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Mineralogie
Mineralogische Fachbegriffe
Mineralien-Lexikon

Advanced ceramics | Airless spraying | Alloys, aluminium | Alloys, magnesium | Alloys, nomenclature acc. DIN 1700 | Alloys, zinc-aluminium | Aluminium, alloys | Aluminium, products for casting of ... | Aluminium oxide | Aluminium-Oxide-Coating AA | Aluminium-Oxide-Coating AW | Applications of coatings, error table | Arsenates (outline minerals) | Arsenates (photo gallery minerals) Actinium | Americium | Antimony | Arsenic | Astatine Achroite | Acmite | Actinolite | Adamite | Adularia | Aegirine | Aenigmatite | Alabaster | Albite | Alexandrite | Allanite | Allemontite | Almandine | Alunite | Alurgite | Amber | Amethyst | Analcime | Anatase | Andalusite | Andradite | Anglesite | Anhydrite | Ankerite | Annabergite | Anthophyllite | Antigorite | Antigorite | Antimony Bloom | Antimony | Antinomite | Anyolite | Apatite | Apophyllite | Aquamarine | Aragonite | Arfvedsonite | Argentite | Arsenic | Arsenical nickel | Arsenolite | Arsenopyrite | Arsenpolybasite | Artinite | Asbestos | Astrophyllite | Atacamite | Augite | Aurichalcite | Autunite | Axinite | Azurite

Bentone | Benonite | Beryllium oxide | BET specific surface | Borates (outline minerals) | Borates (photo gallery minerals) | Boric acid | Boron nitride | Boron-nitride-aerosol | Boron-Nitride-Coatings | Boron-Nitride-Coatings Grade A | Boron-Nitride-Coatings Grade B | Boron-Nitride-Coatings Grade C | Boron-Nitride-Coatings Grade E | Boron-Nitride-Coatings Grade HP | Boron oxide | Boron trioxide | Brazing, products for ... | Brushing, application method Barium | Berkelium | Beryllium | Bismuth | Bohrium | Boron | Bromine Barite | Bavenite | Benitoite | Beryl | Betafite | Bindheimite | Biotite | Bismuth | Bismuthinite | Bitter Salt | Bitter Spar | Blue Iron Earth | Blue Vitriol | Boleite | Boracite | Borax | Bornite | Boulangerite | Bournonite | Braunite | Bravoite | Brazilianite | Brochantite | Bronzite | Brookite | Brown Spar | Brucite

Carbonates (ouline minerals) | Carbonates (photo gallery minerals) | Carbon black | Casting temperature of metals | Ceramic Coating HE | Ceramic Coating LE | Chromates (outline minerals) | Chromates (photo gallery minerals) | Chromite | Clay minerals, systematics of ... | Clays | Coatings - high temperature coatings | Coatings - foundry coatings | Coatings - application procedures | | Coatings, SEM-images, technical review (Giesserei-Praxis) | Coefficient of friction of ceramic materials | Colloidal graphite | Colloidal solution | Conductivity, electrical, of ceramic materials | Conductivity, thermal, of ceramic materials | Contact angle | Continuous casting, Wagstaff™, products for ... | Conversion table °C - °F | Conversion table °C - °F | Cordierite | Corundum | Cristobalite | CVD - coating procedure | Cyclosilicates (ouline minerals) | Cyclosilicates (photo gallery minerals) Cadmium | Caesium | Calcium | Californium | Carbon | Cerium | Chromium | Cobalt | Copper | Curium Calcite | Campyllite | Cancrinite | Carnallite | Carnotite | Cassiterite | Cat's eye | Celestine | Celestite | Cerargyrite | Cerussite | Chabazite | Chalcanthite | Chalcocite | Chalcophyllite | Chalcopyrite | Chiastolite | Chlorargyrite | Chloritoid | Chondrodite | Chromite | Chrysoberyl | Chrysotile | Cinnabar | Citrine | Clinochlore | Clinozoisit | Cobalt Bloom | Cobaltite | Cog Wheel Ore | Colemanite | Columbite | Copiapite | Copper Vitriol | Copper | Cordierite | Corundum | Covellite | Crocidolite | Crocoite | Cryolite | Cummingtonite | Cuprite | Cyanotrichite

Dipping (application method for coatings) | Dysprosium Danburite | Dark Red Silver Ore | Datolite | Demantoid | Descloizite | Devilline | Diallage | Diamond | Diaspore | Dichroite | Diopside | Dioptase | Disthene | Dolomite | Dumortierite

Electric conductivity of ceramic materials | Elements (chem.), periodic table of | Elements (outline minerals) | Elements (photo gallery minerals) | Enstatite | Ethanol | Ethyl alkohol | Error table - application procedures Einsteinium | Erbium | Europium Emerald | Emplectite | Enargite | Enstatite | Epidote | Epsomite | Erythrite

Fayalite | Flame spraying | Flash point | Ferric oxide | Forming, superplastic | Forming, superplastic, products for ... | Foundry coatings | Fermium | Fluorine | Francium Fassaite | Fayalite | Ferberite | Ferroaxinite | Ferrocarpholite | Flos ferri | Flowers of Iron | Fluor Spar | Fluorite | Forsterite | Franklinite | Fuchsite

| Goethite | Graphite | Graphite Aerosol GS | Graphite, colloidal | Gadolinium | Gallium | Gemanium | Gold Gadolinite | Gahnite | Galena | Galmei | Gersdorffite | Glauberite | Glaucodot | Glaucophane | Glaukonite | Goethite | Gold | Graphite | Green Lead Ore | Greenockite | Grossular | Gypsum

Halogenides (outline minerals) | Halogenides (photo gallery minerals) | Hard metals, products for ... | Hardness (Mohs scale) | Hematite | High temperature coatings | Hydroxides (outline minerals) | Hydroxides (photo gallery minerals) Hafnium | Hassium | Helium | Holmium | Hydrogen Hair Pyrites | Halite | Harmotome | Hauerite | Hausmannite | Hauyne | Heavy Spar | Hedenbergite | Heliodor | Hematite | Hemimorphite | Hessonite | Heulandite | Hiddenite | Horn Lead | Horn Silver | Hornblende | Huebnerite | Hydroboracite | Hydromagnesite | Hydrozincite | Hypersthene

Illite | Ingot casting, of magnesium | Inosilicates (outline minerals) | Inosilicates (photo gallery minerals) | Iron oxide | Isopropanol | Isopropyl alcohol Indium | Iodine | Iridium | Iron Iceland Spar | Ilmenite | Ilvaite | Indicolite | Iolite | Iron Spar | Iron-Nickel

Jadeite | Johannsenite

| Kaemmererite | Kainite | Kunzite | Kyanite

Lead, products for the casting of ... | Lepidocrocite | Lanthanum | Lawrencium | Lead | Lithium | Luthetium Lapis Lazuli | Lasurite | Laumontite | Lazurite | Lead Spar | Lead Vitriol | Lepidocrocite | Lepidolite | Leucite | Lierite | Light Red Silver Ore | Linarite | | Liroconite | Lithiophilite | Loellingite | Lollingite

Magnesia | Magnesite | Magnesium alloys | Magnesium oxide | Magnetic materials, products for ... | Melting points of ceramic materials | Mica | Mineralogy, systematics | Mohs hardness scale | Molybdates (outline minerals) | Molybdates (photo gallery minerals) | Molybdenum disulfide | Montmorillonite | Mullite | Muscovite | Manganese | Meitnerium | Mendelevium | Mercury | Molybdenum Magnesite | Magnesiumaxinite | Magnetite | Malachite | Manganaxinite | Manganese Spar | Manganite | Marcasite | Margarite | Melanite | Melanophlogite | Melilite | Mercury | Metastibnite | Microcline | Milarite | Milky Quartz | Millerite | Mimetesite | Mimetite | Molybdenite | Molybdic Ochre | Monazite | Monticellite | Morganite | Mullite | Muscovite

Nacrite | Nesosilicates (outline minerals) | Nesosilicates (photo gallery minerals) | Nitrates (outline minerals) | Nitrates (photo gallery minerals) Neodymium | Neon | Neptunium | Nickel | Niob | Nitrogen | Nobelium Natrolite | Nepheline | Nephite Jade | Neptunite | Niccolite | Nickel Bloom | Nickeline | Nigrite | Nosean | Noselite

Olivine | Organic compounds (outline minerals) | Oxide (outline minerals) | Oxide (photo gallery minerals) Osmium | Oligoclase | Olivenite | Olivine | Omphacite | Orpiment | Orthite | Orthoclase | Ottrelite

Periclase | Periodic table of the elements | Phosphates (outline minerals) | Phosphates (photo gallery minerals) | Phyllosilicates (outline minerals) | Phyllosilicates (photo gallery minerals) | Plasma coating | Pouring temperature of metals | Pressure sintering, products for ... | 2-Propanol | PVD - coating procedure | Pyrophyllite Palladium | Phosphorus | Platinum | Plutonium | Polonium | Potassium | Praseodymium | Promethium | Protactinium Pargasite | Pektolite | Pennine | Pentlandite | Periclase | Peridote | Perovskite | Perthite | Petalite | Phenakite | | Phlogopite | Phosgenite | Piemontite | Pistacite | Pitchblende | Platinum | Polybasite | Prehnite | Proustite | Purpurite | Pycnite | Pyrargyrite | Pyrite | Pyrolusite | Pyromorphite | Pyrope | Pyrophyllite | Pyroxmangite | Pyrrhotite

Quartz

Radium | Radon | | Rhodium | Rubidium | Ruthenium | Rutherfordium | Rammelsbergite | Realgar | Red Lead Ore | Red Oxide of Zinc | Rhodochrosite | Rhodonite | Richterite | Riebeckite | Rock Salt | Rose Quartz | Rubellite | Ruby Silver Ore | Ruby | Rutile

Safety data sheets (directives) | Safety data sheets (prodcuts) | SEM-images (electron microscopy) | Silicates (outline, systematics) | Silicon carbide | Silicon nitride | Sintering | Solder | Solder-Stop BN10 | Solder-Stop BN25 | Sorosilicates (outline minerals) | Sorosilicates (photo gallery minerals) | Specific surface | Spinel | Spraying (application method of coatings) | Sulfates (outline minerals) | Sulfates (photo gallery minerals) | Sulfides (outline minerals) | Sulfides (photo gallery minerals) | Superplast BN10 | Superplast BN25 | Superplastic forming | Superplastic forming, products for ... | Suspensions Samarium | Scandium | Seaborgium | Selenium | Silicon | Silver | Sodium | Strontium | Sulphur Safflorite | Samarskite | Sanidine | Sapphire | Sapphirine | Satin Spar | Scapolite | Scheelite | Scherbenkobalt | Schorl | Scolecite | Sea Foam | Sepiolite | Sericite | Serpentine | Serpierite | Siderite | Sillimanite | Silver | Sismondine | Skutterudite | Smithsonite | Smoky Quartz | Sodalite | Spathose Iron | Spessartine | Sphalerite | Sphene | Spinel | Spodumene | Stannite | Staurolite | Steatite | Stibnite | Stilbite | Strontianite | Sulfur | Sylvanite | Sylvite

Talc | Tectosilicates (outline minerals) | Tectosilicates (photo gallery minerals) | TEM-images (electron microscopy) | Temperature, conversion °C -°F | Temperature, conversion °F -°C | Thermal conductivity of ceramic materials | Titanium alloys (for superplastic forming) | Titanium nitride | Titanium-Nitrdie-Coating Grade E | Tridymite Tantalum | Technetium | Tellurium | Terbium | Thorium | Thulium | Tin | Titanium | Tungsten | Talc | Tanzanite | Tarbuttite | Tennantite | Tenorite | Tetrahedrite | Thorianite | Thulite | Tin Pyrite | Tinzenite | Titanic Iron Ore | Titanite | Topaz | Topazolite | Torbernite | Tourmaline | Tremolite | Tridymite | Trona | Turquoise | Tyrolite

Ununbium | Ununnilium | Unununium | Uranium Ulexite | Ullmannite | Uraninite | Uranophane | Uranotile | Uvarovite

Vanadates (outline minerals) | Vanadates (photo gallery minerals) | Viscosity (liquids) | Viscosity (glass) Valentinite | Vanadinite | Variscite | Verdelite | Vermiculite | Vesuvianite | Vivianite | Volborthite

Weld-Sputter-Release BN10 | Weld-Sputter-Release BN25 | Wettability of aluminium on BN | Wettability of melts | Wetting angle | Wolframates (outline minerals) | Wolframates (photo gallery minerals) | Wavellite | Whewellite | White Lead Ore | Willemite | Witherite | Wolframite | Wollastonite | Wulfenite | Wurtzite

Xenon

Yttrium oxide | Yttrium-Oxide-Coating YO-G Ytterbium | Yttrium Yellow Lead Ore

Zinc-aluminium, alloys | Zircon | Zirconium dioxide | Zirconium silicate | Zirconia-Coating ZR-A | Zirconia-Coating ZR-M | Zirconia-Coating ZR-O Zinc | Zirconium Zinc Blende | Zinc Silicate Calamine | Zinc Spar | Zincite | Zinnwaldite | Zircon | Zoisite

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Artemisinin (W3)

Artemisinin - 12/12/05

"Artemisinin" ist ein sekundärer Pflanzenstoff, chemisch ein Sesquiterpen, der in den Blättern und Blüten des Einjährigen "Beifußes" ("Artemisia annua") vorkommt. Charakteristika der "Artemisininstruktur" sind ein Trioxanringsystem und eine Peroxidbrücke. Es wird in Vietnam, China und Afrika zur Behandlung von Infektionen mit multiresistenten Stämmen von Plasmodium falciparum, dem Erreger der Malaria tropica, eingesetzt.
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ammonia, Ammoniak (W3)

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The Elements: Names and Origins
An Introduction

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The Periodic Table of the Elements
The History of the Periodic Table of the Elements

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Bemmelenit, Bemmelenita, Bemmelenite (W3)

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bnl
History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
Chemical Elements Etymology

The names of the various chemical elements come from many sources including mythological concepts or characters; places, areas or countries; properties of the element or its compounds, such as color, smell or its inability to combine; and the names of scientists. There are also some miscellaneous names as well as some obscure names for particular elements.

• INTRODUCTION
• DETERMINING THE NAMES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
• SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES WITH THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
• CONTROVERSIAL HEAVY ELEMENTS
• INDIVIDUAL ELEMENT NAMES AND HISTORY

Prior to the proposal of the Periodic Table, there was no information available on how many chemical elements could possibly exist. Even after the appearance of the numerous periodic tables of chemical elements, the rare earth elements were an especially difficult case because they could not be properly arranged into any of the Tables. Until the twentieth century, fractional crystallization was the only method of purification of elements. In most cases, this required thousands of recrystallizations involving months of work. As a result, there is a long list of various false claims among the rare earth elements, some of which are detailed below.

The erroneous element names include: "junonium", "thorine", "vestium", "sirium", "didymium", "donarium", "wasmium", "mosandium", "philippium", "decipium", "ytterbium", "columbium", "rogerium", "austrium", "russium", "mssrium", "demonium", "metacerium", "damarium", "lucium", "kosmium", "neokosmium", "glaucodymium", "monium", "victorium", "euxenium", "carolinium", "berzelium", "incognitium", "ionium", "celtium", "denebium", "dubhium", "eurosamarium", "welsium", "nipponium" and "moseleyum".

Of course, mistaken elements are not restricted to the rare earth elements only. Other elemental errors produced such names as "polinium", "ilmenium", "neptunium", "pelopium" and "davyum".

It should be noted that the "ytterbium" listed above was a mixture discovered in the mineral "erbia" by de Marignac in 1878 and not the "neoytterbium" / "aldebaranium" element renamed "ytterbium" that was found in the mineral "ytterbia".
The "columbium" was a mixture found in the mineral "samarskite" and was not the present day "columbium" / "niobium".
The "ionium" listed above was a mixture of "terbium" and "gadolinium" that was found in the mineral "yttria" and does not refer to "230Th. (Thorium).
Finally, the "neptunium" refers to material found in "niobium" / "tantalum" minerals and does not refer to the 1940 discovery of the "trans-uranium" element produced via a neutron capture reaction on a "uranium" sample.

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CFC (W3)

Limericks on CFC

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Chemical (W3)

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Chemistry (W3)

Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry Glossary Worked Chemistry Problems Chemical Structures Kitchen Chemistry Projects

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chemistry, chimie, Chemie, Alchemie (W3)

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chemotherapy, Chemotherapie (W3)

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deodorant (W3)

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Digitalin (W3)

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dioxane (W3)

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dtrapp
The Chemical Elements
Their Discovery and the Origins of their Names
Chemical Elements Etymology

What follows is an effort to present the history of the discovery of the chemical elements and the origins of their names in a way that is both useful and interesting. In many cases enough information is provided so that with adequate caution, an interested chemist might duplicate some of the historical chemistry that led to our current understanding. In any case, it is hoped that the following screens provide an enjoyable way to learn more about the chemical elements that comprise our world.

Origins of the Element Names: Substances Known by Alchemists
Contents: #47 Ag, #79 Au, #6 C, #29 Cu, #26 Fe, #80 Hg, #82 Pb, #78 Pt, #16 S, #50 Sn

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for the 7 Planets Known to the Ancients
Gold Silver Iron Mercury Tin Copper Lead

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for People
Click the element's name to read about the honored scientist and the element´s discovery and to view photographs:
96 Cm Curium Pierre & Marie Curie 103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest Lawrence
99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein 104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford
100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi 106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn Seaborg
101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev 107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr
102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel 109 M Meitnerium Lise Meitner
111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Röntgen
112 Cn Copernicium Nicholas Copernicus
Two other elements were named for minerals which previously had been named for people.
62 Sm Samarium V.E. Samarski-Bykhovets 64 Gd Gadolinium Sir Johan Gadolin

Origins of the Element Names: Names Derived from Mythology or Superstition
Contents: #33 As, #41 Cb (Nb), #27 Co, #41 Nb (Cb), #28 Ni, #61 Pm, #73 Ta, #90 Th, #22 Ti, #23 V, #74 W

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named after "Modern" Celestial Objects
Contents: #2 He, #34 Se, #46 Pd, #52 Te, #58 Ce, #92 U, #93 Np, #94 Pu

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for Minerals
Contents: #4 Be, #5 B, #9 F, #11 Na, #13 Al, #14 Si, #19 K, #20 Ca, #40 Zr, #42 Mo, #56 Ba, #62 Sm, #64 Gd

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for Locations of Ores
Contents: #12 Mg, #25 Mn, #38 Sr, #39 Y, #48 Cd, #65 Tb, #67 Ho, #68 Er, #69 Tm, #70 Yb

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for Geographical Places
prior to the 20th Century
Page 1 Contents: #21 Sc, #31 Ga, #32 Ge, #39 Y, #44 Ru, #63 Eu, #65 Tb, #67 Ho, #68 Er, #69 Tm, #70 Yb, #71 Lu, #84 Po
Page 2 Contents: #43 Ma, #72 Hf, #75 Re, #87 Fr, #95 Am, #97 Bk, #98 Cf, #105 Db, #108 Hs, #110 Ds,

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for Color
Contents: #17 Cl, #24 Cr, #55 Cs, #53 I, #49 In, #77 Ir, #45 Rh, #37 Rb, #81 Tl

Origins of the Element Names: Elements Named for Properties other than Color
Contents: #1 H, #7 N, #8 O, #15 P, #30 Zn, #35 Br, #51 Sb, #76 Os

Origins of the Element Names: Names Constructed from other Words
Page 1 Contents: #3 Li, #10 Ne, #18 Ar, #36 Kr, #54 Xe, #57 La, #59 Pr, #60 Nd, #66 Dy, #83 Bi, #86 Rn, #88 Ra, #89 Ac
Page 2 Contents: #43 Tc, #85 At, #91 Pa, #104 Unq=Rf, #105 Unp=Db, #106 Unh=Sg, #107 Uns=Bh, #108 Uno=Hs, #109 Une=Mt, #110 Uun=Ds, #111 Uuu=Rg, #112 Uub, #113 Uut, #114 Uuq, #115 Uup, #116 Uuh, #117 Uus, #118 Uuo

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Dubnium (W3)

Dubnium - the atomic number is 105 and the chemical symbol is Db. The name derives from the location of the Russian research center, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research lab in "Dubna", Russia. The first synthesis of this element is jointly credited to the American scientific team at the University of California in Berkeley, California under Albert Ghiorso and the Russian scientific team at the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Reactions) lab in Dubna, Russia, under Georgi N. Flerov in 1970. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 34 second 262 Db.

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empasm (W3)

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fiz-chemie
Acronyms of chemical Substances
Chemical Acronyms

This list of common acronyms contains more than 800 acronyms of chemical substances or fragments which have been collected from about 100 chemical journals. In view of the thousands of acronyms devised by authors in the chemical literature, this list is certainly not comprehensive, but it is useful for the identification of the more common abbreviations.

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frostburg
General Chemistry Glossary

• Browse alphabetically: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  
• Browse by topic: Introduction | Measurement | Matter | Atoms, elements, and ions | Molecules and compounds | Reactions in solution | Stoichiometry | Gases | Energy & chemical change | Quantum theory | Electrons in atoms | The periodic table | Chemical bonding | Solids | Liquids | Solutions | Acids and bases | Redox reactions | Reaction rates | Consumer chemistry | Environmental chemistry | Organic chemistry | Inorganic chemistry | Polymers | Laboratory practices | Miscellaneous
• Other chemistry-related glossaries

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fucoxanthin (W3)

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Germanium (W3)

germanium

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ORIGIN OF GERMANIUM: First recorded in 1885–90; "German(y)" + "-ium"
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Periodic Table of Elements: 32 GE

Element Germanium - Ge
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Germanium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: "Germanium"
• Czech: "Germanium"
• Croatian: "Germanij"
• French: "Germanium"
• German: "Germanium"
• Italian: "Germanio"
• Norwegian: "Germanium"
• Portuguese: "Germânio"
• Spanish: "Germánio"
• Swedish: "Germanium"

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Poetic Table of the Elements

"Germanium" is named after the Latin designation for the region now known as "Germany", "Germania". The element and its properties were predicted in 1871 by Dmitri Mendeleev (who named it "Eka-Silicium" meaning "the next"-silicon). Clemens Alexander Winkler, the German chemist, identified and isolated the element in 1886. The confirmation of Mendeleev's predictions consolidated the use of the periodic table of the elements.

Silicon Germanium Chips

In 1994, IBM Research patented a method for making low-cost semiconductor chips from Silicon Germanium (SiGe). SiGe was more readily available than the more rare, more expensive materials used at the time, and it improved speed and versatility in integrated circuits. Introducing germanium into the base layer of an otherwise all-silicon chip allowed for significant improvements in operating frequency, current, noise, and power capabilities. These cheaper, smaller, more energy efficient chips expanded the wireless industry, as SiGe chips were used in everything from radar to space exploration. Today, SiGe technology powers a new generation of mobile devices and smart technology.

Silicon Germanium Chips

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Germanium
Breakthroughs in technology are often born of persistence, ingenuity and sometimes serendipity. The invention of the semiconductor "silicon germanium" involved all of these, plus the most humbling of uncontrollable variables ... accident.
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32. German beer. ("Germanium" "Ge") A quart stein (32 fl. oz.) of German beer. "Germanium" was named for "Germany".

Medical Definition of "Germanium"
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Germanium

"Germanium" - the atomic number is 32 and the chemical symbol is "Ge". The name derives from the Latin gennania for "Germany". It was discovered and isolated by the German chemist, Clemens-Alexander Winkler in 1886 in the mineral argyrodite (GeS2.4Ag2S). This element had previously been predicted as "eka-silicon" by Mendeleev, along with its properties and its location in the Periodic Table.

Limericks on germanium
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In 1871, Dimitri Mendeleev (and slightly later Lothar Meyer) presented the first Table of Elements, systematically ordering known chemical elements in groups of those with similar properties. The gaps in these early tables gave room to predict the existence of missing elements, which were named by Mendeleev using the prefix "eka-" (from Sanskrit, meaning "one") to denote an element coming one place below the element (here "silicon", or "silicium") in the same group. Fifteen years later, Clemens Winkler, a German chemist, discovered "ekasilicium", and it was named "germanium" after his native country.
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"Germanium", chemical symbol "Ge", atomic number "32", is a grayish-white metalloid similar to, but heavier than, "silicon". Too reactive to be found pure in nature, it is mainly mined from low concentrations of "germanium oxide" in the ores of other metals.

Its existence was predicted from a gap in the periodic table below "silicon"; see "ekasilicon" for history.

The first junction transistor was built on a germanium base, though silicon proved to be a better material.

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Germanium was discovered by Clemens Alexander Winkler (DE) in 1886. The origin of the name comes from the Latin word Germania meaning Germany. It is a greyish-white semi-metal, stable in air and water. Germanium is unaffected by alkalis and most (except nitric) acids. Germanium is obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead. It is widely used in semiconductors when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and antimony. The price of 99.9999 % pure germanium ingot is 1088.10 € for 120 g.
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Elements-Song

Click on an element to see a list of comic book pages involvingthat element.

Click on a thumbnail on the list to see a full comic bookpage.

"Germanium" – "Germanium" – "Germanium" – "Germánio"

• Germanium Afrikaans
• Germanium Danish
• Germanium German
• Germanium English
• Germanium Faroese
• Germanium Frisian (West)
• German Icelandic
• Germanium Luxembourgish
• Germanium Dutch
• Germanium Norwegian
• Germanium Swedish
• ...

"Germanium": the essentials

"Germanium" is a chemical element with the symbol "Ge" and atomic number "32". It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Pure "germanium" is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Like silicon, "germanium" naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature.

History

In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements in 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existence of several unknown chemical elements, including one that would fill a gap in the carbon family, located between silicon and tin. Because of its position in his periodic table, Mendeleev called it "ekasilicon" ("Es"), and he estimated its atomic weight to be "70" (later "72").

In mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named "argyrodite" because of its high silver content. The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, and a new element. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. He initially considered the new element to be "eka-antimony", but was soon convinced that it was instead "eka-silicon". Before Winkler published his results on the new element, he decided that he would name his element "neptunium", since the recent discovery of planet Neptune in 1846 had similarly been preceded by mathematical predictions of its existence. However, the name "neptunium" had already been given to another proposed chemical element (though not the element that today bears the name "neptunium", which was discovered in 1940). So instead, Winkler named the new element "germanium" (from the Latin word, "Germania", for "Germany") in honor of his homeland.

"Argyrodite" proved empirically to be "Ag8GeS6". Because this new element showed some similarities with the elements arsenic and antimony, its proper place in the periodic table was under consideration, but its similarities with Dmitri Mendeleev's predicted element "ekasilicon" confirmed that place on the periodic table. With further material from 500 kg of ore from the mines in Saxony, Winkler confirmed the chemical properties of the new element in 1887. He also determined an atomic weight of "72.32" by analyzing pure "germanium tetrachloride" ("GeCl4"), while Lecoq de Boisbaudran deduced "72.3" by a comparison of the lines in the spark spectrum of the element.
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Germany Germanium Ge 32

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Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the history of chemistry. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in an uncommon mineral called argyrodite. Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores.
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Word Unit: Chemical Element: "Germanium" (Modern Latin: chemical element; named for "Germany"; metal).
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Name in other languages:

• French: "germanium"
• German: "Germanium"
• Italian: "germanio"
• Spanish: "germanio"

"Germanium", element 32, was named by its discoverer, German chemist Clemens Winkler, for his homeland. The name appears in English a year after Winkler’s discovery, in the 13 March 1886 issue of the London magazine Athenæum:

Prof. Clemens Winkler, in the Berichte of the Berlin Chemical Society, describes a new element—to which he has given the name of "Germanium" — in a mineral named "Argyrodite" [...] "Germanium" appears to take a place between antimony and bismuth.

"Germanium" has the chemical symbol "Ge".

germanium (Modern Latin: chemical element; named for Germany; metal).

Symbol: Ge

Atomic number: 32

Year discovered: 1886

Discovered by: Clemens Alexander Winkler (1838-1904), a German chemist.

Additional information:

• Winkler analyzed silver ore and, when he had completed his work, he found that the elements he had located added up to only 93 percent of the whole.
• Puzzled, he searched out the remaining 7 percent and, in 1886, he found a hitherto unrecognized element, which he named “germanium” for Germany.
• Germanium was discovered in a mineral called argyrodite.
• Germanium was an element whose existence was predicted by D. I. Mendeléyev in 1871.
• He suggested that the then unknown element germanium should resemble silicon in its properties.
• He also suggested; therefore, the name eka-silicon (symbol Es).
• His predictions for the properties of germanium are remarkably close to reality.
• Three predictions were made, three predictions were fulfilled.

Name in other languages:

• French: "germanium"
• German: "Germanium"
• Italian: "germanio"
• Spanish: "germanio"

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Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeléyev (1834-1907) was a Russian chemist who arranged the chemical elements in the periodic table according to their atomic weights and predicted the existence of the elements "gallium", "scandium", and "germanium" before their discovery.
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His prophecy was completely vindicated within 15 years by the discovery and study of "gallium" in 1875, "scandium" in 1879, and "germanium" in 1886.
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Germanium

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Glass (W3)

• The Victorian Glass Registration Lozenge Translator
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• SUBSTANCES USED IN THE MAKING OF COLOURED GLASS - This illustrated article by David M Issitt (A Leading Expert on English Coloured Glass) explains just what substances are currently used and have been used in glass making to give various colours to glass, ranging from Amber glass through to Vaseline glass. ( With glass photos by 1st.Glass )
• CLOUDS OVER GATESHEAD - The impact of the Davidson family on glassmaking This illustrated article by David M Issitt details the history of Davidson glass and explains what types of glass the company made and the colours they appeared in. It includes cloud glass, pearline glass, malachite glass (slag glass) and Chippendale. ( With glass photos by 1st.Glass )
• JACK IN THE PULPIT GLASS VASES - Written by David M Issitt, this article explains the history of the 'Jack in the Pulpit' style of glass vase with photos of many beautiful examples.
• ALUM BAY GLASS - This article gives the history of the Alum Bay Glass Studio on the Isle of Wight and has an excellent photo sequence showing all the stages in the manufacture of a Jack in the Pulpit glass vase.
• BAGLEY GLASS - In this illustrated article David M Issitt gives an insight into the glass produced by Bagley & Co., their history and the difficult times there were within the glass industry of South Yorkshire. ( With glass photos by 1st.Glass )

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glass ceiling (W3)

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glass wall (W3)

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hypoxanthine (W3)

hypoxanthine, subst. fém.

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Krypton (W3)

"inert gaseous element," 1898, coined by its discoverers (Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers) from Gk. krypton, neut. of kryptos "hidden;" so called because it was a rare gas.

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Magnesium (W3)

Magnesium is a silver white metal and the eighth abundant element in the universe by mass. Constitutes about 1,92% of the earth’s crust (magnesium oxide) and is also found in seawater (magnesium salt). Magnesium is the 12th element on the Periodic Table, the lightest among the metals for structural application.

Magnesium is not found in a pure form because it bonds with other elements. It’s necessary to apply a process to retrieve a usable amount of Mg.

The two most important sources are natural minerals like Dolomite and Magnesite. Dolomite is a Calcium Magnesium Carbonate compound. Magnesite is a Magnesium carbonate.

These minerals are found all around the world and the biggest producer of magnesium is China but also country’s like Russia and Canada are producers of primary magnesium.

The total production of primary magnesium is about 726.000 MT (2006) per year and increases with about 5% every year. Magnesium is the lightest metal with comparation of stiffness and strongness.

Pure magnesium has a very high resistance to corrosion because the galvanic activity is low.

Magnesium has great advantages:

• 35% lighter than aluminium, 75% lighter than steel
• Good Strength
• High damping capacity
• EFM/RFI shielding (Electromagnetic Interference and Radio Frequency Interference)
• Good thermal conductivity
• Sustainability
• Stiffness
• Great Castability
• Good Machinability
• High Dentresistance

History
In 1618 a farmer by the name of Henry Wicker at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well. They refused to drink because bitter taste of the water. However the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The fame of Epsom salts spread. Eventually it was recognized to be magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.

Joseph Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. It was isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) in 1808 almost 200 years after its discovery. He electrolysised mixture of magnesia (magnesium oxide, MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Davy's first suggestion for a name was "magnium" but the name "magnesium" is now used.

Michael Faraday produced magnesium metal by electrolysis of fused anhydrous magnesium chloride in 1833. The commercial production of magnesium by electrolysis is credited to Robert Bunsen who in 1852 made a small laboratory cell for the electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride, Bunsen’s modificated cell was used in ‘ The Aluminium and Magnesium Fabrik’ in Hemelingen in Germany for the first commercial magnesium production. They designed and built a new plant for dehydration and electrolysis of molten carnalite.

In 1896 was this process further developed bij ‘Griesheim-Elektron Chemische Fabrik’ who transferred the process to its Bitterfield Works and became the only magnesium producing facility in the world until 1916 and then became part of I.G. Farbenindustrie.

Lloyd Montgomery Pidgeon was an Canadian scientist who was head ad the Department of Metallurgy at the university of Toronto. He developed the magnesium process that bears his name and also new electrolytic processes.

The name "magnesium" comes from "Magnesia", a district of Thessaly/Greece were it was first found and to this present day a lot of magnesium ore is present in the area.

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mentalfloss.com
Why Do Some Elements Have Symbols That Aren’t in Their Names?

The chemical symbol for "oxygen" is "O". Makes sense. "Calcium" gets repped by a "Ca". Sounds good. "Hydrogen"? "H". "Cobalt"? "Co". "Lithium"? "Li". With you so far. "Lead"? "Pb".
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nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nikotinamid (W3)

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nicotinic acid (W3)

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nornicotine (W3)

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Oxygen (W3)

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Translations:

• Dutch: zuurstof
• French: oxygène
• German: Sauerstoff
• Italian: ossigeno
• Spanish: oxí­geno

Etymology: Borrowed from "oxygène" (originally in the form "principe oxygène", a variant of "principe oxigine" "acidifying principle", suggested by w:Lavoisier, Lavoisier), from Ancient Greek (polytonic, á) ("oxus") "sharp" + (polytonic, ) ("genos") "birth", referring to oxygen's role in the formation of acids.

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• Origin of the name: (lat./greek) "oxygenium" = "acid former"
• Discovery: 1773-1774 by the German-Swedish chemist Carl Scheele and independently by the English Joseph Priestley
• Uses: as a replacement of air in the steel industry (bessmer process), use for welding and as a fuel component for rockets.

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"Oxygen" was discovered by Joseph Priestley in Leeds in 1774, and independently, and perhaps a year earlier, by Carl Scheele in Uppsala, Sweden. It was named by Antoine Lavoisier from the Greek "oxy genes" meaning "acid forming".
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oxygen
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ORIGIN OF OXYGEN

First recorded in 1780–90; from French "oxygène", equivalent to "oxy-" + "-gène"; see origin at "oxy-"1, "-gen"
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Element Oxygen - O

Comprehensive data on the chemical element Oxygen is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Oxygen. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.
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"oxygen" (n.)

gaseous chemical element, 1790, from French "oxygène", coined in 1777 by French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), from Greek "oxys" = "sharp", "acid" (from PIE root "*ak-" = "be sharp", "rise (out) to a point", "pierce") + French "-gène" = "something that produces" (from Greek "-genes" = "formation", "creation"; see "-gen").

Intended to mean "acidifying (principle)", it was a Greeking of French principe acidifiant. So called because "oxygen" was then considered essential in the formation of acids (it is now known not to be). The element was isolated by Priestley (1774), who, using the old model of chemistry, called it dephlogisticated air. The downfall of the phlogiston theory required a new name, which Lavoisier provided. "Oxygen-mask" is attested from 1912.

Entries linking to "oxygen"

"*ak-": Proto-Indo-European root meaning "be sharp", "rise (out) to a point", "pierce".

It forms all or part of: "acacia"; "acanthus"; "accipiter"; "acer"; "acerbic"; "acerbity"; "acervate"; "acervulus"; "acescent"; "acetic"; "acid"; "acicular"; "acme"; "acne"; "acrid"; "acridity"; "acrimony"; "acro-"; "acrobat"; "acromegaly"; "acronym"; "acrophobia"; "acropolis"; "acrostic"; "acrylic"; "acuity"; "aculeate"; "acumen"; "acupressure"; "acupuncture"; "acute"; "aglet"; "ague"; "Akron"; "anoxic"; "awn"; "coelacanth"; "dioxin"; "deoxy-"; "eager"; "ear" (n.2) "grain part of corn"; "edge" (n.); "egg" (v.) "to goad on", "incite"; "eglantine"; "epoxy"; "ester"; "exacerbation"; "hammer"; "hypoxia"; "mediocre"; "oxalic"; "oxide"; "oxy-"; "oxygen"; "oxymoron"; "paragon"; "pyracanth"; "paroxysm"; "selvage"; "vinegar".

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:

• Greek "akros" = "at the end", "at the top", "outermost"; "consummate", "excellent",
• Greek "akis" = "sharp point",
• Greek "akros" = "at the farthest point", "highest", "outermost",
• Greek "akantha" = "thorn",
• Greek "akme" = "summit", "edge",
• Greek "oxys" = "sharp", "bitter";
• Sanskrit "acri-" = "corner", "edge",
• Sanskrit "acani-" = "point of an arrow",
• Sanskrit "asrih" = "edge";
• Oscan "akrid" (ablative singular) = "sharply";
• Latin "acer" (fem. acris) = "sharp to the senses", "pungent", "bitter", "eager", "fierce",
• Latin "acutus" = "sharp", "pointed",
• Latin "acuere" = "to sharpen",
• Latin "acerbus" = "harsh", "bitter",
• Latin "acere" = "be sharp", "be bitter",
• Latin "acus" = "a needle", "pin",
• Latin "ocris" = "jagged mountain";
• Lithuanian "ašmuo" = "sharpness",
• Lithuanian "akstis" = "sharp stick";
• Old Lithuanian "aštras", Lithuanian "aštrus" = "sharp";
• Old Church Slavonic "ostru", Russian "óstryj" = "sharp";
• Old Irish "er" = "high";
• Welsh "ochr" = "edge", "corner", "border";
• Old Norse "eggja" = "goad";
• Old English "ecg" = "sword";
• German "Eck" = "corner".

"-gen"

word-forming element technically meaning "something produced", but mainly, in modern use, "thing that produces or causes", from French "-gène" (18c.), from Greek "-genes" = "born of", "produced by", which is from the same source as "genos" = "birth", "genea" = "race", "family", from PIE root "*gene-" = "give birth", "beget", with derivatives referring to procreation and familial and tribal groups. First used in late 18th century French chemistry (see "oxygen"), it probably involves a misunderstanding of "-genes", as though it meant "that which produces".

Oxygen ("O")

"Oxygen" was identified in the 1770s by Joseph Priestley and Carl-Wilhelm Scheele. Priestley is credited with the identification of the element because he published his results first, in 1774, whereas Scheele's publication was delayed and only appeared in 1777.

The name was given by Antoine Lavoisier in 1776, who thought "oxygen" was responsible for the acidity of acids (see The History of Acids and Bases). "Oxein" is the Greek word for "sour" and "gennan" means "to form", "to generate". "Oxygen" had been isolated before by many scientists - for example, it is known that Oluf Bayen and Pierre Borch prepared "oxygen" in the early 1730s. They did not, however, recognise "oxygen" as an element. Even older descriptions of "oxygen" - as a component of air - are known, as references by Leonardo da Vinci, Empedocles and the 8th Century Chinese philosopher Mao Khoa demonstrate.

Is it harmful to breathe 100-percent oxygen?

How much oxygen does a person consume in a day?

What if I pumped pure oxygen into my car engine instead of using the air in the atmosphere?

If water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen, why can't we breathe underwater?

How does the oxygen sensor in a car work?

How does an oxygen canister on an airplane work? How can heat generate oxygen?

How does smoking starve your heart of oxygen?

Oxygen icons: About 1,229 results

Oxygen - O - 8 - 15.9994 - 1.145 - -218.79 - -182.95 - 8 - Priestley/Scheele - 1774

Oxygen

Introduction

"oxygen", gaseous chemical element; symbol "O"; at. no. 8; interval in which at. wt. ranges 15.99903–15.99977; m.p. -218.4°C; b.p. -182.962°C; density 1.429 grams per liter at STP; valence -2.

The existence and properties of "oxygen" had been noted by many scientists before the announcement of its isolation by Priestley in 1774. Scheele had also succeeded in preparing "oxygen" from a number of substances, but publication of his findings was delayed until after that of Priestley's. As a result, Priestley and Scheele are credited with the discovery of the element independently. The fact that the gas is a component of the atmosphere was finally and definitely established by Lavoisier a few years later. In 1929, W. F. Giaque and H. L. Johnston announced the discovery of two isotopes of "oxygen", of mass numbers 17 and 18.

Sections in this article:

• Introduction
• Properties and Compounds
• Natural Occurrence and Preparation
• Uses

8. Oxygen-filled Lifepreservers (Oxygen O). White for air, which preserves life. Two of them touching, shaped like an "8".

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oxygen (OED 1790)

1788 Louis Bernard, Baron Guyton de Morveau "Method of chymical nomenclature, proposed by Messrs. De Morveau, Lavoisier" (Early English Collections Online) We have acted agreeable to these conditions by adopting the word "oxygen", deriving it as Mr. Lavoisier proposed ... We shall therefore say that vital air is "oxygen gas", and that "oxygen" unites with sulphur.

Fred Shapiro
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"Oxygen": The odorless gas that is present in the air and necessary to maintain life. "Oxygen" may be given in a medical setting, either to reduce the volume of other gases in the blood or as a vehicle for delivering anesthetics in gas form. It can be delivered via nasal tubes, an oxygen mask, or an oxygen tent. Patients with lung disease or damage may need to use portable oxygen devices on a temporary or permanent basis.
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"oxygen" noun, often attributive
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• 2020 October 04: Orion Nebula in Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur
• 2019 February 13: The Helix Nebula in Hydrogen and Oxygen
• 2018 November 14: The Cave Nebula in Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur
• 2017 August 27: The Heart Nebula in Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur
• 2016 January 05: The Lagoon Nebula in Hydrogen Sulfur and Oxygen
• 2015 February 25: The Rosette Nebula in Hydrogen and Oxygen
• 2013 June 04: Orion Nebula in Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur
• 2008 February 27: The Eagle Nebula in Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur
• 2005 August 13: SNR 0103 72.6: Oxygen Supply
• 2004 July 13: Orion Nebula in Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur
• 2003 May 28: SNR 0103-72.6: Oxygen Supply
• 2003 January 13: The Dumbbell Nebula in Hydrogen and Oxygen
• 2000 January 11: The Rosette Nebula in Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur

"Oxygen" - the atomic number is 8 and the chemical symbol is "O". The name derives from the Greek "oxys" for "acid" and "genes" for "forming", since the French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier originally thought that "oxygen" was an acid producer because by burning phosphorus and sulfur and dissolving them in water, he was able to produce acids. "Oxygen" was discovered independently by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771 and the English clergman and chemist Joseph Priestly in 1774. Scheele's "Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire" was delayed in publication until 1777, so Priestly is credited with the discovery, since he published first.

Oxygen - O - 8 - 15.999

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"Oxygen" was discovered by Carl William Scheele (SE) in 1772. The origin of the name comes from the Greek words "oxy genes" meaning "acid" and "forming" ("acid former").

It is a colourless, odourless gas; pale blue liquid. "Oxygen" is extremely reactive and forms oxides with nearly all other elements except noble gases. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere. "Oxygen" is obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water. "Oxygen" is used in steel making, welding and supporting life. Naturally occurring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation. The price of 99.99 % pure oxygen gas costs 188.90 €/dm3 in small quantities (1 dm3) and about 1.46 €/dm3 in large quantities (300 dm3).
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a terrific little animated introduction to the element "oxygen"

"Oxygen" in Comics

Oxygen: the essentials

"Oxygen" ("O"), "oxy geinomai", "oxygène", Greek via French: "to bring forth acid"

From Greek "oxy geinomai", meaning "I bring forth acid", as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into the French "oxygène", which became the source of the English "oxygen".

"Oxygen" is the chemical element with the symbol "O" and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds. "Oxygen" is Earth's most abundant element, and after "hydrogen" and "helium", it is the third-most abundant element in the universe. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form "dioxygen", a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O2.

2. Diatomic oxygen gas currently constitutes 20.95% of the Earth's atmosphere, though this has changed considerably over long periods of time. "Oxygen" makes up almost half of the Earth's crust in the form of oxides.
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Etymology

Borrowed from French "oxygène" (originally in the form "principe oxygène", a variant of "principe oxigine" "acidifying principle", suggested by Lavoisier), from Ancient Greek "oxús", "sharp" + "génos", "birth", referring to oxygen's supposed role in the formation of acids.
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Word Unit: Chemical Element: "oxygen" (Greek: "oxys", "sharp", plus "gen", "forming"; from the incorrect belief that oxygen forms acids; gas).

Chemical-Element Information

• Symbol: O
• Atomic number: 8
• Year discovered: 1772 (by Scheele) and in 1774 (by Priestley).
• Discovered by: Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), a Swedish chemist, and Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), an English chemist.

• Leonardo da Vinci suggested that air consists of at least two different gases.
• Previously air was thought to be an element in its own right.
• He was also aware that one of these gases supported both flames and life.
• "Oxygen" was prepared by several workers before 1772, but these workers did not recognize it as an element.
• Joseph Priestley is generally credited with its discovery (who made "oxygen" by heating lead or mercury oxides), but Carl Wilhelm Scheele also reported it independently.
• Mercury, when heated in air, will form a brick-red compound, which we now call “mercuric oxide”.
• Priestley heated some of this compound in a test-tube by using a lens to concentrate sunlight upon it.
• When he did this, the compound broke up, liberating mercury, which appeared as shining globules in the upper portion of the test-tube.
• In addition, a gas was given off that possessed most unusual properties.
• Combustibles burned more brilliantly and rapidly in it than they did in ordinary air.
• Mice placed in an atmosphere of this gas were particularly frisky, and Priestley himself felt “light and easy” when he breathed it.
• When French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) heard of the experiments of Priestley and British chemist Daniel Rutherford (who discovered a new gas that eventually came to be called “nitrogen”); he realized in the light of his own experiments that air must consist of a mixture of two gases.
• One-fifth was Priestley’s gas, which Lavoisier named "oxygen" (from the Greek words meaning "acid producer", because it was mistakenly felt at the time that all acids contained "oxygen").
• Four-fifths were Rutherfords’ gas, which Lavoisier named "azote" (from Greek words meaning "no life"), but which later came to be known as "nitrogen".
• It seemed obvious that it was "oxygen" that supported combustion and animal life and "oxygen" that was involved in rusting.
• Animals must consume "oxygen" and produce carbon dioxide, and from Priestley’s earlier experiment, plants must consume carbon dioxide and produce "oxygen".
• In a classic case of scientific misfortune, the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had discovered "oxygen" at least two years before Priestley did, and by the same method.
• Why didn’t Scheele get the credit for the discovery? Because it wasn’t published (through the negligence of a publisher) until after Priestley’s discovery had been reported, so Priestley got the credit.
• With these two forms of life, the atmosphere tends to maintain a stability and balance.
• The discovery that air, invisible air, was “something” and not “nothing” profoundly altered how all scientists thought.
• Joseph Priestly is quoted as saying, “We cannot solve one doubt without creating several new ones.”
• The behavior of "oxygen" and "nitrogen" as components of air led to the advancement of the phlogiston theory of combustion, which influenced chemists for a century or so, and which delayed an understanding of the nature of air for many years.
• Phologiston is a hypothetical substance formerly thought to be a volatile constituent of all combustible substances released as flame in combustion.

Name in other languages:

• French: "oxygène"
• German: "Sauerstoff"
• Italian: "ossigeno"
• Spanish: "oxígeno"

"Oxygen", the element with atomic number 8, has an etymology very similar to "nitrogen". Like element number 7, it comes from the French, in this case "oxygène". "Oxygen" was discovered independently by German-Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele and British chemist Joseph Priestley. Priestley is usually given pride of place because he published his discovery first in 1774. The name "oxygine", later changed to "oxygène", was first proposed by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier in 1778.

The root "oxy-" is from the Greek meaning acid. The "-gen" suffix is from the French "-gène", first used by Lavoisier and his crowd in the late 18th century. It is taken from the Greek "-genis", "born in or of a kind"; it’s the same root as in "genesis" or "generation". Lavoisier mistakenly thought "oxygen" was present in all acids.
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Periodensystem - UK-DE-ES-FR-HU-IT

• Periodensystem der Elemente
• Periodic Table of the Elements
• Tableau périodique des éléments
• Periodni sustav elemenata
• Tavola periodica degli elementi
• Tabla periódica de los elementos

Hydrogen - H - 1 - 1.0079 | Helium - He - 2 - 4.0026 | Lithium - Li - 3 - 6.941 | Beryllium - Be - 4 - 9.0122 | Boron - B - 5 - 10.811 | Carbon - C - 6 - 12.011 | Nitrogen - N - 7 - 14.007 | | Fluorine - F - 9 - 18.998 | Neon - Ne - 10 - 20.180 | Sodium - Na - 11 - 22.990 | | Aluminium (Aluminum) - Al - 13 - 26.982 | Silicon - Si - 14 - 28.086 | Phosphorus - P - 15 - 30.974 | Sulfur (Sulphur) - S - 16 - 32.065 | Chlorine - Cl - 17 - 35.453 | Argon - Ar - 18 - 39.948 | Potassium - K - 19 - 39.098 | Calcium - Ca - 20 - 40.078 | Scandium - Sc - 21 - 44.956 | Titanium - Ti - 22 - 47.867 | | Chromium - Cr - 24 - 51.996 | Manganese - Mn - 25 - 54.938 | Iron - Fe - 26 - 55.845 | Cobalt - Co - 27 - 58.933 | Nickel - Ni - 28 - 58.693 | Copper - Cu - 29 - 63.546 | Zinc - Zn - 30 - 65.409 | Gallium - Ga - 31 - 69.723 | | Arsenic - As - 33 - 74.922 | Selenium - Se - 34 - 78.96 | Bromine - Br - 35 - 79.904 | | Rubidium - Rb - 37 - 85.468 | Strontium - Sr - 38 - 87.62 | Yttrium - Y - 39 - 88.906 | Zirconium - Zr - 40 - 91.224 | Niobium - Nb - 41 - 92.906 | Molybdenum - Mo - 42 - 95.94 | Technetium - Tc - 43 - [98] | Ruthenium - Ru - 44 - 101.07 | Rhodium - Rh - 45 - 102.91 | Palladium - Pd - 46 - 106.42 | Silver - Ag - 47 - 107.87 | Cadmium - Cd - 48 - 112.41 | Indium - In - 49 - 114.82 | Tin - Sn - 50 - 118.71 | Antimony - Sb - 51 - 121.76 | Tellurium - Te - 52 - 127.60 | Iodine - I - 53 - 126.90 | Xenon - Xe - 54 - 131.29 | Caesium (Cesium) - Cs - 55 - 132.91 | Barium - Ba - 56 - 137.33 | Lanthanum - La - 57 - 138.91 | Cerium - Ce - 58 - 140.12 | Praseodymium - Pr - 59 - 140.91 | Neodymium - Nd - 60 - 144.24 | Promethium - Pm - 61 - [145] | Samarium - Sm - 62 - 150.36 | Europium - Eu - 63 - 151.96 | Gadolinium - Gd - 64 - 157.25 | Terbium - Tb - 65 - 158.93 | Dysprosium - Dy - 66 - 162.50 | Holmium - Ho - 67 - 164.93 | Erbium - Er - 68 - 167.26 | Thulium - Tm - 69 - 168.93 | Ytterbium - Yb - 70 - 173.04 | Lutetium - Lu - 71 - 174.97 | Hafnium - Hf - 72 - 178.49 | Tantalum - Ta - 73 - 180.95 | Tungsten - W - 74 - 183.84 | | Osmium - Os - 76 - 190.23 | Iridium - Ir - 77 - 192.22 | Platinum - Pt - 78 - 195.08 | Gold - Au - 79 - 196.97 | Mercury - Hg - 80 - 200.59 | Thallium - Tl - 81 - 204.38 | Lead - Pb - 82 - 207.2 | Bismuth - Bi - 83 - 208.98 | Polonium - Po - 84 - [209] | Astatine - At - 85 - [210] | Radon - Rn - 86 - [222] | Francium - Fr - 87 - [223] | Radium - Ra - 88 - [226] | Actinium - Ac - 89 - [227] | Thorium - Th - 90 - 232.04 | Protactinium - Pa - 91 - 231.04 | Uranium - U - 92 - 238.03 | Neptunium - Np - 93 - [237] | Plutonium - Pu - 94 - [244] | Americium - Am - 95 - [243] | Curium - Cm - 96 - [247] | Berkelium - Bk - 97 - [247] | Californium - Cf - 98 - [251] | Einsteinium - Es - 99 - [252] | Fermium - Fm - 100 - [257] | Mendelevium - Md - 101 - [258] | Nobelium - No - 102 - [259] | Lawrencium - Lr - 103 - [262] | Rutherfordium - Rf - 104 - [267] | | Seaborgium - Sg - 106 - [271] | Bohrium - Bh - 107 - [272] | Hassium - Hs - 108 - [277] | Meitnerium - Mt - 109 - [276] | Darmstadtium - Ds - 110 - [281] | Roentgenium - Rg - 111 - [280]

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petrochemical
Petrochemie (W2)

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Rhenium (W3)

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Origin of the name: (lat.) Rhenus = river Rhine

Discovery: 1925 by Noddack und I. Tacke

Uses: as alloying constituent of steel as well as for filaments in bulbs because of its high melting point and the good elasticity.

Etymology: "Rhenus", "Rhine"

Derived Terms:

• eka-rhenium
• rhenic
• rhenium dioxide
• rhenium heptaoxide
• rhenium heptaselenide
• rhenium heptasulfide, rhenium heptasulphide
• rhenium trioxide

"rhenium", noun, Chemistry.

a rare metallic element of the manganese subgroup: used, because of its high melting point, in platinum-rhenium thermocouples.

Symbol: Re; atomic number: 75; atomic weight: 186.2.

ORIGIN OF "RHENIUM" - 1920–25; New Latin, equivalent to Latin "Rhen(us)" "Rhine" + "-ium" "-ium"

"Rhenium" - the atomic number is 75 and the chemical symbol is "Re". The name derives from the Latin "rhenus" for "the Rhine river in Germany". It was discovered by x-ray spectroscopy in 1925 by the German chemists, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke and Otto Berg.

We're back with an updated element video - and it is the extremely expensive metal rhenium, often used in aircraft engines.

rhenium

Element Rhenium - Re

Comprehensive data on the chemical element "Rhenium" is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of "Rhenium". Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.
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Rhenium's Name in Other Languages

• Latin: "Rhenium"
• Czech: "Rhenium"
• Croatian: "Renij"
• French: "Rhénium"
• German: "Rhenium"
• Italian: "Renio"
• Norwegian: "Rhenium"
• Portuguese: "Rênio"
• Spanish: "Renio"
• Swedish: "Rhenium"

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"Rhenium" (75Re) is named after the river "Rhine" and the "Rhineland", Germany, where Ida Eva Tacke was born. The element was identified by Masataka Ogawa in 1908, and originally called "nipponium". The story goes like this: The periodic table was already an established piece of work in the early 1900s. However, it still had some gaps in it for elements that had not been discovered. In that time, elements 43 and 75 were among the last elements missing in the main table. Ogawa isolated the metal but erroneously assigned it to element 43 instead of 75. Later on in 1925, Walter Noddack and Ida Eva Tacke, who later became Mrs Noddack, announced the identification of the two missing elements, which they called "masurium" (43) and "rhenium" (75) after the places of their births. The identification of "masurium" was never confirmed.

Rhenium

Rhenium

Rhenium - Re - 75 - 186.21

Rhenium - Re - 75

Metamorpho, Number 14, September-Oct ober, 1967, page 20.

Rhenium

RHENIUM

"Rhenium"

Rhenium Mineral Data

"Rhenium" ("Re"), 75, "Rhenus" Latin, "Rhine", toponym, From Latin "Rhenus", the river "Rhine".

"Rhenium" is a chemical element with the symbol "Re" and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-gray, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. "Rhenium" has the third-highest melting point and highest boiling point of any stable element at 5869 K. "Rhenium" resembles manganese and technetium chemically and is mainly obtained as a by-product of the extraction and refinement of molybdenum and copper ores. "Rhenium" shows in its compounds a wide variety of oxidation states ranging from -1 to +7.

Discovered in 1925, rhenium was the last stable element to be discovered. It was named after the river "Rhine" in Europe.
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Word Unit: Chemical Element: "rhenium" (Modern Latin: from Latin "Rhenus", in honor of the "Rhine River" in Germany; metal).
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Name in other languages:

• French: "rhénium"
• German: "Rhenium"
• Italian: "renio"
• Spanish: "renio"

"Rhenium", element 75, is named for the Rhineland region of Germany. "Rhenus" is the Latin name for the river "Rhine". The element was discovered in 1925 by German chemists Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg. From the Glasgow Herald of 16 June 1925:

These new elements have been named by their discoverers "Masurium", after the "Masurian Lake region", and "Rhenium", after the "Rhineland".

("Masurium" is an early name for the element now known as "technetium".)

The chemical symbol for "rhenium" is "Re".

"rhenium" (Modern Latin: chemical element; from Latin "Rhenus", in honor of the "Rhine River" in Germany; metal)

Symbol: Re

Atomic number: 75

Year discovered: 1925

Discovered by: Walter Karl Friedrich Noddack (1893-1960), German chemist and Ida Eva Tacke (1896-?), German chemist.

Additional information:

• Although they did not know it at the time, Noddack and Tacke (they were married the next year) had discovered the eighty-first and last element that possessed stable isotopes.
• They also announced the discovery of element 43 at the same time as that of "rhenium", which they called "masurium", after a district in eastern Germany.
• In this case; however, their observations were mistaken.
• "Rhenium" was detected in platinum ores and columbite.
• The metal and its alloys have found limited application as fountain-pen points, high-temperature thermocouples, catalysts, electrical contact points, instrument-bearing points, and in electric components.

Name in other languages:

• French: "rhénium"
• German: "Rhenium"
• Italian: "renio"
• Spanish: "renio"

"Rhenium"

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Periodic Table

The Royal Society of Chemistry's interactive periodic table features history, alchemy, podcasts, videos, and data trends across the periodic table. Click the tabs at the top to explore each section. Use the buttons above to change your view of the periodic table and view Murray Robertson’s stunning Visual Elements artwork. Click each element to read detailed information.

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The art of alchemy was handed down through the centuries from Egypt and Arabia to Greece and Rome, and finally to western and central Europe. The word is derived from the Arabian phrase "al-kimia", which refers to the preparation of the Stone or Elixir by the Egyptians. The Arabic root "kimia" comes from the Coptic "khem" that alluded to the fertile black soil of the Nile delta. Esoterically and hieroglyphically, the word refers to the dark mystery of the primordial or First Matter (the "Khem").

Simplified, the aims of the alchemists were threefold:

• to find the Stone of Knowledge (The Philosophers' Stone),
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To the medieval alchemist's mind the different elements were but the same original substance in varying degrees of purity. Gold was the purest of all and silver followed closely.

In the early days of alchemy, the astronomical signs of the planets were also used as alchemical symbols. Then in the centuries of medieval persecution and suppression every alchemist invented his own secret symbols. Charlatans, quacks and cheats took over and alchemy became, along with sorcery and witchcraft, infamous for fraud and extortion. In the 18th century scientists tried to pry loose the real achievements in chemistry, pharmacology and medicine from this confusing cornucopia of science and magic.

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siloxane (W3)

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steel (W3)

"§"
Thallium (W3)

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Vanadium (W3)

Sefstrom

In 1801 Andrés Manuel del Río, (1764-1849) a professor of mineralogy in Mexico (presumably under Don Fausto d'Elhuyar) examined brown lead from Zimapán and conclude it contained a new metal similar to Chromium and Uranium. Because of the red color that its salts acquire on heating, he called it "Erythronium". Before publishing, he decided he was mistaken, and it was a lead chromate. In 1805 Collet-Descotils confirmed del Río's analysis as lead chromate. Del Río who was born in Madrid and studied at Freiberg, continued teaching for about 50 years at the Mexican School of Mines, and during the Mexican war of independence plead for Mexico in the Spanish court. But in 1831 Nils Gabriel Sefström (1787-1845 at left), physician and chemistry professor at the Fahlun School of Mines (100 miles northwest of Stockholm) found a remarkably soft iron from the Taberg mine that when tested with muriatic acid (HCl) gave a black powder which usually indicated that the iron would be brittle. Bringing a large sample of the black powder to Stockholm, Sefström and Berzelius investigated for three weeks finding many common elements including a new substance. After Sefström's departure, Berzelius continued to determined many additional properties. Sefström and Berzelius named the element "Vanadium" (V = #23) because of the multicolored compounds.

"Vanadis", is a nickname for "Freya", the Norse goddess of beauty. Wöhler, chided by Berzelius for investigating del Río's ore but missing the discovery, confirmed that a "Vanadium" sample Berzelius forwarded was identical to "Erythronium". Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833-1915), who passed his doctor's examination summa cum laude while assisted Robert Bunsen in Heibelberg in the famous researches on spectra of elements, later isolated and identified many oxidation states of "Vanadium" and in 1869 finally isolated metallic "Vanadium".

VANADIUM AT A GLANCE

Name: Named for Vanadis, a Scandinavian goddess, because of its many colorful compounds.

Atomic mass: 50.94.

History: Discovered by Mexican chemist Andrés Manuel del Rio in 1801, but he withdrew his claim when the discovery was disputed. Rediscovered in 1830 by Swedish chemist Nils G. Sefström.

Occurrence: Makes up about 0.02% of Earth's crust and is found in trace quantities in more than 60 different minerals. The most important source of the metal is vanadinite.

Appearance: Bright, shiny, gray metal.

Behavior: Soft, ductile, and very resistant to corrosion.

Uses: Essential to some organisms; acts to stimulate metabolism. Used as an additive to steel for tools, construction materials, springs, and jet engines. Vanadium pentoxide is used commercially as a catalyst in the contact process for preparing sulfuric acid, and as a mordant, a material that permanently fixes dyes to fabrics.
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Origin of the name: named after Vanadis, the godness of beauty in Scandinavian mythology

Discovery: 1831 by the Swedish chemists Sefström

Uses: entire vanadium production is almost used for the steel refinement, small quantities for the production of catalysts.
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ETYMOLOGY: From Old Norse "Vanads", the goddess "Freya". See wen-1 in Appendix I.

Appendix I

Indo-European Roots

ENTRY: "wen-" 1

DEFINITION: "To desire", "strive for".

Derivatives include "win", "wont", "wish", "venerate", "venereal", "venom", and "venison".

1. Suffixed form "*wen-w-". "win", from Old English "winnan" = "to win", from Germanic "*winn(w)an" = "to seek to gain".

2. Suffixed zero-grade form "*wnya". "wynn", "winsome", from Old English "wynn", "wen" = "pleasure", "joy", from Germanic "*wunjo".

3. Suffixed (stative) zero-grade form "*wne-", to be contented. "won" 1, "wont", from Old English "wunian" = "to become accustomed to", "dwell", from Germanic "*wunen".

4. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form "*won-eyo-". "wean", from Old English "wenian" = "to accustom", "train", "wean", from Germanic "*wanjan".

5. "ween", from Old English "wenan" = "to expect", "imagine", "think", from Germanic denominative "*wenjan" = "to hope", from "*weniz" = "hope".

6. Suffixed zero-grade form "*wn-sko-". "wish", from Old English "wyscan" = "to desire", "wish", from Germanic "*wunsk-".

7. Perhaps o-grade form "*won-".

a. "Vanir", from Old Norse "Vanir" = "the Vanir";

b. "vanadium", from Old Norse "Vanads", name of the goddess "Freya". Both a and b from Germanic "*wana-".

8. Suffixed form "*wen-es-".

a. "venerate", "venereal", "venery1", "Venus", from Latin "venus" = "love";

b. suffixed form "*wen-es-no-". "venom", from Latin "venenum" = "love potion", "poison".

9. Possibly suffixed form "*wen-eto-" = "beloved". "Wend", from Old High German "Winid", "Wend", from Germanic "*Weneda-", a Slavic people.

10. Suffixed form "*wen-ya-". "venial", from Latin "venia" = "favor", "forgiveness".

11. Lengthened-grade form "*wen-a-". "venery" 2, "venison", from Latin "venari" = "to hunt".

12. Suffixed basic form "*wen-o-". "wanderoo", from Sanskrit "vanam" = "forest".

13. Possibly zero-grade suffixed form "*wn-ig-". "banyan", from Sanskrit "vanik", "vanijah = "merchant" (? - "seeking to gain").

(Pokorny 1. "uen-" 1146.)

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ORIGIN OF "VANADIUM"

New Latin (1830) - Icelandic "Vanad(ís)" epithet of "Freya" ("Vana", genitive of "Vanir" + "dís" = "goddess") + New Latin "-ium"
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Periodic Table of Elements

Element Vanadium - V

Comprehensive data on the chemical element "Vanadium" is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Vanadium. Common chemical compounds are also provided for many elements. In addition technical terms are linked to their definitions and the menu contains links to related articles that are a great aid in one's studies.

Vanadium Menu

Vanadium Page One

• Overview of Vanadium
• Vanadium's Name in Other Languages
• Atomic Structure of Vanadium
• Chemical Properties of Vanadium
• Physical Properties of Vanadium
• Regulatory / Health
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Vanadium Page Two

• Nuclides / Isotopes
• Potential Parent Nuclides

Vanadium Page Three

• Common Chemical Compounds of Vanadium

"*wen-" (1)

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to desire, strive for".

It forms all or part of: "vanadium"; "Vanir"; "venerate"; "veneration"; "venerable"; "venereal"; "venery" (n.1) = "pursuit of sexual pleasure"; "venery" (n.2) = "hunting", "the sports of the chase"; "venial"; "venison"; "venom"; "Venus"; "wean"; "ween"; "Wend" = "Slavic people of eastern Germany"; "win"; "winsome"; "wish"; "wont"; "wynn".

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit "veti" = "follows after", "vanas-" = "desire", "vanati" = "desires", "loves", "wins"; Avestan "vanaiti" = "he wishes, is victorious"; Latin "venerari" = "to worship", "venus" = "love", "sexual desire"; "loveliness", "beauty"; Old English "wynn" = "joy", "wunian" = "to dwell", "wenian" = "to accustom", "train", "wean", "wyscan" = "to wish".

vanadium (n.)

rare metallic element, 1833, named 1830 by Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström (1787-1845), from Old Norse "Vanadis", one of the names of the Norse beauty goddess "Freyja" (perhaps from PIE root "*wen-" (1) = "to desire", "strive for", which would connect it to "Venus"); the metal perhaps so called for of its colorful compounds (an earlier name for it was "erythronium", for the redness of its salts when heated). With metallic element ending "-ium". Related: "Vanadous"; "vanadious".

also from 1833

Vanadium (23 - V)

"Vanadium" forms many different-coloured compounds and was identified in 1830 by Nils-Gabriel Sefstrom in Sweden. For this reason it was named after the Nordic goddess of love and beauty, "Freya Vanadis". The element had been observed decades earlier, in 1801, by mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rio y Fernandez, who also noted the colourful variety of compounds formed by "vanadium". He called the element "erythronium", after the colourful flowers of the plant "erythronia". Later, Fernandez suspected that the colourful compounds were in reality due to "chromium" and withdrew his claims to have identified a new element. Posthumously, the sample Fernadez gave was re-examined and was shown to have contained "vanadium". The metal was first isolated in 1869 by Henry Enfield Roscoe.

"-ium"

word-forming element in chemistry, used to coin element names, from Latin adjectival suffix "-ium" (neuter of "-ius"), which formed metal names in Latin ("ferrum" = ""iron", "aurum" = "gold", etc.). In late 18c chemists began to pay attention to the naming of their substances with words that indicate their chemical properties. Berzelius in 1811 proposed forming all element names in Modern Latin. As the names of some recently discovered metallic elements already were in Latin form ("uranium", "chromium", "borium", etc.), the pattern of naming metallic elements in "-ium" or "-um" was maintained (in "cadmium", "lithium", "plutonium", etc.; "helium" is an anomaly).

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Etymology

latinization of Swedish "Vanadin", from Old Norse "Vanadis", epithet of the goddess "Freya" (from "vana-", stem of "vanr", one of the "Vanir" + "dís" = "woman", "female supernatural being") + Swedish "-in" "-IN" entry 1

First Known Use

1833, in the meaning defined above
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Words from 1833

"Vanadium" - the atomic number is 23 and the chemical symbol is V. The name derives from the "Scandanavian goddess of love and beauty", "Freyja Vanadis", because of its many beautiful multicolored compounds. It was discovered by the Swedish physician and chemist Nils-Gabriel Sefstrom in 1830. It had originally been discovered by the Spanish mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rio y Fernandez in 1801, who named it "erythronium", after the plant of that name whose flowers have many beautiful colors. Del Rio later decided that it was really chromium in his lead sample, however his lead sample was later shown to have "vanadium" in it. "Vanadium" metal was first isolated by the English chemist Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1869.

VANADIUM

Vanadium Corp. of America, 1959

Vanadium Stadium

23 - V - Vanadium - 50,942
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Origin of the name: The element is named after "Vanadis", the old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess "Freyja".
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Vanadium – Vanadium – Vanadium – Vanadio

Moderately dark gray metal

• melting point 1890 °C; 3434 °F
• boiling point 3380 °C; 6116 °F
• density 6.11 g/cc; 381.43 pounds/cubic foot

1801 Andrés Manuel del Río, Mexico, and 1830 Nils Gabriel Sefström, Sweden

Vanadis = Scandinavian goddes of beauty

Named by Sefström and Berzelius

History & Etymology

In 1801, Andrés Manuel del Río (1764-1849), a professor of mineralogy in Mexico, found in brown lead from Zimapán (Mexico) a new metal similar to Chromium and Uranium. He found the colours reminiscent of those shown by Chromium, so he called the element "panchromium" (= something which can take or have any color). He later renamed the element "erythronium" (from the Greek "erythros" that means red), since the metal produced red salts when treated with acids. He withdrew his claim of the discovery of a new element, when, four years later, it was (incorrectly) suggested by the Frenchman, Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils (1773-1815), that the mineral was actually basic lead chromate.

In 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefström (1787-1845), physician and chemistry professor at the Falun School of Mines, described a new mineral that had been found a remarkably soft iron ore from the Taberg mine (Sweden). Bringing a large sample of this ore to Stockholm, Sefström and Jakob Berzelius investigated for three weeks finding many common elements including a new substance. After Sefström's departure, Berzelius continued to determine many additional properties. Sefström and Berzelius named the element "vanadium", in honor of "Vanadis", goddess of beauty, due to the brilliant colors of its compounds.

In 1831, F. Wöhler discovered that Del Rio's "erythronium" was identical with Sefström's "vanadium".

Finally, in 1867, Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833-1915) isolated the metal and established its relationship with the nitrogen family.

The Scandinavian goddess "Freya" was the "Vanadis", the ruling goddess of the "Vanir" or elder gods, who ruled before the arrival of Odin and the Aesir from the east. She is known as goddess of fertility, love, the moon, the seas, the earth, the underworld, death, birth; virgin, mother, ancestress, Mistress of Cats; leader of Valkyries; the Saga or "sayer" who inspired all sacred poetry. "Freya" was known by the poets as the "weeping goddess, shedding tears of gold."

The fifth day of the week, "Friday" was named after her. Her twin brother is the sun god "Freir" and her parents are Njord and the giantess Skadi. She is always depicted wearing a famous necklace, called a brisling. It was given to her by the dwarfs in exchange of a night of love with them. "Freya" also represented the goddess of battle and death. She had the right to choose half of all men slain in battle. The other half was chosen by the Valkyries, assistants of Odin. The half of warriors chosen by Freya went to feast in the Freya's hall, called "Folkvangar". (From www.freya.nl).

In 1880, the Italian mineralogist Arcangelo Scacchi (1810-1893) announced the discovery of a new element, which he named "Vesbium", after the ancient name of "Mt. Vesuvius". He identified it in "vesbine", a mineral occurring as thin yellow-green patinas on the walls of the 1631 lava crevices (note). Subsequent studies identified "Vesbium" with "Vanadium".
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"vanadium": a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including "carnotite" and "vanadinite"

• Name: vanadium
• Symbol: V
• Atomic number: 23
• Relative atomic mass (Ar): 50.9415 (1)
• Standard state: solid at 298 K
• Appearance: silvery grey metallic
• Classification: Metallic
• Group in periodic table: 5
• Group name: (none)
• Period in periodic table: 4
• Block in periodic table: d
• Shell structure: 2.8.11.2
• CAS Registry: 7440-62-2

"Vanadium" - "Vanadís", Old Norse, "Dís of the Vanir", mythological

From Old Norse "Vanadís", one of the names of the "Vanr" goddess "Freyja" in Norse mythology, because of multicoloured chemical compounds deemed beautiful.

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Spanish-Mexican scientist Andrés Manuel del Río discovered compounds of vanadium in 1801 by analyzing a new lead-bearing mineral he called "brown lead". Though he initially presumed its qualities were due to the presence of a new element, he was later erroneously convinced by French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils that the element was just chromium. Then in 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefström generated chlorides of vanadium, thus proving there was a new element, and named it "vanadium" after the Scandinavian goddess of beauty and fertility, Vanadís (Freyja). The name was based on the wide range of colors found in vanadium compounds. Del Rio's lead mineral was ultimately named vanadinite for its vanadium content. In 1867 Henry Enfield Roscoe obtained the pure element.
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Word Unit: Chemical Element: "vanadium" (Modern Latin: named for the Scandinavian goddess "Vanadis"; metal).
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Sefström called the new element "vanadium", from "Vanadis", the Scandinavian goddess of beauty and youth; a name suggested by the beautiful colors of its compounds in solution.
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vanadium

Dave Wilton, Monday, September 07, 2009

"Vanadium", element number 23, is named for "Vanadis", another name for the Norse goddess "Freya". The name begins appearing in English-language scientific journals in the early 1830s.

The metal was first discovered by Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. Del Río named the substance "erythronium", because the multi-colored compounds formed by the mineral were analogous to the multi-colored flowers of the plant of that name. Del Río, however, became convinced that he had made an error and that the substance he had found was actually chromium and withdrew the claim of discovery.

In 1831, Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element, naming it for the Norse goddess of beauty.

"Vanadium" has the chemical symbol "V", taken from the first letter of its name.

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"vanadium" (Modern Latin: chemical element; named for the Scandinavian goddess "Vanadis"; metal)

Symbol: V

Atomic number: 23

Year discovered: 1801

Discovered by: Andrés del Rio of Mexico City and Nils Gabriel Sefstrom (1787-1854), Swedish chemist and mineralogist.

Additional information:
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Name in other languages:

• French: "vanadium"
• German: "Vanadium"
• Italian: "vanadio"
• Spanish: "vanadio"

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wikipedia
List of chemical element name etymologies

| Actinium | Aluminium | Americium | Antimony | Argon | Arsenic | Astatine | Barium | Berkelium | Beryllium | Bismuth | Bohrium | Boron | Bromine | Cadmium | Caesium | Calcium | Californium | Carbon | Cerium | Chlorine | Chromium | Cobalt | Copernicium | Copper | Curium | Darmstadtium | Dubnium | Dysprosium | Einsteinium | Erbium | Europium | Fermium | Fluorine | Francium | Gadolinium | Gallium | | Gold | Hafnium | Hassium | Helium | Holmium | Hydrogen | Indium | Iodine | Iridium | Iron | Lanthanum | Lawrencium | Lead | Lithium | Lutetium | Magnesium | Manganese | Meitnerium | Mendelevium | Mercury | Molybdenum | Neodymium | Neon | Neptunium | Nickel | Niobium | Nitrogen | Nobelium | Osmium | | Palladium | Phosphorus | Platinum | Plutonium | Polonium | Potassium | Praseodymium | Promethium | Protactinium | Radium | Radon | | Rhodium | Roentgenium | Rubidium | Ruthenium | Rutherfordium | Samarium | Scandium | Seaborgium | Selenium | Silicon | Silver | Sodium | Strontium | Sulfur | Tantalum | Technetium | Tellurium | Terbium | Thallium | Thorium | Thulium | Tin | Titanium | Tungsten | Ununoctium | Ununhexium | Ununpentium | Ununquadium | Ununseptium | Ununtrium | Uranium | | Xenon | Ytterbium | Yttrium | Zinc | Zirconium |

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wikipedia
Chemical elements named after people

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wikipedia
Chemical elements named after places

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Cole, Theodor C. H.
Wörterbuch der Chemie
Dictionary of Chemistry
Deutsch-Englisch / English-German

Kurzbeschreibung
Das kompakte, übersichtliche und vielseitige Wörterbuch der Chemie ist ein unentbehrlicher Begleiter für Wissenschaftler, Übersetzer, Dozenten und Studenten, Lehrer und Schüler zwischen Reagensglas, Bunsenbrenner und "Hightech-Synthesechemie" im Labor. Es behandelt alle Teilgebiete der Chemie von der Allgemeinen und Theoretischen Chemie über die Anorganik zur Organik und Physikalischen Chemie, Biochemie, Nuklearchemie und Polymerchemie wie auch Geräte, Methoden, Analytik und Nanotechnologie. Thematische Begriffsfelder ("clusters") ermöglichen die zusammenhängende Erschließung eines Themas; die Sammlung thematisch verwandter Begriffe unter den jeweiligen übergeordneten Hauptstichwörtern erhöht die "Trefferwahrscheinlichkeit" bei der Wortsuche und erleichtert die Arbeit beim Übersetzen. So erscheinen beispielsweise die diversen spektroskopischen Verfahren unter dem Haupteintrag Spektroskopie - zusätzlich zu den alphabetisch geordneten Einträgen. Dieses innovative Konzept hat sich gegenüber den einfachen Wortlisten anderer Wörterbücher hervorragend bewährt.

Über den Autor
Theodor C. H. Cole ist amerikanischer Staatsbürger und arbeitet als Dozent, Übersetzer und Autor in Heidelberg. Er studierte Biologie, Chemie und Physik an den Universitäten Heidelberg, Berkeley und Paris und forschte biochemisch-analytisch an Naturstoffen. Mehrere Jahre unterrichtete er an der University of Maryland, European Division, und ist derzeit am Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie der Universität Heidelberg tätig.

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Cole, Theodor C. H.
Wörterbuch Polymerwissenschaften
Polymer Science Dictionary
Deutsch-Englisch / English-German
Kunststoffe, Harze, Gummi
Plastics, Resins, Rubber, Gums

Kurzbeschreibung
Polymere sind eine beeindruckend vielseitige Gruppe von makromolekularen Verbindungen, und sind aus der heutigen Zeit nicht mehr wegzudenken. Es gibt wenige naturwissenschaftliche Bereiche in denen so große Fortschritte gemacht worden sind wie in der Polymerforschung; zukünftige Möglichkeiten beflügeln eine rasant wachsende Industrie. Da überall auf der Welt intensiv an Polymeren geforscht und gearbeitet wird ist es notwendig in der internationalen Kommunikation keine sprachlichen Missverständnisse aufkommen zu lassen; dazu will das "Wörterbuch Polymerwissenschaften" einen Beitrag leisten indem es den wichtigsten Wortschatz 12.500 Begriffe in jeder Sprachrichtung: Englisch und Deutsch in klarer übersichtlicher Weise gegenüber stellt. Eine ausführliche Akronym-Liste der wichtigsten Polymere ergänzt dieses handliche und nützliche Referenzwerk. Ein unentbehrliches Handwerkszeug für Chemiker, Physiker und Ingenieure in Forschung, Industrie und Lehre.

Synopsis
Polymers are an impressively diverse and versatile group of macromolecular com-pounds contributing significantly to progress and well-being in modern society. In this "era of polymers" the present enormous pace of new developments coupled with an unimaginable potential in polymer science is creating an exciting stimu-lation of a rapidly growing industry. International communication in the field of polymers requires an efficient use of the according terminology. This means the need of consulting according sources - especially dictionaries. This "Polymer Science Dictionary" with some 12,500 terms in both languages, German and English, is an attempt to serving the growing community of chemists, physicists, and engineers in research, academia, and industry involved with polymers. A detailed list of acronyms of the most important polymers adds to this overall handy and useful ready-reference. An indispensable tool for anyone working in the field of polymers.

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Langenscheidt - Fwb
Gross, Helmut
Fachwörterbuch Chemie und chemische Technik, Englisch-Deutsch

MDÜ/EL/4-5/2003
"Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt des Werkes ist die technische Chemie mit ihren vielfältigen Querverbindungen zu anderen Disziplinen. Stichproben ergaben, dass in den Neuauflagen u.a. Einträge aus den Gebieten Biochemie und makromolekulare Chemie besonders berücksichtigt worden sind."