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atlas-of-torture
Atlas of Torture

Eine Weltkarte der Folter
Veronika Schallhart
Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Veranstaltungsmanagement
Universität Wien
11.05.2011 12:14
Schläge, Elektroschocks, Schlaf- oder Nahrungsentzug, simuliertes Ertränken - Folter hat viele Gesichter. Kaum jemand kennt die damit verbundenen Problematiken besser als der Menschenrechtsexperte Manfred Nowak. Der Professor für Internationales Recht an der Universität Wien zeichnet in seinem aktuellen EU-Projekt "Atlas of Torture" ein düsteres Bild zur weltweiten Verbreitung der Folter.
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attac

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Blockfreie Staaten (W3)

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Warum aber "Dritte Welt"? Der Name entstand in den Zeiten des Kalten Krieges, als sich zwei Militärblöcke gegenüberstanden. Der eine Block (die "Erste Welt" - so nannte man die demokratischen Industriestaaten) wurde von den USA angeführt.

Gegenüber standen der kommunistische, von der Sowjetunion angeführte Block (die sozialistischen Industriestaaten, die "Zweite Welt").

Die Länder, die keinem dieser Blöcke angehörten (die "Blockfreien") bekamen den Namen "Dritte Welt".

Die "Erste Welt" und "Zweite Welt" fanden spätestens mit dem Ende der Sowjetunion 1991 ihr Ende. Der Name "Dritte Welt" hat sich erhalten. Es gibt sogar gelegentlich die Bezeichnung "Vierte Welt" für die allerärmsten Länder, die ohne ausländische Hilfe gar nicht überleben können.
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EC (W3)

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The "European Commission" embodies and upholds the general interest of the Union and is the driving force in the Union's institutional system. Its four main roles are to propose legislation to Parliament and the Council, to administer and implement Community policies, to enforce Community law (jointly with the Court of Justice) and to negotiate international agreements, mainly those relating to trade and cooperation.

The main features of the Commission's web site are:
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• GALILEO | General Report on the Activities of the European Union | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | Glossary (EU) | Grants | Green papers | Growth
• H
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• i2010 | Immigration | Implementation of EC law | Incubators | Industry | Informatics | Informatics - Directorate General | Information and communication technologies | Information networks | Information Society | Information Society and Media - Directorate General | Information technologies | Infrastructures and Logistics - Brussels | Infrastructures and Logistics - Luxembourg | Infringement procedures | Inland waterways | Innovation and competitiveness | Innovation and industry | Innovation and technology | Innovation in Europe | Institutions (EU) | Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) | Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession (ISPA) | Intellectual and industrial property | Intercultural Learning | Integrated pollution prevention and control | Intelligent Energy - Europe Programme | International agreements | International cultural cooperation | International Treaties | Internal Audit Service | Internal Market | Internal Market and Services - Directorate General | Internal market on gas | Internal market on electricity | Internet | Internet Governance | Interpretation - Directorate General | Interreg | Investing in Research
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• Labelling foodstuffs | Laboratory Animals | Labour legislation | Landmines | | Leader + initiative | Learning abroad | Legal Service | | LINGUA programme | Linguistic diversity | Liberalisation | Library (Commission central) | Lifelong learning | Life sciences | Loans and Grants of the EU
• M
• MARCO POLO Programme | Marine Pollution | Maritime Affairs | Maritime affairs and fisheries - Directorate General | Maritime Industries | Maritime policy | McCreevy (Charlie) | Mechanical equipment | MEDIA Programme | Medical devices | Mediterranean and Middle East | Member States Rules on documents transparency | Mental Health | Mergers | Middle East Peace Process | Mining Waste | Minorities (Rights of) | Mobile telephony | Mobility of workers | Money laundering | Multilateral treaties | Multimedia | Mutual Recognition | Mutuals/Mutual Societies
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• Natural Resources (Energy) | Nature | Neighbourhood policy | New Approach (Standardisation) | Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) | Northern Dimension | Nuclear Safety
• O
• OCT's: Overseas countries & territories | Office for administration and payment of individual entitlements | Office for Infrastructure and Logistics - Brussels | Office for Infrastructure and Logistics -Luxembourg | Orban (Leonard) | Organisation chart of the Directorates-general and other services of the Commission | Organised crime (Fight against) | Overindebtedness
• P
• Packaging | Participation of civil society | Passenger safety | Passenger rights | PCBs/PCTs (Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls) | Pensions | Pericles Programme (protection of the euro against counterfeiting) | Personnel and Administration | Personnel and Administration - Directorate General | Pets (Movement of ) | PHARE Programme | Photos (European Commission) | Piebalgs (Andris) | Pink Book (Community Legislation under the Management of Enterprise DG) | Plant Health | Ploteus - Learning Opportunities throughout the European Space | Police cooperation | Policy Advisers | Policy preparation process | POPs - Persistent Organic Pollutants | Postal services | Potentially Explosive Atmospheres | Potocnik (Janez) | Poverty (Fight against) | Pre-accession strategy | PreLex | Presidency | Press room | Protection of the Communities' financial interests | Publications (general) | Publications Office | Public Contracts | Public Opinion | Public procurement | PVC
• R
• Radiation Protection | Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (R&TTE) | Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) | Rail and guided transport industries | Rapid Reaction Mechanism (RRM) | REACH - Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances | Recruitment | Reding (Viviane) | Regional Development Fund (ERDF) | Regional policy | Regional Policy - Directorate General | Register of interest Representatives | Rehn (Olli) | Relations with international organisations | Research | Research - Directorate General | Researcher's Mobility Portal | Revenue | Rural development
• S
• Safety of products | Satellite navigation (Galileo) | Satellites-Satellite Communications | Samecki (Pawel) | Science and society | Scientific research | Seas, oceans and coasts | Secretariat General - Commission | Security in Transport & Energy | Seventh framerwork programme (Research & Development) | Šemeta (Algirdas) | SIMAP - Information for public procurements | SINAPSE - Scientific INformAtion for Policy Support in Europe | Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) | Smoking | Social Affairs | Social protection | Socrates programme | Soil protection | Solidarity Fund | SOLVIT - Effective problem solving in the Internal Market | Space | Spatial policy | Spending (EU) | Špidla (Vladimír) | Sport | Standardisation | Start-ups | State aid | Statistics | Steel industry | Structural Funds | Sugar sector (Reform of the) | Sustainable agriculture
• T
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• Y
• Youth | Youth programme

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election-politique
Election Politique

• Afghanistan | Afrique du Sud | Algérie | Allemagne | Andorre | Angola | Anguilla | Antigua-et-Barbuda | Arabie Saoudite | Argentine | Arménie | Aruba | Australie | Autorité Palestinienne | Autriche | Azerbaïdjan
• Bahamas | Bahreïn | Bangladesh | Barbade | Bélarus | Belgique | Belize | Bénin | Bermudes | Bhoutan | Bolivie | Bosnie-Herzégovine | Botswana | Brésil | Brunei Darussalam | Bulgarie | Burkina Faso | Burundi
• Cambodge | Cameroun | Canada | Cap-Vert | Chili | Chine | Chypre | Chypre du Nord | Colombie | Comores | Congo (Brazzaville) | Congo (RDC) | Corée du Nord | Corée du Sud | Costa Rica | Côte d'Ivoire | Croatie | Cuba
• Danemark | Dominique
• Egypte | Emirats Arabes Unis | Equateur | Erythrée | Espagne | Estonie | Etats-Unis | Ethiopie
• Fidji | Finlande | France
• Gabon | Gambie | Géorgie | | Ghana | Gibraltar | Grèce | Grenade | Groenland | Guam | Guatemala | Guinée | Guinée Equatoriale | Guinée-Bissau | Guyana
• Haïti | Honduras | Hong-Kong | Hongrie
• Ile Christmas | Ile de Man | Ile Maurice | Ile Norfolk | Iles Caïmans | Iles Cocos | Iles Féroé | | Iles Mariannes du Nord | Iles Marshall | Iles Pitcairn | Iles Salomon | Iles Turques et Caïques | Iles d'Åland | Inde | Indonésie | Irak | Iran | | Islande | Israël | Italie
• Jamaïque | Japon | Jersey | Jordanie
• Kazakhstan | Kenya | Kirghizistan | Kiribati | Koweit
• Laos | Lesotho | Lettonie | Liban | Libéria | Libye | Liechtenstein | Lituanie | Luxembourg
• Macao | Macédoine | Madagascar | Malaisie | Malawi | Maldives | Mali | Malte | Maroc | Mauritanie | Mexique | Micronésie | Moldavie | Monaco | Mongolie | Monténégro | Montserrat | Mozambique | Myanmar (Birmanie)
• Namibie | Nauru | Népal | Nicaragua | Niger | Nigéria | Niué | Norvège | Nouvelle Zélande | Nouvelle-Calédonie
• Oman | Ouganda | Ouzbékistan
• Pakistan | Palaos | Panama | Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée | Paraguay | Pays-Bas | Pérou | Philippines | Pologne | Polynésie Française | Portugal | Puerto Rico
• Qatar
• Rép. Centrafricaine | Rép. Dominicaine | République Tchèque | Roumanie | Royaume-Uni | Russie | Rwanda
• Saint Vincent et les Grenadines | Saint-Kitts-et-Nevis | Saint-Lucie | Saint-Marin | | Salvador | Samoa | Sao Tomé-et-Principe | Sénégal | Serbie | Seychelles | Sierra Leone | Singapour | Slovaquie | Slovénie | Somalie | SoudanSri Lanka | Suède | Suisse | Suriname | Swaziland | Syrie
• Tadjikistan | Taïwan | Tanzanie | Tchad | Thaïlande | Timor Oriental | Togo | Tokelau | Tonga | Trinité-et-Tobago | Tunisie | Turkménistan | Turquie | Tuvalu
• Ukraine |
• Vanuatu | Vatican | Vénézuéla | Vietnam
• Wallis-et-Futuna
• Yémen
• Zambie | Zimbabwé

Les Constitutions Françaises

Une constitution est la loi fondamentale d'un Etat qui définit les droits et les libertés des citoyens ainsi que l'organisation et les séparations du pouvoir politique (législatif, exécutif, judiciaire).

Elle précise l'articulation et le fonctionnement des différentes institutions qui composent l'Etat (Conseil Constitutionnel, Parlement, gouvernement, administration...)

ELECTION POLITIQUE CITOYEN (EPOC) vous propose de consulter l'intégralité des Constitutions françaises depuis la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789.

Dans le menu de gauche de cette page, vous êtes invité à cliquer sur la constitution de votre choix dont le texte vous est proposé par TITRE.

Chaque titre comprend les articles et alinéas d'articles de la Constitution.

Pour la Constitution actuelle datant de 1958, le texte vous est proposé incluant les dernières modifications voté par le Congrès.

ELECTION POLITIQUE CITOYEN (EPOC) est la référence encyclopédique des Constitutions françaises.

Si notre site vous a intéressé, parlez-en à vos amis et connaissances. Si vous souhaitez nous faire un commentaire, nous poser une question ou nous faire une suggestion, cliquez sur "contact" en haut et à droite de la page et remplissez le formulaire qui vous est proposé.

• Constitution 1789
• Constitution 1791
• Constitution An I
• Constitution An III
• Constitution An VIII
• Constitution An X
• Constitution An XII
• Constitution 1814
• Constitution 1815
• Constitution 1830
• Constitution 1848
• Constitution 1852
• Constitution 1875
• Constitution 1946
• Constitution 1958

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G8, G7 (W3)

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Die rätselhafte Abkürzung "G8", die man in den Zeitungen liest, bedeutet "Great Eight", übersetzt die "Großen Acht".
Gemeint sind damit die acht führenden Wirtschaftsnationen der Erde. Dies sind in alphabetischer Reihenfolge Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, Japan, Kanada, Russland, USA.

Vor 1997 hießen sie übrigens "G7", da Russland bis dahin nur als Beobachter dabei war.
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Genfer Konvention (W3)

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Viele Staaten haben sich darauf geeinigt, dass es ein ganz wichtiges Ziel in einem Krieg sein sollte, Menschen so gut wie möglich zu schützen. Deshalb haben sie die Genfer Verträge unterschrieben, in denen festgelegt ist, wie man die Zivilbevölkerung (also die Menschen, die keine Soldaten sind), Flüchtlinge, Verwundete und Kriegsgefangene behandeln muss. So dürfen zum Beispiel Kriegsgefangene nicht gefoltert oder getötet werden. Verstoßen ein Staat oder seine Angehörigen gegen diese Vorschriften, so können diese Personen vor dem Internationalen Gerichtshof in Den Haag angeklagt werden.

Der erste Vertrag wurde bereits 1864 vom Internationalen Roten Kreuz ausgearbeitet und in "Genf" von zwölf Regierungen unterschrieben. Mittlerweile gibt es insgesamt vier Verträge, die fast jedes Land unserer Erde unterschrieben hat.
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Globalisierung, Globus, global (W3)

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Dieser Begriff kommt von "global" und bedeutet "weltumspannend".
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IOM (W3)

Established in 1951, IOM is the leading inter-governmental organization in the field of migration and works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners.

With 132 member states, a further 17 states holding observer status and offices in over 100 countries, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. It does so by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.

IOM works to help ensure the orderly and humane management of migration, to promote international cooperation on migration issues, to assist in the search for practical solutions to migration problems and to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.

The IOM Constitution recognizes the link between migration and economic, social and cultural development, as well as to the right of freedom of movement.

IOM works in the four broad areas of migration management:

• •Migration and development
• •Facilitating migration
• •Regulating migration
• •Forced migration.

IOM activities that cut across these areas include the promotion of international migration law, policy debate and guidance, protection of migrants' rights, migration health and the gender dimension of migration.

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monde-diplomatique
Atlas der Globalisierung

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NAM (W3)

The Non-Aligned Movement: Description and History

The Non-Aligned Movement is a Movement of 115 members representing the interests and priorities of developing countries. The Movement has its origin in the Asia-Africa Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955. The meeting was convened upon the invitation of the Prime Ministers of Burma, Ceylon, India, Indonesia and Pakistan and brought together leaders of 29 states, mostly former colonies, from the two continents of Africa and Asia, to discuss common concerns and to develop joint policies in international relations. Prime Minister Nehru, the acknowledged senior statesman, along with Prime Ministers Soekarno and Nasser, led the conference. At the meeting Third World leaders shared their similar problems of resisting the pressures of the major powers, maintaining their independence and opposing colonialism and neo-colonialism, specially western domination.
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nationalflaggen
Flaggen von Organisationen

• Flagge Arabische Liga
• Flagge ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
• Flagge Commonwealth
• Flagge Europäische Union (EU)
• Flagge NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
• Flagge OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
• Flagge Regenbogen
• Flagge UNESCO
• Flagge UNICEF
• Flagge Vereinte Nationen (UN)

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NATO (W3)

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NATO ist die Abkürzung für den englischen Begriff "North Atlantic Treaty Organization" und heißt auf Deutsch "Nordatlantikpakt".
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Nord-Süd-Konflikt, Nord-Süd-Gefälle, Nord-Süd-Dialog (W3)

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Die meisten reichen Industriestaaten liegen auf der nördlichen Halbkugel, die ärmeren Entwicklungsländer Afrikas, Asiens und Lateinamerikas befinden sich überwiegend im südlichen Teil unserer Erde. Mit "Nord-Süd-Konflikt" sind die Probleme gemeint, die sich aus den Unterschieden zwischen den reichen und den armen Staaten ergeben. Man spricht dabei häufig von "Nord-Süd-Gefälle". Dieses Gefälle ist vor allem mit dem Ende des Kolonialismus entstanden: Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg haben sich die einstigen Kolonialmächte aus den von ihnen verwalteten und teilweise ausgebeuteten Ländern zurückgezogen. Zurück blieb meist große Armut, denn es gab kaum Industrie, Wirtschaft und Handel.
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Seit vielen Jahren versuchen die Entwicklungsländer, auf internationalen Konferenzen zu einer Einigung mit den reichen Industriestaaten zu kommen. Man spricht dabei von "Nord-Süd-Dialog". Um den "Nord-Süd-Konflikt" zu entschärfen, streben die armen Länder gerechte Handelsbeziehungen und eine Weltwirtschaftsordnung an, in der die Gegensätze ausgeglichen werden.
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ONU (W3)

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ONU, O.N.U. (W3)

• L'ONU, l'Europe et la gestion des crises Séminaire fermé 19 10 2000
• Un rôle "vital" ou "central" pour l'ONU ? 10 04 2003
• Avec l'accord Holbrooke, Bill Clinton assainit les relations de l'Amérique avec l'ONU
• Après le sommet du millénaire : vers une nouvelle ONU ?
• Un audit de l'ONU sur les opérations de maintien de la paix 26 08 2000
• Nouveau défi pour l'ONU au Sierra Leone

"ONU" = "Optical Network Units"

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Quant à la façon de l’abréger, la tendance est aujourd’hui d’écrire les sigles sans points; l’emploi des points reste toutefois tout à fait correct (O.N.U.).
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Liens à visiter: Nations Unies | L'ONU en bref | Histoire de l'ONU en photos | Organisation des nations unies | Monde diplomatique | L'ONU (CAIRN)

Les missions de l'ONU
Juin 1945. 50 États adoptent la charte des Nations Unies. L'ONU est créée et l'espoir d'éradiquer la possibilité de conflits mondiaux dans l'avenir flotte dans l'esprit des plus optimistes. Grâce à la nouvelle organisation, on croit pouvoir enfin exercer le maintien de la paix un peu partout sur la planète. Cette belle utopie aura connu de nombreux ratés, mais elle aura également épargné des millions de vies. Aujourd'hui, malgré tout ce que l'on peut en dire, c'est 192 pays qui sont participants de l'Assemblée générale de l'ONU.
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Organisation colossale, l'ONU constituée à la base de six organes principaux ("l'Assemblée générale", "le Conseil de sécurité", "le Conseil de tutelle", "le Conseil économique et social", "la Cour internationale de justice" ainsi que "le Secrétariat") voit graviter autour de sa plate-forme d'activités de nombreux autres organismes satellites.

Parmi ceux-ci, on compte des organismes dont la réputation mondiale au niveau des interventions pertinentes n'est plus à mettre en doute: l'"Agence internationale de l'Énergie atomique" ("AIEA"), le "Fonds des Nations unies pour l'enfance" ("UNICEF"), le "Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés ("HCR"), l'"Organisation internationale du Travail" ("OIT"), l'"Organisation météorologique mondiale" ("OMM"), l'"Organisation mondiale de la santé" ("OMS"), l'"Organisation mondiale de la Propriété intellectuelle" ("OMPI"), l'"Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Éducation, la Science et la Culture" ("UNESCO")…

Grâce à ces relais d'aide et d'intervention à travers le monde, l'ONU parvient à agir sur une dizaine de fronts de manière permanente.
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OSZE, KSZE (W3)

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Dies ist die Abkürzung für "Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa".

Bis 1995 hieß diese Organisation "KSZE" ("Konferenz für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa").

Zur OSZE, die ihren Hauptsitz in Wien hat, gehören alle Staaten Europas, außerdem die USA, Kanada und sämtliche Staaten, die früher die Sowjetunion bildeten. Insgesamt sind es zur Zeit 55 Mitgliedsstaaten.
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Schwellenland (W3)

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Die Länder, die nicht mehr zu den armen "Entwicklungsländern" zählen, aber auch noch nicht zu den reichen Industrienationen, nennt man "Schwellenländer". Das heißt, sie stehen an der "Schwelle" dazu, ein Industriestaat zu werden. Zu den "Schwellenländern" zählen derzeit beispielsweise Thailand, Südkorea, Taiwan, China, Brasilien und Mexiko.
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UNHCR (W3)

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UNO (W3)

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visionofhumanity.org
Global Peace Index

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Iceland remains the most peaceful country in the world, a position it has held since 2008. It is joined at the top of the index by New Zealand, Austria, Portugal, and Denmark.

Afghanistan is the least peaceful country in the world for the second year in a row, followed by Syria, Iraq, South Sudan and Yemen. All, except Yemen, have been ranked amongst the five least peaceful since at least 2015.
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wikipedia
List of countries by system of government
System of government

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List of legislatures by country
National legislatures

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List of political parties by country
Political parties

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Table of voting systems by nation
Voting systems

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United Nations member states
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Matz, Klaus-Jürgen
Wer regierte wann?
Regenten-Tabellen zur Weltgeschichte
Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart

Wie hieß der Vorgänger Ramses' II., und welcher römische Kaiser folgte auf Diokletian? Wie lange regierten Karl-August von Sachsen-Weimar und die Zarin Katharina II.? Wer herrschte 1880 in El Salvador? Wer war beim Kriegsausbruch 1914 französischer Regierungschef? Auf solche und ähnliche Fragen nach den Männern und Frauen, die Geschichte machten oder von der Geschichte gemacht wurden, gibt dieses Buch zuverlässige Antwort.

Die Regententabellen verzeichnen Kaiser und Päpste, Zaren und Sultane, Könige und Landesfürsten, Präsidenten, Diktatoren und Regierungschefs sowie für uns wichtige Minister mit ihren Lebens- und Regierungsdaten in chronologischer Folge in insgesamt mehr als 340 untergegangenen oder noch existierenden Staaten und Territorien. Sie reichen vom Pharao Menes (2950 v. Chr.) bis in die jüngste Gegenwart. Das Buch ist universalhistorisch angelegt, jedoch ist den Daten zur deutschen Geschichte ein besonders großer Raum gewidmet: Die Regenten zahlreicher früherer deutscher Territorien sind aufgeführt und für die Zeit nach 1918 die Regierungschefs der Länder sowie die Reichs- und Bundesminister.

Klaus-Jürgen Matz, geboren 1949 in Rendsburg, lehrt Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Mannheim.