Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Grammatik, Gramática, Grammaire, Grammatica, Grammar, (esper.) gramatiko

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askoxford
Jargon Buster

(E?)(L?) http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/jargonbuster/

Are you confused by a conjugation or puzzled by the postpositive?

Our jargon buster gives clear and concise definitions for grammar and literary terms.


B

basicenglishspeaking
Basic English Grammar Rules

(E?)(L?) https://basicenglishspeaking.com/basic-english-grammar-rules/

...
Below is a series of 40 basic English grammar lessons covering most of the English grammar tenses and most-used structures. All the lessons are designed with clear definitions, explanations and forms, followed by lots of examples.
...

12 Tenses in English Modal verbs


Erstellt: 2019-06

bbc
Grammar and Vocabulary

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/

Ask about English | Grammar Challenge | How to ... | Pronunciation Tips | Keep your English up to date | Face up to Phrasals | Funky Phrasals | Moving Words | News vocabulary | Science vocabulary | Football vocabulary | Tennis vocabulary


bbc
Style & Usage

(E?)(L?) http://h2g2.com/dna/h2g2/alabaster/C531




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Case
lower-case letter
upper-case letter (W1)

In dem Artikel über "CamelCase" findet man in der 163. "Language-Miniatur" auch den interessanten Hinweis über die Herkunft von "lower-case letter" = "Kleinbuchstabe", "upper-case letter" = "Großbuchstabe" und damit allgemein auch die übertragen Bedeutung für "Case", das man vielleicht mit "Fall" übersetzen könnte.

Als die Druckereien Mitte des 15.Jh. anfingen nicht mehr mit Druckplatten sondern mit beweglichen Buchstaben, Lettern, zu arbeiten, benötigte man einen Aufbewahrungsort für die vielen Bleibuchstaben. Was lag näher, als sie in mit Unterteilungen versehene Holzkästen zu sortieren (engl. "case" = "Kasten", "Kist", "Koffer").

Natürlich war es einfacher, Groß- und Kleinbuchstaben zusätzlich in verschiedenen Kästen einzusortieren. Auf Grund der Arbeitsplatz-Ergonomie hat es sich ergeben, dass die öfter gebrauchten Kleinbuchstaben in den unteren - besser zugänglichen - Bereichen standen und die Großbuchstaben - vermutlich versetzt - darüber. Und so ergab es sich zwangsläufig, dass man von den "Buchstaben in den unteren Kästen" als "lower-case letter" und von den "Buchstaben in den oberen Kästen" als "upper-case letter" sprach.

Und selbst nachdem die Druckereien längst andere Verfahren nutzen und selbst die Drucker die Bleibuchstaben kaum noch kennen, spricht man weiterhin von "lower-case" und "upper-case" um von "kleingeschrieben" und "großgeschrieben" zu sprechen.

Und ganz verselbständigt hat sich "case" dann in Ausdrücken wie "BumpyCase", "CamelCase", "MixedCase", "PascalCase" für "Binnenmajuskel-Schreibweise".

(E1)(L1) http://mypage.iu.edu/~shetter/miniatures/camelcase.htm

No. 163 CamelCase

Or, a case of recent spelling inventiveness

You're no doubt so familiar with "lower case" letters like the ones you're reading that you don't spend much time thinking about them. And the same for the "upper case" letters we usually call CAPITALS.

Occasionally someone with only casual familiarity with writing will ignore the difference between "upper" and "lower" and mix them up, so you'll see a sign with

GAllON or gaLLon, closED or ClOSed

and the like. But of course capital letters have their assigned use, for setting off personal names, the first word of a new sentence following a space, and so on.

What hasn't been part of the tradition is the use of a capital letter in the middle of a word, with lower case letters immediately before it. But even this has long had its uses, especially in names like "McIntyre", "DeJong", "VanSandt", "DuPont" and others.

It's interesting to see that in the last several decades, the writing of some words seems to have borrowed this custom. This probably began to take on a certain popularity in the writing of some product and corporation names, one of the earliest of which was "CinemaScope" back in the 1950s. "AstroTurf" came along in the 1960s, and since then there has been an explosive growth in a custom that is becoming more and more fashionable. Now we have "BellSouth", "CompuServe", "ExxonMobil", "FedEx", "HarperCollins", "RadioShack", "TimeWarner", - and this is only a small sample for illustration. Not to mention "SpongeBob SquarePants".

But it's been in the computer world that this "interior capitalization" has taken off to the extent that it is no exaggeration to regard it as something like a standard spelling convention. One important difference here is that it's not a mere fashion but something closer to a necessity: A large number of brief names need to be given in the context where a space or some separating symbol is not allowable. So we get a very large number of names of programs, commands, applications and products composed of two words run together. The capitalization of the second doesn't affect the computer's recognition but signals to the eye that two words are intended. Here are a random few for illustration

"AntiVirus", "AppleScript", "CardBus", "ContextString", "DataType", "FrontPage", "GeoPort", "HelpFile", "ImageReady", "JavaScript", "MacBinary", "MacroName", "MoveNext", "NetWare", "PageMaker", "PhotoDraw", "PostScript", "PowerPoint", "QuickTime", "ScanDisk", "SigmaPlot", "TechNet", "WinHelp", "WordBasic", "WordPad", "WordPerfect", ...

When you saw the title of this "Miniature", did you think right away of transporting an animal in a box? That's what most of us would think of first, but actually it's intended to bring up the question: What do we call this fairly recently expanded capitalization custom? Normally we don't feel the need to call it anything at all, but there are several names it's gone by, such as "BiCapitalization", "BumpyCase", "InterCaps", "MixedCase", "NerdCaps".

Now that it's been becoming more common, we inevitably need to refer to it more and more. Since somewhere around 1995, it is the word "CamelCase" that has been winning out over all the rest. The "camel" plainly because the capitalization results in a hump in the middle. So you could even say that now we have "lower case", "UPPER CASE", "Capitalization", and "CamelCase".

By the way, the convention of capitals/lower case is by no means universal in the scripts used around the world. Besides the roman alphabet, the scripts in which "Armenian" and "Greek "are written also use distinct capitals. The Cyrillic alphabet in which "Russian" and other Slavic languages is written does not use separate shapes of many letters as we do ("A a, B b, D d, G g" ...) but simply turns a letter into a capital by making it a bit larger (like" C c, O o, S s, V v"). The scripts used to write" Arabic, Chinese, Ethiopian, Hebrew, Hindi" (and the other languages of India)," Japanese, Korean, Thai, Tibetan "and others do not distinguish any capitals at all.

When you think about it, in one sense these latter languages by not using capitals are more faithful to the spoken language they represent. After all, we don't =91hear' in lower and upper case: some scripts have developed capitalization conventions, while others have not. Linguists never tire of reminding us that spoken language is primary and written only secondary. But CamelCase is an interesting phenomenon we witness developing before our eyes: Written language going its own way and being expressive in a new dimension not connected with only the faithful representation of speech.

* Incidentally, why do we call them =91lower CASE'? What kind of =91case'? When around the middle of the 1400s movable type was invented, all those little individual letters had to be kept in a container somewhere, so they were stored in wooden cases. For easy access to the typesetter, the cases were divided up into compartments of variable sizes (a big one for the frequent" e", a little one for the rare "x"). One case per font.

Since it was a nuisance to mix lower case type with capitals, these latter were stored in a separate case, which the typesetter normally placed just above the other, lower case, the one he kept down at convenient hand level. This Gutenberg technology - notwithstanding the later invention of cast lead type instead of hand-carved wood - remained essentially unchanged for the next 500 years. It wasn't until typewriters and then modern word processing came along that =91case' turned from a physical reality into a metaphor.


CamelCase
Binnen-I
Binnenmajuskel
Binnenversal
Höckerschreibweise
PascalCase (W1)

Was als "Binnen-I" (z.B. in "MitgliederInnen") Anfang der 80er-Jahre mit dem Ziel der Überwindung des generischen Maskulinums und der sprachlichen Ungleichbehandlung von Mann und Frau begann, hat längst auf andere sprachliche Verwendungskontexte ausgestrahlt.

(E?)(L1) http://mypage.iu.edu/~shetter/miniatures/camelcase.htm
Die "Binnenmajuskel" ist keine Erfindung des Computerzeitalters. Aber Computerei und Internet haben wohl erheblech zur Bildung von Binnenmajuskeln beigetragen. Zum Beispiel sind Leerzeichen in Internetadressen "aus technischen Gründen" verboten. Um aber den Bindestrich z.B. in "Internet-Adresse" zu vermeiden schreibt man gerne auch "InternetAdresse".

Aber ich möchte gerne erst einmal auf den Newsletter der "LanguagMiniaturen" eingehen. Dort wird als frühe Erscheinung auf irische Name verwiesen, wie "DeJong", "DuPont", "McIntyre", "McPherson", "VanSandt", usw.

Der engl. Begriff "CamelCase" het sich seit 1995 weitgehend durchgesetzt, weil er anschaulich beschreibt, dass es neben "UpperCase" und "LowerCase" eben auch noch die "höckerförmige Schreibweise" mit GrossBuchstaben in der Mitte gibt. (Anzumerken bleibt allerdings, dass es ja auch großgeschriebene KleinBuchstaben gibt, wie "b", "d", "f", "h", "k", "l", "t".)

Schon vor dem Internetzeitalter wurden "Binnenmajuskel" oder "interior capitalization" in Markennamen als besonderes Kennzeichen benutzt, wie etwa in "CinemaScope" in den 1950er Jahren, "AstroTurf" in den 1960er Jahren, und weiterhin " BellSouth", "CompuServe", "ExxonMobil", "FedEx", "HarperCollins", "RadioShack", "TimeWarner", "SpongeBob SquarePants" u.v.a.

Mit dem Internet drang die Datenverarbeitungsterminologie in viele Lebensbereiche ein und so kamen auch Begriffe an die Öffentlichkeit, die vorher ein eher verborgenes Dasein führten, wie "AntiVirus", "AppleScript", "CardBus", "ContextString", "DataType", "FrontPage", "GeoPort", "HelpFile", "ImageReady", "JavaScript", "MacBinary", "MacroName", "MoveNext", "NetWare", "PageMaker", "PhotoDraw", "PostScript", "PowerPoint", "QuickTime", "ScanDisk", "SigmaPlot", "TechNet", "WinHelp", "WordBasic", "WordPad", "WordPerfect", ...

Neben dem bildlichen "CamelCase" gibt es auch noch weitere schöne Bezeichnungen für die Binnenmajuskel, wie: "BiCapitalization", "BumpyCase", "InterCaps", "MixedCase", "NerdCaps".

Damait kommt man auf 4 Varianten "lower case", "UPPER CASE", "Capitalization", und "CamelCase".

BahnCard

(E?)(L?) http://faql.de/pc.html#binneni
Das Binnen-I

(E1)(L1) http://www.mediensprache.net/networx/networx-14.pdf
An der Karriere der Binnenmajuskel haben der Computersektor und die Werbesprache nachhaltigen Anteil:

CityChat | ClubSounds | DeepStorage | DeutscheSingles | e-commerceIT | FilmNews | HotlinkTip | InterAktion | JeepCherokee | JobRobot | JobRobot | LinkListe | LinkTip | LiveSeek | MasterCard | MultiMedia | MultimediaSuche | MusikNews | OnlineSpiel | PlanetTalk | Poetry!Slam | PreViews | ProfiSuche | ProjectArt | StepStone | SurfTips | TVToday |UnitedFour |VerführungsTips | VoteClick | VoteClick | WebKatalog | WebSeiten

(E?)(L?) http://www.schweinebildchen.de/

Darf man ein Binnen-I (Majuskel-I) verwenden?

Das "Binnen-I" ist eine Erfindung der "tageszeitung" (taz), um bei Berufs- und Gattungsbezeichnungen männlichen Genus' anzudeuten, dass auch Frauen gemeint sind; z.B. "LeserInnen" für "Leserinnen und Leser" bzw. für männliche und weibliche Leser. Seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre hat sich das Binnen-I in links-alternativen Kreisen verbreitet, was z.T. groteske Züge angenommen hat, etwa beim "KinderInnengarten" oder den "MitgliederInnen".
...


(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnen-I


(E1)(L1) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenmajuskel

"Binnenmajuskel" (Plural Binnenmajuskeln) oder "Binnenversal" (auch "Binnenversalie", Plural für beide Formen Binnenversalien) nennt man einen "Großbuchstaben im Wortinnern" (etwa in "SonnenStudio" oder "SparAktion"). Die daraus resultierende Schreibweise wird manchmal auch als "Höckerschreibweise" oder "CamelCase" bezeichnet.
...
Inhaltsverzeichnis
...
Begriffsherkunft "Camel Case"

Zur Herkunft des Namens "CamelCase" gibt es zwei Theorien.

Zum einen ähnelt die Schreibweise einem Kamel mit seinen Höckern, zum anderen kann der Name von dem Maskottchen der Programmiersprache Perl herrühren, da diese Schreibweise hier oft für Bezeichner von Variablen, Funktionen usw. verwendet werden.

CamelCase kommt jedoch z. B. auch bei den Programmiersprachen Pascal (die ursprünglich keine Unterstriche in Namen beherrschte) bzw. Delphi, Java sowie in der Win32-API zur Verwendung.

Auch der Computerhersteller Apple verwendet von Anfang an umfangreich Binnenmajuskel für das GUI seines Betriebssystems Mac OS. Wegen des Bezugs zur Programmiersprache Pascal wird CamelCase auch als "PascalCase" bezeichnet.


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englishgrammar.org
English Grammar

(E?)(L?) http://www.englishgrammar.org/

Topics


Erstellt: 2016-03

englishplus
Glossary of Grammatical Terms

(E?)(L?) http://www.englishplus.com/grammar/glossary.htm


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G

Grammar (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar


grammarbook
Grammar Book

(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/

Welcome to GrammarBook.com, your site for English rules with helpful examples and fun quizzes. You will find the entire contents of my bestselling "The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation" here as well as additional quizzes that you can subscribe to, my free weekly e-newsletter, and the links to my free grammar, punctuation, and capitalization videos. I hope you enjoy this valuable resource and pass it along to your favorite teachers, coworkers, students, and friends.


(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/english_rules.asp

English Rules


(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation_rules.asp

Punctuation Rules | Spacing With Punctuation | Periods | Ellipsis Marks | Commas | Semicolons | Colons | Question Marks | Exclamation Points | Quotation Marks | Parentheses | Apostrophes | Hyphens | Dashes


(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/capital.asp

Capitalization Rules


(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/homonyms/confusing-words-letter-a.asp

Spelling, Vocabulary, and Confusing Words

Letter A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z

Because many words in English sound or look alike, frequently causing confusion, this list will be very helpful.


(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/numbers/numbers.asp

Writing Numbers


(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/videos.asp

English Usage Videos


(E?)(L?) http://data.grammarbook.com/blog/

Blog Categories


grammarbook.com
To Split or Not to Split

Der "GrammarBook.com E-Newsletter" vom 24.09.2013 ist in Anlehnung an Shakespeares "To Be or Not to Be" überschrieben mit "To Split or Not to Split". Es geht dabei um die Trennung des "to" vom Verb bei Infinitivkonstruktionen wie eben bei "To Be or Not to Be" (statt "To Be or to Not Be").

Zunächst einmal gilt die Regel, dass der "to-Infinitiv" nicht getrennt wird, "to" und "Infinitiv-Form des Verbs" werden nicht durch Einschübe getrennt.

Diese Regel führten die Grammatiker im 18. Jh. in Anlehnung an die lateinische Vorgabe ein. Im Lateinischen besteht der Infinitiv immer aus einem Wort. Dabei ignorierten sie, dass Englisch keine romanische sondern eine germanische Sprache ist.

Und so ist es auch nicht verwunderlich, dass es zur Regel doch einige Ausnahmen gibt.

So heißt es etwa "I expect my salary to more than double". Anders läßt sich die Erwartungshaltung nicht ausdrücken.

Ein weiteres Beispiel wurde einem Cartoon in "The New Yorker" entnommen: "I'm moving to France to not get fat." und kommentiert mit: "You could avoid splitting the infinitive with something stodgy like, "I'm moving to France so as not to get fat," but that takes all the punch out of the punchline."

Dann gibt es noch - allerdings möglichst zu vermeidende - Ausnahmen der folgenden Art: "I intend to vigorously protest." mit dem Hinweis: "The verbs "intend" and "protest" are dynamic enough to make "vigorously" extraneous - "I intend to protest" would be an improvement." das heißt man sollte "vigorously" am besten weglassen, da die Aussage "I intend to protest" kraftvoll genug ist. Aber solche Ausnahmen sind dennoch möglich.

Leider konnte ich kein Newsletter-Archiv finden, um auf den Originaltext zu verweisen.

(E?)(L?) http://www.grammarbook.com/


Erstellt: 2013-09

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I

J

K

krysstal - Grammatical terms and concepts like noun, verb, subject, object explained

(E?)(L?) http://www.krysstal.com/grammar.html
Introduction to Grammar: Nouns | Pronouns | Adjectives | Verbs | Adverbs | Prepositions | Conjunctions | Tense | Examples | Numbers | Others

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languagehat - Rules Grammar Change

(E?)(L?) http://www.languagehat.com/archives/2004_02.php


(E?)(L?) http://www.theonion.com/onion3109/newgammar.html

A new look for English grammar:
The U.S. Grammar Guild Monday announced that no more will traditional grammar rules English follow. Instead there will a new form of organizing sentences be.
U.S. Grammar Guild according to, the new structure loosely on an obscure 800-year-old, pre-medieval Anglo-Saxon syntax is based. The syntax primarily verbs, verb clauses and adjectives at the end of sentences placing involves. Results this often, to ears American, a sentence backward appearing.
"Operating under we are, one major rule," said Joyce Watters, president of the U.S. Grammar Guild. "Make English, want we, more archaic and dignified sounding to be, as if every word coming from the tongue of a centuries-old, mystical wizard, is."


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mysprache.de
Grammatik Themen

(E?)(L?) http://www.mysprache.de/

Damit Du die Grammatik schnell verstehst und auch langfristig speicherst, optimieren wir unsere Formulierungen und verknüpfen die Grammatik mit Übungen und Sprachkursen.

Englisch Grammatik Themen Französich Grammatik Themen Spanisch Grammatik Themen Türkisch Grammatik Themen Italienisch Grammatik Themen


Erstellt: 2014-04

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O

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parlezvousanglais.fr
Grammaire anglaise

(E?)(L?) https://parlezvousanglais.fr/grammaire/

Maîtrisez la langue anglaise en consultant les différentes règles à suivre pour parler et écrire en anglais.


Erstellt: 2020-12

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reverso.net
English Grammar
article, syntax, verbs conjugation, English spelling

(E?)(L?) http://grammar.reverso.net/

Browse by topic

Verb Tense Adjectives and adverbs Count and mass nouns
Articles
Quantity Either, neither, both
Conjunctions
Frequency
“If” & conditionals
Impersonal “You”
Phrasal verbs
Pronouns, possessives and contractions
Forming questions Complex sentences Modals
Reasons and consequences Voice and mood Prepositions


Erstellt: 2014-06

rutgers
Guide to Grammar and Style

(E3)(L1) http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/

From the Guide to Grammar and Style by Jack Lynch.
Last revised 9 May 2007.


(E?)(L?) http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/contents.html

A or An | The Above, The Following | Absent | Absolutely | Academies | Acronyms | Action Verbs | Adjectives and Adverbs | Advise | Affect versus Effect | Aggravate | Agreement | Ain't | All of | Alot | Alright | Also | Alternate versus Alternative | Among versus Between | And/or | Antecedent | Anticipate | Anxious versus Eager | Any Way, Shape, or Form | Apostrophe | Apposition | Articles | As versus Like | Assure, Ensure, Insure | As to Whether | Aspect | As Yet | At This Point, At the Present Time, At This Point in Time | Audience | Back-Formation | Basically | Begging the Question | Behalf | Being That | Between You and I | Bimonthly | Block Quotations | Bluntness | Boldface | British Spellings | Bugbears | But at the Beginning | Cannot | Can't Help But | Capable | Capitalization | Cases | Centralized | -Century | Cf. | Citation | Clarity | Clearly, Obviously, Undoubtedly | Clichés | Climactic versus Climatic | Colon | Commas | Comma Splice | Comparatives | Comprise | Concrete Language | Confused Pairs | Conjunctions | Considered as, Considered to be | Continual versus Continuous | Contractions | Currently | Dangling Participle | Dash | Data | Dates | Decimate | Demagogue | Denotation versus Connotation | Dependent versus Independent Clauses | Diagramming Sentences | Dialogue | Diction | Dictionaries | Different | Direct and Indirect Objects | Disinterested versus Uninterested | Dive, Dived, Dove | Double Negatives | Due to the Fact That | E-Prime | Each | Ellipses | Economy | E.g. versus i.e | Emphasis | Enormity | Equally As | Every | Every Day versus Everyday | Exclamation Points | Exists | Facet | The Fact That | Factor | Farther versus Further | Feel | Fewer versus Less | First, Second, Third | First Person | Flammable versus Inflammable | Flaunt versus Flout | Fonts | Foreign Words and Phrases | Formal Writing | Fortuitous | Frequently | Functionality | Gender | Generalizations | Grace | Grammar | Grammar Checkers | Grow | Heavily | Hoi Polloi | Hopefully | House Style | However | Hypercorrection | Hyphen | Ibid. | Idiolect | Idiom | Impact | Imperative | Imply versus Infer | Important | Incredible versus Incredulous | Individual | Infinitive | Inflection | Interesting | In Terms of | Interpolation | Ironic | Irregardless | Issue | Italics | It Can Be Argued | It's versus Its | Jargon | Justification | Language Change | Latinate versus Germanic Diction | Lay versus Lie | Lead versus Led | Lend versus Loan | Liaise | Lifestyle | Like | Linking Verbs | Listing | Literally | Loath versus Loathe | Long Words | Loose versus Lose | Massive | Mechanics | Media | Methodology | Microsoft Word | Mixed Metaphor | Modifier | Momentarily | Mood | More So | Ms. | Myself | Nature | Nauseous | Necessitate | Neologisms | Network | "Never" and "Always" | Nor | Normalcy | Not un- | Noun | Novel | Number | Numbers | Obfuscation | Old English | On a -- Basis | Only | Orient versus Orientate | Paragraphs | Parameter | Parentheses | Particular | Parts of Speech | Passive Voice | Per | Periods | Personalized | Peruse | Phenomena | Plurals | Plus | Possessive | Precision | Predicate | Prepositions | Prepositions at the End | Prescriptive versus Descriptive Grammars | Presently | Previous | Principal versus Principle | Prior to | Pronoun | Pronunciation | Proofreading | Punctuation and Quotation Marks | Punctuation and Spaces | Quality | Quite | Quotations | Quotations inside Quotations | Quote | Re | Recasting Sentences | Redundancy | Revision | Rhetorical Questions | Rules | Run-On Sentences | Semicolon | Sentences | | Sexist Language and the Indefinite Third Person | Shall versus Will | | Sic | Single Quotation Marks | Skunked Terms | Slashes | Sneak, Sneaked, Snuck | So | So as to | Solution | Spelling Checkers | Split Infinitive | Standard English | States | Style | Subjunctives | Substantive | Superscript | Task | Taste | Tense | Than I versus Than Me | Than versus Then | That versus Which | Therefore versus Therefor | Thesis Statements | Thusly | Titles | Toward versus Towards | Tragedy | Transition | Transitions | Transitive versus Intransitive Verbs | Try And | Unique | Usage | Utilize and Utilization | Verbal | Verbs | Vocabulary | Voice | Wasted Words | Who versus That or Which | Who versus Whom | Whose versus Who's | -Wise


S

Singular (W3)

Der dt. "Singular" (17. Jh.), engl. "Singular" (1387) = dt. "Einzahl" drückt das einmalige Vorkommen eines Wesens oder Dinges aus. Das Wort "Singular" = dt. "Einzahl" geht zurück auf lat. "singularis" = dt. "einzeln", "vereinzelt", "zum Einzelnen gehörig", lat. "singularis numerus" = dt. "einzelne Zahl", lat. "singulus" = dt. "einzeln", "einzig", "allein".

(E?)(L?) http://web.archive.org/web/20080417010036/https://www.bartleby.com/68/10/5510.html


(E?)(L?) http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/fun/welsh/Index.html

nouns, singular after numbers | singular


(E?)(L?) http://www.odlt.org/

Oxford English Dictionary

Its first citation in its grammatical sense is from 1387: "Everiche in þe singuler nombre was i-cleped Anthiochus."


(E?)(L?) http://openshakespeare.org/stats/word/singular

Statistics for 'singular'


(E2)(L1) https://www.dictionary.com/browse/singular


(E?)(L?) https://www.shakespeareswords.com/Glossary?let=s


(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/glossary/singular.htm


(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/vocabulary/singular-nouns-plural-verbs.htm

Singular nouns that take plural verbs


(E?)(L?) http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/tta/glossary/KS2&3.htm

singular and plural


(E?)(L?) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/singular-terms-medieval/

Medieval Theories of Singular Terms

First published Thu Sep 25, 2003; substantive revision Wed Oct 12, 2011

A singular term, such as a proper name or a demonstrative pronoun, is a term that signifies exactly one individual thing. The existence of singular terms raises various questions about how they function within a language. Do proper names have a sense as well as a referent? If they do have a sense, what is it, and how do they acquire it? How is this sense transmitted from one speaker to another? Is a demonstrative pronoun purely referential? If one believes in a language of thought, or mental language, as did many medieval thinkers, what is the mental correlate of a singular term? While medieval thinkers did not produce any treatises devoted to singular terms, their writings do contain answers to these questions, or at least, answers to similar questions that they themselves posed in the context of their own semantic theories. To discover medieval views of singular terms, one must consult a variety of sources from grammar, logic, metaphysics, and even theology. Priscian, the semantically-oriented grammarian who wrote at the beginning of the sixth century C.E., was particularly influential, and his views were repeated by many later grammarians, as well as by logicians and theologians. Porphyry's Isagoge, or introduction to Aristotle's Categories, was another important source, especially as his discussion allowed commentators to relate linguistic problems to metaphysical problems concerning the nature of the individual named by a singular term. Commentaries on Aristotle's Categories discussed singular terms as examples of equivocal terms, those having more than one sense. Later in the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the sixteenth century, singular terms were discussed in treatises devoted to types of terms. Paul of Venice's treatise is worthy of special mention here, despite the difficulty of construing many of his claims. Because the use of singular terms was tied to singular concepts, they were also discussed in commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, De anima, and Metaphysics. The commentaries of John Buridan (d. after 1358) provide the richest and most coherent medieval theory, and one which remained influential into the sixteenth century. During the sixteenth century, singular concepts remained a subject of discussion in commentaries on Aristotle's Physics and De anima, but unfortunately the logicians who came after Domingo de Soto (1494-1560) reverted to a very cursory treatment of singular terms. We have to wait for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries for a rediscovery of some of the problems that had exercised John Buridan in the fourteenth century.


(E?)(L1) http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/singular.html


(E?)(L1) http://www.usingenglish.com/handouts/246.html

Singular or Plural? (11)


(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/246.html

Singular or Plural? (11)


(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-non2.htm

Singular or plural verb with ‘none’


(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-the2.htm

Singular they


(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=Singular
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "Singular" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1590 auf.

Erstellt: 2012-11

sonogram (W3)

Dt. "Sonogramm", frz. "sonogramme", engl. "sonogram" (1956), (wörtlich etwa dt. "Schallaufzeichnung"), bezeichnet die Aufzeichnung eines Ultraschallspektrums bei einer Sonografie (Ultraschalluntersuchung). "Sonogramm" setzt sich zusammen aus lat. "sonus" = dt. "Laut", "Schall", "Klang", "Geräusch" und griech. "-gramm-" = dt. "Schrift", "Zeichen", "schreiben", "Buchstabe".

(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sonogram&allowed_in_frame=0

"sonogram "(n.) 1956, from comb. form of Latin "sonus" (see "sound" (n.1)) + "-gram". Related: Sonograph (1951).


(E2)(L1) https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sonogram

sonogram


(E2)(L1) https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ultrasonogram

ultrasonogram


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/sonogram#websters

sonogram


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/sonogramme#wiktionary

sonogramme


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/sonograms#wiktionary

sonograms


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/ultrasonogram#americanheritage

ultrasonogram


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/ultrasonograms#wiktionary

ultrasonograms


(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=sonogram
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "sonogram" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1960 auf.

Erstellt: 2015-08

T

telegram (W3)

Dt. "Telegramm" (1864), span. "Telegrama", frz. "télégramme", engl. "telegram" (1844), setzt sich zusammen aus "griech. "télos" = dt. "Ende", "Ziel", "Zweck", "fern", "weit" und griech.-lat- "grámma" = "Geschriebenes", "Schrift", "Schriftzeichen", bedeutet also wörtlich dt. "Fernschrift", "fernschriftlich übermittelte Nachricht".

24. Mai 1844: Der US-amerikanische Erfinder Samuel Finley Morse übermittelt auf einer Versuchsleitung von Washington nach Baltimore das erste Telegramm mit Hilfe eines von ihm konstruierten elektromagnetischen Schreibautomaten und eröffnet damit ein neues Zeitalter in der Nachrichtenübermittlung.

Das Wort "Telegramm" als Bezeichnung für eine durch Telegrafie übermittelte schriftliche oder bildliche Nachricht wurde am 06. April 1852 von dem Amerikaner E. P. Smith aus Rochester (N. Y.) im "Albany Evening Journal" anstelle der bisher üblichen umständlichen Benennungen "telegraphische Depesche", "telegraphische Nachricht" u.ä. vorgeschlagen. Smith's kurze und einprägsame Wortbildung hat sich um 1860 durchgesetzt.

dt. "telegrafisch" = engl. "by telegram"

(E?)(L?) http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwari/a/Zimmermann-Telegram.htm

The Zimmermann Telegram

The WWI Coded Message That Helped Change the Tide of Public Opinion in the U.S.
...


(E?)(L?) http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/glossary/g/gllongtelegram.htm

The "Long Telegram" was sent by George Kennan from the United States Embassy in Moscow to Washington, where it was received on February 22nd 1946. The telegram was prompted by US enquiries about Soviet behaviour, especially with regards to their refusal to join the newly created World Bank and International Monetary Fund. In his text, Kennan outlined Soviet belief and practice and proposed the policy of "containment", making the Telegram a key document in the history of the Cold War.

The name "long" derives from the telegram's 8000 word length.
...


(E1)(L1) https://www.bartleby.com/81/T1.html

Telegram: "Milking a telegram."


(E?)(L?) http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/6379.html

Illinois and Michigan Canal Telegram, 1848


(E?)(L?) http://www.ety.nl/etywrdfam.html

"telos" grieks (ndl. "einde", "ver", "grens")


(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=telegram

"telegram" (n.) "telegraphic dispatch", according to Bartlett's 1859 edition a coinage of E. Peshine Smith of Rochester, N.Y., from "tele-", as in "telegraph" + "-gram", and introduced in the Albany "Evening Journal" of April 6, 1852. Damned in the cradle by purists who pointed out that the correct formation would be "telegrapheme" (which is close to the Modern Greek word).

May I suggest to such as are not contented with "Telegraphic Dispatch" the rightly constructed word "telegrapheme"? I do not want it, but ... I protest against such a barbarism as "telegram". [Richard Shilleto, Cambridge Greek scholar, in the London "Times," Oct. 15, 1857]

Related: "Telegrammic".


(E3)(L1) http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm7.html

Die Kaufzeitung "The Sun", die im Januar 1950 mit dem "World-Telegram" u.d.T. "World-Telegram and Sun" vereinigt wurde, lebte nach einer weiteren Verschmelzung mit mehreren Blättern im Jahre 1966 bis Mai 1967 in der "World-Journal-Tribune" fort.


(E?)(L?) http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm71.html

Als zwischen Aachen und Brüssel der Telegrafendienst noch nicht ausgebaut war, eröffnete Paul Julius Reuter (* Kassel 1816, † Nizza 1899) in Aachen 1849 eine Nachrichtenagentur und betrieb zwischen Aachen und Brüssel eine Brieftaubenpost. 1851 verlegte er den Sitz seines Unternehmens nach London und gründete damit die erste englische Nachrichtenagentur: "Mr. Reuter's 0ffice" (seit 1865; Reuter`s Telegram Company, seit 1916: Reuters Ltd.).


(E?)(L?) http://anw.inl.nl/article/luxetelegram

"luxetelegram" ((vooral) in België, archaïsch)
telegram dat gestuurd wordt ter gelegenheid van een heuglijk feit; gelukstelegram


(E?)(L?) http://depot.knaw.nl/10253/1/Nww_compleet_archief.pdf

"radiogram" "radiotelegram" - Indonesisch "radiogram"; Boeginees "radiogerang".

"telegram" "per telegraaf overgebracht bericht" - Indonesisch "taligram", "télegram", "télgram"; Atjehnees taloè grang "telegraaf "; Jakartaans-Maleis "telegeram"; Javaans "setégram", "tilgram", "tlégram"; Madoerees "telgram", "teleggram"; Makassaars "taligarâng"; Minangkabaus "telegram"; Muna "taleharamu"; Surinaams-Javaans "tilgram", "setilgram".


(E?)(L?) http://www.linotype.com/search-alpha-t.html

Telegram™


(E?)(L?) http://www.nndb.com/people/310/000032214/

Arthur Zimmermann: "Zimmerman Telegram"


(E?)(L?) https://l.maison.pagesperso-orange.fr/etymo/dat2.htm#109

anglais "telegram"
définition: sens : à partir de 1852 = "texte transmis par télégraphe"
sens étymologique : "écrit à distance"
curiosité : premier emploi du suffixe d'origine grecque, "-gram" (ou "-gramme" en français) pour désigner ce qui est écrit (texte) puis ce qui supporte l'écrit, puis ce qui supporte l'enregistrement (vidéo)


(E2)(L1) https://www.dictionary.com/browse/telegram

telegram


(E?)(L?) http://www.retro-gram.com/

Retro-Grams are not just another e-card: they are a unique form of internet communication presented in classic style. Delivered right to your computer via e-mail, they offer authentic historical detail, and outstanding print quality thanks to Adobe Acrobat. They're fun and easy to send, and a little thrilling to get.
...


(E?)(L?) http://help.sap.com/saphelp_glossary/en/index.htm

life telegram


(E?)(L?) http://help.sap.com/saphelp_glossary/en/index.htm

telegram


(E?)(L?) http://www.sex-lexis.com/Sex-Dictionary/tenth%20word%20in%20a%20telegram

tenth word in a telegram


(E?)(L?) http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/telegraph
telegram


(E?)(L?) http://www.telegramstop.com/Home.mvc.aspx

Telegram Stop - Send a Traditional Classic Telegram the Easy Way


(E?)(L?) http://www.virtualsalt.com/roots.htm

General Roots and Prefixes

"graph", "gram": "to write"; "polygraph", "grammar", "biography", "graphite", "telegram", "autograph", "lithograph", "historiography", "graphic", "electrocardiogram", "monogram"


(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/phylum#word=C

"cablegram" a telegram sent abroad


(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/phylum#word=L

"letter telegram" a cheaper form of telegram that is sent abroad for delivery the next day


(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/phylum#word=N

"night letter" a cheaper form of telegram sent for delivery the next day


(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/phylum#word=O

"overseas telegram" a telegram sent abroad


(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/phylum#word=T

"telegram" a message transmitted by telegraph
"telegraphese" language characterized by terseness and ellipsis as in telegrams
"telegraph" form a form to use when sending a telegram


(E1)(L1) http://www.waywordradio.org/tag/telegram/

Telegram


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/singing-telegram#wiktionary

singing-telegram


(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/




(E?)(L?) https://www.yourdictionary.com/telegram#websters

Origin

"tele-" + "-gram". "A friend desires us to [...] introduce a new word into the vocabulary. It is "telegram", instead of "telegraphic dispatch", or "telegraphic communication". Albany Evening Journal, April 6, 1852.


(E1)(L1) http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?corpus=0&content=telegram
Abfrage im Google-Corpus mit 15Mio. eingescannter Bücher von 1500 bis heute.

Engl. "telegram" taucht in der Literatur um das Jahr 1590 / 1850 auf.

Erstellt: 2015-08

U

ucl
The Internet Grammar of English
English Grammar
Glossary of grammatical terms

(E?)(L?) http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/
The Internet Grammar of English is an online course in English grammar written primarily for university undergraduates. However, we hope that it will be useful to everyone who is interested in the English language. IGE does not assume any prior knowledge of grammar.
The Internet Grammar of English is accessible free of charge to all users.

(E?)(L?) http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/tta/glossary/KS2&3.htm
22.12.2006:


last changed 26 Sept 2003
Introduction to this glossary
This glossary includes:

| abstract noun [new] | accent | acronym | active and passive | adjectival | adjective | adverb | adverbial [new] | adverbial clause/phrase | affix | agreement | ambiguity | analogy | anaphora, anaphoric [new] | antonym | apposition [new] | apostrophe (') | article audience | auxiliary verbs | backshift | bridging [new] | case | clause | clause element [new] | cognate | coherence and cohesion | colloquial | colon () | comma (,) | comma splice [new] | complement | complex sentence | compound sentence | compound word | concord | conditional | conjunction | connective | contraction | co-ordinating conjunction | co-ordination [new] | dash (—) | derivational morphology [new] | determiner | diacritic | dialect | direct and indirect speech | double negative | elision | ellipsis | exclamation | exclamation mark (!) | exclamative | finite verb [new] | front-shifting | function | gender | genre | gerund | glossary | grammar | grammatical boundary | grapheme | head [new] | historic present | homograph | homophone | hyphen (-) | idiom | imperative [new] | indirect speech | infinitive | inflection | interjection | interrogative [new] | intonation | intransitive [new] | lexical pattern | lexical relationship [new] | logogram | main clause | main verb | metalanguage | modal verb | modify, modifier [new] | morpheme | morphology [new] | non-finite | noun | noun phrase | object | onomatopoeia | paragraph | parenthesis | part of speech | participle | passive | past participle | person | phoneme | phrase | plural | predicate | prefix | preposition | prepositional phrase | preposition stranding [new] | pronoun | punctuation | question mark (?) | refer | reference [new] | reference chain [new] | relative adverb [new] | relative clause | relative pronoun [new] | root word | semantic, semantics | semi-colon (;) | sentence | sequence of tense rule [new] | | speech, speech marks | spelling log | standard English | subject and object | subordination [new] | subordinate clause [new] | subordinating conjunction | suffix | syllable | synonym | syntax tag question | tense | text | transitive [new] | verb | verbal noun [new] | verb chain | voice | word class


Uni Erfurt
Lehmann, Christian
Thoughts on grammaticalization

(E?)(L?) http://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/index.htm

Publikationen: ASSidUE - Arbeitspapiere des Seminars für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Erfurt


(E?)(L?) http://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/ASSidUE/ASSidUE09.pdf

...
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List of English Irregular Verbs

(E?)(L1) http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/

mit: Base Form - Past Simple - Past Participle - 3rd Person Singular - Present Participle / Gerund

Abide | Alight | Arise | Awake | Be | Bear | Beat | Become | Begin | Behold | Bend | Bet | Bid | Bid | Bind | Bite | Bleed | Blow | Break | Breed | Bring | Broadcast | Build | Burn | Burst | Bust | Buy | Cast | Catch | Choose | Clap | Cling | Clothe | Come | Cost | Creep | Cut | Dare | Deal | Dig | Dive | Do | Draw | Dream | Drink | Drive | Dwell | Eat | Fall | Feed | Feel | Fight | Find | Fit | Flee | Fling | Fly | Forbid | Forecast | Foresee | Foretell | Forget | Forgive | Forsake | Freeze | Frostbite | Get | Give | Go | Grind | Grow | Handwrite | Hang | Have | Hear | Hide | Hit | Hold | Hurt | Inlay | Input | Interlay | Keep | Kneel | Knit | Know | Lay | Lead | Lean | Leap | Learn | Leave | Lend | Let | Lie | Light | Lose | Make | Mean | Meet | Melt | Mislead | Mistake | Misunderstand | Miswed | Mow | Overdraw | Overhear | Overtake | Pay | Preset | Prove | Put | Quit | Re-prove | Read | Rid | Ride | Ring | Rise | Rive | Run | Saw | Say | See | Seek | Sell | Send | Set | Sew | Shake | Shave | Shear | Shed | Shine | Shoe | Shoot | Show | Shrink | Shut | Sing | Sink | Sit | Slay | Sleep | Slide | Sling | Slink | Slit | Smell | Sneak | Soothsay | Sow | Speak | Speed | Spell | Spend | Spill | Spin | Spit | Split | Spoil | Spread | Spring | Stand | Steal | Stick | Sting | Stink | Stride | Strike | String | Strip | Strive | Sublet | Sunburn | Swear | Sweat | Sweep | Swell | Swim | Swing | Take | Teach | Tear | Tell | Think | Thrive | Throw | Thrust | Tread | Undergo | Understand | Undertake | Upset | Vex | Wake | Wear | Weave | Wed | Weep | Wend | Wet | Win | Wind | Withdraw | Withhold | Withstand | Wring | Write | Zinc


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youtube.com - GP
Grammar Police

(E?)(L?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3X4qi7AwDQI

0:06 - so let's try this once more why I told 0:13 - you I didn't do nothing 0:15 - my grandma isn't gonna help you the 0:17 - double negative means that you admit to 0:19 - doing something so tell the truth where 0:23 - exactly were you four yes I admit we 0:27 - were outside the hotel but other people 0:30 - were too maybe less than you'd expect 0:33 - for Friday no fewer fewer the nude 0:36 - expect that's what I just said 0:39 - anyway there were four very suspicious 0:42 - men there who I think Oh two of whom I 0:46 - saw who who is the subject of the 0:54 - sentence whom is the object right well 0:58 - it must have been them what did it it 1:00 - must have been day who did it exactly 1:04 - okay just to be clear let's go through 1:10 - it once more right me and John John and 1:16 - I we're at an hotel a hotel not doing 1:21 - nothing doing anything when we see we 1:23 - saw four men two of them whom done it 1:27 - who did it well like I said it was them 1:30 - - I'm in the clear now right we've got 1:42 - you on camera okay if I done it how many 1:51 - year what I get if I did it how many 1:57 - years would I get but you didn't do it 2:00 - me and John did when gramma lets you 2:03 - down use my grammar lab to learn and 2:05 - practice grammar through a unique blend 2:07 - of book online and mobile my grammar lab 2:11 - when you need to know the rules 2:12 - all the rules visit my grandma lab calm 2:15 - to find out more grammar 2:17 - get it right


Erstellt: 2023-01

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Bücher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Grammatik, Gramática, Grammaire, Grammatica, Grammar, (esper.) gramatiko

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Ágel, Vilmos
Dependenz und Valenz
Dependency and Valency

Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung
An International Handbook of Contemporary Research
Hrsg. v. Ágel, Vilmos / Eichinger, Ludwig M. / Eroms, Hans Werner / Hellwig, Peter / Heringer, Hans Jürgen / Lobin, Henning
2. Halbband


The handbook provides an overview of the current status of research in this field. The second volume begins with a comprehensive description of grammatical phenomena as seen from dependency and valency viewpoints. This is followed by chapters on the application of dependency and valency concepts in computer-based language processing. The remaining chapters deal with contrastive linguistics, grammaticography, lexicography, historical linguistics and other areas of linguistic research in which dependency and valency play a significant role.


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Declerck, Renaat
The Grammar of the English Verb Phrase

Volume 1: The Grammar of the English Tense System


The book aims to provide a grammar of tense which can be used both as an advanced reference grammar and as a scientific study which can act as a basis for and stimulus to further research. It provides not only a wealth of data but also a unique framework for the study of the English tense system, which achieves great predictive and explanatory power on the basis of a limited number of relatively simple rules.


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House, Christine
Stevens,John
Grammar - no problem
Eine Englischgrammatik mit Übungen

Taschenbuch: 111 Seiten
Verlag: Cornelsen (September 2000)
Sprache: Englisch


...
1) It is targeted specifically at the German market, and thus has explanations in German and sheds light on the typical mistakes German-speakers make when speaking English.
2) The color layout is eye-catching and appealing to the reader.
3) The book has a very clean look and feel, and may not be as overwhelming to a learner of English as Murphy's comprehensive - but thick - books.


Howard, Godfrey
The Macmillan Good English Handbook

Paperback: 384 pages
Publisher: Pan Books (February 1998)
Language: English

A simple alphabetical approach but covering a wide range of words and phrases and their proper grammatical usage.

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Keine, Stefan (Autor)
Case and Agreement from Fringe to Core
A Minimalist Approach
(Linguistische Arbeiten)

Gebundene Ausgabe: 226 Seiten
Verlag: Walter de Gruyter (1. August 2010)
Sprache: Englisch

(E?)(L?) http://www.degruyter.de/cont/fb/sk/detail.cfm?id=IS-9783110234398-1&ad=nld

Keine, Stefan
Case and Agreement from Fringe to Core
A Minimalist Approach
2010 | Hardcover | RRP Euro [D] 99.95 / for USA, Canada, Mexico US$ 140.00. * ISBN 978-3-11-023439-8 Reihe: Linguistische Arbeiten 536

Produktinfo
This book explores the view that impoverishment and Agree operations are part of a single grammatical component. The architecture set forth here gives rise to complex but highly systematic interactions between the two operations. This interaction is shown to provide a unified and general account of apparentlydiverse and unrelated intances of eccentric argument encoding that so far haveremained elusive to a unified theoretical account. The proposed view of the grammatical architecture achieves an integration of these phenomena withinbetter-studied languages and thus gives rise to a more general theory of caseand agreement phenomena. The empirical evidence on the basis of which the proposal is developed drawsfrom a wide range of typologically non-related languages, including Basque, Hindi, Icelandic, Itelmen, Marathi, Nez Perce, Niuean, Punjabi, Sahaptin, Selayarese, Yukaghir, and Yurok. The proposal has far-reaching consequences for the study of grammatical architecture, linguistic interfaces, derivational locality in apparently non-local dependencies and the role of functional considerations in formal approaches tothe human language faculty.


Erstellt: 2010-09

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Molnár, Valeria
The Architecture of Focus
Studies in Generative Grammar [Sgg]

Gebundene Ausgabe: 617 Seiten
Verlag: Gruyter; Auflage: 1 (1. März 2006)
Sprache: Englisch


'The Architecture of Focus' offers the most precise and recent characterization of the notion of focus in linguistic theory. The volume contains brand-new and innovative papers that target the nature of focus and topic at the interfaces of the model of grammar. There are four main sections: Together the papers collected in this volume present a state-of-the-art account of the architecture of focus.


Murphy, Raymond (Autor)
English Grammar in Use

Third Edition. Intermediate to Upper Intermediate.
Broschiert: 379 Seiten
Verlag: Klett (April 2010)
Sprache: Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
Überarbeitete Ausgabe des Bestsellers English Grammar in Use von Erfolgsautor Raymond Murphy!
Mit zusätzlichen Features für deutsche Lerner und Komplettausstattung (Schlüssel, CD-ROM und pull-out grammar reference)
In 144 Units werden die behandelten Grammatikthemen nach dem Doppelseitenprinzip präsentiert und geübt.
Wichtige Grammatikpunkte können mit Hilfe des praktischen ausziehbaren reference panel nachgesehen werden.


Erstellt: 2010-09

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perfectyourenglish
Learn English Grammar, Vocabulary
Practical English Usage, Writing
Grammar terms and Speaking

(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/

Reference desk: Interactive Pages


(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/sitemap.htm

Site Map

English Grammar | Adjectives | Adverbs | Articles | Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions | Degrees of comparison | Determiners | -ing forms | Complements | Copular-verbs | Countable and Uncountable nouns | Practical English Usage | Practical English Usage - Table of Contents | Grammatical Terms | Grammatical Terms - Table of Contents | English Writing | Recommended Links


(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/english-grammar.htm

English Grammar

Adjectives | Adverbs | Articles | Primary Auxiliary Verbs | Modal Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions | Degrees of comparison | Determiners | Common Prepositions: usage | -ing forms | Complements | Copular-verbs | Countable and Uncountable nouns | If clauses | Infinitives | Negative structures | Participles Updated! | Nouns | Pronouns | Prepositions | Active and Passive voice | Tenses | Personal pronouns | Exclamations | Direct and indirect speech | Sentences | Sentence agreement | Adverb clauses | Adjective clause | Noun clauses | Phrases | Verbs | Sequence of tenses | Verb patterns | Transformation of sentences | Synthesis of sentences


(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/usage/usage-index1.htm

Dictionary of Practical English Usage - Table of contents




(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/glossary/grammar-terms.htm


(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/glossary/glossary-index.htm

Dictionary of grammar terms - Table of contents




(E?)(L?) http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/vocabulary/vocabulary.htm

English Vocabulary

English Vocabulary - Lessons

Common Differences Idioms Word Power Spelling Foreign Phrases and Classical Quotations Specific Vocabulary Others

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Shuttleworth, Malcolm
Englische Grammatik mal einfach

(E?)(L?) https://www.mail-order-kaiser.de/appDE/nav_product.php?product=970614

Mit vielen Übungen und Erklärungen auf Englisch und Deutsch

Knapp und klar formulierte Englisch-Grammatik mit deutscher Übersetzung. Farbige Illustrationen unterstützen den Lerneffekt.

Es ist beim Erlernen einer Fremdsprache doch immer dieselbe Geschichte: Grammatik mag keiner. Aber Grammatik braucht jeder. Ein bisschen wenigstens und möglichst klar und knapp formuliert. Nicht zu viele Fremdworte und gute Beispiele. Und Übungen am besten gleich dort, wo das Thema behandelt wird. Und wenn das Buch dann auch noch wie aus dem richtigen Leben käme - also nicht so verstaubt und vor allem mal direkt in beiden Sprachen ... das wäre toll! Und das Beste ist: Genau dieses Buch liegt jetzt vor und viele lustige Bilder sorgen für Abwechslung und Unterhaltung.


Erstellt: 2020-02

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Williams, Andrew
Grammatisches Lernlexikon Englisch
Grundlagenwissen alphabetisch mit Beispielen und Kurztests

Broschiert: 192 Seiten
Verlag: Reclam jun. , Philipp, Verlag GmbH (4. August 2009)
Sprache: Deutsch, Englisch


Kurzbeschreibung
Nach dem sehr erfolgreichen "Grammatischen Lernlexikon Französisch" (UB 19743) erscheint nun mit dem "Grammatischen Lernlexikon Englisch" das handliche Nachschlage- und Übungsbuch für jeden Englischlerner. Es dient dazu, Informationen über Grundlagen der englischen Grammatik rasch zu finden und sich mit Kurztests zu vergewissern, ob man den entsprechenden Überblick erlangt hat. Eine Besonderheit ist hier ein Anhang mit den knapp einhundert wichtigsten unregelmäßigen englischen Verben, die zusätzlich in Lerngruppen präsentiert werden, wodurch das Einprägen des Stammformwechsels (sleep - slept - slept) erleichtert wird.


(E?)(L?) http://www.reclam.de/detail/978-3-15-019767-7

Inhaltsverzeichnis
  • Vorwort
  • Warum ein "Grammatisches Lernlexikon Englisch"? - Strukturierung der Informationseinheiten - Übersicht über die englischen Verben - Lernen, Reaktivieren, Testen
  • Abkürzungen
  • Lernlexikon A-Z
  • Anhang I
  • Übersicht über das Verbsystem
  • 1. Übersicht über die Zeitformen
  • 2. Die englischen Verben
  • 3. Die modalen Hilfsverben
  • 4. Unregelmäßige Verben
  • Anhang II
  • Übersetzungskurztests
  • Anhang III
  • Lösungen zu den Übersetzungskurztests



Woods, Geraldine (Author)
English Grammar For Dummies

Paperback: 384 pages
Publisher: For Dummies; 1 edition (Jul 1 2001)
Language: English


Product Description
A few years ago, a magazine sponsored a contest for the comment most likely to end a conversation. The winning entry? "I teach English grammar." Just throw that line out at a party; everyone around you will clam up or start saying "whom."

Why does grammar make everyone so nervous? Probably because English teachers, for decades - no, for centuries - have been making a big deal out of grammar in classrooms, diagramming sentences and drilling the parts of speech, clauses, and verbals into students until they beg for mercy. Happily, you don't have to learn all those technical terms of English grammar - and you certainly don't have to diagram sentences - in order to speak and write correct English.

So rest assured - "English Grammar For Dummies" will probably never make your English teacher's top-ten list of must-read books, because you won't have to diagram a single sentence. What you will discover are fun and easy strategies that can help you when you're faced with such grammatical dilemmas as the choice between "I" and "me", "had gone" and "went", and "who" and "whom". With English Grammar For Dummies, you won't have to memorize a long list of meaningless rules (well, maybe a couple in the punctuation chapter!), because when you understand the reason for a particular word choice, you'll pick the correct word automatically.

English Grammar For Dummies covers many other topics as well, such as the following:
  • Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - oh my!
  • Preposition propositions and pronoun pronouncements
  • Punctuation: The lowdown on periods, commas, colons, and all those other squiggly marks
  • Possession: It's nine-tenths of grammatical law
  • Avoiding those double negative vibes
  • How to spice up really boring sentences (like this one)
  • Top Ten lists on improving your proofreading skills and ways to learn better grammar
Just think how improving your speaking and writing skills will help you in everyday situations, such as writing a paper for school, giving a presentation to your company's big wigs, or communicating effectively with your family. You will not only gain the confidence in knowing you're speaking or writing well, but you'll also make a good impression on those around you!

Book Info
A friendly guide to proper English grammar. Features coverage of pronouns, participles, parallel structure of verbs, adjectives, and tenses, and proper punctuation. Also covers effective proofreading, using slang, avoiding common grammatical errors, and conveying the appropriate meaning. Softcover.


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