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Jargon Buster

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Basic English Grammar Rules

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Below is a series of 40 basic English grammar lessons covering most of the English grammar tenses and most-used structures. All the lessons are designed with clear definitions, explanations and forms, followed by lots of examples.
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12 Tenses in English

• Present Simple Tense
• Present Continuous Tense
• Present Perfect Tense
• Past Simple Tense
• Past Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Tense
• Future Simple Tense
• Future Continuous Tense
• Future Perfect Tense
• Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Future Perfect Continuous Tense
• BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR RULES

Modal verbs

• WH - Questions
• Question Tags
• Conditionals
• This, that, these, those
• Preposition
• Passive voice
• Comparative and superlative
• Relative clause
• Enough
• Countable and uncountable noun
• Do or make
• So, too, either, neither
• either or, neither nor, not only … but also, both…and
• Structure: find it/ something + adj + to do something, …
• Irregular verb
• Adverbs of frequency
• Reflexive Pronouns
• Possessive adjectives and pronouns
• Article
• Reported speech
• Subject/ verb inversion
• Conjunction: and, but, so, because
• Structure: too …to …
• Structure: such … that …
• Structure: it’s time to …./ it’s (high) time …
• Structure: It’s no good/ use + V-ING, …
• Structure: so …that
• Quantifier: some and any, much and many, a lot of and lots of, few, a few and little, a little

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Grammar and Vocabulary

Ask about English | Grammar Challenge | How to ... | Pronunciation Tips | Keep your English up to date | Face up to Phrasals | Funky Phrasals | Moving Words | News vocabulary | Science vocabulary | Football vocabulary | Tennis vocabulary

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Style & Usage

• Addressing People in German the Right Way
• Advertising
• Antiquated Words and Phrases
• The Berlitz Phrase Book
• The Dark Roots of Blond(e) in The English Language
• Declining English
• English Strong and Weak Verbs - a Very Brief Overview
• Ergonomics
• Eskimo - the Wrong Term
• Estuary English
• Flaming and Trolling
• The Four Main Reasons Why Scientists are Sometimes Incomprehensible
• German Pronunciation
• Graphology - The Art of Handwriting Analysis
• A Guide to Saying Grace in Latin
• Interactive Voice Response Systems
• The Interrobang
• Isms
• Lateral Thinking
• Latin Pronunciation - a Beginner's Guide
• Medical Jargon
• Motion Picture Association of America Ratings System
• Neologisms
• New and Improved - The Great Advertising Fallacy
• Object-oriented Programming
• Oddities of English
• Onomatopoeia
• Origins of the Term 'Antipodean'
• Punctuation - a Quick Guide
• Puns and Other Word Play
• Puns: A Practical Guide
• Selected Pretentious Literary Terminology
• Self-reference
• Shorthand
• Talkers - Elusive Internet Chat Rooms
• Telling a Tall Tale - A Primer
• Valid and Invalid Arguments
• We
• Why?

Case
lower-case letter
upper-case letter (W1)

No. 163 CamelCase

Or, a case of recent spelling inventiveness

You're no doubt so familiar with "lower case" letters like the ones you're reading that you don't spend much time thinking about them. And the same for the "upper case" letters we usually call CAPITALS.

Occasionally someone with only casual familiarity with writing will ignore the difference between "upper" and "lower" and mix them up, so you'll see a sign with

GAllON or gaLLon, closED or ClOSed

and the like. But of course capital letters have their assigned use, for setting off personal names, the first word of a new sentence following a space, and so on.

What hasn't been part of the tradition is the use of a capital letter in the middle of a word, with lower case letters immediately before it. But even this has long had its uses, especially in names like "McIntyre", "DeJong", "VanSandt", "DuPont" and others.

It's interesting to see that in the last several decades, the writing of some words seems to have borrowed this custom. This probably began to take on a certain popularity in the writing of some product and corporation names, one of the earliest of which was "CinemaScope" back in the 1950s. "AstroTurf" came along in the 1960s, and since then there has been an explosive growth in a custom that is becoming more and more fashionable. Now we have "BellSouth", "CompuServe", "ExxonMobil", "FedEx", "HarperCollins", "RadioShack", "TimeWarner", - and this is only a small sample for illustration. Not to mention "SpongeBob SquarePants".

But it's been in the computer world that this "interior capitalization" has taken off to the extent that it is no exaggeration to regard it as something like a standard spelling convention. One important difference here is that it's not a mere fashion but something closer to a necessity: A large number of brief names need to be given in the context where a space or some separating symbol is not allowable. So we get a very large number of names of programs, commands, applications and products composed of two words run together. The capitalization of the second doesn't affect the computer's recognition but signals to the eye that two words are intended. Here are a random few for illustration

"AntiVirus", "AppleScript", "CardBus", "ContextString", "DataType", "FrontPage", "GeoPort", "HelpFile", "ImageReady", "JavaScript", "MacBinary", "MacroName", "MoveNext", "NetWare", "PageMaker", "PhotoDraw", "PostScript", "PowerPoint", "QuickTime", "ScanDisk", "SigmaPlot", "TechNet", "WinHelp", "WordBasic", "WordPad", "WordPerfect", ...

When you saw the title of this "Miniature", did you think right away of transporting an animal in a box? That's what most of us would think of first, but actually it's intended to bring up the question: What do we call this fairly recently expanded capitalization custom? Normally we don't feel the need to call it anything at all, but there are several names it's gone by, such as "BiCapitalization", "BumpyCase", "InterCaps", "MixedCase", "NerdCaps".

Now that it's been becoming more common, we inevitably need to refer to it more and more. Since somewhere around 1995, it is the word "CamelCase" that has been winning out over all the rest. The "camel" plainly because the capitalization results in a hump in the middle. So you could even say that now we have "lower case", "UPPER CASE", "Capitalization", and "CamelCase".

By the way, the convention of capitals/lower case is by no means universal in the scripts used around the world. Besides the roman alphabet, the scripts in which "Armenian" and "Greek "are written also use distinct capitals. The Cyrillic alphabet in which "Russian" and other Slavic languages is written does not use separate shapes of many letters as we do ("A a, B b, D d, G g" ...) but simply turns a letter into a capital by making it a bit larger (like" C c, O o, S s, V v"). The scripts used to write" Arabic, Chinese, Ethiopian, Hebrew, Hindi" (and the other languages of India)," Japanese, Korean, Thai, Tibetan "and others do not distinguish any capitals at all.

When you think about it, in one sense these latter languages by not using capitals are more faithful to the spoken language they represent. After all, we don't =91hear' in lower and upper case: some scripts have developed capitalization conventions, while others have not. Linguists never tire of reminding us that spoken language is primary and written only secondary. But CamelCase is an interesting phenomenon we witness developing before our eyes: Written language going its own way and being expressive in a new dimension not connected with only the faithful representation of speech.

* Incidentally, why do we call them =91lower CASE'? What kind of =91case'? When around the middle of the 1400s movable type was invented, all those little individual letters had to be kept in a container somewhere, so they were stored in wooden cases. For easy access to the typesetter, the cases were divided up into compartments of variable sizes (a big one for the frequent" e", a little one for the rare "x"). One case per font.

Since it was a nuisance to mix lower case type with capitals, these latter were stored in a separate case, which the typesetter normally placed just above the other, lower case, the one he kept down at convenient hand level. This Gutenberg technology - notwithstanding the later invention of cast lead type instead of hand-carved wood - remained essentially unchanged for the next 500 years. It wasn't until typewriters and then modern word processing came along that =91case' turned from a physical reality into a metaphor.

CamelCase
Binnen-I
Binnenmajuskel
Binnenversal
Höckerschreibweise
PascalCase (W1)

Darf man ein Binnen-I (Majuskel-I) verwenden?

Das "Binnen-I" ist eine Erfindung der "tageszeitung" (taz), um bei Berufs- und Gattungsbezeichnungen männlichen Genus' anzudeuten, dass auch Frauen gemeint sind; z.B. "LeserInnen" für "Leserinnen und Leser" bzw. für männliche und weibliche Leser. Seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre hat sich das Binnen-I in links-alternativen Kreisen verbreitet, was z.T. groteske Züge angenommen hat, etwa beim "KinderInnengarten" oder den "MitgliederInnen".
...

"Binnenmajuskel" (Plural Binnenmajuskeln) oder "Binnenversal" (auch "Binnenversalie", Plural für beide Formen Binnenversalien) nennt man einen "Großbuchstaben im Wortinnern" (etwa in "SonnenStudio" oder "SparAktion"). Die daraus resultierende Schreibweise wird manchmal auch als "Höckerschreibweise" oder "CamelCase" bezeichnet.
...
Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Verwendung
• 1.1 Verwendung im Deutschen
• 1.2 Verwendung in anderen Sprachen
• 1.3 Verwendung in Programmiersprachen
• 1.4 Wiki-Links
• 2 Herkunft
• 2.1 Begriffsherkunft "Camel Case"

...
Begriffsherkunft "Camel Case"

Zur Herkunft des Namens "CamelCase" gibt es zwei Theorien.

Zum einen ähnelt die Schreibweise einem Kamel mit seinen Höckern, zum anderen kann der Name von dem Maskottchen der Programmiersprache Perl herrühren, da diese Schreibweise hier oft für Bezeichner von Variablen, Funktionen usw. verwendet werden.

CamelCase kommt jedoch z. B. auch bei den Programmiersprachen Pascal (die ursprünglich keine Unterstriche in Namen beherrschte) bzw. Delphi, Java sowie in der Win32-API zur Verwendung.

Auch der Computerhersteller Apple verwendet von Anfang an umfangreich Binnenmajuskel für das GUI seines Betriebssystems Mac OS. Wegen des Bezugs zur Programmiersprache Pascal wird CamelCase auch als "PascalCase" bezeichnet.

englishgrammar.org
English Grammar

Topics

• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Business Writing
• Commas
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• Essay Writing
• Exercises
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Glossary of Grammatical Terms

Grammar (W3)

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Grammar Book

Welcome to GrammarBook.com, your site for English rules with helpful examples and fun quizzes. You will find the entire contents of my bestselling "The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation" here as well as additional quizzes that you can subscribe to, my free weekly e-newsletter, and the links to my free grammar, punctuation, and capitalization videos. I hope you enjoy this valuable resource and pass it along to your favorite teachers, coworkers, students, and friends.

English Rules

• Grammar Rules | Finding Subjects and Verbs | Subject and Verb Agreement | Pronouns | Who and Whom | Whoever and Whomever | Who vs. Which vs. That | Adjectives and Adverbs | Problems with Prepositions | Effective Writing
• Punctuation Rules | Spacing With Punctuation | Periods | Ellipsis Marks | Commas | Semicolons | Colons | Question Marks | Exclamation Points | Quotation Marks | Parentheses | Apostrophes | Hyphens | Dashes
• Other Rules | Capitalization | Spelling, Vocabulary and Commonly Confused Words | Writing Numbers

Punctuation Rules | Spacing With Punctuation | Periods | Ellipsis Marks | Commas | Semicolons | Colons | Question Marks | Exclamation Points | Quotation Marks | Parentheses | Apostrophes | Hyphens | Dashes

Capitalization Rules

Spelling, Vocabulary, and Confusing Words

Letter A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

Because many words in English sound or look alike, frequently causing confusion, this list will be very helpful.

Writing Numbers

English Usage Videos

• 1.Subjects and Verbs
• 2.Subject and Verb
• 3.Singular V. Plural Verbs
• 4.Verbs After "Or"
• 5.Subject and Verb Agreement
• 6.Pronouns as Subjects
• 7.Here and There
• 8.Sums of Money & Periods of Time with Verbs
• 9.Verbs with Portion Words - Part 1
• 10.Verbs with Portion Words - Part 2
• 11.Subject Pronouns
• 12.Object Pronouns - Part 1
• 13.Object Pronouns - Part 2
• 14.Subject and Object Pronouns When You Need to Mentally Complete a Sentence
• Part 1
• 15.Subject and Object Pronouns When You Need to Mentally Complete a Sentence
• Part 2
• 16.The "Self" Pronouns - Part 1
• 17.The "Self" Pronouns - Part 2
• 18.Who vs. Whom - Part 1
• 19.Who vs. Whom - Part 2
• 20.Whoever vs. Whomever - Part 1
• 21.Whoever vs. Whomever - Part 2
• 22.Who vs. That vs. Which - Part 1
• 23.Who vs. That vs. Which - Part 2
• 24.Adjectives and Adverbs - Part 1a
• 25.Adjectives and Adverbs - Part 1b
• 26.Adjectives and Adverbs - Part 2a
• 27.Adjectives and Adverbs - Part 2b
• 28.Good vs. Well - Part 1
• 29.Good vs. Well - Part 2
• 30.-er vs. -est - Part 1
• 31.-er vs. -est - Part 2
• 32.This, That , These, and Those
• 33.Prepositions - Part 1a
• 34.Prepositions - Part 1b
• 35.Prepositions - Part 2
• 36.Effect vs. Affect
• 37.A vs. An
• 38.Commas - Part 1a
• 39.Commas - Part 1b
• 40.Commas - Part 2a
• 41.Commas - Part 2b
• 42.Commas - Part 3a
• 43.Commas - Part 3b
• 44.Colons & Semicolons with Sentences
• 45.Colons & Semicolons with Lists
• 46.Colons with Tabular Form
• 47.Quotation Marks with Periods and Commas
• 48.Quotation Marks with Question Marks
• 49.Apostrophes - Part 1a -- With Contractions
• 50.Apostrophes - Part 1b -- With Contractions
• 51.Apostrophes - Part 2
• 52.Apostrophes - Part 3a
• 53.Apostrophes - Part 3b
• 54.Apostrophes - Part 4a -- With Names
• 55.Apostrophes - Part 4b -- With Names
• 56.Apostrophes - Part 5
• 57.Hyphens - Part 1
• 58.Hyphens - Part 2
• 59.Hyphens - Part 3
• 60.Hyphens - Part 4a
• 61.Hyphens - Part 4b
• 62.Capitalization - Part 1
• 63.Capitalization - Part 2
• 64.Capitalization - Part 3
• 65.Capitalization - Part 4a
• 66.Capitalization - Part 4b
• 67.Writing Numbers - Part 1
• 68.Writing Numbers - Part 2

Blog Categories

• •Abbreviations
• •Adjectives and Adverbs
• •Apostrophes
• •Brackets
• •Capitalization
• •Colons
• •Commas
• •Dashes
• •Dates and Times
• •Definitions
• •Effective Writing
• •Ellipses
• •Good vs. Well
• •Humor
• •Hyphens
• •Into vs. In To
• •Its vs. It's
• •Lie vs. Lay
• •Numbers
• •Onto vs. On To
• •Parentheses
• •Possessives
• •Postal Regulations
• •Prepositions
• •Pronouns
• •Proofreading
• •Question Marks
• •Quotation Marks
• •Semicolons
• •Singular vs. Plural
• •Spacing
• •Spelling
• •Subject and Verb Agreement
• •Symbols
• •Titles
• •Uncategorized
• •Verbs
• •When vs. Whenever
• •Who / Whom / Whoever / Whomever
• •Who vs. Which vs. That

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To Split or Not to Split

krysstal - Grammatical terms and concepts like noun, verb, subject, object explained

languagehat - Rules Grammar Change

A new look for English grammar:
The U.S. Grammar Guild Monday announced that no more will traditional grammar rules English follow. Instead there will a new form of organizing sentences be.
U.S. Grammar Guild according to, the new structure loosely on an obscure 800-year-old, pre-medieval Anglo-Saxon syntax is based. The syntax primarily verbs, verb clauses and adjectives at the end of sentences placing involves. Results this often, to ears American, a sentence backward appearing.
"Operating under we are, one major rule," said Joyce Watters, president of the U.S. Grammar Guild. "Make English, want we, more archaic and dignified sounding to be, as if every word coming from the tongue of a centuries-old, mystical wizard, is."

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Grammatik Themen

Damit Du die Grammatik schnell verstehst und auch langfristig speicherst, optimieren wir unsere Formulierungen und verknüpfen die Grammatik mit Übungen und Sprachkursen.

Englisch Grammatik Themen

• Adjektive / Adverbien in Englischen
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• if - Sätze im Englischen
• Kalender, Wochentage, Monate
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Französich Grammatik Themen

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• Das französische Alphabet
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• Les articles (die Artikel)
• Le substantif (das Substantiv)
• Adjectifs et adverbes (Adjektive und Adverbien)
• Les verbes (die Verben)
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• Begrüßen und verabschieden

Spanisch Grammatik Themen

• Spanisch Artikel
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• ser estar und hay

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Grammaire anglaise

Maîtrisez la langue anglaise en consultant les différentes règles à suivre pour parler et écrire en anglais.

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English Grammar
article, syntax, verbs conjugation, English spelling

Browse by topic

Verb Tense

• Verb tenses: summary
• The present tense
• The past tense
• The present progressive tense
• The past progressive tense
• The present perfect tense & the present perfect progressive
• The future tense

Adjectives and adverbs

• The function of adjectives and adverbs
• Making comparisons
• Superlatives

Count and mass nouns
Articles
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• ANY and SOME
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Either, neither, both
Conjunctions
Frequency
“If” & conditionals
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Phrasal verbs
Pronouns, possessives and contractions
Forming questions

• Yes/no questions
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Complex sentences

• Complex sentences: summary
• Relative clauses
• Object complements

Modals
Reasons and consequences

• Reasons and consequences: summary
• Reason + “so” + Consequence
• Consequence + “because” + Reason

Voice and mood

• Voice
• Mood

Prepositions

• Prepositions of location
• Prepositions of time

rutgers
Guide to Grammar and Style

From the Guide to Grammar and Style by Jack Lynch.
Last revised 9 May 2007.

A or An | The Above, The Following | Absent | Absolutely | Academies | Acronyms | Action Verbs | Adjectives and Adverbs | Advise | Affect versus Effect | Aggravate | Agreement | Ain't | All of | Alot | Alright | Also | Alternate versus Alternative | Among versus Between | And/or | Antecedent | Anticipate | Anxious versus Eager | Any Way, Shape, or Form | Apostrophe | Apposition | Articles | As versus Like | Assure, Ensure, Insure | As to Whether | Aspect | As Yet | At This Point, At the Present Time, At This Point in Time | Audience | Back-Formation | Basically | Begging the Question | Behalf | Being That | Between You and I | Bimonthly | Block Quotations | Bluntness | Boldface | British Spellings | Bugbears | But at the Beginning | Cannot | Can't Help But | Capable | Capitalization | Cases | Centralized | -Century | Cf. | Citation | Clarity | Clearly, Obviously, Undoubtedly | Clichés | Climactic versus Climatic | Colon | Commas | Comma Splice | Comparatives | Comprise | Concrete Language | Confused Pairs | Conjunctions | Considered as, Considered to be | Continual versus Continuous | Contractions | Currently | Dangling Participle | Dash | Data | Dates | Decimate | Demagogue | Denotation versus Connotation | Dependent versus Independent Clauses | Diagramming Sentences | Dialogue | Diction | Dictionaries | Different | Direct and Indirect Objects | Disinterested versus Uninterested | Dive, Dived, Dove | Double Negatives | Due to the Fact That | E-Prime | Each | Ellipses | Economy | E.g. versus i.e | Emphasis | Enormity | Equally As | Every | Every Day versus Everyday | Exclamation Points | Exists | Facet | The Fact That | Factor | Farther versus Further | Feel | Fewer versus Less | First, Second, Third | First Person | Flammable versus Inflammable | Flaunt versus Flout | Fonts | Foreign Words and Phrases | Formal Writing | Fortuitous | Frequently | Functionality | Gender | Generalizations | Grace | Grammar | Grammar Checkers | Grow | Heavily | Hoi Polloi | Hopefully | House Style | However | Hypercorrection | Hyphen | Ibid. | Idiolect | Idiom | Impact | Imperative | Imply versus Infer | Important | Incredible versus Incredulous | Individual | Infinitive | Inflection | Interesting | In Terms of | Interpolation | Ironic | Irregardless | Issue | Italics | It Can Be Argued | It's versus Its | Jargon | Justification | Language Change | Latinate versus Germanic Diction | Lay versus Lie | Lead versus Led | Lend versus Loan | Liaise | Lifestyle | Like | Linking Verbs | Listing | Literally | Loath versus Loathe | Long Words | Loose versus Lose | Massive | Mechanics | Media | Methodology | Microsoft Word | Mixed Metaphor | Modifier | Momentarily | Mood | More So | Ms. | Myself | Nature | Nauseous | Necessitate | Neologisms | Network | "Never" and "Always" | Nor | Normalcy | Not un- | Noun | Novel | Number | Numbers | Obfuscation | Old English | On a -- Basis | Only | Orient versus Orientate | Paragraphs | Parameter | Parentheses | Particular | Parts of Speech | Passive Voice | Per | Periods | Personalized | Peruse | Phenomena | Plurals | Plus | Possessive | Precision | Predicate | Prepositions | Prepositions at the End | Prescriptive versus Descriptive Grammars | Presently | Previous | Principal versus Principle | Prior to | Pronoun | Pronunciation | Proofreading | Punctuation and Quotation Marks | Punctuation and Spaces | Quality | Quite | Quotations | Quotations inside Quotations | Quote | Re | Recasting Sentences | Redundancy | Revision | Rhetorical Questions | Rules | Run-On Sentences | Semicolon | Sentences | | Sexist Language and the Indefinite Third Person | Shall versus Will | | Sic | Single Quotation Marks | Skunked Terms | Slashes | Sneak, Sneaked, Snuck | So | So as to | Solution | Spelling Checkers | Split Infinitive | Standard English | States | Style | Subjunctives | Substantive | Superscript | Task | Taste | Tense | Than I versus Than Me | Than versus Then | That versus Which | Therefore versus Therefor | Thesis Statements | Thusly | Titles | Toward versus Towards | Tragedy | Transition | Transitions | Transitive versus Intransitive Verbs | Try And | Unique | Usage | Utilize and Utilization | Verbal | Verbs | Vocabulary | Voice | Wasted Words | Who versus That or Which | Who versus Whom | Whose versus Who's | -Wise

Singular (W3)

nouns, singular after numbers | singular

Oxford English Dictionary

Its first citation in its grammatical sense is from 1387: "Everiche in þe singuler nombre was i-cleped Anthiochus."

Statistics for 'singular'

Singular nouns that take plural verbs

singular and plural

Medieval Theories of Singular Terms

First published Thu Sep 25, 2003; substantive revision Wed Oct 12, 2011

A singular term, such as a proper name or a demonstrative pronoun, is a term that signifies exactly one individual thing. The existence of singular terms raises various questions about how they function within a language. Do proper names have a sense as well as a referent? If they do have a sense, what is it, and how do they acquire it? How is this sense transmitted from one speaker to another? Is a demonstrative pronoun purely referential? If one believes in a language of thought, or mental language, as did many medieval thinkers, what is the mental correlate of a singular term? While medieval thinkers did not produce any treatises devoted to singular terms, their writings do contain answers to these questions, or at least, answers to similar questions that they themselves posed in the context of their own semantic theories. To discover medieval views of singular terms, one must consult a variety of sources from grammar, logic, metaphysics, and even theology. Priscian, the semantically-oriented grammarian who wrote at the beginning of the sixth century C.E., was particularly influential, and his views were repeated by many later grammarians, as well as by logicians and theologians. Porphyry's Isagoge, or introduction to Aristotle's Categories, was another important source, especially as his discussion allowed commentators to relate linguistic problems to metaphysical problems concerning the nature of the individual named by a singular term. Commentaries on Aristotle's Categories discussed singular terms as examples of equivocal terms, those having more than one sense. Later in the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the sixteenth century, singular terms were discussed in treatises devoted to types of terms. Paul of Venice's treatise is worthy of special mention here, despite the difficulty of construing many of his claims. Because the use of singular terms was tied to singular concepts, they were also discussed in commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, De anima, and Metaphysics. The commentaries of John Buridan (d. after 1358) provide the richest and most coherent medieval theory, and one which remained influential into the sixteenth century. During the sixteenth century, singular concepts remained a subject of discussion in commentaries on Aristotle's Physics and De anima, but unfortunately the logicians who came after Domingo de Soto (1494-1560) reverted to a very cursory treatment of singular terms. We have to wait for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries for a rediscovery of some of the problems that had exercised John Buridan in the fourteenth century.

• 1. Signification and Concepts
• 2. Porphyry's Classification of Singular Terms
• 3. Other Types of Singular Term
• 4. Proper Names
• 5. Synonymy, Metaphor, and Equivocation
• 6. Demonstrative Pronouns
• 7. Singular Terms in Logic
• 8. Singular Terms in Theology
• 9. Buridan's Theory of Singular Terms
• 10. Proper Names and Identity through Time
• Bibliography?Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
• Academic Tools
• Other Internet Resources
• Related Entries

Singular or Plural? (11)

Singular or Plural? (11)

Singular or plural verb with ‘none’

Singular they

sonogram (W3)

"sonogram "(n.) 1956, from comb. form of Latin "sonus" (see "sound" (n.1)) + "-gram". Related: Sonograph (1951).

sonogram

ultrasonogram

sonogram

sonogramme

sonograms

ultrasonogram

ultrasonograms

telegram (W3)

The Zimmermann Telegram

The WWI Coded Message That Helped Change the Tide of Public Opinion in the U.S.
...

The "Long Telegram" was sent by George Kennan from the United States Embassy in Moscow to Washington, where it was received on February 22nd 1946. The telegram was prompted by US enquiries about Soviet behaviour, especially with regards to their refusal to join the newly created World Bank and International Monetary Fund. In his text, Kennan outlined Soviet belief and practice and proposed the policy of "containment", making the Telegram a key document in the history of the Cold War.

The name "long" derives from the telegram's 8000 word length.
...

Telegram: "Milking a telegram."

Illinois and Michigan Canal Telegram, 1848

"telos" grieks (ndl. "einde", "ver", "grens")

• ndl. "telefoon" + "phonè" gr, ndl. "geluid", "stem"
• ndl. "telegraaf" + "grafein", ndl. "schrijven"
• ndl. "telegram" + "gram", volt. dlw. van "grafein"
• ndl. "telepathie" + "pathos" (ndl. "pijn", "leed", "gewaarwording")
• ndl. "teleskoop" + "skopein", ndl. "kijken"
• ndl. "televisie" + "visie" latijn, ndl. "het zien"

"telegram" (n.) "telegraphic dispatch", according to Bartlett's 1859 edition a coinage of E. Peshine Smith of Rochester, N.Y., from "tele-", as in "telegraph" + "-gram", and introduced in the Albany "Evening Journal" of April 6, 1852. Damned in the cradle by purists who pointed out that the correct formation would be "telegrapheme" (which is close to the Modern Greek word).

May I suggest to such as are not contented with "Telegraphic Dispatch" the rightly constructed word "telegrapheme"? I do not want it, but ... I protest against such a barbarism as "telegram". [Richard Shilleto, Cambridge Greek scholar, in the London "Times," Oct. 15, 1857]

Related: "Telegrammic".

Die Kaufzeitung "The Sun", die im Januar 1950 mit dem "World-Telegram" u.d.T. "World-Telegram and Sun" vereinigt wurde, lebte nach einer weiteren Verschmelzung mit mehreren Blättern im Jahre 1966 bis Mai 1967 in der "World-Journal-Tribune" fort.

Als zwischen Aachen und Brüssel der Telegrafendienst noch nicht ausgebaut war, eröffnete Paul Julius Reuter (* Kassel 1816, † Nizza 1899) in Aachen 1849 eine Nachrichtenagentur und betrieb zwischen Aachen und Brüssel eine Brieftaubenpost. 1851 verlegte er den Sitz seines Unternehmens nach London und gründete damit die erste englische Nachrichtenagentur: "Mr. Reuter's 0ffice" (seit 1865; Reuter`s Telegram Company, seit 1916: Reuters Ltd.).

"luxetelegram" ((vooral) in België, archaïsch)
telegram dat gestuurd wordt ter gelegenheid van een heuglijk feit; gelukstelegram

"radiogram" "radiotelegram" - Indonesisch "radiogram"; Boeginees "radiogerang".

"telegram" "per telegraaf overgebracht bericht" - Indonesisch "taligram", "télegram", "télgram"; Atjehnees taloè grang "telegraaf "; Jakartaans-Maleis "telegeram"; Javaans "setégram", "tilgram", "tlégram"; Madoerees "telgram", "teleggram"; Makassaars "taligarâng"; Minangkabaus "telegram"; Muna "taleharamu"; Surinaams-Javaans "tilgram", "setilgram".

Telegram™

Arthur Zimmermann: "Zimmerman Telegram"

anglais "telegram"
définition: sens : à partir de 1852 = "texte transmis par télégraphe"
sens étymologique : "écrit à distance"
curiosité : premier emploi du suffixe d'origine grecque, "-gram" (ou "-gramme" en français) pour désigner ce qui est écrit (texte) puis ce qui supporte l'écrit, puis ce qui supporte l'enregistrement (vidéo)

telegram

Retro-Grams are not just another e-card: they are a unique form of internet communication presented in classic style. Delivered right to your computer via e-mail, they offer authentic historical detail, and outstanding print quality thanks to Adobe Acrobat. They're fun and easy to send, and a little thrilling to get.
...

life telegram

telegram

tenth word in a telegram

Telegram Stop - Send a Traditional Classic Telegram the Easy Way

General Roots and Prefixes

"graph", "gram": "to write"; "polygraph", "grammar", "biography", "graphite", "telegram", "autograph", "lithograph", "historiography", "graphic", "electrocardiogram", "monogram"

"cablegram" a telegram sent abroad

"letter telegram" a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day

"night letter" a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day

"overseas telegram" a telegram sent abroad

"telegram" a message transmitted by telegraph
"telegraphese" language characterized by terseness and ellipsis as in telegrams
"telegraph" form a form to use when sending a telegram

Telegram

singing-telegram

• telegram
• telegram (computer definition)
• telegramlike
• telegrammatic
• telegramme
• telegrammed
• telegrammic
• telegramming
• telegrams

Origin

"tele-" + "-gram". "A friend desires us to [...] introduce a new word into the vocabulary. It is "telegram", instead of "telegraphic dispatch", or "telegraphic communication". Albany Evening Journal, April 6, 1852.

ucl
The Internet Grammar of English
English Grammar
Glossary of grammatical terms

last changed 26 Sept 2003
Introduction to this glossary
This glossary includes:

• the terms and definitions in the glossary of the Framework for the National Literacy Strategy which are relevant to grammar; some terms that are embedded within definitions in the NLS glossary are also given separate entries to make them easier to find, but otherwise the NLS glossary entries are unchanged.
• some additional terms from the glossary in the Framework for Modern Foreign Languages at KS3; where NLS entries have been expanded in the MFL glossary, these expansions are included here,
• 26 extra terms needed for the KS3 grammar material; these extra terms are all marked '[new]' in the list in the bottom window.
• All the individual terms and definitions are linked, where possible, to units in the KS3 material; just click the head-word if it is underlined, and you will go straight to the relevant part of the material.

| abstract noun [new] | accent | acronym | active and passive | adjectival | adjective | adverb | adverbial [new] | adverbial clause/phrase | affix | agreement | ambiguity | analogy | anaphora, anaphoric [new] | antonym | apposition [new] | apostrophe (') | article audience | auxiliary verbs | backshift | bridging [new] | case | clause | clause element [new] | cognate | coherence and cohesion | colloquial | colon () | comma (,) | comma splice [new] | complement | complex sentence | compound sentence | compound word | concord | conditional | conjunction | connective | contraction | co-ordinating conjunction | co-ordination [new] | dash (—) | derivational morphology [new] | determiner | diacritic | dialect | direct and indirect speech | double negative | elision | ellipsis | exclamation | exclamation mark (!) | exclamative | finite verb [new] | front-shifting | function | gender | genre | gerund | glossary | grammar | grammatical boundary | grapheme | head [new] | historic present | homograph | homophone | hyphen (-) | idiom | imperative [new] | indirect speech | infinitive | inflection | interjection | interrogative [new] | intonation | intransitive [new] | lexical pattern | lexical relationship [new] | logogram | main clause | main verb | metalanguage | modal verb | modify, modifier [new] | morpheme | morphology [new] | non-finite | noun | noun phrase | object | onomatopoeia | paragraph | parenthesis | part of speech | participle | passive | past participle | person | phoneme | phrase | plural | predicate | prefix | preposition | prepositional phrase | preposition stranding [new] | pronoun | punctuation | question mark (?) | refer | reference [new] | reference chain [new] | relative adverb [new] | relative clause | relative pronoun [new] | root word | semantic, semantics | semi-colon (;) | sentence | sequence of tense rule [new] | | speech, speech marks | spelling log | standard English | subject and object | subordination [new] | subordinate clause [new] | subordinating conjunction | suffix | syllable | synonym | syntax tag question | tense | text | transitive [new] | verb | verbal noun [new] | verb chain | voice | word class

Uni Erfurt
Lehmann, Christian
Thoughts on grammaticalization

Publikationen: ASSidUE - Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt

...
Contents

• Prospect of volume II v
• Tables vi
• Figures vi
• Preface to the draft version vii
• Preface to the published edition ix
• 1. The history of research in grammaticalization 1
• 2. Grammaticalization: 8
• 2.1. The term ‘grammaticalization’ 8
• 2.2. The meaning of ‘grammaticalization’ 10
• 2.3. Degrammaticalization 14
• 2.4. Renovation and innovation 17
• 2.5. Reinforcement 20
• 3. Grammatical domains 22
• 3.1. Verbal complexes 22
• 3.1.1. Existence and possession 22
• 3.1.2. The copula 23
• 3.1.3. Modals and moods 24
• 3.1.4. Tense and aspect 25
• 3.1.5. Passive and emphasis 28
• 3.1.6. Auxiliaries and alternative sources 29
• 3.2. Pronominal elements 33
• 3.2.1. Definite pronominal elements 33
• 3.2.1.1. Definite determiners 34
• 3.2.1.2. Personal pronouns 34
• 3.2.1.3. Reflexive pronouns 37
• 3.2.2. Indefinite pronominal elements 44
• 3.2.2.1. Interrogative pronouns 44
• 3.2.2.2. Indefinite pronouns 44
• 3.2.2.3. Negative indefinites 47
• 3.2.2.4. Conclusion 50
• 3.3. Nominal complexes 50
• 3.3.1. Nominal categories 50
• 3.3.1.1. Number 50
• 3.3.1.2. Numeral classifiers 53
• 3.3.2. Nominalization 54
• 3.3.3. Attribution 61
• 3.4. Clause level relations 66
• 3.4.1. Adverbial relations 66
• 3.4.1.1. Adverbial relators 66
• 3.4.1.2. Relational nouns 67
• 3.4.1.3. From adposition to case affix 70
• 3.4.1.4. Adverbs 77
• 3.4.1.5. Renovations and reinforcements 84
• 3.4.1.6. Preverbs 86
• 3.4.1.7. Coverbs 92
• 3.4.2. Main actant relations 95
• 3.4.2.1. Terminology 95
• 3.4.2.2. Grammatical cases 97
• 3.4.2.3. From functional sentence perspective to syntax 100
• 3.5. Conclusion 107
• 4. Parameters of grammaticalization 108
• 4.1. Theoretical prerequisites 108
• 4.2. Paradigmatic parameters 112
• 4.2.1. Integrity 112
• 4.2.2. Paradigmaticity 118
• 4.2.3. Paradigmatic variability 123
• 4.3. Syntagmatic parameters 128
• 4.3.1. Structural scope 128
• 4.3.2. Bondedness 131
• 4.3.3. Syntagmatic variability 140
• 4.4. Interaction of parameters 143
• 4.4.1. Quantifiability of the parameters 143
• 4.4.2. Correlation among the parameters 146
• 4.4.3. Lack of correlation 150
• 4.4.4. Reduction to zero and fixation of word order 153
• Indices 160
• Abbreviations 160
• Language abbvreviations 160
• Grammatical categories in interlinear morphemic translations 160
• Bibliographical references 162
• Prospect of volume II
• 5. Processes cognate to grammaticalization
• 5.1. Semantic processes
• 5.2. Lexicalization
• 5.3. Phonological processes
• 5.4. Analogy
• 6. Traditional problems in new perspective
• 6.1. Grammatical meaning
• 6.2. Grammatical levels
• 6.3. Markedness
• 6.4. Arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
• 6.5. Semantic representation
• 7. Comparison of languages
• 7.1. Contrastive linguistics
• 7.2. Language typology
• 7.3. Language universals
• 8. Language history and linguistic evolution
• 8.1. Development of grammatical categories
• 8.2. Linguistic evolution
• 8.3. Historical reconstruction
• 9. Language theory
• 9.1. Language activity
• 9.2. The causes of grammaticalization

usingenglish
English Glossary of Grammar Terms

A fully cross-referenced English glossary of linguistic and grammatical terms. Each grammar definition contains an explanation and cross-references to other relevant grammar terms.

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• Question Tags
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• Some & Any
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Dictionary of English Phrasal Verbs

A reference of 2,621 current English Phrasal Verbs (also called multi-word verbs) with definitions and examples.

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ESL Teacher Handouts, Grammar Worksheets & Printables

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(10) | Past Simple, Progressive Perfect (13) | Phrasal Verbs | Phrasal Verbs - Bring (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Check (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Come (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Cut (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Do (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Draw (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Fall (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Find (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Get (23) | Phrasal Verbs - Give (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Go (18) | Phrasal Verbs - Hand (12) | Phrasal Verbs - Let (14) | Phrasal Verbs - Listen (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Lock (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Look (20) | Phrasal Verbs - Make (18) | Phrasal Verbs - Pay (13) | Phrasal Verbs - Put (13) | Phrasal Verbs - Run (13) | Phrasal Verbs - See (14) | Phrasal Verbs - Set (15) | Phrasal Verbs - Sign (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Sit (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Speak (13) | Phrasal Verbs - Stand (14) | Phrasal Verbs - Take (22) | Phrasal Verbs - Talk (12) | Phrasal Verbs - Try (11) | Phrasal Verbs - Wait (10) | Phrasal Verbs - Work (13) | Phrasal Verbs - Write (12) | Prepositions | About & Of (10) | Above & Over (10) | At the end, in the end, etc (10) | Beside & Besides (10) | By or Until? (15) | Except & Except For (10) | Front & Back (10) | Prepositions after Adjectives (22) | Prepositions after Nouns (10) | Prepositions Mixed Types (31) | Prepositions with verbs (37) | Present Perfect | Present Perfect (11) | Present Perfect Simple & Progressive (21) | Present Perfect- Word Order (10) | Pronouns | Reflexive Pronouns (10) | Self & Other (10) | Question Tags | Question Tags (36) | Questions | Indirect Questions (10) | Relative Pronouns | Relative Pronouns (10) | Relative Pronouns 2 (35) | Relative Pronouns- Omission (10) | Relative Pronouns- Which & Where (10) | That & What (10) | Spelling and Punctuation | Homophones (43) | Plurals of nouns ending -f (30) | Spelling (33) | Spelling- -ance or -ence? (18) | Syllables | Which syllable is stressed? (17) | Verbs and Tenses | Causative (21) | Needn't & Don't Need (8) | Vocabulary | | Achieve, Cope & Manage (10) | Allow, Let, Make & Force (10) | Arrive, Get & Reach (10) | Begin & Start (10) | Bill, Fare, Fee, Fine & Tip (7) | Care, Matter & Mind (10) | Close & Shut (11) | End & Finish (10) | Expect, Hope, Look Forward & Wait (10) | Lie & Lay (10) | Make or Do (20) | Money (10) | Say & Tell (16) | Speak & Talk (10)

usingenglish
List of English Irregular Verbs

mit: Base Form - Past Simple - Past Participle - 3rd Person Singular - Present Participle / Gerund

Abide | Alight | Arise | Awake | Be | Bear | Beat | Become | Begin | Behold | Bend | Bet | Bid | Bid | Bind | Bite | Bleed | Blow | Break | Breed | Bring | Broadcast | Build | Burn | Burst | Bust | Buy | Cast | Catch | Choose | Clap | Cling | Clothe | Come | Cost | Creep | Cut | Dare | Deal | Dig | Dive | Do | Draw | Dream | Drink | Drive | Dwell | Eat | Fall | Feed | Feel | Fight | Find | Fit | Flee | Fling | Fly | Forbid | Forecast | Foresee | Foretell | Forget | Forgive | Forsake | Freeze | Frostbite | Get | Give | Go | Grind | Grow | Handwrite | Hang | Have | Hear | Hide | Hit | Hold | Hurt | Inlay | Input | Interlay | Keep | Kneel | Knit | Know | Lay | Lead | Lean | Leap | Learn | Leave | Lend | Let | Lie | Light | Lose | Make | Mean | Meet | Melt | Mislead | Mistake | Misunderstand | Miswed | Mow | Overdraw | Overhear | Overtake | Pay | Preset | Prove | Put | Quit | Re-prove | Read | Rid | Ride | Ring | Rise | Rive | Run | Saw | Say | See | Seek | Sell | Send | Set | Sew | Shake | Shave | Shear | Shed | Shine | Shoe | Shoot | Show | Shrink | Shut | Sing | Sink | Sit | Slay | Sleep | Slide | Sling | Slink | Slit | Smell | Sneak | Soothsay | Sow | Speak | Speed | Spell | Spend | Spill | Spin | Spit | Split | Spoil | Spread | Spring | Stand | Steal | Stick | Sting | Stink | Stride | Strike | String | Strip | Strive | Sublet | Sunburn | Swear | Sweat | Sweep | Swell | Swim | Swing | Take | Teach | Tear | Tell | Think | Thrive | Throw | Thrust | Tread | Undergo | Understand | Undertake | Upset | Vex | Wake | Wear | Weave | Wed | Weep | Wend | Wet | Win | Wind | Withdraw | Withhold | Withstand | Wring | Write | Zinc

youtube.com - GP
Grammar Police

0:06 - so let's try this once more why I told 0:13 - you I didn't do nothing 0:15 - my grandma isn't gonna help you the 0:17 - double negative means that you admit to 0:19 - doing something so tell the truth where 0:23 - exactly were you four yes I admit we 0:27 - were outside the hotel but other people 0:30 - were too maybe less than you'd expect 0:33 - for Friday no fewer fewer the nude 0:36 - expect that's what I just said 0:39 - anyway there were four very suspicious 0:42 - men there who I think Oh two of whom I 0:46 - saw who who is the subject of the 0:54 - sentence whom is the object right well 0:58 - it must have been them what did it it 1:00 - must have been day who did it exactly 1:04 - okay just to be clear let's go through 1:10 - it once more right me and John John and 1:16 - I we're at an hotel a hotel not doing 1:21 - nothing doing anything when we see we 1:23 - saw four men two of them whom done it 1:27 - who did it well like I said it was them 1:30 - - I'm in the clear now right we've got 1:42 - you on camera okay if I done it how many 1:51 - year what I get if I did it how many 1:57 - years would I get but you didn't do it 2:00 - me and John did when gramma lets you 2:03 - down use my grammar lab to learn and 2:05 - practice grammar through a unique blend 2:07 - of book online and mobile my grammar lab 2:11 - when you need to know the rules 2:12 - all the rules visit my grandma lab calm 2:15 - to find out more grammar 2:17 - get it right

Ágel, Vilmos
Dependenz und Valenz
Dependency and Valency

The handbook provides an overview of the current status of research in this field. The second volume begins with a comprehensive description of grammatical phenomena as seen from dependency and valency viewpoints. This is followed by chapters on the application of dependency and valency concepts in computer-based language processing. The remaining chapters deal with contrastive linguistics, grammaticography, lexicography, historical linguistics and other areas of linguistic research in which dependency and valency play a significant role.

Declerck, Renaat
The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase

The book aims to provide a grammar of tense which can be used both as an advanced reference grammar and as a scientific study which can act as a basis for and stimulus to further research. It provides not only a wealth of data but also a unique framework for the study of the English tense system, which achieves great predictive and explanatory power on the basis of a limited number of relatively simple rules.

House, Christine
Stevens,John
Grammar - no problem
Eine Englischgrammatik mit Übungen

...
1) It is targeted specifically at the German market, and thus has explanations in German and sheds light on the typical mistakes German-speakers make when speaking English.
2) The color layout is eye-catching and appealing to the reader.
3) The book has a very clean look and feel, and may not be as overwhelming to a learner of English as Murphy's comprehensive - but thick - books.

Howard, Godfrey
The Macmillan Good English Handbook

Keine, Stefan (Autor)
Case and Agreement from Fringe to Core
A Minimalist Approach
(Linguistische Arbeiten)

Keine, Stefan
Case and Agreement from Fringe to Core
A Minimalist Approach
2010 | Hardcover | RRP Euro [D] 99.95 / for USA, Canada, Mexico US$ 140.00. * ISBN 978-3-11-023439-8 Reihe: Linguistische Arbeiten 536

Produktinfo
This book explores the view that impoverishment and Agree operations are part of a single grammatical component. The architecture set forth here gives rise to complex but highly systematic interactions between the two operations. This interaction is shown to provide a unified and general account of apparentlydiverse and unrelated intances of eccentric argument encoding that so far haveremained elusive to a unified theoretical account. The proposed view of the grammatical architecture achieves an integration of these phenomena withinbetter-studied languages and thus gives rise to a more general theory of caseand agreement phenomena. The empirical evidence on the basis of which the proposal is developed drawsfrom a wide range of typologically non-related languages, including Basque, Hindi, Icelandic, Itelmen, Marathi, Nez Perce, Niuean, Punjabi, Sahaptin, Selayarese, Yukaghir, and Yurok. The proposal has far-reaching consequences for the study of grammatical architecture, linguistic interfaces, derivational locality in apparently non-local dependencies and the role of functional considerations in formal approaches tothe human language faculty.

Molnár, Valeria
The Architecture of Focus
Studies in Generative Grammar [Sgg]

'The Architecture of Focus' offers the most precise and recent characterization of the notion of focus in linguistic theory. The volume contains brand-new and innovative papers that target the nature of focus and topic at the interfaces of the model of grammar. There are four main sections:

• (i) a general section, concerned with the basic theory of the interaction of focus and topic with the components of grammar;
• (ii) the representation of focus at the syntax-pragmatics interface concentrating on language comparison;
• (iii) the phonological representation of focus and topic and its relation to meaning, and
• (iv) the interaction of focus and topic at the semantics-pragmatics interface with an emphasis on the notion of contrast.

Together the papers collected in this volume present a state-of-the-art account of the architecture of focus.

Murphy, Raymond (Autor)
English Grammar in Use

Kurzbeschreibung
Überarbeitete Ausgabe des Bestsellers English Grammar in Use von Erfolgsautor Raymond Murphy!
Mit zusätzlichen Features für deutsche Lerner und Komplettausstattung (Schlüssel, CD-ROM und pull-out grammar reference)
In 144 Units werden die behandelten Grammatikthemen nach dem Doppelseitenprinzip präsentiert und geübt.
Wichtige Grammatikpunkte können mit Hilfe des praktischen ausziehbaren reference panel nachgesehen werden.

perfectyourenglish
Learn English Grammar, Vocabulary
Practical English Usage, Writing
Grammar terms and Speaking

Reference desk:

• English Grammar
• Practical English Usage
• English Grammar Terms
• English Writing
• English Speaking
• English Vocabulary
• Business English
• Test preparation - Verbal ability
• TOEFL
• IELTS

Interactive Pages

• English grammar exercises
• English vocabulary exercises

Site Map

English Grammar | Adjectives | Adverbs | Articles | Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions | Degrees of comparison | Determiners | -ing forms | Complements | Copular-verbs | Countable and Uncountable nouns | Practical English Usage | Practical English Usage - Table of Contents | Grammatical Terms | Grammatical Terms - Table of Contents | English Writing | Recommended Links

English Grammar

Adjectives | Adverbs | Articles | Primary Auxiliary Verbs | Modal Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions | Degrees of comparison | Determiners | Common Prepositions: usage | -ing forms | Complements | Copular-verbs | Countable and Uncountable nouns | If clauses | Infinitives | Negative structures | Participles Updated! | Nouns | Pronouns | Prepositions | Active and Passive voice | Tenses | Personal pronouns | Exclamations | Direct and indirect speech | Sentences | Sentence agreement | Adverb clauses | Adjective clause | Noun clauses | Phrases | Verbs | Sequence of tenses | Verb patterns | Transformation of sentences | Synthesis of sentences

Dictionary of Practical English Usage - Table of contents

• A: Abbreviations | About | Above and over | According to | Across | Adverbs with two forms | Affect and effect | Ago | All | All and every | Along | A lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large amount of, a great deal of | Also | Alternately | And | Another | Any | Appear | Around | As, because, since and for | As if and as though | Ask and ask for | As well as | As, when and while
• B: Back and Again | Because | Been | Before | Begin and Start | Below and under | Beside | Besides | Between and among | Big, large and great | Both | Bring and take | But | By and with
• C: Care | Change | Close and shut | Cloth and clothes | Come and go | On the contrary
• D: Due to and owing to | During, in and for
• E: Each | Either | Elder and eldest | Else | End and finish | Enjoy | Enough | Especially and specially | Even | Ever | Every | Except and except for
• F: Fairly, quite, rather and pretty | Far | Farther and further | Feel | Finally, at last, in the end and at the end | For | From
• G: Get | Go
• H: Had better | Half | ...hardly ...when/before ... | Help | Home | Hope | How and what like?
• I: Ill and Sick | If I were you | In case and if | In spite of | It
• J: Just
• K: Know
• L: Last and the last | Lay and lie | The least and the fewest | Less and fewer | Let | Like and as | Little | Look
• M: Make | Mean | Mind | More | Most | Much and many
• N: Near | Nearest and next | Negative forms | Neither | Neither, nor and not either | No, none and not a/any | No matter | not only ... but also...
• O: Of course | Often | Once | One
• P: Prize and price
• Q: Question tags | Question words | Quite
• R: Rather | Rather than and would rather
• S: Same | say and tell | See | Seem | Since
• T: Take | That-clauses | There
• U: Until and till | Used to
• W: Want | -ward(s) | Well and good | Whether and if | Which and what | Wish | With | Whose

Dictionary of grammar terms - Table of contents

• Abstract noun | Active verb | Adjective | Adjective clause | Adjective phrase | Adverb | Adverb clause | Adverb particle | Affirmative | Agent | Apostrophes | Attributive adjective | Auxiliary verbs
• Bare infinitive | Base
• Case | Clause | Cleft sentence | Collective noun | Colon | Comma | Common-noun | Comparative | Complement | Complex sentence | Compound sentence | Concrete noun | Conditional | Conditional sentence | Conjunction | Contraction | Coordinate clause | Copular verbs | Correlative | Countable noun
• Dangling participle | Dash | Declarative | Declarative question | Degree | Determiners | Direct object | Direct speech | Discourse marker
• Ellipsis | Embedded question | Emphatic pronoun | Ergative-verb |
• Finite verb | First person | Fronting | Full stop
• gender | Gerund | Gradable
• Homograph | Homophone | Hybrid
• Idiom | Imperatives | Impersonal | Indefinite | Indefinite article | Indirect object | Infinitive | Inflection | Interjection | Interrogatives | Intransitive | Inversion
• Labile verb | Lexical verb | Logograms
• Main clause | Matrix clause | Modals | Moods | Morpheme
• Nominative | Non finite | Number | Numeral
• Object | | Oblique object
• Participial adjective | Participial relative clause | Participles | Passive voice | Past participle | Perfect infinitive | Personal pronoun | Person | Phrasal verb | Phrase | Plural | Possessive | Postmodifier | Predicate | Prefix | Preposition | Prepositional phrase | Present participle | Pronoun | Proper noun | Punctuation
• Quantifier | Question
• Reciprocal | Reflexive | Relative adverb | Relative clause | Relative pronoun
• Second person | Semicolon | Simple sentence | Split infinitive | Subject | Subjunctive | Subordinate clause | Suffix | Superlative
• Tag question | Third person | Time adverb | To-infinitive | Transitive
• Uncountable noun
• Verb | Verbal noun | Vocabulary
• Weak verb | WH-question
• Yes-No question

English Vocabulary

English Vocabulary - Lessons

Common Differences

• Common Difference between Backward/Forward/Toward and Backwards/Forwards/Towards New!
• Common Difference between This/That and So New!
• Common Difference between Through and To... inclusive New!
• Common Difference between Yes and No
• Common Difference between Whose and Who's
• Common Difference between Why and Why not
• Common Difference between Would and Used to
• Common Difference between When and If
• Common Difference between In the Way and On the Way

Idioms

• Colour Idioms
• Idioms derived from body parts - part I
• Idioms derived from body parts - part II
• Idioms derived from body parts - part III
• Idioms derived from body parts - part IV
• Hand Idioms - Idioms derived from the word hand
• Hair Idioms - Idioms derived from the word hair
• Foot Idioms - Idioms derived from the word foot
• Finger Idioms - Idioms derived from the word finger
• Common Idioms and Phrases with Get
• Common Idioms and Phrases with Break
• Common Idioms and Phrases with Come
• Common Idioms and Phrases with Keep

Word Power

• 75 One-Word Substitutes You Should Know
• Words causing confusion
• Words Confused owing to Similar Sound
• Words Confused owing to faulty pronunciation
• Common errors with nouns
• irregular verbs
• Verbs causing confusion
• One-word Substitutes
• Synonyms
• Antonyms
• Prepositional phrases
• Meals New!
• Nouns and adjectives referring to nations and people New!

Spelling

• Spelling: adverb formation
• Spelling: words ending in -e
• Spelling: words ending in -y
• Spelling: doubling of final consonant
• Spelling and pronunciation

Foreign Phrases and Classical Quotations

• French Phrases
• Latin Phrases

Specific Vocabulary

• Family Relations
• Words denoting groups and collections New!
• Words denoting different sounds
• Names of young ones of a few animals
• People of different trades and profession
• Business/Financial Vocabulary
• Computer Vocabulary
• Job Seeker's Vocabulary
• Scientific Vocabulary

Others

• The curious world of words
• Tongue Twisters
• Time Periods

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Shuttleworth, Malcolm
Englische Grammatik mal einfach

(E?)(L?) https://www.mail-order-kaiser.de/appDE/nav_product.php?product=970614

Mit vielen Übungen und Erklärungen auf Englisch und Deutsch

Knapp und klar formulierte Englisch-Grammatik mit deutscher Übersetzung. Farbige Illustrationen unterstützen den Lerneffekt.

Es ist beim Erlernen einer Fremdsprache doch immer dieselbe Geschichte: Grammatik mag keiner. Aber Grammatik braucht jeder. Ein bisschen wenigstens und möglichst klar und knapp formuliert. Nicht zu viele Fremdworte und gute Beispiele. Und Übungen am besten gleich dort, wo das Thema behandelt wird. Und wenn das Buch dann auch noch wie aus dem richtigen Leben käme - also nicht so verstaubt und vor allem mal direkt in beiden Sprachen ... das wäre toll! Und das Beste ist: Genau dieses Buch liegt jetzt vor und viele lustige Bilder sorgen für Abwechslung und Unterhaltung.

Erstellt: 2020-02

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Williams, Andrew
Grammatisches Lernlexikon Englisch
Grundlagenwissen alphabetisch mit Beispielen und Kurztests

Broschiert: 192 Seiten
Verlag: Reclam jun. , Philipp, Verlag GmbH (4. August 2009)
Sprache: Deutsch, Englisch

Kurzbeschreibung
Nach dem sehr erfolgreichen "Grammatischen Lernlexikon Französisch" (UB 19743) erscheint nun mit dem "Grammatischen Lernlexikon Englisch" das handliche Nachschlage- und Übungsbuch für jeden Englischlerner. Es dient dazu, Informationen über Grundlagen der englischen Grammatik rasch zu finden und sich mit Kurztests zu vergewissern, ob man den entsprechenden Überblick erlangt hat. Eine Besonderheit ist hier ein Anhang mit den knapp einhundert wichtigsten unregelmäßigen englischen Verben, die zusätzlich in Lerngruppen präsentiert werden, wodurch das Einprägen des Stammformwechsels (sleep - slept - slept) erleichtert wird.

(E?)(L?) http://www.reclam.de/detail/978-3-15-019767-7

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Vorwort
• Warum ein "Grammatisches Lernlexikon Englisch"? - Strukturierung der Informationseinheiten - Übersicht über die englischen Verben - Lernen, Reaktivieren, Testen
• Abkürzungen
• Lernlexikon A-Z
• Anhang I
• Übersicht über das Verbsystem
• 1. Übersicht über die Zeitformen
• 2. Die englischen Verben
• 3. Die modalen Hilfsverben
• 4. Unregelmäßige Verben
• Anhang II
• Übersetzungskurztests
• Anhang III
• Lösungen zu den Übersetzungskurztests

Woods, Geraldine (Author)
English Grammar For Dummies

Paperback: 384 pages
Publisher: For Dummies; 1 edition (Jul 1 2001)
Language: English

Product Description
A few years ago, a magazine sponsored a contest for the comment most likely to end a conversation. The winning entry? "I teach English grammar." Just throw that line out at a party; everyone around you will clam up or start saying "whom."

Why does grammar make everyone so nervous? Probably because English teachers, for decades - no, for centuries - have been making a big deal out of grammar in classrooms, diagramming sentences and drilling the parts of speech, clauses, and verbals into students until they beg for mercy. Happily, you don't have to learn all those technical terms of English grammar - and you certainly don't have to diagram sentences - in order to speak and write correct English.

So rest assured - "English Grammar For Dummies" will probably never make your English teacher's top-ten list of must-read books, because you won't have to diagram a single sentence. What you will discover are fun and easy strategies that can help you when you're faced with such grammatical dilemmas as the choice between "I" and "me", "had gone" and "went", and "who" and "whom". With English Grammar For Dummies, you won't have to memorize a long list of meaningless rules (well, maybe a couple in the punctuation chapter!), because when you understand the reason for a particular word choice, you'll pick the correct word automatically.

English Grammar For Dummies covers many other topics as well, such as the following:

• Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - oh my!
• Preposition propositions and pronoun pronouncements
• Punctuation: The lowdown on periods, commas, colons, and all those other squiggly marks
• Possession: It's nine-tenths of grammatical law
• Avoiding those double negative vibes
• How to spice up really boring sentences (like this one)
• Top Ten lists on improving your proofreading skills and ways to learn better grammar

Just think how improving your speaking and writing skills will help you in everyday situations, such as writing a paper for school, giving a presentation to your company's big wigs, or communicating effectively with your family. You will not only gain the confidence in knowing you're speaking or writing well, but you'll also make a good impression on those around you!

Book Info
A friendly guide to proper English grammar. Features coverage of pronouns, participles, parallel structure of verbs, adjectives, and tenses, and proper punctuation. Also covers effective proofreading, using slang, avoiding common grammatical errors, and conveying the appropriate meaning. Softcover.

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