Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology, (griech.) etymología, (lat.) etymologia, (esper.) etimologio
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (esper.) Britujo
Essay, Ensayo, Essai, Saggio, Essay, (esper.) Eseo

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archive.org - AW
Arthur, William
An etymological dictionary of family and Christian names
with an essay on their derivation and import

An etymological dictionary of family and Christian names : with an essay on their derivation and import

by Arthur, William, 1796-1875

Publication date 1857

Publisher New York : Sheldon, Blakeman & Co.

Language English

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archive.org - BT
Blacklock, Thomas
An essay on universal etymology

An essay on universal etymology, 1756

by Blacklock, Thomas, 1721-1791

Publication date 1971

Language English

"§"
archive.org - KJ
Ker, John Bellenden
An essay on the archaeology of our popular phrases, nursery rhymes

Publication date 1837

Topics English language, English language -- Etymology, Nursery rhymes

Publisher London : Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Coupland, Southampton

Language English

Fisher copy: Vol. 1 bound in paper boards, with embossed cloth spine and printed paper spine label. Vol. 2 bound in green cloth with printed paper spine label

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archive.org - MFM
Müller, Friedrich Max
Selected essays on language, mythology and religion

Selected essays on language, mythology and religion

by Müller, Friedrich Max, 1823-1900

Publication date 1881

Topics Language and languages, Mythology, Religion

Language English

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archive.org - SB
Sears, Barnas
Select treatises of Martin Luther in the original German,
with philological notes,
and an essay on German and English etymology
German and English words having the same etymology

Select treatises of Martin Luther in the original German, with philological notes, and an essay on German and English etymology;

by Luther, Martin, 1483-1546; Sears, Barnas

Publication date 1846

Publisher Andover, Allen, Morrill and Wardwell [etc., etc.]

Collection cdl; americana

Digitizing sponsor MSN

Contributor University of California Libraries

Language English

• Synoptical view of German and English words having the same etymology.
• Sermon on indulgences.
• Exposition of the thirty-seventh Psalm.
• Address to the German nobility.
• An address in behalf of public schools.
• Exposition of the fourteenth chapter of John.
• Fragment

"§"
bartleby.com
Essays Online

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bartleby003
Bacon, Francis
Essays, Civil and Moral

Harvard Classics, Vol. 3, Part 1

Whether turning a phrase or observing the politics of the day the father of the scientific method also took his place with Essays as the master of English prose.

CONTENTS

Bibliographic Record
NEW YORK: P.F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909-14
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2001

• Introductory Note
• The Epistle Dedicatory
• Of Truth
• Of Death
• Of Unity in Religion
• Of Revenge
• Of Adversity
• Of Simulation and Dissimulation
• Of Parents and Children
• Of Marriage and Single Life
• Of Envy
• Of Love
• Of Great Place
• Of Boldness
• Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature
• Of Nobility
• Of Seditions and Troubles
• Of Atheism
• Of Superstition
• Of Travel
• Of Empire
• Of Counsel
• Of Delays
• Of Cunning
• Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self
• Of Innovations
• Of Dispatch
• Of Seeming Wise
• Of Friendship
• Of Expense
• Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates
• Of Regiment of Health
• Of Suspicion
• Of Discourse
• Of Plantations
• Of Riches
• Of Prophecies
• Of Ambition
• Of Masques and Triumphs
• Of Nature in Men
• Of Custom and Education
• Of Fortune
• Of Usury
• Of Youth and Age
• Of Beauty
• Of Deformity
• Of Building
• Of Gardens
• Of Negotiating
• Of Followers and Friends
• Of Suitors
• Of Studies
• Of Faction
• Of Ceremonies and Aspects
• Of Praise
• Of Vain-glory
• Of Honor and Reputation
• Of Judicature
• Of Anger
• Of Vicissitude of Things
• Of Fame

"§"
bartleby005
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Essays and English Traits

Harvard Classics, Vol. 5
Essays and English Traits
Ralph Waldo Emerson
The combination of Emerson’s best essays with those that made him the most esteemed American in the Old World form the foundation of the American Renaissance and epitomize the corpus of this country’s greatest thinker.

CONTENTS
Bibliographic Record
NEW YORK: P.F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909-14
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 2001

Introductory Note
Essays

• The American Scholar
• An Address
• Man the Reformer
• Self-Reliance
• Compensation
• Friendship
• Heroism
• The Over-Soul
• Circles
• The Poet
• Character
• Manners
• Gifts
• Nature
• Politics
• New England Reformers
• Worship
• Beauty

English Traits

• First Visit to England
• Voyage to England
• Land
• Race
• Ability
• Manners
• Truth
• Character
• Cockayne
• Wealth
• Aristocracy
• Universities
• Religion
• Literature
• The “Times”
• Stonehenge
• Personal
• Result
• Speech at Manchester

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bartleby027
Harvard Classics
English Essays

Harvard Classics, Vol. 27

English Essays

From Sir Philip Sidney to Macaulay

Four centuries of the development of English prose are illustrated by 24 works from 17 authors, ranging from those best known for the essay, like Addison and Hazlitt, to those, like Jonson and Coleridge, whose poetic spirit infuses all their writings.

CONTENTS

Bibliographic Record

Sir Philip Sidney

• Introductory Note
• The Defense of Poesy

Ben Jonson

• Introductory Note
• On Shakespeare
• On Bacon

Abraham Cowley

• Introductory Note
• Of Agriculture

Joseph Addison

• Introductory Note
• The Vision of Mirza
• Westminster Abbey

Sir Richard Steele

• Introductory Note
• The Spectator Club

Jonathan Swift

• Introductory Note
• Hints Towards an Essay on Conversation
• A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding
• A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet
• On the Death of Esther Johnson [Stella]

Daniel Defoe

• Introductory Note
• The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters
• The Education of Women

Samuel Johnson

• Introductory Note
• Life of Addison, 1672–1719

David Hume

• Introductory Note
• Of the Standard of Taste

Sydney Smith

• Introductory Note
• Fallacies of Anti-Reformers

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

• Introductory Note
• On Poesy or Art

William Hazlitt

• Introductory Note
• Of Persons One Would Wish to Have Seen

Leigh Hunt

• Introductory Note
• Deaths of Little Children
• On the Realities of Imagination

Charles Lamb

• Introductory Note
• On the Tragedies of Shakspere

Thomas De Quincey

• Introductory Note
• Levana and Our Ladies of Sorrow

Percy Bysshe Shelley

• Introductory Note
• A Defence of Poetry

Thomas Babington Macaulay

• Introductory Note
• Machiavelli

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bartleby028
Harvard Classics
Essays - English and American

Harvard Classics, Vol. 28

Essays

English and American

The dozen nineteenth-century authors anthologized in this volume include the great English prose artists Arnold and Ruskin and the American cultural heroes Thoreau and Lowell. Their subjects range from personal biographies on Milton, Swift and Lincoln to topical musings on education, philosophy and literature.

CONTENTS

Bibliographic Record

William Makepeace Thackeray

• Introductory Note
• Jonathan Swift

John Henry Newman

• Introductory Note
• The Idea of a University
• I. What Is a University?
• II. Site of a University
• III. University Life at Athens

Matthew Arnold

• Introductory Note
• The Study of Poetry

John Ruskin

• Introductory Note
• Sesame and Lilies
• Lecture I.—Sesame: Of Kings’ Treasuries
• Lecture II.—Lilies: Of Queens’ Gardens

Walter Bagehot

• Introductory Note
• John Milton (1859)

Thomas Henry Huxley

• Introductory Note
• Science and Culture

Edward Augustus Freeman

• Introductory Note
• Race and Language

Robert Louis Stevenson

• Introductory Note
• Truth of Intercourse
• Samuel Pepys

William Ellery Channing

• Introductory Note

On the Elevation of the Laboring Classes

• Introductory Remarks
• Lecture I
• Lecture II

Edgar Allan Poe

• Introductory Note
• The Poetic Principle

Henry David Thoreau

• Introductory Note
• Walking [1862]

James Russell Lowell

• Introductory Note
• Abraham Lincoln, 1864–1865

Democracy

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bartleby032
Harvard Classics
Literary and Philosophical Essays - FR, DE, IT
French, German and Italian

Harvard Classics, Vol. 32

Literary and Philosophical Essays

French, German and Italian

The 13 works of 7 continental authors span 3 centuries of philosophy from Montaigne to Schiller and literary criticism from Sainte-Beuve and Mazzini.

CONTENTS

Bibliographic Record

Michel Eyquem de Montaigne

• Introductory Note
• The Author to the Reader
• That We Should Not Judge of Our Happiness Until after Our Death
• That to Philosophise Is to Learne How to Die
• Of the Institution and Education of Children. To the Ladie Diana of Foix, Countesse of Gurson
• Of Friendship
• Of Bookes

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve

• Introductory Note

Translated by E. Lee

• Montaigne
• What Is a Classic?

Ernest Renan

• Introductory Note

The Poetry of the Celtic Races. Translated by W. G. Hutchison

• Introduction
• I
• II
• III
• IV
• V
• VI

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

• Introductory Note

Translated by W. G. Hutchison

• The Education of The Human Race

J. C. Friedrich von Schiller

• Introductory Note

Letters upon the Æsthetic Education of Man

• Letter I
• Letter II
• Letter III
• Letter IV
• Letter V
• Letter VI
• Letter VII
• Letter VIII
• Letter IX
• Letter X
• Letter XI
• Letter XII
• Letter XIII
• Letter XIV
• Letter XV
• Letter XVI
• Letter XVII
• Letter XVIII
• Letter XIX
• Letter XX
• Letter XXI
• Letter XXII
• Letter XXIII
• Letter XXIV
• Letter XXV
• Letter XXVI
• Letter XXVII

Immanuel Kant

• Introductory Note

Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
Translated by T. K. Abbott

• Preface
• First Section: Transition from the Common Rational Knowledge of Morality to the Philosophical
• Second Section: Transition from Popular Moral Philosophy to the Metaphysic of Morals
• Third Section: Transition from Metaphysic of Morals to the Critique of Pure Practical Reason

Giuseppe Mazzini

• Introductory Note
• Byron and Goethe

"§"
classic-literature - BF
Bacon, Francis
The Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral

...
THE ESSAYS

• Essay Of Truth
• Essay Of Death
• Essay Of Unity In Religion
• Essay Of Revenge
• Essay Of Adversity
• Essay Of Simulation And Dissimulation
• Essay Of Parents And Children
• Essay Of Marriage And Single Life
• Essay Of Envy
• Essay Of Love
• Essay Of Great Place
• Essay Of Boldness
• Essay Of Goodness and Goodness Of Nature
• Essay Of Nobility
• Essay Of Seditions And Troubles
• Essay Of Atheism
• Essay Of Superstition
• Essay Of Travel
• Essay Of Empire
• Essay Of Counsel
• Essay Of Delays
• Essay Of Cunning
• Essay Of Wisdom For A Man’s Self
• Essay Of Innovations
• Essay Of Dispatch
• Essay Of Seeming Wise
• Essay Of Friendship
• Essay Of Expense
• Essay Of the True Greatness Of Kingdoms And Estates
• Essay Of Regiment Of Health
• Essay Of Suspicion
• Essay Of Discourse
• Essay Of Plantations
• Essay Of Riches
• Essay Of Prophecies
• Essay Of Ambition
• Essay Of Masques And Triumphs
• Essay Of Nature In Men
• Essay Of Custom And Education
• Essay Of Fortune
• Essay Of Usury
• Essay Of Youth And Age
• Essay Of Beauty
• Essay Of Deformity
• Essay Of Building
• Essay Of Gardens
• Essay Of Negotiating
• Essay Of Followers And Friends
• Essay Of Suitors
• Essay Of Studies
• Essay Of Faction
• Essay Of Ceremonies, And Respects
• Essay Of Praise
• Essay Of Vain-glory
• Essay Of Honor And Reputation
• Essay Of Judicature
• Essay Of Anger
• Essay Of Vicissitude Of Things
• Essay Of Fame

A Glossary Of Archaic Words And Phrases

• "Abridgment": miniature
• "Absurd": stupid, unpolished
• "Abuse": cheat, deceive
• "Aculeate": stinging
• "Adamant": loadstone
• "Adust": scorched
• "Advoutress": adulteress
• "Affect": like, desire
• "Antic": clown
• "Appose": question
• "Arietation": battering-ram
• "Audit": revenue
• "Avoidance": secret outlet
• "Battle": battalion
• "Bestow": settle in life
• "Blanch": flatter, evade
• "Brave": boastful
• "Bravery": boast, ostentation
• "Broke": deal in brokerage
• "Broken": shine by comparison
• "Broken music": part music
• "Cabinet": secret
• "Calendar": weather forecast
• "Card": chart, map
• "Care not to": are reckless
• "Cast": plan
• "Cat": cate, cake
• "Charge and adventure": cost and risk
• "Check with": interfere
• "Chop": bandy words
• "Civil": peaceful
• "Close": secret, secretive
• "Collect": infer
• "Compound": compromise
• "Consent": agreement
• "Curious": elaborate
• "Custom": import duties
• "Deceive": rob
• "Derive": divert
• "Difficileness": moroseness
• "Discover": reveal
• "Donative": money gift
• "Doubt": fear
• "Equipollent": equally powerful
• "Espial": spy
• "Estate": state
• "Facility": of easy persuasion
• "Fair": rather
• "Fame": rumor
• "Favor": feature
• "Flashy": insipid
• "Foot-pace": lobby
• "Foreseen": guarded against
• "Froward": stubborn
• "Futile": babbling
• "Globe": complete body
• "Glorious": showy, boastful
• "Humorous": capricious
• "Hundred poll": hundredth head
• "Impertinent": irrelevant
• "Implicit": entangled
• "In a mean": in moderation
• "In smother": suppressed
• "Indifferent": impartial
• "Intend": attend to
• "Knap": knoll
• "Leese": lose
• "Let": hinder
• "Loose": shot
• "Lot": spell
• "Lurch": intercept
• "Make": profit, get
• "Manage": train
• "Mate": conquer
• "Material": business-like
• "Mere-stone": boundary stone
• "Muniting": fortifying
• "Nerve": sinew
• "Obnoxious": subservient, liable
• "Oes": round spangles
• "Pair": impair
• "Pardon": allowance
• "Passable": mediocre
• "Pine-apple-tree": pine
• "Plantation": colony
• "Platform": plan
• "Plausible": praiseworthy
• "Point device": excessively precise
• "Politic": politician
• "Poll": extort
• "Poser": examiner
• "Practice": plotting
• "Preoccupate": anticipate
• "Prest": prepared
• "Prick": plant
• "Proper": personal
• "Prospective": stereoscope
• "Proyne": prune
• "Purprise": enclosure
• "Push": pimple
• "Quarrel": pretext
• "Quech": flinch
• "Reason": principle
• "Recamera": retiring-room
• "Return": reaction
• "Return": wing running back
• "Rise": dignity
• "Round": straight
• "Save": account for
• "Scantling": measure
• "Seel": blind
• "Shrewd": mischievous
• "Sort": associate
• "Spial": spy
• "Staddle": sapling
• "Steal": do secretly
• "Stirp": family
• "Stond": stop, stand
• "Stoved": hot-housed
• "Style": title
• "Success": outcome
• "Sumptuary law": law against
• "extravagance
• "Superior globe": the heavens
• "Temper": proportion
• "Tendering": nursing
• "Tract": line, trait
• "Travel": travail, labor
• "Treaties": treatises
• "Trench to": touch
• "Trivial": common
• "Turquet": Turkish dwarf
• "Under foot": below value
• "Unready": untrained
• "Usury": interest
• "Value": certify
• "Virtuous": able
• "Votary": vowed
• "Wanton": spoiled
• "Wood": maze
• "Work": manage, utilize

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classic-literature - AR
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Essays in The Art of Writing

Essays in The Art of Writing

Robert Louis Stevenson

Free Public Domain Books from the Classic Literature Library

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classic-literature - DD
Defoe, Daniel
An Essay Upon Projects

An Essay Upon Projects

Daniel Defoe

Free Public Domain Business Books from the Classic Literature Library

"§"
classic-literature - ET
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Essays of Travel

Essays of Travel

Robert Louis Stevenson

Free Public Domain Books from the Classic Literature Library

"§"
classic-literature - SR
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson

Essays of Robert Louis Stevenson

Robert Louis Stevenson

Free Public Domain Books from the Classic Literature Library

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Essay (W3)

"essay", noun

• (obsolete) A test, experiment; an assay.
• (archaic) An attempt.
• A written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject.

Translations:

• Dutch: essay , opstel
• German: Aufsatz , Essay
• French: essai , mémoire , dissertation , rédaction
• Italian: saggio (trans-mid)
• Spanish: ensayo

verb ()

• (transitive) To try.
• (intransitive) To move forth, as into battle.

Etymology: From "essai"

"assay", "essay" (vv.)

"Assay" and "essay" derive from the same word, but their meanings have largely diverged. "Assay" means “to assess, evaluate, or test”, as in We had the ore samples assayed; the archaic meaning “to attempt” also makes a rare reappearance (as in to assay a run for office). "Essay" also means “to try, attempt”, as in The climbers had never essayed such a tall peak. Pronounced with their first syllables unstressed, they are homophones; when the first syllables are given secondary or tertiary stress (A-SAI), they are not.

"Essays".

Lord Bacon’s essays were the first in English that bore the name. 1

“To write just treatises requireth leisure in the writer and leisure in the reader … which is the cause which hath made me choose to write certain brief notes … which I have called essays.” — Dedication to Prince Henry.

“Essay” in a Sentence (with Audio)

"essay"

2 ENTRIES FOUND:

• essay (noun)
• essay (verb)

Definition of essay

noun

• a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.
• anything resembling such a composition:
• a picture essay.
• an effort to perform or accomplish something; attempt.
• Philately. a design for a proposed stamp differing in any way from the design of the stamp as issued.
• Obsolete. a tentative effort; trial; assay.

verb (used with object)

• to try; attempt.
• to put to the test; make trial of.

ORIGIN OF ESSAY

1475–85; Middle French "essayer", cognate with Anglo-French "assayer" to assay - Late Latin "exagium" a weighing, equivalent to "*exag", "*exagere", for Latin "exigere" to examine, test, literally, to drive out (see "exact") + "-ium-ium"

OTHER WORDS FROM ESSAY

• "essayer", noun
• "preessay", verb (used without object)
• "unessayed", adjective
• "well-essayed", adjective

...

essay (n.)

1590s, "trial, attempt, endeavor", also "short, discursive literary composition" (first attested in writings of Francis Bacon, probably in imitation of Montaigne), from French "essai" "trial, attempt, essay" (in Old French from 12c.), from Late Latin "exagium" "a weighing, a weight", from Latin "exigere" "drive out; require, exact; examine, try, test", from "ex" "out" (see "ex-") + "agere" "to set in motion, drive" (from PIE root "*ag-" "to drive, draw out or forth, move") apparently meaning here "to weigh". The suggestion is of unpolished writing. Compare "assay", also "examine".

"essay" (v.)

"to put to proof, test the mettle of", late 15c., from French "essaier", from "essai" "trial, attempt" (see "essay" (n.)). This sense has mostly gone with the divergent spelling "assay". Meaning "to attempt" is from 1640s. Related: "Essayed"; "essaying".

"ex-"

word-forming element, in English meaning usually "out of, from", but also "upwards, completely, deprive of, without", and "former"; from Latin "ex" "out of, from within; from which time, since; according to; in regard to", from PIE "*eghs" "out" (source also of Gaulish "ex-", Old Irish "ess-", Old Church Slavonic "izu", Russian "iz"). In some cases also from Greek cognate "ex", "ek". PIE "*eghs" had comparative form "*eks-tero" and superlative "*eks-t(e)r-emo-". Often reduced to "e-" before "-b-", "-d-", "-g-", consonantal "-i-", "-l-", "-m-", "-n-", "-v-" (as in "elude", "emerge", "evaporate", etc.).

"*ag-"

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to drive, draw out or forth, move".

It forms all or part of: "act" | "action" | "active" | "actor" | "actual" | "actuary" | "actuate" | "agency" | "agenda" | "agent" | "agile" | "agitation" | "agony" | "ambagious" | "ambassador" | "ambiguous" | "anagogical" | "antagonize" | "apagoge" | "assay" | "Auriga" | "auto-da-fe" | "axiom" | "cache" | "castigate" | "coagulate" | "cogent" | "cogitation" | "counteract" | "demagogue" | "embassy" | "epact" | "essay" | "exact" | "exacta" | "examine" | "exigency" | "exiguous" | "fumigation" | "glucagon" | "hypnagogic" | "interact" | "intransigent" | "isagoge" | "litigate" | "litigation" | "mitigate" | "mystagogue" | "navigate" | "objurgate" | "pedagogue" | "plutogogue" | "prodigal" | "protagonist" | "purge" | "react" | "redact" | "retroactive" | "squat" | "strategy" | "synagogue" | "transact" | "transaction" | "variegate".

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek "agein" = "to lead, guide, drive, carry off"; "agon" = "assembly, contest in the games"; "agogos" = "leader; "axios" = "worth, worthy, weighing as much"; Sanskrit "ajati" = "drives"; "ajirah" = "moving, active"; Latin "actus" = "a doing; a driving, impulse, a setting in motion; a part in a play"; "agere" = "to set in motion, drive, drive forward", hence "to do, perform"; "agilis" = "nimble, quick"; Old Norse "aka" = "to drive"; Middle Irish "ag" = "battle".
...

Limericks on "essay"
...
As a verb, "essay" is pronounced "ess-AY", meaning "to make an attempt". As a noun, "essay" is pronounced "ESS-ay", in reference to a short piece of writing.

essay occurs 2 times in 3 speeches within 3 works.

• King Lear (1)
• Measure for Measure (1)
• Sonnets (1)

essays occurs 1 time in 1 speech within 1 work.

• Sonnets (1)

"essay" (n.) - Old form(s): "essaies" - trial, testing, proof

• KL I.ii.45 - [Edmund to Gloucester, of Edgar's supposed letter] I hope ... he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue
• Sonn.110.8 - [] worse essays proved thee my best of love

Joe Moran on Writing Well

December 10, 2018

Joe Moran’s essay on writing well suggests that his forthcoming book is a great read. It’s called "First You Write a Sentence: The Elements of Reading, Writing … and Life".

"Essay"

The English noun "essay" comes from the French verb "essayer", "to try". Early intellectuals believed their papers to be only a modest attempt to put their Ideas on paper.

Main Entry: "essay"

• 1 : ATTEMPT, try; especially : an uncertain or hesitant effort
• 2 : a usually short written work giving a personal view or opinion on a subject

Essay definition
...
ORIGIN OF ESSAY

French "essai" trial, attempt from Old French from "essayer" to attempt from Vulgar Latin "exagiare" to weigh out from Late Latin "exagium" a weighing Latin "ex-" "ex-" Latin "agere" to drive "ag-" in Indo-European roots V., from Middle English "assaien" from Old French "assaer", "assaier" variant of "essayer"

From American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition

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goodreads.com - CJ
Cleland, John
Specimen of an Etymological Vocabulary
Essay by Means of the Analitic Method to Retrieve the Ancient Celtic

Specimen of an Etymological Vocabulary, or Essay by Means of the Analitic Method to Retrieve the Ancient Celtic

John Cleland

John Cleland (1709 – 1789) was an English novelist, most famous—and infamous—as the author of the erotic novel Fanny Hill: or, the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure.

He was born in Kingston upon Thames in Surrey but grew up in London, where his father was first an officer in the British Army and then a civil servant; he was also a friend to Alexander Pope, and Lucy Cleland was a friend or acquaintance of both Pope, Viscount Bolingbroke, Chesterfield, and Horace Walpole. The family possessed good finances and moved among the finest literary and artistic circles of London.

Cleland entered Westminster School in 1721, but he left or was expelled in 1723. His departure was not for financial reasons, but whatever misbehavior or allegation had led to his departure is unknown. Historian J. H. Plumb speculates that Cleland's puckish and quarrelsome nature was to blame, but, whatever caused Cleland to leave, he entered the British East India Company after leaving school. He began as a soldier and worked his way up into the civil service of the company and lived in Bombay from 1728 to 1740. He returned to London when recalled by his dying father. Upon William's death, the estate went to Lucy for administration. She, in turn, did not choose to support John.

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gutenberg.org - MM
Montaigne, Michel de
Essays

ESSAYS OF MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE

Translated by Charles Cotton

Edited by William Carew Hazlitt

1877