieri) of mountainous regions from Afghanistan to India.[203]
• Mazdak
• Name of Persian reformer of Zoroastrian Faith.
• Mazdakite
• from ???? Mazdak (of belonging to Mazda), 5th century A.D. Persian religious reformer + English ite. a member of the sect of Mazdak.[204]
• Mazdoor
• Hindi ????? mazdur, from Persian ????? muzdur. an Indian laborer.[205]
• Mehmandar
• Persian ???????? mihmandar, from ?????? mihman guest (from Middle Persian ????? mehman) + ?? -dar holder. an official in India, Persia, or Afghanistan appointed to escort an ambassador or traveler.[206]
• Mehtar
• Persian ???? mihtar prince, greater, elder, from mih great (from Middle Persian meh, mas) + -tar, comparative suffix (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian -tara-). A groom[207]
• Mesua
• New Latin, from Johannes Mesuë (Arabic ????? ?? ?????? Yuhanna ibn-Masawayah) died 857 Persian Christian physician Masawayah in the service of the Caliph. a genus of tropical Asiatic trees (family Guttiferae) having large solitary flowers with a 2-celled ovary.[208]
• Mezereon
• Middle English mizerion, from Medieval Latin mezereon, from Arabic ??????? mazariyun, from Persian ????????. a small European shrub (Daphne mezereum) with fragrant lilac purple flowers that appear before the leaves, an acrid bark used in medicine, and a scarlet fruit sometimes used as an adulterant of black pepper.[209]
• Mirza
• Persian ????? mirza, literally, son of a lord. a common title of honor in Persia prefixed to the surname of a person of distinction.[210]
• Mithra
• from the name of the Persian God Mithra.[211]
• Mithraeum
• from Persian ????? Mithra[211][212]
• Mithraism
• from Persian ????? Mithra[211][213]
• Mobed
• a Parsi priest. The word is cognate with Magian and Magus.[214]
• Mogul
• from ???? mughul (="Mongolian")[215]
• Mohur
• Hindi ???? muhur, muhr gold coin, seal, from Persian ??? muhr; an old gold coin of the Moguls that circulated in India from the 16th century. any one of several gold coins formerly issued by Indian states (as Bikaner, Gwalior, Hyderabad) and by Nepal and Tibet.[216]
• Mummy
• Middle English mummie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic ??????? mumiyah mummy, bitumen, from Persian ??? mum wax. a concoction formerly used as a medicament or drug containing powdered parts of a human or animal body.[217]
• Murra
• Etymology: Latin, probably of Iranian origin like Greek µ?????a µ???a morrhia murra; akin to Persian ??? mori, muri little glass ball. a material thought to be of semiprecious stone or porcelain used to make costly vessels in ancient Rome.[218]
• Musk
• from Middle English muske, Middle French musc, Late Latin Muscus, and Late Greek µ?s??? (moschos),[219][220] ultimately from Middle Persian ??? musk, from Sanskrit ??????? muska (="testicle") from diminutive of ??? mus (="mouse"). a substance that has a penetrating persistent odor, that is obtained from a sac situated under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, that when fresh in the pods is brown and unctuous and when dried is a grainy powder, that varies in quality according to the season and age of the animal, and that is used chiefly in the form of a tincture as a fixative in perfumes[221][222]
• Musth
• Hindi ???? mast intoxicated, ruttish, from Persian ???? mast; akin to Sanskrit ???? madati he rejoices, is drunk. a periodic state of murderous frenzy of the bull elephant usually connected with the rutting season and marked by the exudation of a dark brown odorous ichor from tiny holes above the eyes- on must also in must: in a state of belligerent fury – used of the bull elephant.[223]
• Mussulman
• from Persinan ?????? musulman (adj.), from Arabic ???? Muslim (q.v.) + Persian adj. suffix -an.[224]
• N
• Naan
• Etymology: Hindi + Urdu + Punjabi + Persian ???/???/ ???/??? nan bread; Hindi + Urdu nan, from Persian nan; akin to Baluchi nayan bread, Sogdian nyny. a round or oblong flat leavened bread especially of the Indian subcontinent.[225]
• Nakhuda
• Etymology: Persian ????? nakhuda, from ??? nav boat (from Old Persian) + ??? khuda master, from Middle Persian khutai. a master of a native vessel.[226]
• Namaz
• Etymology: Persian ???? namaz. akin to Sanskrit ???? namas obeisance. Islamic worship or prayer.[227]
• Naphtha
• Latin, from Greek: ??f?a, of Iranian origin; akin to Avestan napta moist, Persian neft naphtha; from Persian naft "naphtha". perhaps akin to Greek nephos cloud, mist. petroleum especially when occurring in any of its more volatile varieties.[228]
• Nargil
• Origin: 1830–40; < turk nargile < pers ??????? nargileh, deriv. of ?????? nargil coconut, from which the bowl was formerly made.[229][230]
• Nauruz
• Persian ????? nauruz. literally, new day, from nau new + ruz. the Persian New Year's Day celebrated at the vernal equinox as a day of great festivity.[231]
• Nay
• Etymology: Arabic ??? nay, from Persian: ??. a vertical end-blown flute of ancient origin used in Muslim lands.[232]
• Neftgil
• Etymology: German, from Persian ???????? ????? naftdagil naphtha clay[233]
• Numdah
• Etymology: Hindi ???? namda, from Persian ???? namad, from Middle Persian ???? namat; akin to Avestan namata. a thick felted rug of India and Persia usually made of pounded goat's hair and embroidered with bird or floral designs in colored wool yarn [234]
• Nugget[dubious – discuss]
• Nuggets / Nougat (French pronunciation: [nuga]; Azerbaijani: ????) from Persian: Nughah (????)
• Nuristani
• Etymology: Persian nuristan ??????? (Parsi ??? Noorr+Persian ???? Istan(Place)), from Nuristan, region of northeastern Afghanistan.[230][235]
• O
• Orange
• from Milanese narans (from Old French orenge, Italian arancia, and Spanish naranja), from Medieval Latin pomum de orange, in Arabic ????? naranj, from Persian ????? narange, from Sanskrit ?????? nara?ga, from Tamil narrankai, the "pungent fruit"[236] : Orange (the color) comes from "naranjy" in Persian that means "colored like narange" and the tangerine fruit is called narangy (??????).
• P
• Padishah
• Origin: 1605–15; < pers (poetical form), equiv. to ??? padi- (earlier ???? pati) lord + ??? shah. more on etymology: persian ?????? padishah, from middle persian ???????? patakhshah, from old persian ???? pati + ??? xshay- to rule; akin to avestan xshayeti. great king; emperor (a title applied esp. formerly to the shah of iran, the sultan of turkey, and to the british sovereign as emperor in india).[237][238]
• Pagoda
• via Portuguese pagode, from a corruption of Pers. ?????? butkada, from but "idol" + kada "dwelling."[230]
• Pahlavi
• Etymology: Middle Persian Pahlavi. The Middle Persian language of Sassanid Persia. a script used for writing Pahlavi and other Middle Iranian languages.[239]
• Pajama
• from Urdu/Hindi ?????? paajaama, from Persian ??????? - ?? ???? paë (paÿ) jamah, from pAy (="leg") + jAma (="garment"). of, pertaining to, or resembling pajamas: a pajama top; a lounging outfit with pajama pants[193][240][241]
• Pakistan
• From ???????; the Persian word of "Land of the Pure"
• Paneer
• Hindi & Urdu ????/???? panir, from Persian ???? panir (general term meaning Cheese). a soft uncured Indian cheese.[242]
• Papoosh
• earlier papouch, from French, from Persian ????? papush.[243]
• Para
• Etymology: Turkish, from Persian ???? parah. a Turkish monetary unit equal in modern Turkey to 1/4000 of a lira. any one of several units of value formerly used in countries at one time under the Turkish Empire.[244]
• Paradise
• via French: "paradis" and Latin: "paradisus," from Greek paradeisos (pa??de?s??) (=enclosed park"), from the Avestan word pairidaeza (a walled enclosure), which is a compound of pairi- (around), a cognate of the Greek pe?? peri-, and -diz (to create, make), a cognate of the English dough. An associated word is the Sanskrit word paradesha which literally means supreme country.[245][246]
• Parasang
• Latin parasanga, from Greek ?a?as????? parasanges, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian farsung (?????) parasang
• any of various Persian units of distance; especially: an ancient unit of about four miles (six kilometers)[241][247][248]
• Pargana
• Etymology: Hindi ????? pargana, from Persian. a group of towns in India constituting an administrative subdivision of the zillah.[249]
• Parsee
• Etymology: from O.Pers. ???????? parsi "Persian." In M.E., Parsees from ????? Pârsi. Meaning Persian. Also Zoroastrian of India descended from Persian refugees fleeing Islam in the 7th century and settling principally at Bombay[250][251]
• Pasar
• : Malay, from Persian ????? bazar. See bazar. an Indonesian public market.[252]
• Pasha
• Turkish pasa possibly from Persian ?????? padshah; see Padishah.[241]
• Pashm
• Etymology: pashm, pashim from Persian ??? pashm wool; pashmina from Persian pashmn woolen, from pashm. the under fleece of upland goats of Kashmir and the Punjab that was formerly used locally for the production of rugs and shawls but is now largely exported.[253]
• Pashmina
• from Pashmineh, made from ??? pashm; pashm (= "wool"). the fine woolly underhair of goats raised in northern India.[254]
• Pashto
• Persian pashtu? : from Afghan. According to Morgenstein the word is akin to Parthava, Persian, Pahlav. The Iranian language of Pathan people and the chief vernacular of eastern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, and northern Baluchistan[255]
• Path
• Common Germanic. This word cannot be descended directly from Indo-European, as Indo-European words in p- become -f in Germanic. The most widely accepted theory sees this word as a borrowing from Iranian, in which Indo-European p- is preserved, and there is alternation between forms with -t- and forms with -?- ; compare Avestan panta (nominative), pa?o (genitive) way, Old Persian pathi-. This explanation does however pose historical problems, given the limited distribution of the Germanic word.[256]
• Peach
• a corruption of the Latin word "Persicum." Peaches are called in Latin malum Persicum (Persian apple) prunum persicum (Persian plum), or simply persicum (pl. persici). This should not be confused with the more modern Linnaean classification Prunus persica, a neologism describing the peach tree itself (from the Latin prunus, -i which signifies "plum tree").[257][258]
• Percale
• Persian ?????? pargalah. a firm smooth cotton cloth closely woven in plain weave and variously finished for clothing, sheeting, and industrial uses.[259]
• Percaline
• French, from percale (from Persian ?????? pargalah) + -ine. a lightweight cotton fabric made in plain weave, given various finishes (as glazing, moiré), and used especially for clothing and linings; especially: a glossy fabric usually of one color used for bookbindings.[260]
• Peri
• Persian ??? (pari) or fairy, genius, from Middle Persian parik. Persian folklore: a male or female supernatural being like an elf or fairy but formed of fire, descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is accomplished, and originally regarded as evil but later as benevolent and beautiful. Also a beautiful and graceful girl or woman.[261]
• Persepolis
• from ???????? Pârsa+ Greek p??e?? polis.
• Persia
• via Latin and Greek ?e?s??, ultimately from Old Persian ???????? Pârsa
• Persis
• via Latin and Greek ?e?s??, ultimately from Old Persian ???????? Pârsa
• Peshwa
• Hindi & Marathi ????? pesva, from Persian ??? peshwa leader, guide, from pesh before. the chief minister of a Maratha prince.[262]
• Pilaf Origin
• 1925–30; < turk pilâv < pers ??? pilaw. a middle eastern dish consisting of sautéed, seasoned rice steamed in bouillon, sometimes with poultry, meat or shellfish.[193]
• Pir
• Etymology: Persian ??? Pir (Old Man). a religious instructor, esp. in mystical sects.[263][264]
• Pistachio
• from Latin pistacium, from Greek p?st?????, from Persian ???? pistah. small tree (Pistacia vera) of southern Europe and Asia Minor having leaves with 3 to 5 broad leaflets, greenish brown paniculate flowers, and a large fruit. the edible green seed of the pistachio tree.[265]
• Posteen
• Persian pustin of leather, from pust skin, from Middle Persian. an Afghan pelisse made of leather with the fleece on.[266]
• Popinjay
• from O.Fr. papegai (12c.), from Sp. papagayo, from Ar. ?????? babagha', from Pers. ???? babgha "parrot,"
• Prophet flower
• translation of Persian ??? ?????? guli paighmbar flower of the Prophet (Muhammad). an East Indian perennial herb (Arnebia echioides) having yellow flowers marked with five spots that fade after a few hours; also: a related annual[267]
• Punjab
• via Hindi Panjab, from Pers. ??? panj "five" + ?? ab "water.". of or relating to the Punjab or its inhabitants.[268]
• Purwannah
• Hindi ?????? parwana, from Persian: ?????. a written pass or permit.[269]
• Pyke
• Hindi ?????, ???? payik, payak messenger, from Persian dialect England: a civilian at whose expense a soldier is treated or entertained.[270]
• Pyjama
• Urdu/Hindi ?????? pajama from Persian: ?????? (pajama, literally, feet-garments). These are loose lightweight trousers formerly often worn in the Near East, a loose usually two-piece lightweight suit designed especially for sleeping or lounging.[271]
• R
• Rank
• from Persian ??? rang meaning "color", as the Sassanid army was ranked and dressed by color[272]
• roc
• from Persian ?? rukh (name of a legendary bird)
• rook
• from Middle English rok, from Middle French roc, from Arabic ??? rukh, from Persian ?? rukh (=chess piece)[273]
• rose
• from Latin rosa, probably from ancient Greek ??d?? rhodon, possibly ult. from Pers. ????? *varda-.[274][275]
• Roxanne
• fem. proper name, from Fr. Roxane, from L. Roxane, from Gk. ?????? Rhoxane, of Pers. origin (cf. Avestan ???????? raoxšna- "shining, bright").[276]
• S
• Sabzi
• Etymology: Hindi ????? sabz, literally, greenness, from Persian: ???? sæbz, a green vegetable.[277]
• Saffian
• Etymology: Russian ?????? saf'yan, from Turkish sahtiyan, from Persian ?????? sakhtiyn goatskin, from sakht hard, strong. a leather made of goatskins or sheepskins tanned with sumac and dyed with bright colors.[278]
• Saffron
• Etymology: Anglo-French saffron, safren, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic ?????? za?faran[279], from Persian: ?????? zarparan gold strung.[280]
• Samosa
• Etymology: Hindi ????? samosa from Persian ?????? sambusa. a small triangular pastry filled with spiced meat or vegetables and fried in ghee or oil[281]
• Sandal
• Etymology: Arabic ???? sandal, from Persian ???? sandal skiff.[282]
• Saoshyant
• Etymology: Avestan, savior. one of three deliverers of later Zoroastrian eschatology appearing at thousand year intervals and each inaugurating a new order of things and a special period of human progress.[283]
• Sapindales
• from Persian Spand (?????)
• Sarangousty
• Etymology: Persian ???????? sar-angushti thin paste for painting the tips of fingers, from ?? ????? sar-e angosht, "fingertip", ?? sar "head" + ????? angosht "finger", "toe". stucco made waterproof for protection against dampness.[284]
• Sard from Persian ??? zard.
• Sarod
• Etymology: Hindi ???? sarod, from Persian: ????.[285]
• Sarwan
• Etymology: Persian ?????? saarbaan. a camel driver.[286]
• Satrap
• governor of a province of ancient Persia, from Latin satrapes, from Greek sat??p?? satrapes, from Old Persian ?????????????? kshathrapavan-, lit. "guardian of the realm,"[287]
• scarlet
• from Pers. ?????? saqerlât "a type of red cloth". a rich cloth of bright color. a vivid red that is yellower and slightly paler than apple red[288]
• Scimitar
• Etymology: Middle French cimeterre, from Old Italian scimitarra, perhaps from Persian ????? shamshir. a type of blade.[289]
• Sebesten
• Etymology: Middle English, Medieval Latin sebesten, from Arabic ???????? sibistn, from Persian ???????? segpistan. an East Indian tree (Cordia myxa) with white flowers in loose terminal panicles.[290]
• Seer
• Etymology: Hindi ??? ser; perhaps akin to Persian ??? seer. a unit of weight.[291]
• Seerpaw
• Etymology: ?? Sar(head)+?? paa(feet). head to foot.[292]
• Seersucker
• Pers. ??? ? ??? shir o shakkar "striped cloth," lit. "milk and sugar".[293] Also from Sanskrit ??????????? (kshirsharkara), or milk-sugar."[294]
• Sepoy
• Etymology: modification of Portuguese sipai, sipaio, from Hindi ????? sipah, from Persian ????? Sipahi, horseman, soldier of the cavalry, from sipah army. a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power; especially: one serving in the British army.[295]
• Serai
• Etymology: from Persian ???? saraay, palace, mansion, inn.[296]
• Seraglio
• from ???? sarây "inn"[297]
• Serang
• Etymology: Persian ????? sarhang commander, boatswain, from ?? sar chief + ??? hang authority. boatswain. the skipper of a small boat.[298]
• Serdab
• Persian ????? sardab ice cellar, from ??? sard cold + ?? ab water. a living room in the basement of a house in the Near East that provides coolness during the summer months[299]
• Serendipity
• from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip ?? ????????? ???????, from Persian Sarandip ???????(="Sri Lanka"),
• Sesban
• Etymology: French, from Arabic ?????? saisabaan, from Persian ?????? sisabaan. Either of two East Indian plants of the genus Sesbania (S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca).[300]
• Setwall
• Etymology: from Persian ????? zaadwar.[301]
• Shabundar/Shabandar
• Etymology: From Persian ???????? shahbandar, from ??? shah king + ???? bandar city, harbor.[302]
• Shah
• Etymology: from ??? shah, from Old Persian ?? ?šayaþiya (="king"), from an Old Persian verb meaning "to rule"[303]
• Shahi
• Etymology: Persian ???? shahi. a former Persian unit of value equal to 1/20 silver kran; also: a corresponding coin of silver or copper or nickel[304]
• Shahidi
• Etymology: Arabic ???? Shahid (one who bears witness) + Persian suffix ? i.[305]
• Shahin
• Etymology: Persian ????? shahin (falcon). An Indian falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) having the underparts of a plain unbarred ferruginous color, being related to the peregrine falcon, and used in falconry[306]
• Shahzada
• Etymology: Hindi ???-???? shah-zada, from Persian, from ??? shah king + ???? zada son. The son of a Shah.[307]
• Shamiana
• Etymology: Hindi ???????? shamiyana, from Persian ??????? shamyanah. a cloth canopy[308]
• Shawl
• Etymology: from Persian ??? shal.[309]
• Sherristar
• Etymology: from Hindi ???????????? sarrishtadr, from Persian ?????? sarrishta(sarreshteh) record office + ??? daar having. Registrar.[310]
• Sherry
• According to one theory, it is from Jerez in Spain, which itself comes from Pers ????? Shiraz during the time of Rustamid empire in Spain.[311] The theory is also mentioned by Professor. T.B. Irving in one of his book reviews[312]
• Sherryvallies
• Etymology: modification of Polish szarawary, from Russian ???????? sharavary, from Greek sa?ßa?a sarabara loose trousers, probably of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ????? shalwar, shulwar loose trousers. overalls or protective leggings of thick cloth or leather formerly worn for riding on horseback[313]
• Shikar
• Etymology: Hindi ???? sikar, from Persian ???? shikaar, Middle Persian ???? shkaar. The word means hunting.[314]
• Shikargah
• Etymology: Hindi ???????? sikaargaah, from Persian ??????? shikrgaah, from shikaar hunting + -gah place. A game preserve.[315]
• Shikari
• Etymology: From Persian ???? Shikar+Persian suffix ? (i) denoting possession. a big game hunter.[316]
• Shikasta
• Etymology: Persian ????? shikasta broken, from shikastan ????? to break, from Middle Persian shikastan.[317]
• Shikra
• Etymology: from Persian ???? shikara bird trained to hunt. a small Indian hawk (Accipiter badius) sometimes used in falconry.[318]
• Simurgh
• Etymology: from Pers. ????? simurgh, from Pahlavi sin "eagle" + murgh "bird." Cf. Avestan saeno merego "eagle," Skt. syenah "eagle," Arm. ??? cin "kite.". a supernatural bird, rational and ancient, in Pers. mythology.[319]
• Sipahis
• See Spahi and Sepoy.
• Sircar
• Etymology: Hindi ????? sarkaar, from Persian ????? sarkaar. a district or province in India under the Mogul empire. the supreme authority. used also as a title of respect. in Bengal a domestic servant having the functions of a steward.[320]
• Sitar
• Etymology: via Hindi ????? sitar, from Pers. ???? sitar "three-stringed," from sih/she "three" (O.Pers. thri-) + Persian. tar "string". an Indo-Iranian lute with a long broad neck and a varying number of strings whose various forms are used in Iran, Afghanistana and the Indian subcontinent.[321]
• Softa
• Etymology: Turkish, from Persian ????? sukhtah burnt, kindled (with love of knowledge).[322]
• Sogdian
• Etymology: Latin sogdianus, from Old Persian Sughuda. of, relating to, or characteristic of ancient Sogdiana.[323]
• Soorki
• : Etymology: Hindi ????? surkh, from Persian ??? surkh, literally, redness, from surkh red, from Middle Persian ??? sukhr; akin to Avestan suXra- bright, Sanskrit sukra[324]
• Sowar
• Etymology: Persian ???? suwar rider, from Middle Persian asbar, aspwar, from Old Persian asabra- horseman, from asa- horse + -bra- carried by, rider. a mounted orderly. Lancer.[325]
• Spahi
• Etymology: Middle French spahi, from Turkish sipahi, from Persian ???? from Pahlavi spah, from Old Persian taxma spada, from Avestan spadha, meaning army, military. one of a corps of Algerian native cavalry in the French army normally serving in Africa. one of a corps of largely irregular Turkish cavalry disbanded after the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826.[326][327]
• Spinach
• Etymology: Middle French espinache, espinage, from Old Spanish espinaca, from Arabic ??????, ??????? isbnakh, isfinaakh, from Persian ????? aspanakh.[328]
• Squinch
• Etymology: Persian ??+???=) ????) (pronounced sekonj)—A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome. A later solution of this structural problem was provided by the pendentive. The squinch was invented in Iran. It was used in the Middle East in both eastern Romanesque and Islamic architecture. It remained a feature of Islamic architecture, especially in Iran, and was often covered by corbelled stalactite-like structures known as muqarnas.
• -Stan
• ?????;meaning "land" or "country", source of place names such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, etc., from Pers. -stan "country," from Indo-Iranian *stanam "place," lit. "where one stands,"[329]
• Subahdar
• Etymology: Persian ?????? subadar, from suba province + -dar having, holding, from Old Persian dar- to hold. the chief native officer of a native company in the former British Indian army having a position about equivalent to that of captain[330]
• Sugar
• Etymology: The word is Sanskrit which is an Indo-Iranian language of the Indo-Aryan branch but Persian played a role in transmitting it. Middle English sugre, sucre, from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin saccharum, from Old Italian zucchero, from Arabic sukkar, from Pahlavi shakar, ultimately from Sanskrit sarkara[327][331]
• Suclat
• Etymology: Hindi ????? suqlaa, from Persian ????? saqalaat a rich cloth. In India any of various woolens; specifically European broadcloth.[332]
• Surma
• Etymology: Persian ???? Surma. native antimony sulfide used in India to darken the eyelids.[333]
• Surnay
• Etymology: Persian ????? Surnaay. a Middle Eastern and Central Asian oboe.[334]
• syagush
• Persian ????-??? siyah-gush, literally, black ear. Caracal.[335]
• Samosa
• Etymology: Hindi ????? samos & Urdu ?????? ????? samosa, sambsa, from Persian ?????? sambusa.[336]
• T
• Tabasheer
• Etymology: Hindi ?????? tabshr, from Persian. a siliceous concretion in the joints of the bamboo valued in the East Indies as a medicine.[337]
• Tabor
• Etymology: Middle English tabur, from Welsh Tabwrdd and Old French tabour/tabur, alteration of tambur. See tambour.[338]
• Taffeta
• Etymology: from Persian ????? taftah meaning woven.[339]
• Tahsildar
• Etymology: Hindi ???????? tahsildar, from Persian ????????, from Arabic ????? tahsil + Persian ?? -dar. a revenue officer in India.[340]
• Taj
• Etymology: Arabic ??? taj, from Persian ??? taj, crown, crest, cap. a cap worn in Muslim countries; especially: a tall cone-shaped cap worn by dervishes.[341]
• Taj Mahal
• from Persian: ??? ???, lit. "the best of buildings;" or "the Crown's Place".
• Tajikistan
• ?????????; Tajik combined with Persian suffix -stan.[342] Literally meaning "Land of Tajiks" in Persian.
• Talc
• from Pers. ???? talk "talc."
• Tambour
• Etymology: French, drum, from Middle French, from Arabic ????? tanbur, modification (influenced by tunbur, a lute) of Persian ????? tabir.[343]
• Tambourine
• See above.
• Tanbur
• Etymology: Persian ???? Tambur.[344]
• Tangi
• Etymology: Persian ???? Tangi. a narrow gorge[345]
• Tandoori
• from ???? tannur "oven, portable furnace,"+Persian suffix i.
• Tapestry
• probably from an Iranian source (cf. Pers. ?????? ?????? taftan, tabidan "to turn, twist").[346]
• Tar
• Etymology: Persian: ???. An oriental lute.[347]
• Tarazet
• from (Shahin-e Tarazu) ????? ?????
• Tass
• Etymology: Middle French tasse, from Arabic ???/??? tass, tassah, from Persian ??? tast. a drinking cup or bowl.[348]
• Tebbad
• Etymology: perhaps from Persian ??? tab fever + ??? bad wind, from Middle Persian vat; akin to Avestan vata- wind, Sanskrit ?? vata.[349]
• Temacha
• Etymology: Persian ??????? tamakhra joke, humor. a Persian comic or farcical interlude performed by traveling players.[350]
• Thanadar
• Etymology: Hindi ???? thandar, from ???? than + Persian ?? -dar having. the chief officer of a thana.[351]
• Tiara
• via Latin tiara from Persian ???? tara
• Timar
• Etymology: Turkish timar attendance, care, timar, from Persian ??? tmr sorrow, care. a Turkish fief formerly held under condition of military service.[352]
• Tiger
• via Greek ?????? tigris from an Iranian source
• Tigris
• From Middle Persian ???? Tigr "arrow", originally from Old Persian ?????? Tigra "pointed" or "sharp"
• Toque
• from O. Pers. ??? taq "veil, shawl."
• Toxic
• (poison) for use on arrows: from O. Pers. taxša- "bow and arrow, New Persian ??? taxš" from PIE *tekw- "to run, flee."[353][354]
• Tranky
• Etymology: Persian dialect ?????? tranki. an undecked bark used in the Persian gulf.[355]
• Trehala
• Etymology: probably from French tréhala, from Turkish tgala, from Persian ????? tighal.[356]
• Tulip
• Etymology: any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa. from French tulipe, from Persian ????? dulband.[357]
• Turan
• from Persian ?????
• Turanian
• Etymology: Persian ????? Turan ??????? Turkistan (literally: "Land of the Turks"), the region north of the Oxus + English -ian. A member of any of the peoples of Ural-Altaic stock.[358]
• Turanite
• Etymology: from Persian ????? Turan + Russian -it' -ite. a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4.[359]
• Turanose
• Etymology: German turanos, from Persian ????? Turan + German -os -ose; obtained by the partial hydrolysis of melezitose; 3-a-glucosyl-fructose[360]
• Turban
• from Persian ????? dulband Band = To close, To tie.[361]
• Turkmenistan
• ?????????; Turkmen combined with Persian suffix ????? -stan.[342] Literally meaning "Land of Turkmens" in Persian.
• Typhoon
• Etymology: via Chinese ??/??, Hindi ????, Arabic ?????, and Ancient Greek t?f??; ultimately from Persian word Toofaan (?????)
• U
• Uzbekistan
• ????????; Uzbek combined with Persian suffix ????? -stan.[342] Literally meaning "Land of Uzbeks" in Persian.
• V
• Van
• from Caravan (q.v.)
• Vispered
• Avestan vispa ratavo meaning all the lords. one of the supplementary ritual texts included in the Avestan sacred writings.[362]
• vizier
• ???? etymology disputed; general references often derive it from Arabic ???? wazir, "viceroy", lit. "one who bears (the burden of office)", lit. "porter, carrier", from Arabic ????? wazara, "he carried". However, Jared S. Klein derives it from Middle Persian ??? vichir, from Avestan vicira, "arbitrator, judge".
• X
• Xerxes
• Gk. form (??????) of O. Pers. ???????????????? Kshayarshan-, lit. "male (i.e. 'hero') among kings," from Kshaya- "king" (cf. shah) + arshan "male, man."
• Y
• Yarak
• Etymology: From Persian ?????? yaraki power, strength. good flying condition: FETTLE – used of a hawk or other bird used in hunting eagles ... are difficult to get into yarak – Douglas Carruthers.[363]
• Yasht
• Modern Persian ??? from Avesta. Avestan yashtay adoration. one of the hymns to angels or lesser divinities forming part of the Avesta.[364]
• Yuft
• Etymology: Russian ????, ???? yuft', yukht', perhaps from Persian ??? juft pair.[365]
• Z
• Zamindar
• Etymology: zamindar, from Persian, from ???? zamin land + ??? -dar holder meaning "Possessor of real estate" in Persian. A collector of revenues from the cultivators of the land of a specified district for the government of India during the period of Muslim rule[366]
• Zamindari
• Etymology: from Persian, from ??????? zamindar.[367]
• Zanza
• Etymology: Arabic ??? sanj castanets, cymbals, from Persian ??? sanj. an African musical instrument consisting of graduated sets of tongues of wood or metal inserted into and resonated by a wooden box and sounded by plucking with the fingers or thumbs.[368]
• Zarathushtra or Zarathustra
• the Persian prophet
• Zedoary
• Etymology: Middle English zeduarie, from Medieval Latin zeduria, from Arabic ????? zadwr, from Persian. an East Indian drug consisting of the rhizome of either of two species of curcuma, Curcuma zedoaria or C. aromatica, used as a stimulant.[369]
• Zenana
• Etymology: From Persian ?? zan woman. The literal meaning is Women-related. The part of a dwelling in which the women of a family are secluded in India and Persian.[370]
• Zena
• feminine given name from Persian ?? Zan (woman).
• Zerda
• Etymology: Arabic ?????? zerdaw, probably of Persian origin. Fennec.[371]
• Zircon
• Via German Zirkon and Arabic ?????? zarkûn; ultimately from Persian ????? zargun, "gold-colored" or from Syriac ??????? Zargono.[372]
• Zirconate
• zircon + the suffix -ate, from Latin -atus
• Zirconia
• zircon + the New Latin -ia suffix
• Zirconium
• zircon + the New Latin suffix -ium
• Zoroaster
• from Persian Zarathushtra
• Zoroastrianism
• The religion brought forth by Zoroaster.
• Zumbooruk
• from Persian ?????? zanburah.[373]